322:
564:. Later Muslim dynasties, whether Iranian or Turkish, used the title mostly in a military context, although not always associated with the command-in-chief of the army. Thus the Seljuk Turks, who overran the former lands of the Caliphate in the later 11th century, used it as one among many designations for senior military commanders (
464:
formed the institutional framework of Buyid authority in
Baghdad itself and vis-a-vis the caliph, who now became simply another state functionary and was given an annual salary. Although Ahmad ibn Buya had seized Baghdad, the strong family ties of the Buyid brothers determined their respective
446:, held only feeble authority and tried to fend off the Buyid threat by allying himself with Nasir al-Dawla. His efforts were in vain, and on 17 January 946, the Buyids under Mu'izz al-Dawla entered Baghdad. This began the Buyid era in Baghdad and Iraq, which lasted until the
383:
He was deposed on 16 September by Ibn Ra'iq, who within a few days re-assumed his old position. However, Ibn Ra'iq's restoration provoked the reaction of al-Baridi, whose forces occupied
Baghdad, forcing Ibn Ra'iq and al-Muttaqi to flee to the Hamdanid ruler al-Hasan in
145:
for most of al-Muqtadir's reign. From 928, Mu'nis was involved in a tumultuous power struggle with his rivals in the court's civilian bureaucracy, which ended with the deposition and execution of al-Muqtadir in 932, and his replacement with his brother
638:
in 1524–1533, but thereafter disappears almost completely. It only reappeared occasionally in the late
Safavid period, when it designated a military commander exceptionally appointed to a border region threatened with foreign invasion.
308:
and his secretary, who ran the civilian administration. Ibn Ra'iq took care to deprive the caliph of his last support base by disbanding the old household bodyguard, replacing them as the core of the caliphal army with his own
345:
Despite his extraordinary authority, however, Ibn Ra'iq failed to stabilize the situation and a decade-long complicated power struggle between various regional leaders followed for the office of
290:
land tax and the supervision of all public estates, as well as the maintenance of security. He was also granted a banner and robes of office, as well as the privileges of being addressed by his
302:. In effect, writes Miskawayh, the caliph "resigned to him the government of the kingdom". Henceforth, effective power in both military and civil administrations passed from the caliph to the
486:, until his death in 976. It appears, however, that Ahmad (Mu'izz al-Dawla), who continued to rule over Iraq, also retained the title for himself, and gave it in addition to his son
533:
came to denote the designated heir-apparent. In general, Buyid use of the title appears to have been inconsistent, and it was employed more as an honorific rather than an office.
427:
and contacting the
Ikhshidids, who encouraged him to seek refuge in Egypt. In the end, al-Muttaqi refused and returned to Baghdad, where Tuzun deposed and blinded him, raising
2904:
1737:
2769:
1573:
1303:
729:, the other two languages in official use), whose holders combined military and civilian authority. Among the most prominent of these was a Greek Christian known as
2998:
2899:
2951:
2779:
1608:
223:
dynasties, among whom the Buyids were most prominent. Even in Iraq itself, the authority of the caliphal government was challenged. Thus in the south, around
618:
occupied the office in 1501–1510, he was the most powerful state official, but after his fall it fell in importance and lost much power, particularly to the
2698:
2774:
157:). Mu'nis and the military were now dominant in the affairs of the Abbasid court, beginning a period of troubles that was, in the words of the historian
2956:
1628:
406:. The Hamdanids too were unable to consolidate their control in the face of financial difficulties, and a military revolt under the Turkish general
2812:
2320:
2216:
264:
to control the provincial governors and confront the disastrous financial situation of the
Caliphate, led to the appointment of the governor of
1730:
438:) to the throne. Tuzun's tenure lasted until his death in August/September 945, but was overshadowed by the rising power of the Buyids. In 944
1209:
1183:
1162:
1117:
1090:
1908:
1296:
1646:
2961:
1930:
2034:
1723:
1623:
1555:
1138:
355:, who secured his own succession to the post four days later, and ruled until his death by Kurdish brigands on 21 April 941. Caliph
1870:
584:, etc.). Only two instances are known where the title was held by princes of the dynasty as a mark of distinction: Osman, a son of
1235:
2126:
1641:
1580:
1289:
231:
established his own domain, often refusing to send tax revenues to
Baghdad and establishing contacts with the Buyids of nearby
527:("king of kings"), to underline his pre-eminence. Thus, under the later Buyid rulers, Persian titles were more prominent, and
1434:
366:), raised to the throne by Bajkam after al-Radi's death, now tried to restore civilian rule, appointing Ibn Maymun and then
388:. The latter helped the Caliph recover Baghdad, had Ibn Ra'iq assassinated on 13 February 942, and assumed the position of
2941:
2576:
212:
161:, "dominated by the struggles of military men to control the caliphate and, perhaps more importantly, the revenues of the
3008:
1855:
2946:
1560:
1523:
168:
Mu'nis himself was executed by al-Qahir in 933, but in 934 another palace coup deposed al-Qahir and replaced him with
1860:
1219:
179:). The frequent coups and violent struggle for control of the Caliphate greatly enfeebled the central government in
2717:
2136:
1252:
258:
2131:
282:, he was named governor of Baghdad and commander-in-chief of the army, was entrusted with the collection of the
2502:
2498:
2376:
1672:
1603:
1528:
1231:
648:
196:
410:
forced Nasir al-Dawla to abandon his post (11 May 943) and retreat to his base at Mosul. Tuzun became the new
1386:
1193:
278:. The authority granted to Ibn Ra'iq and his successors was sweeping. According to the contemporary scholar
142:
3003:
2455:
2151:
1633:
1312:
797:
367:
228:
48:
2460:
2450:
1865:
1651:
1533:
407:
2121:
592:, and Muhammad, a grandson of Chaghri Beg, who in 1097 rebelled in Khorasan against his nephew, Sultan
269:
138:
610:, the title was initially of considerable importance, as it was held by the commander-in-chief of the
246:
1539:
1492:
555:
443:
2141:
1592:
1497:
1381:
776:
2971:
2267:
2002:
1826:
1154:
The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
801:
734:
2232:
439:
2282:
2242:
2209:
1783:
1746:
1618:
1270:
1205:
1179:
1158:
1134:
1113:
1086:
730:
706:
695:
615:
491:
204:
74:
442:
tried to take
Baghdad but was beaten back. After Tuzun's death, his secretary and successor,
77:, whose holders in the decade after 936 came to supersede the civilian bureaucracy under the
2876:
2586:
2472:
2391:
2340:
2044:
1699:
1598:
1416:
1262:
744:) fulfilled the duties of chief minister to Roger and was given the titles of 'grand emir' (
236:
208:
1130:
The
Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future
2966:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2039:
1985:
1972:
1898:
1843:
1666:
1613:
1325:
1148:
1105:
843:
An
English and Arabic Dictionary, In Two Parts, Arabic and English, and English and Arabic
808:" began to be used in the western Mediterranean for naval commanders in the 13th century.
607:
158:
82:
39:
2467:
558:, a rebel military commander who took control of Khorasan in 991 and proclaimed himself
2856:
2820:
2703:
2626:
2606:
2539:
2272:
2156:
2075:
2065:
2029:
2012:
1980:
1935:
1398:
1247:
1239:
1198:
1078:
726:
663:
547:
447:
403:
310:
293:
1715:
1101:
709:
continued the use of many Arabic terms in its administration, among which was 'emir' (
2992:
2866:
2851:
2759:
2688:
2616:
2596:
2564:
2386:
2335:
2298:
2257:
2017:
1997:
1567:
1546:
1266:
1243:
1227:
479:
475:
232:
200:
101:
86:
17:
321:
2861:
2611:
2435:
2396:
2371:
2330:
2237:
1920:
1392:
1330:
1223:
787:
703:
487:
1925:
1173:
1152:
1128:
191:
had long been lost, but now autonomous rulers emerged in the provinces closer to
2909:
2277:
2116:
2096:
2070:
2007:
1788:
1510:
1335:
669:
589:
585:
502:
490:
when he declared him his heir in 955. In response, Rukn al-Dawla's son and heir
428:
265:
124:
97:
351:. On 9 September 938 Ibn Ra'iq was deposed by his former subordinate, the Turk
2871:
2844:
2633:
2440:
2430:
2366:
2345:
2325:
2199:
2111:
2080:
2022:
1831:
1795:
1517:
1423:
1409:
1368:
593:
567:
551:
508:
356:
330:
299:
1274:
845:. Bernard Quaritch, Oriental and Philological Bookseller. London. p. 30.
2839:
2621:
2601:
2591:
2544:
2381:
1992:
1903:
1850:
1838:
1692:
1429:
1403:
1375:
677:
635:
611:
483:
279:
261:
220:
100:, but was mostly restricted to senior military leaders. It was also used in
478:. After his death in 949 he was succeeded by the eldest surviving brother,
2834:
2738:
2559:
2534:
2445:
2204:
2101:
2049:
1888:
1678:
1463:
1445:
1281:
651:
centered in Cairo, apparently associated with the commander of the army (
625:
371:
188:
147:
141:(845–933), who served as commander-in-chief of the caliphal army and the
2764:
2693:
2361:
2194:
2106:
1915:
1893:
1586:
1458:
805:
424:
184:
180:
169:
85:
to a purely ceremonial role. The office then formed the basis for the
2894:
2743:
2712:
2146:
1659:
1468:
1452:
1439:
1362:
1112:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 969–971.
699:
653:
352:
339:
326:
285:
135:
78:
614:
forces that formed the mainstay of Safavid regime. In the time when
370:
as viziers, but the military retook control under the leadership of
165:
which would enable them to satisfy the demands of their followers".
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
2824:
2733:
2707:
2683:
2678:
2638:
2581:
2569:
2554:
2549:
2172:
1939:
1685:
716:
516:
420:
397:
385:
320:
224:
162:
2829:
1503:
216:
192:
90:
2930:
2800:
2655:
2523:
1761:
1719:
1285:
804:
in 1194. It is from these individuals that the corrupted form "
471:
fell to the elder brother and ruler of Fars, Ali, known by his
239:(d. 1233) asserted that after the death of Mu'nis, the post of
683:
27:
Senior military position in the 10th-century Abbasid Caliphate
763:
751:
720:
856:
854:
852:
419:
Al-Muttaqi tried to regain his independence by remaining at
298:(teknonymic), and his name added to the caliph's during the
634:
enjoyed a revival in the period of Qizilbash tutelage over
123:
was the commander Harun ibn Gharib, a cousin of the Caliph
1110:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/9: Alp Arslan–ʿAbd-al-Hamīd
554:
appear to have employed it often, except for the case of
871:
869:
790:, who held it until his assassination in 1160. The last
134:), in 928. He was followed soon after by his rival, the
973:
971:
675:
667:
619:
573:
73:, was a senior military position in the 10th-century
629:
579:
565:
559:
528:
522:
514:
506:
466:
459:
411:
395:
389:
375:
346:
334:
303:
291:
283:
273:
240:
118:
53:
32:
2887:
2811:
2752:
2726:
2666:
2487:
2423:
2409:
2354:
2313:
2295:
2225:
2187:
2169:
2089:
2058:
1971:
1954:
1881:
1819:
1804:
1772:
1481:
1344:
1083:
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
791:
757:
745:
710:
96:The title continued in use by Muslim states in the
1197:
1175:The Administration of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily
666:, it was used, along with the Persian equivalent
658:), but also appears to have been given to other
647:The title was also, albeit rarely, used by the
902:
1731:
1297:
588:, who in 1073 was named governor of northern
257:Finally, in November 936, the failure of the
81:and become effective regents, relegating the
8:
860:
465:positions with each other, and the post of
2927:
2808:
2797:
2663:
2652:
2520:
2420:
2310:
2184:
1968:
1816:
1769:
1758:
1738:
1724:
1716:
1609:Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic
1485:
1348:
1304:
1290:
1282:
1253:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
89:control over the Abbasid caliphs and over
1629:Marshal of the German Democratic Republic
1204:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
800:who held the title until the collapse of
104:for a few of the king's chief ministers.
1062:
1050:
329:of 940/941 CE, with the names of Caliph
1178:. Leiden, New York and Cologne: BRILL.
1038:
1026:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
875:
821:
733:, who as the most powerful official of
2999:Amir al-umara of the Abbasid Caliphate
1100:Bosworth, C.E.; Savory, R.M. (1985).
249:, who was also head of the treasury.
7:
1261:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 446.
1157:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
828:
768:). The title lapsed after his death
58:), variously rendered in English as
43:
2962:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
1931:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
775:, until it was awarded in 1154 by
694:As a result of the long period of
450:conquest in the mid-11th century.
25:
1624:Marshal of the Russian Federation
394:himself on 18 February, with the
1861:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
1267:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0620
781:
739:
598:
496:
433:
361:
174:
152:
129:
117:The first person to be titled
1:
2667:Palace and central government
769:
183:. Effective control over the
2127:Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat
1871:Abbasid–Carolingian alliance
1133:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
501:) began to assume titles of
93:until the mid-11th century.
1524:First marshal of the empire
792:
758:
746:
711:
676:
668:
630:
620:
580:
574:
566:
560:
529:
523:
515:
507:
467:
460:
458:Possession of the title of
412:
396:
390:
376:
347:
335:
317:Struggle for power, 936–946
304:
292:
284:
274:
241:
119:
54:
33:
3025:
1172:Takayama, Hiroshi (1993).
903:Bosworth & Savory 1985
764:
752:
721:
546:Further east, neither the
2937:
2926:
2807:
2796:
2662:
2651:
2530:
2519:
2132:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah
1768:
1757:
1488:
1351:
1319:
1200:Islamic Political Thought
1127:Donohue, John J. (2003).
1053:, pp. 18, 66–68, 96.
841:Catafago, Joseph (1858).
505:in Persian fashion, like
211:had secured control over
2727:Financial administration
2499:Abbasid caliphs of Cairo
1673:Supreme Allied Commander
1604:Marshal of the air force
1529:General of the Air Force
1194:Watt, William Montgomery
1016:, pp. 196, 214–215.
624:, the commanders of the
108:In the Abbasid Caliphate
2657:Government and military
1387:Domestic of the Schools
756:) and 'emir of emirs' (
143:power behind the throne
71:commander of commanders
2152:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
1634:Field marshal (Uganda)
1313:Highest military ranks
1041:, pp. 13–34, 128.
798:Margaritus of Brindisi
674:, as a translation of
537:In other Muslim states
368:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
342:
229:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
2461:Mustansiriya Madrasah
1866:Round city of Baghdad
1534:General of the Armies
793:ammiratus ammiratorum
402:(honorific title) of
324:
272:, to the position of
18:Ammiratus ammiratorum
2957:Science and learning
1856:Conquest of Ifriqiya
1540:Generalfeldmarschall
1493:Admiral of the fleet
992:, pp. 196, 270.
643:Mamluks and Ottomans
628:tribal cavalry. The
444:Muhammad ibn Shirzad
3009:Heads of government
2932:Culture and society
2035:Kharijite Rebellion
1498:Admiral of the Navy
1382:Constable of France
1065:, pp. 321–322.
1029:, pp. 215–240.
965:, pp. 195–196.
941:, pp. 194–195.
917:, pp. 186–193.
905:, pp. 969–971.
777:William I of Sicily
765:ἀμηρᾶς τῶν ἀμηράδων
759:amiratus amiratorum
513:("shah of shahs"),
253:Elevation to regent
2972:Islamic philosophy
2268:Musharrif al-Dawla
2137:Qarmatian invasion
2122:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
2003:Anarchy at Samarra
1959:the Abbasid empire
1827:Abbasid Revolution
1236:Lévi-Provençal, E.
802:Hauteville dynasty
735:Roger II of Sicily
581:muqaddam al-'askar
343:
270:Muhammad ibn Ra'iq
203:were ruled by the
139:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
64:prince of princes,
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2647:
2646:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2483:
2482:
2415:(1157–1258)
2405:
2404:
2305:(1055–1157)
2291:
2290:
2283:al-Malik al-Rahim
2210:Baghdad Manifesto
2165:
2164:
1950:
1949:
1784:Umayyad Caliphate
1747:Abbasid Caliphate
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1619:Marshal of Poland
1477:
1476:
1220:Zetterstéen, K.V.
1211:978-0-748-61098-3
1185:978-90-04-09865-7
1164:978-0-582-40525-7
1119:978-0-71009-098-0
1092:978-0-141-02755-5
1085:. Penguin Books.
731:George of Antioch
707:Kingdom of Sicily
616:Husayn Beg Shamlu
542:Iran and Khurasan
213:Upper Mesopotamia
205:Ikhshidid dynasty
75:Abbasid Caliphate
52:
16:(Redirected from
3016:
2928:
2905:Jews and Judaism
2809:
2802:Religion and law
2798:
2664:
2653:
2521:
2503:Mamluk Sultanate
2421:
2416:
2311:
2306:
2185:
2180:
2179:(946–1055)
1969:
1964:
1957:Fragmentation of
1909:Sack of Heraclea
1817:
1812:
1770:
1759:
1752:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1599:Marshal of Italy
1486:
1417:Magister militum
1349:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1278:
1224:"Amīr al-Umarāʾ"
1215:
1203:
1189:
1168:
1144:
1123:
1106:Yarshater, Ehsan
1102:"AMĪR-AL-OMARĀʾ"
1096:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1004:, pp. 9–10.
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
879:
873:
864:
861:Zetterstéen 1960
858:
847:
846:
838:
832:
826:
795:
785:
784: 1154–1166
783:
774:
771:
767:
766:
761:
755:
754:
749:
743:
742: 1130–1154
741:
724:
723:
714:
690:In Norman Sicily
681:
673:
649:Mamluk Sultanate
633:
623:
602:
601: 1094–1105
600:
583:
577:
571:
563:
532:
526:
520:
512:
500:
498:
470:
463:
454:Under the Buyids
437:
435:
415:
401:
393:
379:
365:
363:
350:
338:
313:and Daylamites.
307:
297:
289:
277:
247:Tarif al-Subkari
244:
237:Ali ibn al-Athir
235:. The historian
209:Hamdanid dynasty
178:
176:
156:
154:
133:
131:
122:
57:
47:
45:
36:
21:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2978:
2967:House of Wisdom
2933:
2914:
2883:
2803:
2784:
2748:
2722:
2658:
2643:
2526:
2507:
2492:
2479:
2473:Sack of Baghdad
2417:
2414:
2401:
2350:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2287:
2263:Sultan al-Dawla
2253:Sharaf al-Dawla
2248:Samsam al-Dawla
2233:Mu'izz al-Dawla
2221:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2161:
2085:
2059:Abbasid revival
2054:
1986:Sack of Amorium
1965:
1963:(833–946)
1962:
1961:
1958:
1946:
1899:Harun al-Rashid
1877:
1844:Battle of Talas
1813:
1811:(750–833)
1810:
1809:
1800:
1777:
1764:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1714:
1705:
1667:Reichsmarschall
1614:Marshal of Peru
1473:
1340:
1326:General officer
1315:
1310:
1218:
1212:
1192:
1186:
1171:
1165:
1147:
1141:
1126:
1120:
1099:
1093:
1079:Abulafia, David
1077:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
976:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
921:
913:
909:
901:
882:
874:
867:
859:
850:
840:
839:
835:
827:
823:
819:
814:
780:
772:
747:magnus amiratus
738:
692:
645:
597:
556:Abu Ali Simjuri
544:
539:
495:
456:
440:Mu'izz al-Dawla
432:
360:
319:
255:
173:
151:
128:
115:
110:
83:Abbasid caliphs
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:Robe of honour
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2627:Jund Qinnasrin
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2607:Jund al-Urdunn
2604:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2355:Seljuk sultans
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2308:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Jalal al-Dawla
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:'Adud al-Dawla
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2157:Nasir al-Dawla
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2030:Zanj Rebellion
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1977:
1975:
1973:Samarra period
1966:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1823:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1581:Jenderal besar
1577:
1574:Chom Thap Thai
1570:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1399:Grand Domestic
1396:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1232:Kramers, J. H.
1228:Gibb, H. A. R.
1216:
1210:
1190:
1184:
1169:
1163:
1145:
1139:
1124:
1118:
1097:
1091:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
967:
955:
953:, p. 110.
943:
931:
929:, p. 194.
919:
907:
880:
878:, p. 195.
865:
863:, p. 446.
848:
833:
831:, p. 100.
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
691:
688:
664:Ottoman Empire
644:
641:
548:Samanid Empire
543:
540:
538:
535:
524:malik al-muluk
499: 976–983
492:'Adud al-Dawla
455:
452:
436: 944–946
404:Nasir al-Dawla
364: 940–944
318:
315:
254:
251:
215:, and most of
177: 934–940
155: 932–934
132: 908–932
114:
111:
109:
106:
55:amīr al-umarāʾ
30:The office of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3021:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Buyid dynasty
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2929:
2925:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2877:Shi'a Century
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Sunni Revival
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2795:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Abna al-dawla
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Amir al-umara
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Jund Filastin
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2522:
2518:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Malik-Shah II
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:al-Mustarshid
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:Baha al-Dawla
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Sack of Mecca
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:al-Mutawakkil
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:Establishment
1818:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:General (YPA)
1645:
1643:
1642:Field Marshal
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1568:Grand marshal
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Generalissimo
1554:
1553:
1552:Soviet Union
1551:
1549:
1548:
1547:Generalissimo
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1357:Amir al-umara
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1149:Kennedy, Hugh
1146:
1142:
1140:90-04-12860-3
1136:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1063:Abulafia 2012
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:Takayama 1993
1047:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1003:
998:
995:
991:
986:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
959:
956:
952:
947:
944:
940:
935:
932:
928:
923:
920:
916:
911:
908:
904:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
853:
849:
844:
837:
834:
830:
825:
822:
816:
811:
809:
807:
803:
799:
794:
789:
778:
760:
748:
736:
732:
728:
718:
713:
708:
705:
701:
697:
689:
687:
685:
680:
679:
672:
671:
665:
661:
657:
655:
650:
642:
640:
637:
632:
631:amir al-umara
627:
622:
617:
613:
609:
604:
595:
591:
587:
582:
576:
570:
569:
562:
561:amir al-umara
557:
553:
549:
541:
536:
534:
531:
530:amir al-umara
525:
521:("king"), or
519:
518:
511:
510:
504:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:Rukn al-Dawla
477:
476:Imad al-Dawla
474:
469:
468:amir al-umara
462:
461:amir al-umara
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
430:
426:
422:
417:
414:
413:amir al-umara
409:
405:
400:
399:
392:
391:amir al-umara
387:
381:
378:
377:amir al-umara
374:, who became
373:
369:
358:
354:
349:
348:amir al-umara
341:
337:
336:amir al-umara
332:
328:
323:
316:
314:
312:
306:
305:amir al-umara
301:
300:Friday prayer
296:
295:
288:
287:
281:
276:
275:amir al-umara
271:
267:
263:
260:
252:
250:
248:
243:
242:amir al-umara
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:was ruled by
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Bilad al-Sham
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
171:
166:
164:
160:
149:
144:
140:
137:
126:
121:
120:amir al-umara
112:
107:
105:
103:
102:Norman Sicily
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
60:emir of emirs
56:
50:
41:
37:
35:
34:amir al-umara
19:
2942:Architecture
2900:Christianity
2862:Twelve Imams
2673:
2612:Jund Dimashq
2489:
2468:al-Musta'sim
2456:al-Mustansir
2436:al-Mustanjid
2412:Final period
2411:
2397:Ahmad Sanjar
2372:Malik-Shah I
2331:al-Mustazhir
2297:
2238:Izz al-Dawla
2171:
1956:
1921:Fourth Fitna
1807:Early period
1806:
1774:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1665:
1658:
1591:
1579:
1572:
1545:
1538:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1451:
1444:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1393:Dux bellorum
1391:
1374:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1331:Flag officer
1258:
1251:
1199:
1174:
1153:
1129:
1109:
1082:
1058:
1046:
1039:Donohue 2003
1034:
1027:Kennedy 2004
1021:
1014:Kennedy 2004
1009:
1002:Donohue 2003
997:
990:Kennedy 2004
985:
980:, p. 9.
978:Donohue 2003
963:Kennedy 2004
958:
951:Donohue 2003
946:
939:Kennedy 2004
934:
927:Kennedy 2004
922:
915:Kennedy 2004
910:
876:Kennedy 2004
842:
836:
824:
788:Maio of Bari
753:μέγας ἀμηρᾶς
704:Italo-Norman
693:
659:
652:
646:
608:Safavid Iran
605:
575:amir-i salar
545:
488:Izz al-Dawla
472:
457:
418:
382:
344:
256:
167:
159:Hugh Kennedy
116:
95:
70:
66:
63:
59:
44:أمير الأمراء
31:
29:
2910:Khurramites
2857:Shi'a Islam
2821:Mu'tazilism
2278:Abu Kalijar
2226:Buyid emirs
2117:al-Mustakfi
2097:al-Muqtadir
2076:al-Mu'tadid
2071:al-Muwaffaq
2066:al-Mu'tamid
2013:al-Musta'in
2008:al-Muntasir
1981:al-Mu'tasim
1936:Mu'tazilism
1789:Third Fitna
1638:Yugoslavia
1511:Dayuanshuai
1336:Air officer
1248:Pellat, Ch.
1240:Schacht, J.
773: 1152
686:of beys").
670:mir-i miran
590:Afghanistan
586:Chaghri Beg
503:sovereignty
482:, ruler of
429:al-Mustakfi
423:instead of
416:on 1 June.
380:on 1 July.
125:al-Muqtadir
98:Middle East
2993:Categories
2947:Literature
2872:Qarmatians
2867:Isma'ilism
2775:Commanders
2634:Tabaristan
2501:under the
2441:al-Mustadi
2431:al-Muqtafi
2392:Muhammad I
2367:Alp Arslan
2346:al-Muqtafi
2326:al-Muqtadi
2112:al-Muttaqi
2081:al-Muktafi
2023:al-Muhtadi
2018:al-Mu'tazz
1832:Abu Muslim
1796:Hashimiyya
1775:Background
1751:(750–1258)
1518:Dai-gensui
1424:Megas doux
1410:Ispahsalar
1369:Autokrator
812:References
656:al-'asakir
594:Barkiyaruq
568:ispahsalar
552:Ghaznavids
509:shahanshah
357:al-Muttaqi
331:al-Muttaqi
113:Background
67:chief emir
2952:Musicians
2845:Shafi'ism
2840:Hanbalism
2699:Officials
2622:Jund Hims
2525:Geography
2490:Aftermath
2382:Berkyaruq
2341:al-Rashid
2045:Saffarids
1993:al-Wathiq
1926:al-Ma'mun
1904:Barmakids
1851:al-Mansur
1839:al-Saffah
1693:Yuanshuai
1435:Rigsmarsk
1430:Polemarch
1404:Imperator
1376:Beylerbey
1275:495469456
1257:Volume I:
1244:Lewis, B.
829:Watt 1998
817:Citations
696:Arab rule
678:beylerbey
662:. In the
636:Tahmasp I
621:qurčibaši
612:Qizilbash
280:Miskawayh
262:Ibn Muqla
221:Daylamite
49:romanized
2835:Hanafism
2753:Military
2587:Khurasan
2560:Ifriqiya
2535:Arminiya
2451:al-Zahir
2446:al-Nasir
2377:Mahmud I
2321:al-Qa'im
2217:al-Qa'im
2205:al-Qadir
2102:al-Qahir
2090:Collapse
2050:Tulunids
2040:Tahirids
1889:al-Mahdi
1679:Taewonsu
1464:Sparapet
1446:Serasker
1250:(eds.).
1222:(1960).
1196:(1998).
1151:(2004).
1081:(2012).
712:amiratus
550:nor the
372:Kurankij
333:and the
245:fell to
189:Khurasan
148:al-Qahir
2770:Battles
2765:Ghilman
2694:Mazalim
2540:Bahrayn
2424:Caliphs
2362:Tughril
2314:Caliphs
2200:al-Ta'i
2195:al-Muti
2188:Caliphs
2107:al-Radi
1916:al-Amin
1894:al-Hadi
1763:History
1749:topics
1700:Marshal
1652:Marshal
1593:Mareşal
1587:Marshal
1561:Marshal
1459:Spahbed
1345:Ancient
1108:(ed.).
1072:Sources
806:admiral
626:Turkmen
606:In the
425:Baghdad
325:Silver
185:Maghreb
181:Baghdad
170:al-Radi
51::
2895:Dhimmi
2744:Kharaj
2718:Vizier
2713:Shurta
2602:Awasim
2577:Jazira
2301:period
2299:Seljuk
2175:period
2147:Bajkam
1882:Apogee
1660:Mushir
1482:Modern
1469:Hetman
1453:Shōgun
1440:Sardar
1363:Ataman
1273:
1246:&
1208:
1182:
1161:
1137:
1116:
1089:
722:ἀμηρᾶς
702:, the
700:Sicily
654:atabak
448:Seljuk
353:Bajkam
340:Bajkam
327:dirham
286:kharaj
259:vizier
207:, the
136:eunuch
79:vizier
69:, and
40:Arabic
2888:Other
2825:Mihna
2813:Islam
2739:Iqta'
2734:Diwan
2708:tiraz
2689:Harem
2684:Hajib
2679:Barid
2639:Yemen
2597:Syria
2592:Sindh
2582:Jibal
2570:Sawad
2555:Hejaz
2550:Egypt
2545:Barqa
2173:Buyid
1940:Mihna
1686:Wonsu
1226:. In
1104:. In
786:) to
727:Greek
717:Latin
660:amirs
517:malik
473:laqab
421:Raqqa
408:Tuzun
398:laqab
386:Mosul
311:Turks
294:kunya
266:Wasit
225:Basra
197:Egypt
163:Sawad
87:Buyid
2830:Fiqh
2823:and
2780:Wars
2706:and
2565:Iraq
1938:and
1504:Aluf
1271:OCLC
1206:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1114:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1025:cf.
796:was
233:Fars
217:Iran
199:and
193:Iraq
187:and
91:Iraq
1263:doi
1259:A–B
725:in
715:in
698:in
684:bey
603:).
484:Rey
2995::
1269:.
1255:.
1242:;
1238:;
1234:;
1230:;
970:^
883:^
868:^
851:^
782:r.
770:c.
762:,
750:,
740:r.
719:,
682:("
599:r.
578:,
572:,
497:r.
434:r.
362:r.
268:,
227:,
195::
175:r.
153:r.
130:r.
62:,
46:,
42::
1739:e
1732:t
1725:v
1305:e
1298:t
1291:v
1277:.
1265::
1214:.
1188:.
1167:.
1143:.
1122:.
1095:.
779:(
737:(
596:(
494:(
431:(
359:(
172:(
150:(
127:(
38:(
20:)
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