263:
2062:
157:
179:. The chief differences from pyroxenes are that (i) amphiboles contain essential hydroxyl (OH) or halogen (F, Cl) and (ii) the basic structure is a double chain of tetrahedra (as opposed to the single chain structure of pyroxene). Most apparent, in hand specimens, is that amphiboles form oblique cleavage planes (at around 120 degrees), whereas pyroxenes have cleavage angles of approximately 90 degrees. Amphiboles are also specifically less dense than the corresponding pyroxenes. Amphiboles are the primary constituent of
231:
207:
247:
219:
2147:
1437:
1763:
46:
389:. The group was so named by Haüy in allusion to the protean variety, in composition and appearance, assumed by its minerals. This term has since been applied to the whole group. Numerous sub-species and varieties are distinguished, the more important of which are tabulated below in two series. The formulae of each will be seen to be built on the general double-chain
255:
1242:). In addition, titanium, manganese, or chromium can substitute for some of the cations and oxygen, fluorine, or chlorine for some of the hydroxide. The different chemical types are almost impossible to distinguish even by optical or X-ray methods, and detailed chemical analysis using an electron microprobe is required.
1103:
Certain amphibole minerals form solid solution series, at least at elevated temperature. Ferrous iron usually substitutes freely for magnesium in amphiboles to form continuous solid solution series between magnesium-rich and iron-rich endmembers. These include the cummington (magnesium) to grunerite
1252:
a continuous series between calcic clinoamphiboles, such as hornblende, and low-calcium amphiboles, such as orthoamphiboles or the cummingtonite-grunerite series. Compositions intermediate in calcium are almost nonexistent in nature. However, there is a solid solution series between hornblende and
191:
Like pyroxenes, amphiboles are classified as inosilicate (chain silicate) minerals. However, the pyroxene structure is built around single chains of silica tetrahedra while amphiboles are built around double chains of silica tetrahedra. In other words, as with almost all silicate minerals, each
200:. Each I-beam is bonded to its neighbor by additional metal ions to form the complete crystal structure. Large gaps in the structure may be empty or partially filled by large metal ions, such as sodium, but remain points of weakness that help define the cleavage planes of the crystal.
1107:
In addition, the orthoamphiboles, anthophyllite and gedrite, which differ in their aluminium content, form a continuous solid solution at elevated temperature. As the amphibole cools, the two end members exsolve to form very thin layers (lamellae).
192:
silicon ion is surrounded by four oxygen ions. In amphiboles, some of the oxygen ions are shared between silicon ions to form a double chain structure as depicted below. These chains extend along the axis of the crystal. One side of each chain has
1372:
and crocidolite (blue asbestos) in ironstone formations, both resulting from dynamo-metamorphic processes. The latter two are dark green minerals, which occur as original constituents of igneous rocks rich in sodium, such as
230:
196:
oxygen ions, shared by only one silicon ion, and pairs of double chains are bound to each other by metal ions that connect apical oxygen ions. The pairs of double chains have been likened to
206:
416:
is known as crocidolite or "blue asbestos". These are generally called amphibole asbestos. Mining, manufacture and prolonged use of these minerals can cause serious illnesses.
218:
262:
408:. These are: anthophyllite, riebeckite, the cummingtonite/grunerite series, and the actinolite/tremolite series. The cummingtonite/grunerite series is often termed
1787:
145:
138:
353:
1778:
156:
1265:
On account of the wide variations in chemical composition, the different members vary considerably in properties and general appearance.
1455:
2009:
1709:
2061:
1617:
1111:
Hornblende is highly variable in composition, and includes at least five solid solution series: magnesiohornblende-ferrohornblende (
314:. Calcium is sometimes a constituent of naturally occurring amphiboles. Amphilotes of metamorphic origin include those developed in
95:
163:
of a thin section containing an amphibole crystal; under cross-polarized light on the left, and plane-polarized light on the right.
1971:
322:) and those formed by the alteration of other ferromagnesian minerals (such as hornblende as an alteration product of pyroxene).
1568:
1633:
Peters, Stefan T. M.; Troll, Valentin R.; Weis, Franz A.; Dallai, Luigi; Chadwick, Jane P.; Schulz, Bernhard (2017-03-16).
1368:
form a somewhat special group of alkali-amphiboles. The first two are blue fibrous minerals, with glaucophane occurring in
1245:
Glaucophane to riebeckite form yet another solid solution series, which also extends towards hornblende and arfvedsonite.
298:
magmas favors formation of amphiboles rather than pyroxenes. The highest amphibole content, around 20%, is found in
236:
Amphibole structure looking along the axis. Silicon ions are emphasized. Two "I-beams" are outlined in green.
1257:
exists at lower temperatures, and, as a result, hornblende often contains exsolution lamellae of grunerite.
295:
148:
currently classifies amphiboles as a mineral supergroup, within which are two groups and several subgroups.
141:
2002:
1635:"Amphibole megacrysts as a probe into the deep plumbing system of Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia"
2171:
2049:
1774:
212:
Double-chain inosilicate structure looking up the axis. Silicon ions are hidden by apical oxygen ions.
1646:
1512:
376:
1411:
1827:
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863:
160:
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1613:
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279:
246:
104:
2037:
1768:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1654:
1520:
1450:
1400:
1327:
crystals of a bright green or greyish-green color. It occurs frequently as a constituent of
63:
1475:
2151:
1442:
1343:
1309:
is an important constituent of many igneous rocks. It is also an important constituent of
1254:
224:
Side view (along ) of double chain inosilicate backbone. Apical oxygens are at the bottom.
1955:
1650:
1516:
1323:
is an important and common member of the monoclinic series, forming radiating groups of
144:
is Amp. Amphiboles can be green, black, colorless, white, yellow, blue, or brown. The
2165:
1782:
1769:
1674:
1534:
1332:
1324:
1268:
617:
521:
343:
1422:
1365:
986:
967:
275:
271:
172:
31:
2101:
2081:
1419:
1415:
1357:
1353:
1328:
1310:
911:
323:
180:
122:
35:
45:
2086:
2044:
1658:
1432:
1407:
1396:
1369:
1361:
1320:
1306:
915:
818:
774:
725:
675:
413:
386:
382:
303:
175:. In chemical composition and general characteristics they are similar to the
168:
1666:
306:
is widespread in igneous and metamorphic rocks and is particularly common in
1791:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 883–884.
1634:
1388:
1382:
1374:
1280:
1022:
671:
621:
319:
315:
134:
50:
39:
424:
The more common amphiboles are classified as shown in the following table:
17:
2106:
1403:
1051:
405:
390:
299:
176:
1525:
1500:
2096:
2032:
2018:
1378:
1288:
1104:(iron) endmembers, where the dividing line is placed at 30% magnesium.
1072:
576:
409:
327:
311:
307:
266:
Amphibolite from
Warrensburg, Adirondack Mountains, New York State, USA
197:
107:
1962:
2116:
2111:
1547:
1392:
1314:
1292:
1284:
1276:
346:
291:
283:
1287:
and some other localities. An aluminous related species is known as
254:
1271:
occurs as brownish, fibrous or lamellar masses with hornblende in
287:
261:
253:
245:
155:
44:
110:, forming prism or needlelike crystals, composed of double chain
2091:
1296:
1272:
130:
30:
This article is about the mineral. For the logical fallacy, see
1991:
1391:
is a rare magnesium-rich variety of hornblende with essential
126:
1987:
1866:
1864:
84:
78:
69:
1851:
1849:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1612:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 277–279.
1704:(9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. p. 62.
258:
Hornblende diorite from the Henry
Mountains, Utah, US
96:
75:
87:
81:
2125:
2069:
2025:
1559:Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993).
404:Four of the amphibole minerals are commonly called
72:
66:
125:, linked at the vertices and generally containing
38:. For the study of amphibians (amphibiology), see
34:. For the ambiguous grammatical construction, see
1561:Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana)
167:Amphiboles crystallize into two crystal systems,
1832:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1253:tremolite-actinolite at elevated temperature. A
1834:. Centers for Disease Control. 10 December 2018
1563:(21st ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 491.
2003:
8:
1930:
1906:
1724:
1595:
1583:
430:Amphibole classification (After Nesse 2000)
374:
373:), implying ambiguity. The name was used by
1399:rocks. For instance, it occurs in uncommon
358:
2010:
1996:
1988:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1639:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1524:
1342:, a 'stone') is a translation of the old
326:of amphibole after pyroxene are known as
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:) and magnesiohastingstite-hastingsite (
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1180:
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1172:
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1161:
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467:
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459:
451:
443:
426:
294:and dissolved water content of the more
1467:
1410:. It is hard, dense, black and usually
202:
146:International Mineralogical Association
278:origin. Amphiboles are more common in
1942:
1918:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1855:
1814:
1741:
1687:
7:
1501:"IMA-CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
1456:Classification of silicate minerals
1134:), tschermakite-ferrotschermakite (
250:Mineral assemblage of igneous rocks
290:igneous rocks, because the higher
270:Amphiboles are minerals of either
25:
2145:
2060:
1972:Mineralogical Society of America
1761:
1435:
229:
217:
205:
62:
1:
1586:, pp. 474–475, 478, 491.
1336:ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖνος/aktís, aktînos
1188:), pargasite-ferropargasite (
27:Group of inosilicate minerals
1828:"Health Effects of Asbestos"
1548:Mindat, Amphibole Supergroup
347:
2193:
1610:Introduction to mineralogy
1608:Nesse, William D. (2000).
1313:formed by metamorphism of
1295:variety containing little
352:
29:
2141:
2058:
1700:Levin, Harold L. (2010).
1659:10.1007/s00410-017-1338-0
1165:), edenite-ferroedenite (
919:
869:
822:
780:
679:
633:
625:
528:
525:
483:
429:
412:or "brown asbestos", and
375:
318:by contact metamorphism (
137:in their structures. Its
1931:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
1907:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
1805:, accessed 20 July 2015.
1725:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
1596:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
1584:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
629:Low-Ca-clinoamphibolite
1788:Encyclopædia Britannica
1964:Handbook of Mineralogy
1801:US Geological Survey,
1775:Spencer, Leonard James
1702:The earth through time
1505:Mineralogical Magazine
823:Na-Ca-clinonamphibole
381:to include tremolite,
286:igneous rocks than in
267:
259:
251:
164:
54:
1480:Dictionary of Geology
334:History and etymology
265:
257:
249:
159:
48:
2152:Minerals portal
1945:, pp. 287–289.
1933:, pp. 495–496.
1873:, pp. 277–290.
1651:2017CoMP..172...16P
1526:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
1517:2021MinM...85..291W
1499:Warr, L.N. (2021).
1414:, with a red-brown
1395:, usually found in
981:Orthorhombic series
2133:Industrial mineral
1727:, p. 496-497.
1690:, p. 279–280.
1350:(radiated stone).
920:Na-clinoamphibole
680:Ca-clinoamphibole
268:
260:
252:
165:
55:
2159:
2158:
1331:. The name (from
1291:and a deep green
1017:Monoclinic series
973:
972:
529:Orthoamphibolite
16:(Redirected from
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1451:List of minerals
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1406:, carried up by
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161:Photomicrographs
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2070:Common minerals
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484:Iron-magnesium
469:
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445:
441:
422:
420:Mineral species
400:
396:
370:
368:double entendre
367:
364:
361:
336:
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237:
234:
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2017:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1921:, p. 286.
1911:
1909:, p. 496.
1899:
1897:, p. 279.
1887:
1885:, p. 287.
1875:
1860:
1858:, p. 278.
1845:
1819:
1817:, p. 242.
1807:
1794:
1783:Chisholm, Hugh
1746:
1744:, p. 285.
1729:
1717:
1711:978-0470387740
1710:
1692:
1680:
1625:
1618:
1600:
1588:
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1569:
1551:
1540:
1511:(3): 291–320.
1491:
1466:
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1459:
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1427:
1338:, a 'ray' and
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1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1833:
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1823:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1770:public domain
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
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1726:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1696:
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1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
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1621:
1619:9780195106916
1615:
1611:
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1577:
1572:
1566:
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1514:
1510:
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1468:
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1417:
1413:
1409:
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1398:
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1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
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1349:
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1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Anthophyllite
1266:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1074:
1071:
1053:
1050:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
988:
985:
984:
983:
982:
976:Other species
975:
969:
965:
962:
946:
937:
929:
924:
923:
917:
913:
910:
894:
882:
874:
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868:
865:
862:
846:
837:
832:
827:
826:
820:
817:
801:
793:
788:
783:
781:Sodic-calcic
779:
776:
773:
753:
744:
736:
731:
730:
727:
724:
708:
702:(Mg,Fe,Fe,Al)
700:
692:
684:
683:
677:
673:
670:
654:
646:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
619:
618:Cummingtonite
616:
600:
592:
584:
582:
581:
578:
575:
555:
543:
535:
533:
532:
526:Orthorhombic
523:
522:Anthophyllite
520:
504:
496:
488:
486:
482:
478:
475:
472:
456:
448:
440:
437:
434:
433:
428:
425:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
392:
388:
384:
378:
355:
349:
345:
342:derives from
341:
333:
331:
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132:
128:
124:
109:
106:
102:
101:
92:
59:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2172:Inosilicates
2143:
2076:
1975:. Retrieved
1963:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1836:. Retrieved
1831:
1822:
1810:
1797:
1786:
1720:
1701:
1695:
1683:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1609:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1560:
1554:
1543:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:
1470:
1423:thin section
1420:petrographic
1387:
1366:arfvedsonite
1352:
1347:
1340:λίθος/líthos
1339:
1335:
1329:greenschists
1319:
1311:amphibolites
1305:
1267:
1264:
1261:Descriptions
1249:
1247:
1244:
1221:[(Mg,Fe)
1194:[(Mg,Fe)
1140:[(Mg,Fe)
1117:[(Mg,Fe)
1110:
1106:
1102:
1016:
1015:
987:Holmquistite
980:
979:
968:arfvedsonite
423:
403:
339:
337:
324:Pseudomorphs
280:intermediate
269:
193:
190:
181:amphibolites
173:orthorhombic
166:
57:
56:
32:equivocation
2102:Plagioclase
2082:Bridgmanite
1956:"Pargasite"
1476:"Amphibole"
1416:pleochroism
1412:automorphic
1370:blueschists
1358:crocidolite
1354:Glaucophane
1348:Strahlstein
964:Eckermanite
912:Glaucophane
864:Katophorite
626:Monoclinic
393:formula RSi
276:metamorphic
105:inosilicate
49:Amphibole (
36:amphibology
2166:Categories
2087:K-feldspar
2045:Mineralogy
1977:2012-12-17
1943:Nesse 2000
1919:Nesse 2000
1895:Nesse 2000
1883:Nesse 2000
1871:Nesse 2000
1856:Nesse 2000
1838:6 November
1815:Nesse 2000
1742:Nesse 2000
1688:Nesse 2000
1570:047157452X
1485:2013-01-21
1462:References
1408:kimberlite
1397:ultramafic
1362:riebeckite
1321:Actinolite
1307:Hornblende
1301:kupfferite
1054:, (CaNa)Mg
916:riebeckite
819:Richterite
775:Kaersutite
726:Hornblende
676:actinolite
414:riebeckite
387:hornblende
383:actinolite
348:amphíbolos
316:limestones
304:Hornblende
169:monoclinic
152:Mineralogy
123:tetrahedra
18:Amphiboles
2077:Amphibole
1779:Amphibole
1777:(1911). "
1675:132014026
1667:1432-0967
1645:(4): 16.
1535:235729616
1404:xenoliths
1389:Pargasite
1383:phonolite
1375:nepheline
1281:Kongsberg
1248:There is
1058:(Al,Fe)Si
1023:Pargasite
672:Tremolite
622:Grunerite
476:Symmetry
354:ἀμφίβολος
340:amphibole
338:The name
320:tremolite
300:andesites
187:Structure
177:pyroxenes
135:magnesium
58:Amphibole
51:tremolite
40:amphibian
2177:Asbestos
2107:Pyroxene
2026:Overview
2019:Minerals
1803:Asbestos
1429:See also
1325:acicular
1052:Winchite
479:Comment
473:Mineral
406:asbestos
391:silicate
312:diorites
308:syenites
242:In rocks
108:minerals
100:-fə-bohl
2126:Related
2097:Olivine
2050:History
2033:Mineral
1785:(ed.).
1772::
1647:Bibcode
1513:Bibcode
1379:syenite
1293:Russian
1289:gedrite
1171:(Mg,Fe)
1073:Edenite
943:(Al,Fe)
939:(Mg,Fe)
888:(Al,Fe)
884:(Mg,Fe)
839:(Mg,Fe)
795:(Mg,Fe)
746:(Mg,Fe)
710:(Si,Al)
648:(Mg,Fe)
634:Calcic
594:(Mg,Fe)
586:(Mg,Fe)
577:Gedrite
545:(Mg,Fe)
537:(Mg,Fe)
498:(Mg,Fe)
490:(Mg,Fe)
410:amosite
362:
328:uralite
296:evolved
272:igneous
198:I-beams
133:and/or
2117:Spinel
2112:Quartz
1781:". In
1766:
1708:
1673:
1665:
1616:
1567:
1533:
1401:mantle
1393:sodium
1344:German
1315:basalt
1285:Norway
1277:schist
1099:Series
1075:, NaCa
1025:, NaCa
870:Sodic
686:(Na,K)
435:Group
292:silica
284:felsic
194:apical
142:symbol
1968:(pdf)
1959:(PDF)
1671:S2CID
1531:S2CID
1346:word
1333:Greek
1225:Fe]Si
1198:Al]Si
1121:Al]Si
344:Greek
288:mafic
2092:Mica
2038:List
1840:2020
1706:ISBN
1663:ISSN
1614:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1381:and
1364:and
1297:iron
1273:mica
1237:(OH)
1217:NaCa
1210:(OH)
1190:NaCa
1183:(OH)
1167:NaCa
1160:(OH)
1129:(OH)
1091:(OH)
1087:Al)O
1066:(OH)
1045:(OH)
1033:FeSi
1009:(OH)
989:, Li
956:(OH)
904:(OH)
856:(OH)
834:NaCa
811:(OH)
790:NaCa
767:(OH)
718:(OH)
664:(OH)
610:(OH)
569:(OH)
514:(OH)
466:(OH)
385:and
359:lit.
310:and
171:and
131:iron
127:ions
1655:doi
1643:172
1521:doi
1418:in
1299:as
1283:in
1279:at
1250:not
1179:AlO
1148:]Si
1125:AlO
1083:(Si
852:AlO
688:0−1
282:to
274:or
139:IMA
129:of
112:SiO
2168::
1970:.
1961:.
1863:^
1848:^
1830:.
1749:^
1732:^
1669:.
1661:.
1653:.
1641:.
1637:.
1529:.
1519:.
1509:85
1507:.
1503:.
1478:.
1425:.
1385:.
1360:,
1356:,
1317:.
1303:.
1235:22
1229:Al
1227:67
1208:22
1202:Al
1181:22
1175:Si
1158:22
1152:Al
1144:Al
1136:Ca
1127:22
1113:Ca
1089:22
1079:Mg
1064:22
1043:22
1037:Al
1029:Mg
1007:22
1001:Si
997:Al
993:Mg
954:22
948:Si
931:Na
926:Na
902:22
896:Si
876:Na
854:22
848:Si
843:Fe
829:Na
809:22
803:Si
785:Na
765:22
759:Al
755:Si
750:Ti
738:Ca
733:Na
716:22
694:Ca
662:22
656:Si
640:Ca
608:22
602:Si
567:22
561:Si
557:Al
549:Al
512:22
506:Si
464:22
438:W
401:.
399:11
357:,
330:.
302:.
183:.
98:AM
85:oʊ
2011:e
2004:t
1997:v
1980:.
1842:.
1714:.
1677:.
1657::
1649::
1622:.
1573:.
1537:.
1523::
1515::
1488:.
1377:-
1275:-
1239:2
1233:O
1231:2
1223:4
1219:2
1212:2
1206:O
1204:2
1200:6
1196:4
1192:2
1185:2
1177:7
1173:5
1169:2
1162:2
1156:O
1154:2
1150:6
1146:2
1142:3
1138:2
1131:2
1123:7
1119:4
1115:2
1093:2
1085:7
1081:5
1077:2
1068:2
1062:O
1060:8
1056:4
1047:2
1041:O
1039:3
1035:6
1031:3
1027:2
1011:2
1005:O
1003:8
999:2
995:3
991:2
966:-
958:2
952:O
950:8
941:4
933:2
914:-
906:2
900:O
898:8
890:2
886:3
878:2
858:2
850:7
841:4
813:2
807:O
805:8
797:5
769:2
763:O
761:2
757:6
748:4
740:2
720:2
714:O
712:8
704:5
696:2
674:-
666:2
660:O
658:8
650:5
642:2
620:-
612:2
606:O
604:8
596:5
588:2
571:2
565:O
563:6
559:2
551:2
547:3
539:2
516:2
510:O
508:8
500:5
492:2
468:2
462:O
460:8
458:Z
452:5
450:Y
444:2
442:X
397:O
395:4
371:'
365:'
351:(
117:4
91:/
88:l
82:b
79:ə
76:f
73:m
70:æ
67:ˈ
64:/
60:(
53:)
42:.
20:)
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