380:
226:
669:
73:
674:
63:
33:
664:
659:
43:
769:
1219:
1163:
774:
922:
773:
1128:
Like other gases, ammonia exhibits decreasing solubility in solvent liquids as the temperature of the solvent increases. Ammonia solutions decrease in density as the concentration of dissolved ammonia increases. At 15.6 °C (60.1 °F), the density of a saturated solution is 0.88 g/ml and
1286:
In addition to use as an ingredient in cleansers with other cleansing ingredients, ammonia in water is also sold as a cleaning agent by itself, usually labeled as simply "ammonia". It may be sold plain, lemon-scented (and typically colored yellow), or pine-scented (green). Commonly available ammonia
775:
772:
1282:
Diluted (1–3%) ammonia is also an ingredient of numerous cleaning agents, including many window cleaning formulas. Because aqueous ammonia is a gas dissolved in water, as the water evaporates from a window, the gas evaporates also, leaving the window streak-free.
1517:
1245:. It is also frequently used for cleaning ovens and for soaking items to loosen baked-on grime. Household ammonia ranges in concentration by weight from 5% to 10% ammonia. US manufacturers of cleaning products are required to provide the product's
1441:. After being sealed inside a container with the wood, fumes from the ammonia solution react with the tannic acid and iron salts naturally found in wood, creating a rich, dark stained look to the wood. This technique was commonly used during the
682:
639:
1393:
and other crisp baked goods, but its popularity has waned because of ammonia's off-putting smell and concerns over its use as a food ingredient compared to modern-day baking powder formulations. It has been assigned
1732:
Rizk-Ouaini, Rosette; Ferriol, Michel; Gazet, Josette; Saugier-Cohen Adad; Marie
Therese (2006). "Oxidation reaction of ammonia with sodium hypochlorite. Production and degradation reactions of chloramines".
1382:. It was obtained from deer antlers. It is useful as a leavening agent, because ammonium carbonate is heat activated. This characteristic allows bakers to avoid both yeast's long proofing time and the quick
1087:
solution, about 0.42% of the ammonia is converted to ammonium, equivalent to pH = 11.63 because = 0.0042 M, = 0.0042 M, = 0.9958 M, and pH = 14 + log
748:
1469:
as a complexant and base. Like many amines, it gives a deep blue coloration with copper(II) solutions. Ammonia solution can dissolve silver oxide residues, such as those formed from
935:
744:
1233:
in water, and is used as a general purpose cleaner for many surfaces. Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-free shine, one of its most common uses is to clean
1256:(respiratory and digestive tracts), and to a lesser extent the skin. Experts advise that caution be used to ensure the chemical is not mixed into any liquid containing
1137:/L. At higher temperatures, the molarity of the saturated solution decreases and the density increases. Upon warming of saturated solutions, ammonia gas is released.
1327:
using water-ammonia systems was popular and widely used, but after the development of the vapor compression cycle it lost much of its importance because of its low
2092:
Edwards, Jessica Renee; Fung, Daniel Y.C. (2006). "Prevention and
Decontamination of Escherichia Coli O157:h7 on Raw Beef Carcasses in Commercial Beef Abattoirs".
429:
1473:. It is often found in solutions used to clean gold, silver, and platinum jewelry, but may have adverse effects on porous gem stones like opals and pearls.
1622:
1028:), with 26 degrees Baumé (about 30% of ammonia by weight at 15.5 °C or 59.9 °F) being the typical high-concentration commercial product.
797:
1566:
1252:
Solutions of ammonia (5–10% by weight) are used as household cleaners, particularly for glass. These solutions are irritating to the eyes and
2082:
2051:
1991:
1901:
1846:
1606:
1542:
588:
1813:
1754:
1663:
790:
72:
1324:
1205:
1187:
394:
62:
32:
1931:
2155:
2150:
1962:
1861:
42:
1466:
620:
1715:
888:
740:
942:
2170:
1966:
1679:
1418:
1414:
722:
327:
1178:
673:
2165:
2140:
1017:
and OH do not account for a significant fraction of the total amount of ammonia except in extremely dilute solutions.
358:
1351:
for its ability to remain active in stagnant water pipes longer, thereby reducing the risk of waterborne infections.
783:
668:
1328:
1246:
1092:
804:
1771:
1513:
233:
1442:
1629:
1796:
Christian Nitsch; Hans-Joachim
Heitland; Horst Marsen; Hans-Joachim Schlüussler (2005). "Cleansing Agents".
542:
658:
221:
2160:
1300:
564:
1445:
in furniture – a furniture style which was primarily constructed of oak and stained using these methods.
1332:
696:
663:
651:
92:
163:
1375:
1049:
1173:
714:
2145:
1470:
1331:(about one fifth of that of the vapor compression cycle). Both the Electrolux refrigerator and the
1130:
1081:
375:
122:
1347:, which may be utilised as a disinfectant. In drinking water, chloramine is preferred over direct
2007:
1371:
1348:
1312:
728:
1453:
Ammonia solution is used to treat straw, producing "ammoniated straw" making it more edible for
1829:
Eller, Karsten; Henkes, Erhard; Rossbacher, Roland; Höke, Hartmut (2000). "Amines, Aliphatic".
732:
2078:
2047:
2039:
1987:
1979:
1936:
1842:
1809:
1750:
1659:
1602:
1538:
1406:
1276:
1271:
Experts also warn not to use ammonia-based cleaners (such as glass or window cleaners) on car
869:
842:
2062:
2135:
2101:
2070:
1834:
1801:
1742:
1651:
1359:
998:
994:
873:
530:
452:
1875:
1129:
contains 35.6% ammonia by mass, 308 grams of ammonia per litre of solution, and has a
336:
203:
2119:
1379:
1308:
1253:
1242:
848:
139:
132:
1941:
1421:(GRAS) when using the food grade version. Its pH control abilities make it an effective
379:
225:
183:
1487:
1434:
1399:
1390:
1389:
dissipation of baking soda in making breads and cookies rise. It is still used to make
1383:
1344:
1146:
1021:
913:
706:
1506:
1264:-containing products or strong oxidants, such as household bleach, can generate toxic
1145:
In contrast to anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia finds few non-niche uses outside of
2129:
2105:
1422:
1410:
1037:
904:
519:
507:
214:
1963:
Database of Select
Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews: Ammonium hydroxide
1304:
1746:
1655:
300:
1704:
736:
1927:
1438:
1355:
1272:
1134:
830:
710:
1358:
for the purposes of setting up a new fish tank using an ammonia process called
2074:
1265:
467:
194:
1838:
1805:
1238:
1045:
347:
1218:
1579:
2061:
Skandamis, Panagiotis N.; Nychas, George-John E.; Sofos, John N. (2010).
1395:
1261:
1041:
803:
796:
789:
782:
755:
259:
251:
2040:"Combining physical and chemical decontamination interventions for meat"
1482:
1084:
1025:
986:
900:
495:
287:
234:
1454:
1335:
are well known examples of this application of the ammonia solution.
1257:
912:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
702:
1362:. This application requires that the ammonia contain no additives.
275:
1296:
1234:
1217:
311:
174:
162:
152:
1260:, due to the danger of forming toxic chloramine gas. Mixing with
1295:
In industry, aqueous ammonia can be used as a precursor to some
1020:
The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the
485:
266:
1409:
to bring down the acid levels in food. It is classified in the
1156:
882:
863:
2008:"Is it Bedding or is it Feed? | Ohio BEEF Cattle Letter"
363:
71:
61:
41:
31:
1863:
Vapour
Absorption Cycle - Domestic Electrolux Refrigerator
1648:
Ammonia, in
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1437:
was traditionally used to darken or stain wood containing
1299:
amines, although anhydrous ammonia is usually preferred.
767:
634:
Moderately toxic and irritating towards mucous membranes
1705:"OSHA Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets"
2094:
Journal of Rapid
Methods and Automation in Microbiology
993:(aq). Although the name ammonium hydroxide suggests a
930:
512:−57.5 °C (−71.5 °F; 215.7 K) (25 % w/w)
2069:. Ames: Iowa State University Press. pp. 43–85.
1882:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 20 October 2015
524:
37.7 °C (99.9 °F; 310.8 K) (25 % w/w)
252:
1001:, it is actually impossible to isolate samples of NH
1323:In the early years of the twentieth century, the
1932:"history notes—cookies, crackers & biscuits"
299:
771:
138:
131:
1978:Rigers, Shayne; Umney, Nick (12 August 2009).
1831:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1798:Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1287:with soap added is known as "cloudy ammonia".
989:in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH
8:
2122:– for ammonium hydroxide (10%-35% solution).
1601:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 187.
1518:Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1275:, due to the risk of damage to the screen's
36:Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule
1183:Multiple repetitions of use and properties.
76:Ball-and-stick model of the hydroxide anion
66:Ball-and-stick model of the ammonium cation
2046:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 433–60.
378:
224:
202:
46:Ball-and-stick model of the water molecule
20:
1735:Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France
1597:Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004).
1537:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22.
1206:Learn how and when to remove this message
335:
1623:"Ammonium hydroxide physical properties"
1229:
1986:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 618–9.
1499:
1465:Aqueous ammonia is used in traditional
1398:E527 for use as a food additive in the
1303:forms readily from aqueous ammonia and
434:
399:
374:
1040:a small fraction of the water to give
215:
1226:Household 'ammonia' is a solution of
406:Key: VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
182:
7:
2038:Geornaras, I.; Sofos, J. N. (2005).
1721:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1528:
1526:
2120:External Material Safety Data Sheet
1378:) was one of the original chemical
1249:that lists the concentration used.
416:Key: VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYAI
290:
274:
2044:Improving the safety of fresh meat
1984:Wood Coatings: Theory and Practice
1772:"How To Clean Your Car's Interior"
14:
2042:. In Sofos, John Nikolaos (ed.).
1967:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2106:10.1111/j.1745-4581.2006.00037.x
1161:
920:
672:
667:
662:
657:
1876:"Chloramines in Drinking Water"
1279:and anti-fingerprint coatings.
916:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1467:qualitative inorganic analysis
1405:Aqueous ammonia is used as an
621:Occupational safety and health
1:
1747:10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2
1656:10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2
1449:Treatment of straw for cattle
1036:In aqueous solution, ammonia
889:Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
1980:"Acidic and alkaline stains"
1646:Max Appl (2006). "Ammonia".
1419:generally recognized as safe
1415:Food and Drug Administration
1032:Basicity of ammonia in water
2067:Handbook of Meat Processing
2020:The Jeweler's Bench. 2015.
1557:Ammonium hydroxide toxicity
1533:Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009).
1343:Ammonia is used to produce
1181:. The specific problem is:
1048:according to the following
819:or concentration (LD, LC):
57:
27:
2187:
2065:. In Toldrá, Fidel (ed.).
1535:Chemical Principles 6th Ed
1329:coefficient of performance
1247:material safety data sheet
1177:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
502:0.88 g/cm (35 % w/w)
472:17.031 g/mol
2075:10.1002/9780813820897.ch3
1680:"The Facts About Ammonia"
1514:GESTIS Substance Database
1133:of approximately 18
910:
855:
815:
638:
618:
613:
557:
445:
425:
403:InChI=1S/H3N.H2O/h1H3;1H2
390:
260:(acidity regulators, ...)
115:
101:
91:
86:
56:
26:
1839:10.1002/14356007.a02_001
1806:10.1002/14356007.a07_137
1443:arts and crafts movement
1319:Absorption refrigeration
1093:base ionization constant
723:Precautionary statements
514:−91.5 °C (35% w/w)
490:"Fishy", highly pungent
413:InChI=1/H3N.H2O/h1H3;1H2
2156:Food acidity regulators
1800:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1650:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1580:"GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank"
543:Magnetic susceptibility
2151:Photographic chemicals
2063:"Meat Decontamination"
1325:vapor absorption cycle
1301:Hexamethylenetetramine
1223:
778:
77:
67:
47:
37:
1433:In furniture-making,
1333:Einstein refrigerator
1315:and aqueous ammonia.
1291:Alkyl amine precursor
1221:
777:
75:
65:
45:
35:
2022:Fine Jewelry Cleaner
1635:on 27 November 2007.
1376:ammonium bicarbonate
1188:improve this section
981:, or (inaccurately)
760:(fire diamond)
500:0.91 g/cm (25 % w/w)
2171:Household chemicals
1599:Inorganic Chemistry
1429:Furniture darkening
1354:Ammonia is used by
1124:Saturated solutions
1091: = 11.62. The
985:, is a solution of
851:(10%-35% solution)
531:Solubility in water
23:
2166:E-number additives
2141:Ammonium compounds
2024:. Littleton, Colo.
1902:"Fishless Cycling"
1372:ammonium carbonate
1313:1,2-dichloroethane
1224:
963:ammonium hydroxide
943:Infobox references
856:Related compounds
779:
480:Colourless liquid
96:Ammonium hydroxide
78:
68:
48:
38:
21:
2084:978-0-8138-2089-7
2053:978-0-8493-3427-6
1993:978-0-444-52840-7
1937:The Food Timeline
1848:978-3-527-30673-2
1684:www.health.ny.gov
1608:978-0-13-039913-7
1567:C&L Inventory
1544:978-0-618-94690-7
1407:acidity regulator
1222:Household ammonia
1216:
1215:
1208:
1179:quality standards
1170:This section may
1153:Household cleaner
967:ammoniacal liquor
951:Chemical compound
949:
948:
896:Related compounds
870:Ammonium chloride
843:Safety data sheet
697:Hazard statements
359:CompTox Dashboard
164:Interactive image
82:
81:
52:
51:
22:Ammonia solution
16:Chemical compound
2178:
2109:
2088:
2057:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1975:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1940:. Archived from
1930:(24 June 2012).
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1776:Consumer Reports
1767:
1761:
1760:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1628:. Archived from
1627:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1530:
1521:
1509:Ammonia solution
1504:
1471:Tollens' reagent
1380:leavening agents
1370:Baking ammonia (
1360:fishless cycling
1254:mucous membranes
1232:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1016:
1015:
1014:
957:, also known as
955:Ammonia solution
933:
927:
924:
923:
874:Ammonium cyanide
837:100 — 200 mg/kg
806:
799:
792:
785:
770:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
716:
712:
708:
704:
676:
671:
666:
661:
605:
578:
558:Thermochemistry
552:
453:Chemical formula
383:
382:
367:
365:
339:
303:
292:
278:
254:
236:
228:
217:
206:
186:
166:
142:
135:
58:
28:
24:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2091:
2085:
2060:
2054:
2037:
2034:
2032:Further reading
2029:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1944:on 17 July 2012
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1908:. 12 April 2011
1906:Aquarium Advice
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1479:
1463:
1451:
1431:
1391:ammonia cookies
1387:
1368:
1366:Food production
1341:
1339:Water treatment
1321:
1309:Ethylenediamine
1293:
1243:stainless steel
1231:
1227:
1212:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1185:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1147:cleaning agents
1143:
1126:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1090:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1034:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
992:
979:aqueous ammonia
952:
945:
940:
939:
938: ?)
929:
925:
921:
917:
903:
897:
885:
872:
866:
834:
828:
811:
810:
809:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
776:
768:
725:
699:
685:
654:
631:
606:
603:
597:
593:
590:
589:Std enthalpy of
579:
576:
569:
566:
550:
546:
533:
513:
501:
461:
455:
441:
438:
433:
432:
421:
418:
417:
414:
408:
407:
404:
398:
397:
386:
368:
361:
342:
322:
306:
293:
281:
246:
209:
189:
169:
156:
145:
125:
111:
110:
97:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2184:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2114:External links
2112:
2111:
2110:
2089:
2083:
2058:
2052:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2013:
1999:
1992:
1970:
1955:
1919:
1893:
1867:
1854:
1847:
1821:
1815:978-3527306732
1814:
1788:
1770:Barry, Keith.
1762:
1756:978-3527306732
1755:
1724:
1696:
1671:
1665:978-3527306732
1664:
1638:
1614:
1607:
1589:
1584:gestis.dguv.de
1571:
1559:
1550:
1543:
1522:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1488:Conjugate acid
1485:
1478:
1475:
1462:
1461:Laboratory use
1459:
1450:
1447:
1435:ammonia fuming
1430:
1427:
1400:European Union
1385:
1367:
1364:
1340:
1337:
1320:
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1002:
990:
971:ammonia liquor
950:
947:
946:
941:
919:
918:
914:standard state
911:
908:
907:
898:
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891:
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766:
765:
764:
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751:
749:P305+P351+P338
745:P303+P361+P353
726:
721:
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717:
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695:
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629:
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587:
584:
583:
582:111 J/(mol·K)
580:
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2161:Antipruritics
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1423:antimicrobial
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1005:OH. The ions
1000:
996:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:ammonia water
956:
944:
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905:Hydroxylamine
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520:Boiling point
518:
517:
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508:Melting point
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376:DTXSID4020080
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220:
218:
216:ECHA InfoCard
213:
212:
205:
201:
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185:
181:
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176:
173:
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137:
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114:
107:Ammonia water
106:
105:
100:
94:
90:
85:
74:
70:
64:
60:
59:
55:
44:
40:
34:
30:
29:
25:
19:
2097:
2093:
2066:
2043:
2021:
2016:
2002:
1983:
1973:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:the original
1935:
1928:Olver, Lynne
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1905:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1879:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1830:
1824:
1797:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1775:
1765:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1711:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:
1674:
1647:
1641:
1630:the original
1617:
1598:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1562:
1553:
1534:
1508:
1502:
1464:
1452:
1432:
1404:
1369:
1353:
1349:chlorination
1342:
1322:
1305:formaldehyde
1294:
1285:
1281:
1273:touchscreens
1270:
1251:
1225:
1202:
1193:
1186:Please help
1182:
1171:
1144:
1141:Applications
1127:
1099:
1080:In a 1
1079:
1038:deprotonates
1035:
1019:
982:
978:
975:aqua ammonia
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:
816:
756:
688:
640:
630:Main hazards
619:
598:
571:
312:RTECS number
116:Identifiers
102:Other names
18:
2100:(1): 1–95.
1439:tannic acid
1311:forms from
1190:if you can.
1050:equilibrium
1022:Baumé scale
999:composition
831:median dose
817:Lethal dose
683:Signal word
624:(OHS/OSH):
609:−80 kJ/mol
477:Appearance
462:(aq)
446:Properties
222:100.014.225
184:CHEBI:18219
2146:Hydroxides
2130:Categories
1781:31 January
1507:Record of
1494:References
1345:chloramine
1277:anti-glare
1266:chloramine
652:Pictograms
553:10 cm/mol
468:Molar mass
337:5138Q19F1X
195:ChemSpider
151:3D model (
123:CAS Number
93:IUPAC name
1948:6 January
1356:aquarists
1239:porcelain
1196:July 2024
1046:hydroxide
997:with the
849:ICSC 0215
643:labelling
591:formation
565:Std molar
536:Miscible
348:UN number
319:BQ9625000
243:215-647-6
235:EC Number
140:7664-41-7
133:1336-21-6
1716:Archived
1477:See also
1396:E number
1262:chlorine
1172:require
1131:molarity
1042:ammonium
757:NFPA 704
614:Hazards
545:(χ)
253:E number
2136:Ammonia
1912:6 March
1886:6 March
1741:: 512.
1689:6 April
1516:of the
1512:in the
1483:Ammonia
1425:agent.
1413:by the
1268:fumes.
1174:cleanup
1113:
1107:
1085:ammonia
1026:density
987:ammonia
983:ammonia
936:what is
934: (
901:Ammonia
883:cations
567:entropy
496:Density
288:PubChem
2081:
2050:
1990:
1845:
1812:
1753:
1662:
1605:
1541:
1455:cattle
1258:bleach
1241:, and
1115:= 1.77
931:verify
928:
881:Other
864:anions
862:Other
845:(SDS)
689:Danger
430:SMILES
276:C01358
87:Names
1719:(PDF)
1708:(PDF)
1633:(PDF)
1626:(PDF)
1297:alkyl
1235:glass
1076:+ OH.
549:−31.5
395:InChI
352:2672
301:14923
258:E527
204:14218
175:ChEBI
153:JSmol
2079:ISBN
2048:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1950:2021
1914:2018
1888:2018
1843:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1783:2021
1751:ISBN
1712:OSHA
1691:2018
1660:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1374:and
1064:O ⇌
1044:and
995:salt
741:P280
737:P273
733:P271
729:P261
715:H410
711:H335
707:H314
703:H302
486:Odor
328:UNII
267:KEGG
2102:doi
2071:doi
1880:EPA
1835:doi
1802:doi
1743:doi
1652:doi
1417:as
1307:.
1135:mol
1119:10.
1095:is
1060:+ H
805:COR
641:GHS
602:298
575:298
364:EPA
291:CID
2132::
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2096:.
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1965:,
1934:.
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1878:.
1841:.
1833:.
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1749:.
1737:.
1714:.
1710:.
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1582:.
1525:^
1457:.
1402:.
1384:CO
1237:,
1228:NH
1149:.
1105:=
1089:10
1066:NH
1056:NH
1052::
1007:NH
977:,
973:,
969:,
965:,
961:,
827:50
825:LD
747:,
743:,
739:,
735:,
731:,
713:,
709:,
705:,
645::
594:(Δ
458:NH
2108:.
2104::
2087:.
2073::
2056:.
2010:.
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1952:.
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1837::
1818:.
1804::
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1745::
1739:4
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1117:×
1110:/
1103:b
1100:K
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1012:4
1003:4
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926:N
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798:0
791:1
784:3
604:)
599:H
596:f
577:)
572:S
570:(
551:×
460:3
437:.
366:)
362:(
155:)
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