449:
353:
317:
309:
71:
324:
421:
332:
than the two on either side of it. The central click can become two clicks if the cicada is tired and has no energy. These clicks are made by the cicada hitting its wings against the surface it is sitting on. These pulse groups can be produced quickly and continuously in a prolonged note during chorus singing. Chorus cicadas are New
Zealand's largest cicadas, with size averaging 40 mm.
33:
429:
a tree trunk silently. Adult cicada have a short life span of only two to three weeks, because after mating the adult cicada die off. Female chorus cicadas lay their eggs into thin branches of a wide range of plants. Females lay from 5 to 700 eggs, each about the size of a grain of rice. They lay eggs in a herring-bone pattern in the thin tree branches.
331:
The song made by cicadas is the loudest noise made by any insect. Male chorus cicadas produce a communication song that is specific to their species, and so species can be identified by their song. A pulse group of their song is made up of five clicks where the central click (third click) is stronger
287:
and found in most areas. They typically live in forests and areas with open bush, where their left-over nymph skins can be seen on tree trunks and branches during the summer months. The males produce their cicada sound in unison, which can reach deafening proportions at the height of their population
428:
Mating is triggered by the song of the males which facilitates the gathering of many males and females. Males compete with each other to produce the loudest and best musical sound, and sing louder when the weather is warmer. Sometimes two cicadas will fight each other. Chorus cicadas usually mate on
436:
Once the nymphs have grown to their maximum size they emerge from the ground and climb up tree trunks to molt. This is the transformation that turns the nymphs to adult cicada. This occurs on summer nights during the period of mid-December to late
February. Once out of their last nymph skin their
432:
The eggs take 3 to 10 months to develop and hatch. Hatching occurs from May to mid-December. After hatching the larvae burrow into the ground where they grow and develop their organs and increase in size. This process and the transformation into nymphs occurs during the springs and winter months.
370:
Chorus cicadas are endemic insects to New
Zealand. The most closely related species are found in Australia, New Caledonia and Norfolk Island. However, some studies about the New Zealand fauna show that the fauna of New Zealand was from several invasions across the Tasman Sea from Australia or New
296:
Chorus cicada have a nymph stage before their last molt and become an adult. During this nymph stage they are a soft and creamy white, and very similar looking to the adult form (but without wings). Adults are usually larger than 2 cm in length while the largest species are up to 4 cm;
304:
The colour of the chorus cicada can be black/green/brown and many have stripes along their body. The antenna of the chorus cicada has seven segments with the seventh being constricted medially, which means the last segment is tightened towards the middle. The adult male cicadas differ from the
348:
bacteria to provide the lacking nutrients from the sap. This type of food makes the chorus cicada a generalist feeder as it has a range of host plants that it feeds on. An orchard root system provides a good food source for the nymphs which live in the soil.
804:
Fragments of New
Zealand entomology : a popular account of all the New Zealand cicadas : the natural history of the New Zealand glow-worm : a second supplement to The butterflies and moths of New Zealand, and notes on many other native
470:
475:
474:
471:
476:
379:
Chorus cicadas are often found in towns and cities. They are distributed throughout the whole country, common in the North Island, some coastal areas of the South Island, central Otago and parts of
Canterbury.
524:
473:
388:
Chorus cicadas are commonly found in open forests and woodlands but also sometimes found on buildings, fences or lamp posts. Cicadas prefer sub-tropical, sub-humid and temperate environments.
288:
around
February. Groups of cicada can suddenly transition from the typical cicada sound to synchronised clicks, using their wings to clap against the surface they are sitting on.
669:"Biogeography and phylogeny of the New Zealand cicada genera (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA data: Biogeography and phylogeny of cicada genera"
718:
500:
778:
1065:
880:
1078:
942:
472:
52:
528:
448:
549:
Logan, D.; Conolloy, P. (2005). "Cicadas from kiwifruit orchards in New
Zealand and identification of their final instar exuviae (Cicadidae: Homoptera)".
460:), birds, spiders and fungal diseases. In the nymph stage, beetles and fungal diseases can kill cicada. Parasitic wasps lay eggs into the cicada's eggs.
433:
During this period the nymphs feed on the juices of roots and other underground organisms. The nymph stage of the cicada can last from 25 to 44 months.
1155:
1039:
344:
sap made from plants. This sap is low in nutrients and doesn't contain all the necessary amino acids, so to make up for this the insects rely on an
1198:
499:
Department of
Conservation. (n.d.). Tiritiri Matangi: An education resource for schools: Part four: insects and freshwater fish. Retrieved from:
730:
51:
1193:
628:
Logan, D. P.; Rowe, C. A.; Maher, B. J. (2014). "Life history of chorus cicada, an endemic pest of kiwifruit (Cicadidae: Homoptera)".
719:
http://www.doc.govt.nz/documents/getting-involved/students-and-teachers/field-trips-by-region/auckland/16-insects-freshwater-fish.pdf
456:
The chorus cicada has a number of predators but few known parasites. In the adult stage, cicada are killed by wasps (such as the
1188:
915:
819:
301:
to become adults, they are membranous with veins and they filter out ultraviolet light and the wing span is about 6 cm.
820:"Genome expansion via lineage splitting and genome reduction in the cicada endosymbiont Hodgkinia - Supporting Information"
705:
Dawson, J. & Lucas, R. (2000). Nature Guide to the New
Zealand Forest. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House New Zealand.
1000:
899:
463:
Isaria sinclairii is a species of entomopathogenic fungus which can infect the underground nymphs of chorus cicadas.
305:
females by the presence of a clasper sheath, and females do not have the finger-like extensions that the males have.
70:
1083:
352:
584:
Fleming, C. A. (1975). "Acoustic behaviour as a generic character in New
Zealand cicadas (Hemiptera: Homoptera)".
991:
327:
Chorus cicada carved on pare on display at the New Zealand Arthropod Collection at Landcare Research, Auckland
664:
953:
1005:
440:
Their median total life cycle length is around four years, this being from egg to a natural adult death.
185:
1183:
1093:
1026:
937:
611:
688:
645:
566:
207:
65:
316:
1070:
308:
1142:
1101:
1013:
933:
854:
284:
412:
and folk song, Te Tarakihi (the cicada) is based on the shrill summer-singing of the cicada.
1106:
916:
https://biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz/scientific-names/1cb18307-36b9-11d5-9548-00d0592d548c
844:
834:
680:
637:
593:
558:
323:
132:
510:
EOL: Encyclopedia of Life. (n.d.). Amphipsalta zelandica: Chorus cicada. Retrieved from:
849:
1177:
684:
345:
692:
649:
570:
1133:
597:
1147:
1018:
717:
DoC. (n. d.). Tiritiri Matangi: An education resource for schools. Retrieved from
562:
420:
641:
50:
1052:
985:
280:
162:
976:
827:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
32:
839:
668:
152:
122:
102:
82:
858:
1127:
970:
1160:
1044:
881:"Some observations on predation and scavenging by the introduced wasps
511:
437:
wings expand and they wait for them to harden before they can fly off.
298:
1057:
276:
142:
112:
92:
947:
753:
447:
419:
351:
341:
322:
315:
307:
297:
this includes the wings. Chorus cicadas’ wings only appear after
1031:
409:
951:
340:
The adults and immatures of the chorus cicada both feed on
807:. Wellington, New Zealand: Ferguson & Osborn printers.
522:
Landcare Research, (n.d.). Chorus Cicada. Retrieved from:
525:"Chorus cicada | Hemiptera | Landcare Research"
623:
621:
1117:
960:
713:
711:
8:
586:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
424:Chorus cicada eggs laid in a kiwifruit cane
948:
667:; Moulds, Max; Holsinger, Kent E. (2004).
48:
31:
20:
848:
838:
452:Final instar chorus cicada nymphs in soil
663:Arensburger, Peter; Buckley, Thomas R.;
492:
465:
214:
7:
1094:c66047d9-de07-4c27-94cb-e8af1ecc5964
818:Campbell, Matthew (18 August 2015).
512:http://eol.org/pages/8995000/details
733:. Landcare Research. 24 August 2020
444:Predators, parasites, and diseases
14:
685:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.01012.x
468:
275:, is the most common species of
69:
1199:Endemic insects of New Zealand
598:10.1080/03036758.1975.10419379
396:The Māori name for cicadas is
1:
563:10.1080/00779962.2005.9722684
642:10.1080/00779962.2014.897302
1215:
783:www.landcareresearch.co.nz
60:Song of the chorus cicada
1194:Insects described in 1835
213:
206:
191:
184:
66:Scientific classification
64:
59:
47:
39:
30:
23:
630:New Zealand Entomologist
551:New Zealand Entomologist
840:10.1073/pnas.1421386112
673:Journal of Biogeography
482:Sound made when handled
1189:Cicadas of New Zealand
453:
425:
357:
328:
320:
313:
256:Amphipsalta zealandica
992:Amphipsalta zelandica
962:Amphipsalta zelandica
930:Amphipsalta zelandica
758:New Zealand Folk Song
451:
423:
355:
326:
319:
312:Amphipsalta zelandica
311:
273:Amphipsalta zelandica
249:Melampsalta zelandica
195:Amphipsalta zelandica
42:Amphipsalta zelandica
25:Amphipsalta zelandica
416:Life cycle/phenology
366:Natural global range
356:Adult chorus cicada.
241:Cicadetta zealandica
938:Critter of the Week
898:(2). Archived from
879:Thomas, B. (1987).
802:Hudson, G. (1951).
384:Habitat preferences
16:Species of true bug
454:
426:
358:
329:
321:
314:
1171:
1170:
1102:Open Tree of Life
954:Taxon identifiers
883:Vespula germanica
477:
375:New Zealand range
336:Diet and foraging
265:
264:
259:
252:
245:
237:
233:Cicada zeylandica
229:
225:Cicada zealandica
221:
201:(Boisduval, 1835)
177:A. zelandica
53:
40:A chorus cicada,
1206:
1164:
1163:
1151:
1150:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1119:Cicada zelandica
1110:
1109:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1060:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1034:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1008:
996:
995:
994:
981:
980:
979:
949:
918:
913:
907:
906:
904:
893:
876:
870:
869:
867:
865:
852:
842:
824:
815:
809:
808:
799:
793:
792:
790:
789:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
749:
743:
742:
740:
738:
727:
721:
715:
706:
703:
697:
696:
660:
654:
653:
625:
616:
615:
608:
602:
601:
581:
575:
574:
546:
540:
539:
537:
536:
527:. Archived from
520:
514:
508:
502:
497:
479:
478:
458:Vespula vulgaris
258:
251:
243:
235:
227:
220:Boisduval, 1835
219:
217:Cicada zelandica
197:
74:
73:
55:
54:
35:
21:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1004:
999:
990:
989:
984:
975:
974:
969:
956:
943:8 December 2017
926:
921:
914:
910:
902:
891:
878:
877:
873:
863:
861:
833:(33): 10192–9.
822:
817:
816:
812:
801:
800:
796:
787:
785:
779:"Chorus cicada"
777:
776:
772:
762:
760:
751:
750:
746:
736:
734:
731:"Chorus cicada"
729:
728:
724:
716:
709:
704:
700:
662:
661:
657:
627:
626:
619:
612:"Chorus cicada"
610:
609:
605:
583:
582:
578:
548:
547:
543:
534:
532:
523:
521:
517:
509:
505:
498:
494:
490:
483:
480:
469:
446:
418:
394:
386:
377:
368:
363:
338:
294:
244:Kirkaldy, 1909
202:
199:
193:
180:
133:Auchenorrhyncha
68:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1152:
1139:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1098:
1088:
1075:
1062:
1049:
1036:
1023:
1010:
997:
982:
966:
964:
958:
957:
952:
946:
945:
925:
924:External links
922:
920:
919:
908:
905:on 2015-01-22.
871:
810:
794:
770:
752:Archer, John.
744:
722:
707:
698:
679:(4): 557–569.
655:
617:
603:
576:
541:
515:
503:
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
481:
467:
445:
442:
417:
414:
402:matua kihikihi
393:
390:
385:
382:
376:
373:
367:
364:
362:
359:
337:
334:
293:
290:
283:, where it is
263:
262:
261:
260:
253:
246:
238:
236:Walker, 1858
230:
228:Walker, 1850
222:
211:
210:
204:
203:
200:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
172:
168:
167:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
62:
61:
57:
56:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1211:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
987:
983:
978:
972:
968:
967:
965:
963:
959:
955:
950:
944:
940:
939:
935:
932:discussed on
931:
928:
927:
923:
917:
912:
909:
901:
897:
890:
888:
884:
875:
872:
860:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
832:
828:
821:
814:
811:
806:
798:
795:
784:
780:
774:
771:
759:
755:
754:"Te Tarakihi"
748:
745:
732:
726:
723:
720:
714:
712:
708:
702:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:(2): 96–106.
635:
631:
624:
622:
618:
613:
607:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
580:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
545:
542:
531:on 2015-05-18
530:
526:
519:
516:
513:
507:
504:
501:
496:
493:
487:
466:
464:
461:
459:
450:
443:
441:
438:
434:
430:
422:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:kihikihi wawa
392:Cultural uses
391:
389:
383:
381:
374:
372:
365:
360:
354:
350:
347:
346:endosymbiotic
343:
335:
333:
325:
318:
310:
306:
302:
300:
291:
289:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:chorus cicada
257:
254:
250:
247:
242:
239:
234:
231:
226:
223:
218:
215:
212:
209:
205:
198:
196:
190:
187:
186:Binomial name
183:
179:
178:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
139:Superfamily:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
72:
67:
63:
58:
46:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1118:
961:
936:
929:
911:
900:the original
895:
886:
882:
874:
862:. Retrieved
830:
826:
813:
803:
797:
786:. Retrieved
782:
773:
761:. Retrieved
757:
747:
735:. Retrieved
725:
701:
676:
672:
665:Simon, Chris
658:
633:
629:
606:
592:(1): 47–64.
589:
585:
579:
557:(1): 37–48.
554:
550:
544:
533:. Retrieved
529:the original
518:
506:
495:
462:
457:
455:
439:
435:
431:
427:
408:. One Māori
405:
401:
397:
395:
387:
378:
369:
361:Distribution
339:
330:
303:
295:
272:
268:
266:
255:
248:
240:
232:
224:
216:
194:
192:
176:
175:
163:
41:
24:
18:
1184:Cicadettini
1053:iNaturalist
986:Wikispecies
887:V. vulgaris
763:21 February
371:Caledonia.
292:Description
281:New Zealand
164:Amphipsalta
1178:Categories
1134:Q109661783
864:13 October
788:2017-09-11
737:9 December
535:2015-04-26
488:References
143:Cicadoidea
129:Suborder:
103:Arthropoda
171:Species:
153:Cicadidae
123:Hemiptera
89:Kingdom:
83:Eukaryota
1128:Wikidata
1071:10049609
977:Q4748337
971:Wikidata
896:The Weta
859:26286984
693:55588084
650:84521136
571:86357946
406:ngengeti
208:Synonyms
149:Family:
99:Phylum:
93:Animalia
79:Domain:
1161:7617926
1084:1232797
1045:2078653
1032:8995000
850:4547289
805:insects
299:molting
285:endemic
159:Genus:
119:Order:
113:Insecta
109:Class:
1107:603247
1091:NZOR:
1006:521929
857:
847:
691:
648:
569:
277:cicada
1066:IRMNG
1058:81881
903:(PDF)
892:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
689:S2CID
646:S2CID
567:S2CID
342:xylem
1156:GBIF
1148:V6FB
1079:NCBI
1040:GBIF
1019:D577
1001:BOLD
885:and
866:2020
855:PMID
765:2019
739:2020
410:haka
267:The
1143:CoL
1027:EoL
1014:CoL
934:RNZ
845:PMC
835:doi
831:112
681:doi
638:doi
594:doi
559:doi
404:or
279:in
1180::
1158::
1145::
1130::
1104::
1081::
1068::
1055::
1042::
1029::
1016::
1003::
988::
973::
941:,
894:.
853:.
843:.
829:.
825:.
781:.
756:.
710:^
687:.
677:31
675:.
671:.
644:.
634:37
632:.
620:^
588:.
565:.
555:28
553:.
400:,
271:,
889:"
868:.
837::
791:.
767:.
741:.
695:.
683::
652:.
640::
614:.
600:.
596::
590:5
573:.
561::
538:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
