195:
24:
187:). The decree did not cover people imprisoned or under investigation by the Soviets; and it was common for 'special cases' to be denied the amnesty on technical grounds or even denied information about the amnesty or the possibility of joining the Polish forces. Also some commanders of labour camps refused to release Polish citizens enslaved in them. According to an
210:
is criticized in Polish historiography, as it implies the Soviet Union had a legal basis for persecute Polish citizens, some of whom were persecuted for "treason of Soviet Union", even though they had been Polish citizens in sovereign Poland, without ever breaking Polish law. The Soviet Union claimed
111:
rounded up and deported between 320,000 and 1 million Polish nationals to the eastern parts of the USSR, the Urals, and
Siberia in the atmosphere of terror. There were four waves of deportations of entire families with children, women and elderly aboard freight trains from 1940 until 1941. The second
143:
lasted from March to
September 1942. Well over 110,000 Poles rescued by the Polish government travelled to Iran including 36,000 women and children. The decision whom to consider Polish belonged to the Soviet side. As of 1 December 1941, the release of Polish nationals no longer included members of
227:
had said that after
Sikorski was the most important person in the negotiations — states that the blame for using the word "amnesty" rather than "release" was entirely on the Polish side and not the Russians. In his memoirs Retinger writes; "I am afraid that the responsibility for this lies on the
1000:
228:
shoulders of a good Polish diplomat, Mr
Potulicki, who drafted this document.". According to Retinger, Potulicki had erroneously used the word "amnesty" and not "release" in the text of the treaty and there was no time to change the document before the signing took place.
235:
left Soviet sphere of influence, repressions towards the Polish citizens reintensified. Stalin effectively revoked the
Amnesty on 16 January 1943 when all Polish citizens including Ethnic Poles were once again declared part of the population of the Soviet Union.
211:
that the territories they occupied in 1939 were
Russian, and by virtue of a referendum they had organised, the inhabitants of these territories were therefore Russian citizens. Whereas Polish Prime Minister
124:
171:
Those who could prove they were Polish citizens had their citizenship restored (it had been annulled in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion in 1939). Yet there was no clear definition of the "
266:
96:
261:
194:
255:
1035:
1050:
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document of 1 August, 381,220 people were to be covered by the amnesty; however the generally accepted figure was over 1.5 million were deported.
1015:
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23:
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318:
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153:
156:, breaking relations with the Polish government and repressing Polish citizens in the occupied territories. The outbreak of the
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in World War II. The signing of amnesty by the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on 12 August 1941, resulted in temporary stop of
165:
493:
481:
464:
401:
389:
349:
132:
486:
The Polish
Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World
456:
The Polish
Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World
339:
1060:
144:
prewar minorities. All Polish
Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Jews were considered Soviet and excluded from the amnesty.
219:
held the view that an "amnesty" could only be granted by a State to its own citizens and these citizens were Polish.
705:
216:
136:
54:
Over 30,000 military personnel and about 11,000 children evacuated from 24 March until the first days of April 1942
396:. The Canadian Foundation for Polish Studies of the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences. Price-Patterson Ltd.
161:
92:
212:
454:
65:
Over 43,000 military personnel and about 25,000 civilians evacuated by sea from 10 August to 1 September 1942
184:
100:
1065:
1001:
Testimony of Helena Borasinska and her daughter Jadwiga about the road to Anders' Army after "amnesty"
309:
1040:
1020:
139:. The treaty granted amnesty for Polish citizens deported within the Soviet Union. The evacuation by
128:
164:
led to the change of Soviet policies towards the Poles, as leniency was needed if Soviets were to
708:
PDF, Lecture 17: Poland Under Occupation. Brandeis University, Library & Technology Services.
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172:
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978:
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157:
131:, the USSR was forced to fight its own former ally, Nazi Germany, and in July 1941 signed the
104:
99:. Their mass persecution accompanied the 1939 annexation of the entire eastern half of the
371:
385:
120:. The amnesty of 1941 was directed specifically at Polish victims of those deportations.
794:
555:
245:
199:
140:
1009:
335:
331:
224:
116:(Polish eastern borderlands), affected 300,000 to 330,000 Poles, sent primarily to
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against Poland. In order to de-Polonize all newly acquired territories, the Soviet
407:
36:
for a Polish soldier and surviving members of his family, dated 7 September 1941
232:
180:
513:[Plight of civilians and orphans after the Amnesty of 12 August 1941]
117:
782:"Holocaust Victims: Five Million Forgotten - non Jewish Victims of the Shoah"
168:. On 12 August of that year Soviets issued an amnesty to Polish citizens.
482:"Near and Middle East: The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR"
220:
175:" and eventually the Soviets limited it only to Polish ethnicity (which
989:
The Ice Road: An Epic Journey from the Stalinist Labor Camps to Freedom
510:
207:
183:, but not the Ukrainian or Belarusians who were former citizens of the
84:
781:
511:"Ludność cywilna i sieroty polskie po "amnestii" 12 sierpnia 1941 r."
37:
193:
113:
33:
390:"De-Polonizing the territories newly incorporated into the USSR"
188:
108:
88:
29:
112:
wave of deportations by the Soviet occupational forces across
198:
Polish refugees evacuated from the Soviet Union to Persia by
97:
persecutions of Polish citizens under the Soviet occupation
560:
Blank Pages: Soviet Genocide Against the Polish People
267:
List of Soviet Union prison sites that detained Poles
166:
recruit and create a Polish force under their command
127:
came in a remarkable reversal of fortune. Following
91:for those deprived of their freedom following the
262:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946)
618:
616:
719:God's Playground A History of Poland Volume II
394:The Devil's Playground: Poland in World War II
285:
283:
281:
877:. Sussex University Press. pp. 119–120.
341:Sovietisation of Poland's Eastern Territories
303:
301:
299:
8:
125:evacuation of Polish civilians from the USSR
16:
38:
293:Sampson Low, Marston & Co Pages 17-19
251:Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
820:The Fate of Poles in the USSR 1939~1989
310:The Fate of Poles in the USSR 1939–1989
277:
662:Gross, J.T. & Gross, I. (Editors)
453:Tadeusz Piotrowski (2004). "Amnesty".
367:
357:
15:
7:
761:Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union
580:Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union
430:Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union
154:Soviet Union invaded Poland in 1939
81:Amnesty for Polish citizens in USSR
17:Amnesty for Polish citizens in USSR
459:. McFarland. pp. 93–94, 102.
344:. Berghahn Books. pp. 74–75.
14:
919:Poland, Russia and Great Britain
841:The Pattern of Soviet Domination
600:Katyn A Crime Without Punishment
291:The Pattern of Soviet Domination
22:
1051:1941 in international relations
843:Sampsons, low, Marston & Co
484:. In Tadeusz Piotrowski (ed.).
1046:Polish prisoners and detainees
432:. London: Veritas Foundation.
1:
1036:Poland–Soviet Union relations
1016:World War II crimes in Poland
875:Memoirs of an Eminence Grise
162:Sikorski-Mayski Negotiations
664:War Through Children's Eyes
307:Piesakowski, Tomasz (1990)
1082:
854:God's Playground Volume II
509:Barbara Patlewicz (2007).
217:Polish government-in-exile
137:Polish government-in-exile
32:release document from the
873:Retinger, Joseph (1972).
644:Shallow Graves in Siberia
488:. McFarland. p. 97.
480:Andrzej Szujecki (2004).
469:– via Google Books.
133:Sikorski–Mayski agreement
93:Soviet invasion of Poland
61:
50:
41:
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1026:1941 in the Soviet Union
1056:Law of the Soviet Union
1031:Legal history of Poland
839:Mikolajczyk, S. (1948)
818:Piesakowski, T. (1990)
428:Hope, Michael (2005) .
289:Mikolajczyk, S. (1948)
103:in accordance with the
948:Revolution From Abroad
203:
185:Second Polish Republic
101:Second Polish Republic
704:Brandeis.edu (2005),
598:Cienciala, M. (2007)
256:Repatriation of Poles
197:
934:The Abandoned Legion
535:Zaloga, S.J. (2003)
129:Operation Barbarossa
123:The opportunity for
1061:Stalinism in Poland
974:Tadeusz Piotrowski
960:Lucjan Krolikowski
917:Voigt, F.A. (1943)
666:Hoover Institution
18:
987:Stefan Waydenfeld
976:Poland's Holocaust
740:Against their Will
738:Polian, P. (2004)
717:Davies, N. (1986)
685:Against their Will
683:Polian, P. (2004)
221:Dr. JĂłzef Retinger
215:'s critics in the
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173:Polish citizenship
996:978-1-60772-003-4
899:Exiled to Siberia
897:Hergt, K. (2000)
642:Krupa, M. (2004)
608:978-0-300-10851-4
158:Soviet-German War
83:was the one-time
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406:. Archived from
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412:. Retrieved
408:the original
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386:Piotr WrĂłbel
380:
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336:Bernd Wegner
332:Jan T. Gross
326:
313:Gryf, p.77.
308:
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230:
225:Anthony Eden
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170:
160:in 1941 and
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1041:Deportation
1021:1941 in law
852:Davies, N.
830:Pages 50-51
799:Blank Pages
537:Poland 1939
368:|work=
258:(1944–1946)
233:Anders Army
181:Polish Jews
1010:Categories
763:, Veritas
742:CEU Press
721:Clarendon
687:CEU Press
562:, Pyrford
495:0786455365
466:0786455365
414:2016-07-03
403:0969278411
351:1571818820
273:References
223:— of whom
118:Kazakh SSR
856:Page 451
809:Pages 8-9
539:, Osprey
519:Zesłaniec
370:ignored (
360:cite book
206:The term
135:with the
801:Pyrford
771:Pages 29
750:Page 119
729:Page 451
695:Page 118
674:Page xxv
646:Birlinn
633:Page 407
610:Page 139
582:Veritas
388:(2000).
334:(1997).
240:See also
213:Sikorski
177:de facto
797:(1993)
558:(1993)
338:(ed.).
208:amnesty
148:History
87:in the
85:amnesty
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231:After
202:, 1942
822:Gryf
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515:(PDF)
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627:ISBN
604:ISBN
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564:ISBN
541:ISBN
490:ISBN
461:ISBN
434:ISBN
398:ISBN
372:help
346:ISBN
315:ISBN
189:NKVD
152:The
109:NKVD
89:USSR
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28:The
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