2618:
170:
839:
is likewise nasalized before nasalized vowels, and elsewhere. The nasals are pronounced with an oral non-nasal release when they precede an oral vowel, and as such sound like in that context. Various other important details about the phonetics of Amuzgo are not presented in a simplified chart such
1049:
Amuzgo has three basic tones: high, mid, and low. But it also has several combinations of tones on single syllables. The contour high-low is a common one. The following words are apparently distinguished only by tone in
Huixtepec: /ha/ 'sour' (low), /ha/ (mid) 'I', /ha/ (high-low) 'we (exclusive)',
291:
Three dictionaries have been published for Upper
Eastern Amuzgo in recent years. For Northern Amuzgo, no dictionary has yet been published, yet it too is very actively written. Lower Eastern Amuzgo and Southern Amuzgo (spoken in Huixtepec (Ometepec), for example) are still not well documented, but
283:
These varieties are very similar, but there is a significant difference between western varieties (Northern and
Southern) and eastern varieties (Upper Eastern and Lower Eastern), as revealed by recorded text testing done in the
541:
The following chart is based on
Coronado Nazario et al. (2009) for the variety of Southern Amuzgo spoken in Huixtepec. The phonetic facts are very similar to that of other varieties, but the analysis is different.
1130:
848:
Amuzgo distinguishes seven vowels with respect to quality. In all the documented dialects, all but the two close vowels may be nasalized. Some descriptions claim that Amuzgo also has
2606:
1573:
2745:
831:
In this analysis, the nasals and central approximants have distinctive allophones that depend on whether or not they precede a nasalized vowel. The approximant
1408:
Herrera
Zendejas, Esther (2000). "Descripción fonética del amuzgo de Xochistlahuaca, Guerrero". In Morúa Leyva, María del Carmen; López Cruz, Gerardo (eds.).
3336:
259:
2599:
1050:
and /ha/ (high) 'we (inclusive)'. See also the set: /ta/ 'hill' (low), /ta/ 'thick' (mid), /ta/ ' father (vocative)' (high-low), /ta/ 'slice' (high).
811:
3326:
2584:
1352:
Coronado
Nazario, Hilario M.; Coronado Nolasco, Ebenecer; de la Cruz Morales, Pánfilo; Hilario Juárez, Maurilio; Marlett, Stephen A. (2009).
2592:
1566:
1386:
Cuevas Suárez, Susana (1996). "Fonología funcional-generativa de una lengua otomangue". In Cuevas Suárez, Susana; Haidar, Julieta (eds.).
792:
530:
2398:
1234:
Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas.
1787:
753:
1236:
312:
The dialect presented in the following chart is Upper
Eastern, as spoken in San Pedro Amuzgos as analyzed by Smith & Tapia (2002).
2560:
1517:
2738:
1468:
Longacre, Robert E.; Millon, René (1961). "Proto-Mixtecan and Proto-Amuzgo-Mixtecan vocabularies: a preliminary cultural analysis".
299:
subdivision may indeed be the closest to Amuzgo within Oto-Manguean, earlier claims that Amuzgo is part of it have been contested.
2228:
726:
695:
494:
465:
3331:
3321:
1559:
941:
182:
2555:
980:
258:
Four varieties of Amuzgo are officially recognized by the governmental agency, the
Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (
3060:
2731:
2448:
959:
717:
686:
485:
456:
1114:
237:
3281:
2692:
2687:
2647:
2622:
1792:
998:
912:
737:
503:
1185:
1024:
785:
642:
635:
627:
604:
523:
417:
410:
396:
131:
3010:
2483:
2413:
1797:
1760:
1683:
2962:
3316:
3271:
3195:
3099:
2985:
1827:
925:
276:(iii) Upper Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo alto del este, commonly known as Oaxaca Amuzgo or San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo);
192:
2423:
1812:
3040:
3030:
1807:
653:
426:
403:
244:
exonym but its meaning is shrouded in controversy; multiple proposals have been made, including 'moss-in'.
221:
2882:
2498:
2218:
2150:
1708:
1582:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
836:
832:
3070:
3286:
3266:
3190:
2887:
2839:
2789:
1774:
1118:
835:, which is before oral vowels or consonants in Huixtepec, is before nasalized vowels. The approximant
771:
597:
511:
367:
360:
2859:
2523:
2155:
1353:
3050:
2917:
1844:
1721:
1597:
1438:
Longacre, Robert E. (1966a). "The linguistic affinities of Amuzgo". In Pompa y Pompa, Antonio (ed.).
1121:, it distinguishes between first person inclusive plural and first person exclusive plural pronouns.
433:
376:
3276:
3185:
3140:
3125:
3085:
3000:
2932:
2877:
2824:
2819:
2754:
2488:
2408:
2309:
2202:
2134:
2124:
2119:
1947:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1907:
1822:
1146:
1138:
709:
678:
477:
448:
2223:
3080:
3025:
2804:
2433:
2370:
2352:
2322:
2264:
2197:
2160:
2114:
1878:
1869:
1817:
1328:
849:
560:
550:
330:
320:
3115:
2241:
2082:
2061:
2004:
1999:
1678:
273:(ii) Southern Amuzgo (amuzgo del sur, heretofore classified as a subdialect of Northern Amuzgo);
1512:. Mexico City: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS).
3225:
3155:
3120:
3105:
3045:
3035:
3015:
2967:
2942:
2854:
2829:
2809:
2513:
2503:
2473:
2458:
2428:
2378:
2279:
2274:
2129:
2025:
1994:
1972:
1859:
1853:
1716:
1606:
1481:
Smith, Thomas C.; Tapia, Fermin (2002). "Amuzgo como lengua activa". In Levy, Paulette (ed.).
1396:
1199:
745:
620:
582:
388:
347:
270:(amuzgo del norte, commonly known as Guerrero or (from its major town) Xochistlahuaca Amuzgo);
1372:(Licenciatura thesis) (in Spanish). Mexico City: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
3245:
3240:
3205:
3175:
3110:
3065:
3005:
2902:
2897:
2849:
2834:
2799:
2794:
2528:
2518:
2443:
2388:
2317:
2284:
2246:
2109:
2066:
2056:
2051:
2009:
1962:
1920:
1802:
1735:
1693:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1456:
1426:
1320:
1240:
1171:
1089:
Animate nouns (most animals and insects, plus some other nouns) carry the classifier prefix
555:
325:
252:
241:
1541:
3250:
3230:
3220:
3210:
3200:
3180:
3145:
3090:
3020:
2995:
2922:
2907:
2779:
2707:
2657:
2535:
2493:
2478:
2453:
2418:
2383:
2334:
2304:
2236:
2046:
1915:
1885:
1832:
1653:
1647:
1483:
Del Cora al Maya
Yucateco: estudios lingüisticos sobre algunas lenguas indigenas mexicanas
1212:
935:
856:. Ballistic syllables are also a feature of the phonology of another Oto-Manguean branch,
577:
342:
267:
78:
2508:
2463:
3235:
3135:
3075:
2952:
2937:
2844:
2814:
2697:
2642:
2575:
2438:
2327:
2192:
2187:
1668:
1663:
1638:
1152:
974:
248:
233:
169:
160:
3310:
3130:
3055:
2990:
2957:
2927:
2912:
2702:
2652:
2637:
2403:
2393:
2269:
2030:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1698:
1688:
1673:
1340:
873:
802:
663:
658:
567:
229:
217:
59:
3095:
2947:
2712:
2662:
2468:
1658:
670:
440:
279:(iv) Lower Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo bajo del este, commonly known as Ipalapa Amuzgo).
225:
213:
86:
1518:"Estadística básica de la población hablante de lenguas indígenas nacionales 2015"
1186:
http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen10&c=3337
3298:
Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.
3150:
2677:
1031:
1005:
987:
966:
948:
905:
868:
1412:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. Hermosillo: Universidad de Sonora. pp. 97–116.
1013:
878:
589:
354:
1546:
2667:
1782:
857:
853:
153:
117:
1442:. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 541–560.
1401:
La inteligibilidad interdialectal en México: Resultados de algunos sondeos
1388:
La imaginación y la inteligencia en el lenguaje: Homenaje a Roman
Jakobson
143:
136:
126:
1551:
296:
200:
188:
45:
2784:
2672:
1345:
American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America
572:
335:
196:
2723:
1332:
3215:
2682:
2626:
2617:
1142:
49:
35:
1410:
Memorias del V Encuentro Internacional de Lingüística en el Noroeste
1460:
1447:
Longacre, Robert E. (1966b). "On linguistic affinities of Amuzgo".
1430:
1417:
Longacre, Robert E. (1961). "Swadesh's Macro-Mixtecan hypothesis".
1324:
1501:
Diccionario amuzgo-español: El amuzgo de San Pedro Amuzgos, Oaxaca
1363:(in Spanish). Lima: SIL International y Universidad Ricardo Palma.
1134:
285:
236:. From syntactical point of view Amuzgo can be considered as an
1070:'skins' (Northern and Southern Amuzgo). Typically the consonant
2727:
2588:
1555:
1149:
1058:
Nouns are pluralized by a prefix. The common plural prefix is
1390:. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
1381:. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
1370:
Fonología generativa del amuzgo de San Pedro Amuzgos, Oaxaca
1279:
Longacre (1961, 1966a, 1966b); Longacre & Millon (1961)
199:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1440:
Summa anthropologica: En homenaje a Roberto J. Weitlaner
174:
The Amuzgo language, number 12 (darker blue), southwest.
1311:
Bauernschmidt, Amy (1965). "Amuzgo syllable dynamics".
1093:. This classifier precedes the inflected noun, as in
247:
A significant percentage of the Amuzgo speakers are
3259:
3168:
2976:
2868:
2770:
2761:
2548:
2369:
2351:
2297:
2257:
2211:
2180:
2173:
2143:
2102:
2095:
2075:
2039:
2018:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1955:
1946:
1906:
1899:
1868:
1843:
1773:
1734:
1707:
1637:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1589:
1172:
Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020
151:
115:
110:
75:
65:
55:
41:
31:
21:
1494:. Coyoacán, D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
1237:"Variantes lingüísticas de la agrupación zapoteco"
232:. Like other Oto-Manguean languages, Amuzgo is a
216:language spoken in the Costa Chica region of the
1403:. México, D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
1490:Stewart, Cloyd; Stewart, Ruth D., eds. (2000).
1492:Diccionario Amuzgo de San Pedro Amuzgos Oaxaca
1129:Amuzgo-language programming is carried by the
147: – San Pedro Amuzgos (Oaxaca) Amuzgo
2739:
2600:
1567:
1449:International Journal of American Linguistics
1419:International Journal of American Linguistics
1361:Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias
1261:Egland, Bartholomew & Cruz Ramos, 1983:8.
8:
2767:
2746:
2732:
2724:
2607:
2593:
2585:
2177:
2099:
1984:
1977:
1952:
1903:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1574:
1560:
1552:
1547:Amuzgo on Native Languages of the Americas
1174:INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
168:
18:
862:
544:
314:
1503:. Mexico City: Plaza y Valdés Editores.
1164:
193:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1208:
1197:
16:Oto-Manguean language spoken in Mexico
1145:, and by the community radio station
240:. The name Amuzgo is claimed to be a
7:
1074:drops when the noun is pluralized:
852:, a possible type of supra-glottal
2561:Classification of Mixtec languages
1113:Amuzgo has been proposed to be an
14:
3337:Endangered Oto-Manguean languages
1030:
1023:
1004:
997:
986:
979:
965:
958:
947:
940:
924:
911:
810:
791:
784:
752:
736:
725:
716:
694:
685:
669:
662:
657:
652:
641:
634:
626:
603:
596:
529:
522:
502:
493:
484:
464:
455:
439:
432:
425:
416:
409:
402:
395:
375:
366:
359:
2616:
1499:Tapia García, L. Fermín (1999).
1359:. In Marlett, Stephen A. (ed.).
1379:Fonología generativa del amuzgo
3327:Indigenous languages of Mexico
2556:List of Oto-Manguean languages
1377:Cuevas Suárez, Susana (1985).
1368:Cuevas Suárez, Susana (1977).
1:
1508:Tapia García, Fermín (2000).
1354:"Amuzgo del sur (Huixtepec)"
1011:
972:
933:
903:
883:
864:
800:
769:
743:
707:
676:
618:
587:
509:
475:
446:
386:
352:
3282:Plains Indian Sign Language
1470:Anthropological Linguistics
1399:; Cruz Ramos, Saúl (1983).
1086:'hands' (Southern Amuzgo).
1082:'hands' (Northern Amuzgo),
251:; the remainder also speak
140: – Ipalapa Amuzgo
3353:
1510:Diccionario amuzgo-español
1347:. Oxford University Press.
1105:'dogs' (Southern Amuzgo).
1101:'dogs' (Northern Amuzgo),
132:Northern (Guerrero) Amuzgo
3295:
2633:
2569:
1788:Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec
877:
872:
867:
865:
528:
519:
517:
499:
490:
483:
470:
461:
454:
381:
372:
365:
341:
329:
324:
179:
167:
71:60,000 (2020 census)
26:
3272:Albarradas Sign Language
2229:Western Tlacolula Valley
1542:Sample of Amuzgo writing
840:as the one shown above.
1288:Coronado et al. (2009).
1115:active–stative language
3332:Oto-Manguean languages
3322:Mesoamerican languages
1684:Estado de México Otomi
1583:Oto-Manguean languages
1297:Smith & Tapia 2002
1153:Xochistlahuaca-Suljaa'
181:This article contains
3287:Chatino Sign Language
3267:Mexican Sign Language
2449:Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi
2399:Atatláhuca–San Miguel
1119:Otomanguean languages
1485:. Mexico City: UNAM.
3277:Mayan Sign Language
2755:Languages of Mexico
1270:Campbell (1997:158)
1225:Campbell (1997:402)
1139:Santiago Jamiltepec
850:ballistic syllables
772:Central approximant
746:Lateral approximant
2888:Chontal de Tabasco
2623:Indigenous peoples
2484:San Miguel Piedras
2414:Chayuco-Jamiltepec
2233:Extended Ocotepec
1397:Bartholomew, Doris
1117:. Like many other
292:work is underway.
3304:
3303:
3164:
3163:
2986:Chontal of Oaxaca
2721:
2720:
2582:
2581:
2576:extinct languages
2544:
2543:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2293:
2292:
2169:
2168:
2091:
2090:
1895:
1894:
1769:
1768:
1730:
1729:
1629:Michoacán Mazahua
1522:site.inali.gob.mx
1207:Missing or empty
1133:'s radio station
1042:
1041:
829:
828:
539:
538:
207:
206:
189:rendering support
185:phonetic symbols.
3344:
3011:Chichimeca Jonaz
2768:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2725:
2621:
2620:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2586:
2178:
2100:
1985:
1978:
1953:
1904:
1886:Chorotega/Mangue
1761:Chichimeca Jonaz
1694:Texcatepec Otomi
1612:
1603:
1594:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1464:
1443:
1434:
1413:
1404:
1395:Egland, Steven;
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1348:
1336:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1239:. Archived from
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1034:
1027:
1008:
1001:
990:
983:
969:
962:
951:
944:
928:
915:
863:
838:
834:
814:
795:
788:
756:
740:
729:
720:
698:
689:
673:
666:
661:
656:
645:
638:
630:
607:
600:
545:
533:
526:
506:
497:
488:
468:
459:
443:
436:
429:
420:
413:
406:
399:
379:
370:
363:
315:
172:
163:
146:
139:
129:
120:
94:Amuzgo–Mixtecan?
81:
19:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3317:Amuzgo language
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3291:
3255:
3160:
3100:whistled speech
2978:
2972:
2908:Sierra Popoluca
2870:
2864:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2752:
2722:
2717:
2688:Oaxacan Chontal
2629:
2615:
2613:
2583:
2578:
2565:
2540:
2499:Southern Puebla
2365:
2339:
2289:
2253:
2207:
2165:
2139:
2087:
2071:
2035:
2014:
1967:
1942:
1891:
1864:
1839:
1798:Lalana-Tepinapa
1765:
1726:
1703:
1679:Querétaro Otomi
1654:Mezquital Otomi
1648:Classical Otomi
1633:
1624:Central Mazahua
1585:
1580:
1538:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1467:
1446:
1437:
1416:
1407:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1356:
1351:
1339:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1206:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1127:
1111:
1056:
1047:
1016:
908:
846:
562:
337:
310:
305:
268:Northern Amuzgo
238:active language
230:60,000 speakers
187:Without proper
175:
159:
142:
141:
135:
134:
125:
124:
116:
106:
82:
79:Language family
77:
68:
67:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3350:
3348:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3041:Western Apache
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2869:10,000-100,000
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:Chigmecatitlán
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2212:Western Valley
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2181:Trans-Yautepec
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:Coatecas Altas
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
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1800:
1795:
1790:
1779:
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1770:
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1763:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1669:Highland Otomi
1666:
1664:Acazulco Otomi
1661:
1656:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1536:External links
1534:
1533:
1532:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1465:
1461:10.1086/464878
1444:
1435:
1431:10.1086/464599
1414:
1405:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1349:
1341:Campbell, Lyle
1337:
1325:10.2307/411789
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
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1218:
1176:
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1028:
1021:
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945:
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866:
845:
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827:
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623:
617:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
601:
594:
592:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
561:Apico-lamino-/
558:
553:
548:
537:
536:
534:
527:
520:
518:
516:
514:
508:
507:
500:
498:
491:
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460:
453:
451:
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437:
430:
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407:
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393:
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385:
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373:
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364:
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351:
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345:
340:
333:
328:
323:
318:
309:
306:
304:
301:
281:
280:
277:
274:
271:
262:). They are:
234:tonal language
218:Mexican states
205:
204:
191:, you may see
177:
176:
173:
165:
164:
157:
149:
148:
121:
113:
112:
111:Language codes
108:
107:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
85:
83:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
43:
39:
38:
33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3349:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
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3315:
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3312:
3299:
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3258:
3252:
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3212:
3209:
3207:
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3199:
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3179:
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3157:
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3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
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3082:
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3052:
3049:
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3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
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2954:
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2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
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2876:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:Sierra Juárez
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:Southern Pame
1752:
1750:
1749:Northern Pame
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1699:Ixtenco Otomi
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:Temoaya Otomi
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Tenango Otomi
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1243:on 2007-11-16
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1201:
1187:
1183:2005 census;
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:Radio Ñomndaa
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1087:
1061:
1053:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
994:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
976:
973:
968:
964:
961:
957:
955:
953:
950:
946:
943:
939:
937:
934:
930:
927:
923:
921:
919:
917:
914:
910:
907:
904:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
880:
875:
870:
861:
859:
855:
851:
843:
841:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
813:
808:
806:
804:
801:
797:
794:
790:
787:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
770:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
755:
751:
749:
747:
744:
739:
735:
733:
731:
728:
724:
722:
719:
715:
713:
711:
708:
704:
702:
700:
697:
693:
691:
688:
684:
682:
680:
677:
672:
668:
665:
660:
655:
651:
649:
647:
644:
640:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
619:
615:
613:
611:
609:
606:
602:
599:
595:
593:
591:
588:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:Post-alveolar
566:
564:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
546:
543:
535:
532:
525:
521:
515:
513:
510:
505:
501:
496:
492:
487:
481:
479:
476:
472:
467:
463:
458:
452:
450:
447:
442:
438:
435:
431:
428:
424:
422:
419:
415:
412:
408:
405:
401:
398:
394:
392:
390:
387:
383:
378:
374:
369:
362:
358:
356:
353:
349:
346:
344:
339:
336:Alveopalatal/
334:
332:
327:
322:
319:
317:
316:
313:
307:
302:
300:
298:
293:
289:
287:
278:
275:
272:
269:
265:
264:
263:
261:
256:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
184:
178:
171:
166:
162:
158:
156:
155:
150:
145:
138:
133:
130: –
128:
122:
119:
114:
109:
99:
96:
95:
93:
92:
90:
89:
88:
84:
80:
74:
70:
64:
61:
60:Amuzgo people
58:
54:
51:
47:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3297:
3191:Plautdietsch
3169:Non-official
2977:Under 10,000
2892:
2800:Tzotzil Maya
2795:Tzeltal Maya
2790:Yucatec Maya
2571:
2489:Silacayoapan
2409:Cacaloxtepec
2360:
2103:Cis-Yautepec
1884:
1877:
1852:
1753:
1744:Central Pame
1709:Matlatzincan
1659:Tilapa Otomi
1646:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1344:
1316:
1312:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
1230:
1221:
1209:|title=
1189:. Retrieved
1179:
1167:
1128:
1112:
1088:
1059:
1057:
1048:
847:
830:
556:Apico-dental
540:
311:
294:
290:
282:
257:
246:
214:Oto-Manguean
209:
208:
180:
152:
97:
87:Oto-Manguean
3051:Matlatzinca
2883:Tojol-abʼal
2524:Yoloxóchitl
2434:Cuyamecalco
2219:Chichicápam
2203:Quiavicuzas
2135:Tlacolulita
1828:Tepetotutla
1775:Chinantecan
1722:Matlatzinca
1319:: 471–483.
1137:, based in
512:Approximant
249:monolingual
195:instead of
3311:Categories
3186:Portuguese
3086:Texistepec
3021:Chocholtec
3001:Chiricahua
2963:Qʼanjobʼal
2878:Tarahumara
2764:Indigenous
2648:Chinanteco
2514:Tilantongo
2504:Soyaltepec
2429:Coatzospan
2323:Texmelucan
2265:Albarradas
2198:Lachiguiri
2161:Ozolotepec
2156:Miahuatlán
2115:Quiegolani
1845:Tlapanecan
1598:Oto-Pamean
1527:2019-10-26
1476:(4): 1–44.
1305:References
1247:2013-07-17
1191:2010-07-21
1103:/ka-n-ueʔ/
1099:/ka-l-ueʔ/
1095:/ka-tsueʔ/
1062:. Compare
1054:Morphology
308:Consonants
295:While the
123:Variously:
3081:Kaqchikel
3061:Mezcalero
3026:Pima Bajo
2933:Popolocan
2860:Purépecha
2840:Chinantec
2762:Official/
2658:Cuicateco
2653:Chochotec
2574:indicate
2529:Zacatepec
2519:Tututepec
2444:Ixtayutla
2389:Amoltepec
2314:Papabuco
2280:Ayoquezco
2275:Antequera
1948:Zapotecan
1938:Popolocan
1931:varieties
1908:Popolocan
1879:Chiapanec
1823:Sochiapam
1783:Chinantec
1455:: 46–49.
936:Close-mid
858:Chinantec
854:phonation
710:Fricative
679:Affricate
478:Fricative
449:Affricate
303:Phonology
228:by about
154:Glottolog
118:ISO 639-3
56:Ethnicity
3226:Japanese
3196:Venetian
3156:Awakatek
3151:Ayapanec
3046:Jakaltek
3036:Lacandón
3016:Huarijío
2979:speakers
2943:Cuicatec
2918:Tepehuán
2871:speakers
2855:Tlapanec
2773:speakers
2771:100,000+
2693:Popoluca
2673:Mazateco
2494:Sindihui
2479:Pinotepa
2454:Mixtepec
2419:Chazumba
2379:Cuicatec
2371:Mixtecan
2353:Amuzgoan
2318:Elotepec
2310:Lachixío
2285:Quiatoni
2247:Zaachila
2125:Xanaguía
2120:Lapaguía
2110:Mixtepec
2096:Southern
2057:Yatzachi
2052:Zoogocho
2010:Abejones
1981:Northern
1870:Manguean
1860:Tlapanec
1854:Subtiaba
1818:Palantla
1813:Ozumacín
1793:Highland
1717:Tlahuica
1425:: 9–29.
1343:(1997).
1313:Language
1200:cite web
1078:'hand',
1066:'skin',
975:Open-mid
563:alveolar
551:Bilabial
331:Alveolar
321:Bilabial
297:Mixtecan
222:Guerrero
201:Help:IPA
161:amuz1254
46:Guerrero
27:Amuzgoan
3246:Chinese
3241:Italian
3206:Catalan
3176:English
3141:Cochimí
3071:Kʼicheʼ
3066:Ixcatec
3031:Qʼeqchí
3006:Tacuate
2968:Tepehua
2903:Chatino
2898:Huichol
2850:Mazahua
2835:Huastec
2825:Mazatec
2820:Totonac
2810:Zapotec
2785:Nahuatl
2780:Spanish
2708:Zapotec
2698:Tacuate
2668:Ixcatec
2643:Chatino
2572:Italics
2474:Peñasco
2439:Estetla
2335:Solteco
2305:El Alto
2242:Ocotlán
2237:Isthmus
2174:Central
2083:Choápam
2062:Yalálag
2047:Cajonos
2040:Cajonos
2005:Yavesía
2000:Aloápam
1973:Zapotec
1963:Chatino
1956:Chatino
1926:Mazatec
1921:Ixcatec
1900:Eastern
1808:Ojitlán
1616:Mazahua
1607:Otomian
1590:Western
1097:'dog',
1068:/n-thã/
874:Central
621:Plosive
583:Glottal
573:Palatal
389:Plosive
348:Glottal
338:Palatal
253:Spanish
242:Nahuatl
197:Unicode
91:Eastern
3251:German
3231:Korean
3221:Romani
3216:Arabic
3211:Hebrew
3201:Basque
3181:French
3146:Kiliwa
3136:Olutec
3126:Pápago
3121:Kumiai
3116:Qatoʼk
3111:Cucapá
3096:Kikapú
3091:Paipai
2996:Akatek
2923:Triqui
2893:Amuzgo
2805:Mixtec
2703:Trique
2683:Mixtec
2638:Amuzgo
2627:Oaxaca
2536:Trique
2404:Ayutla
2394:Apoala
2384:Mixtec
2361:Amuzgo
2328:Zaniza
2193:Petapa
2188:Guevea
2144:Coatec
2130:Xánica
2026:Rincón
2019:Rincón
1995:Ixtlán
1916:Chocho
1803:Lealao
1736:Pamean
1333:411789
1331:
1143:Oaxaca
1109:Syntax
1084:/n-ʔɔ/
1080:/l-ʔɔ/
1076:/tsʔɔ/
900:nasal
894:nasal
888:nasal
844:Vowels
326:Dental
226:Oaxaca
212:is an
210:Amuzgo
98:Amuzgo
50:Oaxaca
42:Region
36:Mexico
22:Amuzgo
3236:Greek
3076:Lipan
2953:Yaqui
2938:Huave
2830:Chʼol
2815:Otomí
2713:Zoque
2663:Huave
2549:Lists
2509:Tidaá
2469:Nuyoo
2464:Nuxaá
2298:Other
2270:Mitla
2258:Other
2224:Güilá
2076:Other
2067:Tabaá
2031:Yatee
1833:Usila
1639:Otomi
1357:(PDF)
1329:JSTOR
1159:Notes
1135:XEJAM
1125:Media
1064:/thã/
1045:Tones
906:Close
897:oral
891:oral
885:oral
869:Front
590:Nasal
578:Velar
355:Nasal
343:Velar
286:1970s
260:INALI
3260:Sign
3131:Ixil
3106:Teko
3056:Seri
2991:Chuj
2958:Pame
2928:Cora
2913:Mayo
2845:Mixe
2678:Mixe
2459:Ñumí
1213:help
1091:/ka/
1072:/ts/
1014:Open
879:Back
266:(i)
224:and
2948:Mam
2625:of
1457:doi
1427:doi
1321:doi
1151:in
1131:CDI
837:/j/
833:/w/
803:Tap
696:t͡ʃ
687:t͡s
466:t͡ʃ
457:t͡s
220:of
183:IPA
144:azg
137:azm
127:amu
3313::
1520:.
1472:.
1453:32
1451:.
1423:27
1421:.
1327:.
1317:41
1315:.
1204::
1202:}}
1198:{{
1155:.
1141:,
1060:n-
1006:ɔ̃
988:ɛ̃
860:.
815:)
664:ⁿk
659:kʷ
643:tʲ
631:)
605:nʲ
418:dʲ
411:tʲ
288:.
255:.
48:,
3102:)
3098:(
2747:e
2740:t
2733:v
2608:e
2601:t
2594:v
1575:e
1568:t
1561:v
1530:.
1474:3
1463:.
1459::
1433:.
1429::
1335:.
1323::
1252:.
1250:.
1215:)
1211:(
1194:.
1032:ã
1025:a
999:ɔ
981:ɛ
967:õ
960:o
949:ẽ
942:e
926:u
913:i
812:ɾ
809:(
793:w
786:j
754:l
738:h
727:ʃ
718:s
671:ʔ
654:k
636:t
628:p
625:(
598:n
531:w
524:j
504:h
495:ʃ
486:s
441:ʔ
434:ɡ
427:k
404:d
397:t
377:ɲ
368:n
361:m
203:.
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