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of neurological damage, such as a decrease in the levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) and serotonin transporters (SERT) in the brain. Amphetamine use within teenagers can have lasting effects on their brain, in particular the prefrontal cortex. Amphetamine use is rising among students due to the ability to easily access prescribed stimulants like
Adderall. Also, in case of chronic use, vegetative disorders soon occur such as bouts of sweating,
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53:
130:
313:, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the caudate-putamen (McCann et al., 1998, 2008; Sekine et al., 2003; Volkow et al., 2001a, 2001c). The density of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) is also decreased in the midbrain, caudate, putamen, hypothalamus, thalamus, the orbitofrontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices of METH-dependent individuals (Sekine et al., 2006).
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Signs of amphetamine intoxication manifest themselves in euphoria, hypersexuality, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and intensifications of the train of thought, speech, and movement. Over time, neurodegenerative changes become apparent in the form of altered behavior, reduced cognitive functions, and signs
252:
Pharmacologic treatment for psychostimulant addiction is generally unsatisfactory. As previously discussed, cessation of cocaine use and the use of other psychostimulants in dependent individuals does not produce a physical withdrawal syndrome but may produce dysphoria, anhedonia, and an intense
308:
Neuroimaging studies have revealed that METH can indeed cause neurodegenerative changes in the brains of human addicts (Aron and Paulus, 2007; Chang et al., 2007). These abnormalities include persistent decreases in the levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) in the
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that increase dopamine and mimic the effects of substituted amphetamines, but with lower abuse liability, could theoretically be used as replacement therapy in amphetamine dependence. However, the few studies that used
575:
I. Boileau, A. Dagher, M. Leyton, R. N. Gunn, G. B. Baker, M. Diksic, C. Benkelfat (2006). "Modeling
Sensitization to Stimulants in Humans: An Raclopride/Positron Emission Tomography Study in Healthy Men".
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use. When substituted amphetamines are used, drug tolerance develops rapidly. Amphetamine dependence has shown to have the highest remission rate compared to cannabis, cocaine, and opioids. Severe
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associated with dependence from recreational substituted amphetamine use can be difficult for a user to cope with. Long-term use of certain substituted amphetamines, particularly
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is currently the best treatment option as no pharmacological treatment has been approved. Another treatment option for amphetamine dependence is aversion therapy based on
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module; this will combine the amphetamine with a negative thing or opposite stimulus. Treatment for amphetamines is growing at extremely high rates around the world.
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Lee NK, Jenner L, Harney A, Cameron J (2018-11-01). "Corrigendum to "Pharmacotherapy for amphetamine dependence: A systematic review" ".
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469:"Systematic review of prospective studies investigating "remission" from amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine or opioid dependence"
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Calabria B, Degenhardt L, Briegleb C, Vos T, Hall W, Lynskey M, Callaghan B, Rana U, McLaren J (2010-08-01).
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Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM (2015). "Chapter 16: Reinforcement and
Addictive Disorders".
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Unlike cocaine and amphetamine, methamphetamine is directly toxic to midbrain dopamine neurons.
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Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "15". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
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Pérez-Mañá C, Castells X, Torrens M, Capellà D, Farre M. (September 2013).
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428:"Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence"
327:"Adderall Abuse on College Campuses: A Comprehensive Literature Review"
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as a replacement therapy did not result in less methamphetamine use or
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106:; the degradation of the personality takes place relatively slowly.
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Sax KW, Strakowski SM (2001). "Behavioral sensitization in humans".
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617:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 370.
29:. Stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine do not cause
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J. Saarma "Kliiniline psühhiaatria". Tallinn, 1980, p. 139
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Community reinforcement approach and family training
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270:"Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death"
1850:Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996
2459:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
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240:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
1855:Illinois Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act
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2464:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
1845:Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005
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33:symptoms upon cessation of use but rather
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2594:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
432:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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137:For amphetamine dependent individuals,
2737:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
2261:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
387:
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331:Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work
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192:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
110:is expected to develop with regular
1797:History and culture of amphetamines
1489:Discrimination against drug addicts
2768:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse
2397:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
1351:Tobacco cessation clinics in India
642:"Title Page – Abnormal Psychology"
394:"Amphetamines: Drug Use and Abuse"
268:Krasnova IN, Cadet JL (May 2009).
14:
2317:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
747:.0–.9 (amphetamine use disorders)
514:Chronic Amphetamine Use and Abuse
398:Merck Manual Home Health Handbook
286:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002
2370:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
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1535:
1414:Low-threshold treatment programs
1281:Motivational enhancement therapy
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679:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.002
216:National Institute on Drug Abuse
133:Adderall- Prescribed Amphetamine
2327:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
2219:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
1494:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
1484:Category:Vaccines against drugs
2721:Sudden sniffing death syndrome
2376:Intravenous marijuana syndrome
1970:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
445:10.1002/14651858.CD009695.pub2
253:desire to reinitiate drug use.
1:
2548:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
1117:Adverse childhood experiences
2761:Anabolic-androgenic steroids
2288:(alcohol use disorder (AUD))
2230:Positional alcohol nystagmus
2195:Alcohol-related brain damage
1346:Nicotine replacement therapy
1331:Intensive outpatient program
1319:Residential treatment center
1259:Cognitive behavioral therapy
485:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.03.019
343:10.1080/15433714.2010.525402
2625:Benzodiazepine use disorder
2554:Opioid-induced constipation
2542:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
2236:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
2200:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
1989:Substance-related disorders
1954:Substance-induced psychosis
1926:substance-related disorders
944:Internet addiction disorder
667:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
592:10.1001/archpsyc.63.12.1386
212:"AWhat is methamphetamine?"
2824:
2796:Methamphetamine and health
2322:Caffeine-induced psychosis
2253:Respiratory tract diseases
2238:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis)
2035:Combined drug intoxication
1379:List of twelve-step groups
188:"Amphetamine Use Disorder"
2631:Benzodiazepine dependence
2615:Benzodiazepine withdrawal
2425:Prenatal cocaine exposure
2088:Gastrointestinal diseases
1864:Ethnicity and nationality
1531:
1444:Supervised injection site
1374:Addiction recovery groups
1326:Heroin-assisted treatment
1286:Motivational interviewing
59:
50:
2190:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
2154:Alcohol-related dementia
2072:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
2025:Polysubstance dependence
1998:Psychological dependence
1127:Psychological dependence
961:Digital media addictions
752:.2 (dependence syndrome)
23:psychological dependence
2610:Benzodiazepine overdose
2242:Wernicke encephalopathy
2096:Alcoholic liver disease
2064:Cardiovascular diseases
1429:Needle exchange program
1419:Managed alcohol program
1397:Category:Harm reduction
325:Varga MD (2012-06-06).
126:activity in the brain.
112:substituted amphetamine
37:-based mental symptoms.
2696:Amphetamine dependence
2657:Barbiturate dependence
2488:Green Tobacco Sickness
2386:Amotivational syndrome
2266:Alcoholic lung disease
2206:Alcoholic hallucinosis
2185:Alcoholic hallucinosis
2133:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
2077:Alcohol flush reaction
1945:Substance intoxication
1787:Crystal Meth Anonymous
1754:Amphetamine dependence
1687:Inhibited transporters
1449:Tobacco harm reduction
1269:Contingency management
1236:Alcohol detoxification
949:Internet sex addiction
791:Amphetamine dependence
519:April 3, 2010, at the
143:classical conditioning
134:
46:Amphetamine dependence
19:Amphetamine dependence
2391:Cannabis use disorder
2114:Auto-brewery syndrome
1677:competitive inhibitor
1597:Dextromethamphetamine
1511:Motivational salience
1439:Stimulant maintenance
1424:Moderation Management
1336:Methadone maintenance
793:at Wikimedia Commons
757:.3 (withdrawal state)
546:10.1300/J069v20n03_06
132:
21:refers to a state of
2806:Substance dependence
2647:Barbiturate overdose
2420:Cocaine intoxication
2160:Alcohol intoxication
2002:Substance dependence
1802:Montana Meth Project
1618:Biomolecular targets
1434:Responsible drug use
1291:Motivational therapy
956:Video game addiction
311:orbitofrontal cortex
2680:Stimulant psychosis
2565:Opioid use disorder
2509:Nicotine dependence
2499:Nicotine withdrawal
2342:Caffeine dependence
2102:Alcoholic hepatitis
1994:Physical dependence
1965:Neonatal withdrawal
1768:History and culture
1602:Levomethamphetamine
1358:Twelve-step program
1241:Drug detoxification
1122:Physical dependence
579:Arch Gen Psychiatry
473:Addictive Behaviors
2494:Nicotine poisoning
2436:Cocaine dependence
2365:Cannabis arteritis
2225:Korsakoff syndrome
2125:Endocrine diseases
1516:Incentive salience
1504:Inhibitory control
1479:Category:Addiction
1469:Addiction medicine
1264:Relapse prevention
1201:Tanning dependence
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62:structural formula
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2537:Opioid withdrawal
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1341:Smoking cessation
1296:Physical exercise
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1197:Non-drug stimuli
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940:Internet-related
789:Media related to
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624:978-0-07-148127-4
586:(12): 1386–1395.
247:978-0-07-182770-6
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40:Medical condition
27:amphetamine class
25:on a drug in the
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2727:Toluene toxicity
2211:Delirium tremens
2107:Zieve's syndrome
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1819:Rolling meth lab
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1389:Harm reduction
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1166:Benzodiazepine
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921:Palatable food
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722:Classification
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714:External links
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479:(8): 741–749.
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337:(3): 293–313.
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2015:substance use
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1792:Faces of Meth
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1402:Drug checking
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832:
828:
827:Reinforcement
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218:. 16 May 2019
217:
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171:
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153:
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144:
140:
139:psychotherapy
131:
127:
125:
122:, can reduce
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63:
58:
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49:
44:
38:
36:
32:
28:
24:
20:
16:
2759:
2695:
2686:
2637:
2600:
2448:Hallucinogen
2175:Neurological
1923:Psychoactive
1840:Legal status
1806:
1779:
1753:
1667:adrenoceptor
1657:adrenoceptor
1647:adrenoceptor
1155:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1024:
983:
925:Sex-related
782:
760:
734:
670:
666:
660:
649:. Retrieved
645:
636:
628:
614:
608:
583:
577:
570:
540:(3): 55–65.
537:
534:J Addict Dis
533:
527:
509:
476:
472:
462:
435:
431:
404:26 September
402:. Retrieved
397:
392:O'Connor P.
375:
334:
330:
320:
307:
277:
273:
251:
237:
231:
220:. Retrieved
215:
206:
195:. Retrieved
191:
182:
136:
88:
35:neurological
18:
17:
15:
2801:Amphetamine
2688:amphetamine
2639:barbiturate
1775:Amphetamine
1590:Enantiomers
1250:Behavioral
1161:Barbiturate
1156:Amphetamine
934:Pornography
929:Intercourse
863:Amphetamine
829:disorders:
152:amphetamine
2790:Categories
2669:Stimulants
2332:Caffeinism
2286:Alcoholism
1959:Withdrawal
1759:Meth mouth
1474:Allen Carr
1314:Drug rehab
1305:Treatment
1221:management
1217:Treatment
1151:Alcoholism
1132:Withdrawal
1102:Dependence
1020:Epigenetic
972:mechanisms
905:Financial
898:Behavioral
835:dependence
651:2021-05-28
222:2021-06-23
197:2021-06-23
174:References
116:withdrawal
82:psychiatry
78:Toxicology
2775:Chocolate
2177:disorders
1881:Australia
1669:(agonist)
1659:(agonist)
1649:(agonist)
1639:(agonist)
1633:(agonist)
1627:(agonist)
1252:therapies
1141:Disorders
843:Addiction
831:addiction
687:0376-8716
493:0306-4603
351:1543-3714
164:modafinil
156:bupropion
108:Tolerance
73:Specialty
2708:Volatile
2583:hypnotic
2578:Sedative
2477:Nicotine
2354:Cannabis
2306:Caffeine
2165:Hangover
2013:Combined
1541:Category
1462:See also
1307:programs
1186:Nicotine
1176:Cannabis
1171:Caffeine
1110:Concepts
970:Cellular
914:Shopping
909:Gambling
883:Nicotine
703:52914625
695:30278418
600:17146013
554:11681593
517:Archived
501:20444552
454:23996457
367:23405226
359:22694135
304:19328213
124:dopamine
104:diarrhea
2753:Related
2710:solvent
2521:Opioids
2409:Cocaine
2202:(AWS):
2144:Nervous
2098:(ALD):
2048:Alcohol
1933:General
1734:SLC22A5
1729:SLC22A3
1181:Cocaine
868:Cocaine
858:Alcohol
673:: 238.
562:1606101
400:. Merck
295:2731235
168:craving
31:somatic
2764:: SUD
2723:(SSDS)
2466:(HPPD)
2221:(FASD)
1972:(PAWS)
1747:Health
1191:Opioid
1147:Drugs
1073:HDAC10
888:Opioid
701:
693:
685:
621:
598:
560:
552:
499:
491:
452:
365:
357:
349:
302:
292:
244:
162:, and
100:ataxia
96:tremor
2627:(BUD)
2567:(OUD)
2556:(OIC)
2550:(OIE)
2544:(OIH)
2490:(GTS)
2427:(PCE)
2393:(CUD)
2372:(CHS)
2232:(PAN)
2213:(DTs)
2156:(ARD)
2135:(AKA)
2116:(ABS)
2079:(AFR)
2037:(CDI)
1824:Ya ba
1724:EAAT2
1719:EAAT1
1714:VMAT2
1709:VMAT1
1625:TAAR1
1083:SIRT2
1078:SIRT1
1068:HDAC9
1063:HDAC5
1058:HDAC4
1052:HDAC3
1045:HDAC2
1038:HDAC1
1011:NF-κB
1006:GluR2
991:c-Fos
985:ΔFosB
771:304.4
699:S2CID
558:S2CID
363:S2CID
2733:SUD
2717:SID
2692:SUD
2676:SID
2653:SUD
2643:SID
2621:SUD
2606:SID
2590:SID
2561:SUD
2528:SID
2505:SUD
2484:SID
2455:SID
2432:SUD
2416:SID
2382:SUD
2361:SID
2338:SUD
2313:SID
2244:(WE)
2031:SID
2021:SUD
1704:SERT
1219:and
1001:CREB
996:Cdk5
851:Drug
833:and
766:9-CM
691:PMID
683:ISSN
619:ISBN
596:PMID
550:PMID
497:PMID
489:ISSN
450:PMID
406:2013
355:PMID
347:ISSN
300:PMID
242:ISBN
102:and
60:The
2279:SUD
2056:SID
1980:SUD
1940:SID
1833:Law
1699:NET
1694:DAT
1673:MAO
1637:σ2R
1631:σ1R
1087:...
1026:G9a
762:ICD
755:F15
750:F15
745:F15
736:ICD
675:doi
671:192
588:doi
542:doi
481:doi
440:doi
339:doi
290:PMC
282:doi
64:of
2792::
2000:/
1996:/
1987:/
1961::
1947:/
1665:2C
1655:2B
1645:2A
769::
743::
740:10
697:.
689:.
681:.
669:.
644:.
627:.
594:.
584:63
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556:.
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495:.
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477:35
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448:.
434:.
430:.
414:^
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298:.
288:.
278:60
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260:^
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200:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
