1021:
1145:
33:
1313:
49:
69:
1336:
species have a minor importance as forest pests. The infestation through wood wasps does not assume greater dimensions and is, compared with other pests, almost insignificant. The infection rates are even lower during sexual reproduction via fruit bodies, as the wasps do not play a part in the
849:, dry and leathery-corky fruit bodies on the bark of infested trees. The fruit bodies are 0.5–1.5 mm (0.02–0.06 in) thick, irregularly shaped and are able to cover a large surface on the bark or otherwise can appear as small spots. They lie directly on the bark. The
1303:
is vertically positioned, on which bleached, infested areas contrast with intact wood. Symptoms of infestion by the symbiotic partner—wood wasps—include circular exit holes in the crust and acute stress through dryness, common in hanging, falling or tanning needles.
1357:. The wasp's phytotoxic secretion, its larvae and the fungus combine very effectively with each other and contribute to forest decline rates of up to 80%. This is mainly owing to the poor water and nutrient supply of the trees, which can poorly reconcile the
896:) and serve to promote the growth of the fungus. Genuine cystidia arise in the hymenium and the layer directly below, the subhymenium. Both pseudocystidia and cystidia are encrusted, meaning that they feature crystal-like structures on the top.
1120:. The infection with Amylostereaceae fulfill two functions for the wasps: it provides the larvae food, because the white rot softens the wood; at the same time, the mycelia of the fungi serves as food for the larvae. After the larvae
1882:
Tabata, Masanobu; Miyata, Hiroaki; Kaoru, Maeto (2012). "Siricid
Woodwasps and Their Fungal Symbionts in Asia, Specifically Those Occurring in Japan". In Slippers, Bernard; de Groot, Peter; Wingfield, Michael J. (eds.).
2083:
Yemashanov, D.; McKenny, D.W.; de Groot, P.; Haugen, D.; Sidders, D.; Joss, B. (2009). "A bioeconomic approach to assess the impact of an alien invasive insect on timber supply and harvesting: a case study with
865:) and is usually dirty-brown coloured. In some species, the tomentum stands clearly above and forms a kind of roof above the fruit body; if it completely surrounds this roof, there might appear cuplike shapes.
1115:
secretion below the bark and at the same time injecting fungal spores into the hole. The secretion weakens the tree and temporarily diminishes its immune system, whereby the fungus can spread along the
1128:
together with its eggs. The fungus benefits from the symbiosis as it spreads faster and more effectively than through airborne spores and furthermore does not need to develop fruit bodies.
410:) symbiont complex has been studied extensively because of its potential to cause substantial economic losses in the forestry industry, particularly in non-native regions.
2119:
Slippers, Bernard; Wingfield, Michael J.; Wingfield, Brenda D.; Coutinho, Teresa A. (2002). "DNA sequence and RFLP data reflect geographical spread and relationships of
1291:
of the host wood, whereby the infested wood parts become less stable and take a fibrous structure. The wood bleaches as fungal enzymes break down and remove the brown-
2589:
2396:
1948:
1405:. These infertile females lay infected eggs into new trees and thus spread the nematode. This control method has proven to be relatively successful to combat the
1231:) and Douglas firs as hosts. While spruces dominate as hosts in the native habitat, this species is more common in pines on other locations. The host spectrum of
1694:"Stereoide Pilze in Europa (Stereaceae Pil. emend. Parm. u. a., Hymenochaete) mit besonderer BerĂĽcksichtigung ihres Vorkommens in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland"
2435:
2524:
2305:
706:
have caused some confusion regarding their placement in the genus. As only the size of their fruit bodies differ from each other in appearance, researcher
1615:
2563:
2370:
857:) has a smooth to warty surface texture and is turned outwards. It is bordered by a highly bent and wavy (effuso-reflex) edge on all species except
2047:
1413:
complex. In the
Southern Hemisphere, where the technique has been widely employed, reductions of parasitism levels of 70%–100% have been achieved.
808:
has never been seen as symbiont of wood wasps, neither in North
American nor in Europe. The fungus possibly represents a separated species or a sub
2602:
1962:
van der Nest, Margriet A.; Wingfield, Brenda D.; Wingfield, Michael J.; Stenlid, Jan; Wasaitis, Rimvydas; Slippers, Bernard (2012). "Genetics of
2010:
884:. The first type is brownish skeletal hyphae, which provide stability to the fruit body. These hyphae run parallel to the bark and often have
1975:
1932:
1900:
1669:
1047:), which beside freshly logged trees also infest living trees and infect them with fungi. Symbioses have been recorded with several species:
1365:
was detected in North
America in the 2000s (decade); in Canada alone, the total economic loss to the forestry industry caused by the
1144:
1020:
334:
Jacques Boidin found atypical microscopic differences between them. Forty years after his extensive researches from 1958, Boidin
903:, all species have a thin separating layer, the cortex, between the hymenium and the tomentum. A cortex is also present on many
2607:
1345:. Pine monocultures in Australia, New Zealand, Africa and South America were shown to be susceptible to the Sirex woodwasp (
505:
of the
Amylostereaceae is not completely resolved. The next closest relatives might be – depending on the research – either
2628:
2422:
2210:
Tabata, Masanobu; Harrington, Thomas C.; Chen, Wei; Abe, Yasuhisa (2000). "Molecular phylogeny of species in the genera
68:
2161:
1429:
757:
996:
is originally native in North Africa and
Eurasia; it was however distributed through the 20th century in Australia,
992:
can be also found in temperate
Eurasia, but it is unclear how broadly this species is distributed in North America.
2689:
2440:
1458:
Boidin, Jacques (1958). "Hétérobasidiomycètes saprophytes et
Homobasidiomycètes résupinés. V. Essai sur le genre
173:
1111:(the hypha of fungi split up to spores) in special abdominal organs. The wood wasps infect trees by splashing a
772:
fungi. The other three species separated later from each other and are thus partially compatible to each other.
707:
2679:
507:
502:
335:
424:, based primary on the layered structure of the fruit body and the similar physiological activity. Mycologist
1634:
1381:
892:-like structures, the so-called pseudocystidia. The second type is generative hyphae. They are translucent (
761:
474:
450:
387:
322:
300:
207:
195:
2258:
310:
189:
1085:
2066:
1091:
32:
527:, but several results of studies partially contradict this conclusion. Only the classification to the
2643:
2515:
2450:
2331:
1401:
larvae are present, the parasite infects and sterilizes the eggs of female wasps, causing them to be
825:
370:
316:
201:
2555:
2362:
2029:
1747:
Hurley, B.P.; Hatting, H.J.; Wingfield, M.J.; Klepzig, K.D.; Slippers, B. (2012). "The influence of
1567:
1073:
425:
135:
2684:
1079:
1061:
947:
931:
829:
519:
1312:
2235:
2148:
1942:
1864:
1591:
1535:
1386:
1350:
950:. This characteristic differs from other very similar species, and this gave the genus its name.
939:
437:
216:
63:
1994:
United States
Department of Agriculture (2007). Proposed Program for Management of the Woodwasp
1968:
The Sirex
Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont: Research and Management of a Worldwide Invasive Pest
1487:
48:
2296:
1516:"Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa"
2651:
2537:
2458:
2401:
2318:
2198:
2140:
1971:
1928:
1920:
1896:
1821:
1665:
1543:
907:
fungi (on a broader front) and serves to bend up the fruit body. As this cortex is missing on
885:
2656:
2594:
2473:
2463:
2227:
2188:
2180:
2160:
Slippers, Bernard; Coutinho, Teresa A.; Wingfield, Brenda D.; Wingfield, Michael J. (2009).
2132:
2097:
1888:
1856:
1813:
1776:
1768:
1614:
Slippers, Bernard; Coutinho, Teresa A.; Wingfield, Brenda D.; Wingfield, Michael J. (2003).
1583:
1527:
985:
877:
846:
536:
282:
259:
238:
1693:
746:
Periods (66 million to 2.6 million years ago), but became extinct there, so the
255:
1295:
lignin. The distribution in wood takes place mainly along the transport channels in the
2550:
2357:
1358:
1321:
1208:
1156:
1055:
1049:
403:
391:
110:
1159:
spectrum of the Amylostereaceae comprises several, partially very different genera of
2673:
2529:
2310:
2136:
1772:
1067:
513:
436:
in 1958, justifying this decision by explaining that microscopic differences such as
100:
2239:
1868:
1572:
species associated with siricid woodwasps inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences"
1341:
fungi are alone often incapable of infesting healthy trees. They thus mostly act as
2323:
2152:
1804:, in the eastern United States and its association with native siricid woodwasps".
1342:
1236:
1031:
Amylostereaceae usually infest only dead or cut down conifer wood. Three species –
801:
800:. This is remarkable, as these fungi originated from Mycetangae (storing organs of
730:
was incompatible to other species. Boidin believes that the common ancestor of all
711:
445:
305:
160:
1796:
Nilesen, C.; Williams, D.W.; Hajek, A.E. (2009). "Putative source of the invasive
750:
fungi specialized on other conifers and differentiated into several species. Only
2542:
2500:
2166:
reveals an association between vegetative growth and sexual and self-recognition"
1817:
1515:
710:
assumed that both are the same species in different age stages. Experiments with
2633:
2576:
2509:
2427:
2383:
2290:
1892:
1402:
1256:
1196:
997:
266:
444:
were sufficiently distinct to warrant recognition as a new genus. Although the
2184:
1268:
1112:
923:
735:
528:
490:
486:
120:
2281:
2344:
1373:
symbiosis could be as high as $ 254 million per year for the next 20 years.
1284:
1160:
1009:
978:
woodwasps, saw the spread of the genus to all continents except Antarctica.
967:
959:
935:
927:
889:
862:
739:
482:
463:
353:
349:
274:
80:
2202:
2144:
1825:
1547:
489:
order. Later studies, however, supported the initial classification in the
850:
2615:
2494:
2409:
2275:
1437:
1390:
1377:
1168:
1125:
1103:
943:
915:
854:
523:. Most of the previous DNA analysis results suggest a narrow relation to
441:
395:
364:
331:
289:
on the surface of infested trees, which are similar to those produced by
286:
270:
228:
2375:
2231:
1860:
1664:(in German). Vol. 1. Stuttgart, Germany: Ulmer. pp. 150–153.
1595:
1539:
1300:
1292:
1248:
1240:
963:
893:
874:
743:
420:
375:
291:
273:
species, which live off living or dead wood. The Amylostereaceae cause
2581:
2388:
2193:
1781:
1566:
Slippers, Bernard; Wingfield, Brenda D.; Coutinho, Teresa A. (2000).
1288:
1188:
1180:
1121:
1005:
418:
Amylostereaceae species were for a long time classified in the genus
278:
90:
2620:
2568:
2414:
2252:
2101:
1587:
1531:
2349:
1725:(Basidiomycetes) intercompatibilités entre espèces allopatriques".
938:
are thin. Although they are colourless and hyaline, the spores are
1311:
1296:
1216:
1143:
1117:
1108:
1097:
1019:
919:
881:
809:
383:
379:
358:
1124:, it absorbs the mycelia of the Amylostereaceae into its body to
738:
as a host. This genus of conifers was native in Europe until the
1925:
Die Forstschädlinge Europas. Band 4: Hautflügler und Zweiflügler
1224:
462:
had already been used for a genus in the flowering plant family
378:. The female wood wasps deposit their eggs together with fungal
2256:
2336:
1397:
and is therefore a food competitor of wood wasp larvae. Where
1172:
1148:
Red-streakiness and wood wasp larvae in pinewood, infested by
1000:, Southern Africa as well as in South and North America. Only
922:
and have a slim, club-like shape. Each basidium features four
1751:
diversity and competitive interactions on the fitness of the
726:
were partially compatible to each other, but the mycelium of
926:, each of which bear one spore. The spores' shape is slimly
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
958:
The range of the Amylostereaceae originally comprised only
1703:(in German). Vol. 8 (47th ed.). pp. 69–119.
382:
and mucus in trees, and the fungus is eaten by the wasp's
2015:: discovery of a Palearctic siricid woodwasp in New York"
1136:
species that has not been associated with any woodwasps.
531:
is regarded as correct. Some authors have suggested that
298:
There are four described species in the Amylostereaceae:
485:
family, the Amylostereaceae, which he attributed to the
1998:
Fabricus (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) (Report). p. 29.
1914:
1912:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1561:
1559:
1557:
970:, with Central and South America. The introduction of
1207:
has a similar host spectrum, which uses mainly firs,
1004:
is originally native in the tropics and is common in
880:, meaning that there are in its mycelia two kinds of
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1481:
1479:
1477:
2484:
2265:
277:in the wood by disintegrating the tissue component
1043:– may also establish a symbiosis with wood wasps (
888:-like turns, so that the loops form thick-walled,
714:of the fungi, however, showed that the mycelia of
398:adapted for the transport of symbiotic fungi. The
2009:Hoebeke, E.R.; Haugen, D.A.; Haack, R.A. (2005).
1927:(in German). Hamburg, Germany. pp. 196–231.
1721:Boidin, Jacques; Lanquetin, P. (1984). "Le genre
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1486:Boidin, Jacques; Munier, J.; Canales, R. (1998).
2022:Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society
788:only in 44%. There is an undescribed species in
780:produced in 59% of all cases a common mycelium,
326:. The species were initially considered part of
942:, meaning they will turn bluish or purple when
792:; according to DNA analysis, it stands between
1966:species associated with Siricidae woodwasps".
1742:
1740:
1514:Larsson, Ellen; Larsson, Karl-Henrik (2003).
754:specialized on yellowwoods in South America.
8:
2052:(Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Ontario, Canada"
2046:de Groot P.; Nystrom, K.; Scarr, T. (2007).
1727:Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France
394:in newly emerged females that are stored in
1989:
1987:
2253:
1947:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1885:The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont
1488:"Taxonomie moleculaire des Aphylloporales"
47:
31:
20:
2192:
1839:Tabata, Masanobu; Abe, Yasuhisa (1993). "
1780:
828:through the symbiosis of wood wasps, the
911:, its fruit body lies flat on the bark.
832:within these species is relatively low.
1440:. International Mycological Association
1421:
1389:to protect trees since the 1980s. This
804:) of a North American wood wasp, while
1940:
1919:Eichhorn, O. (1982). "Siricoidea". In
1267:is, however, only common on neotropic
1376:As a countermeasure, cultures of the
962:regions, including North America and
265:. The genus currently comprises four
7:
2644:fbc8d858-7bdb-47ea-9068-bbcf29113ee6
2451:4d88efd2-c449-45cf-afe1-3d29c4ee2942
1660:Krieglsteiner, German Josef (2000).
1308:Ecological and economical importance
934:. Their surface is smooth and their
511:and most other species of the genus
2090:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
1620:and its association with woodwasps"
1353:there and which is associated with
918:are 15–25 × 3.5–5.5
599:
576:
553:
546:
470:, referring to the amyloid spores.
466:. Boidin thus chose the genus name
861:, which has a churlish surface (a
14:
1287:pathogens. They disintegrate the
2137:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01572.x
1773:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.02.006
1662:Die GroĂźpilze Baden-WĂĽrttembergs
1627:South African Journal of Science
768:separated very early from other
414:Taxonomy and history of research
67:
1299:. If the wood is crosscut, the
853:, grey or brownish fruit body (
535:should be placed in the family
386:as food. The fungus propagates
988:of North America and Eurasia.
873:The Amylostereaceae possess a
138:, Mugnier & Canales (1998)
1:
1887:. Springer. pp. 95–102.
1332:In their native habitat, all
2059:The Great Lakes Entomologist
2028:(1–2): 24–25. Archived from
1970:. Springer. pp. 81–94.
1843:associated with a horntail,
1818:10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.012
1633:(1–2): 70–74. Archived from
845:The Amylostereaceae produce
2173:Fungal Genetics and Biology
1893:10.1007/978-94-007-1960-6_7
684:Internal classification of
448:of the genus (today called
2706:
1337:process. Furthermore, the
708:German Josef Krieglsteiner
2185:10.1016/j.fgb.2009.06.002
2162:"Genetic linkage map for
2123:and its insect vectors".
698:The similarities between
637:
620:
604:
597:
581:
574:
558:
551:
390:through the formation of
222:
215:
186:
181:
166:
159:
64:Scientific classification
62:
55:
46:
39:
30:
23:
1393:feeds on the mycelia of
1283:The Amylostereaceae are
982:Amylostereum chailletiiz
764:analysis indicated that
508:Echinodontium tinctorium
2065:: 49–53. Archived from
1841:Amylostereum laevigatum
1701:Westfälische Pilzbriefe
1616:"A review of the genus
1361:caused by infestation.
1279:Symptoms of infestation
1025:Amylostereum laevigatum
974:and its symbionts, the
477:, Boidin in 1998 moved
208:Amylostereum laevigatum
196:Amylostereum chailletii
168:Amylostereum chailletii
41:Amylostereum laevigatum
2164:Amylostereum areolatum
2121:Amylostereum areolatum
1802:Amylostereum areolatum
1757:Deladenus siricidicola
1749:Amylostereum areolatum
1692:Jahn, Hermann (1971).
1382:Deladenus siricidicola
1329:
1152:
1095:. Wasps of the genera
1028:
899:With the exception of
688:according to Slippers
454:) was initially named
190:Amylostereum areolatum
57:Amylostereum areolatum
1568:"Relationships among
1462:Pers. ex S.F. Gray".
1316:A pine infested with
1315:
1147:
1023:
456:Trichocarpus ambiguus
440:spores and encrusted
341:into its own family.
2088:in eastern Canada".
1806:Mycological Research
202:Amylostereum ferreum
1845:Urocerus antennatus
1755:parasitic nematode
1086:Urocerus antennatus
830:genetic variability
758:Compatibility tests
520:Artomyces pyxidatus
2232:10.1007/BF02460925
1921:Wolfgang, Schwenke
1861:10.1007/BF02461032
1761:Biological Control
1464:Revue de Mycologie
1387:biological control
1385:have been used as
1330:
1233:A. laevigatum
1165:A. chailletii
1153:
1041:A. chailletii
1037:A. laevigatum
1029:
990:A. laevigatum
909:A. laevigatum
901:A. laevigatum
859:A. laevigatum
822:A. chailletii
814:A. laevigatum
806:A. laevigatum
794:A. laevigatum
786:A. chailletii
778:A. laevigatum
720:A. laevigatum
716:A. chailletii
700:A. chailletii
451:A. chailletii
396:special structures
323:A. laevigatum
301:A. chailletii
2690:Russulales genera
2667:
2666:
2652:Open Tree of Life
2459:Open Tree of Life
2259:Taxon identifiers
2125:Molecular Ecology
1977:978-94-007-1959-0
1934:978-3-490-11016-9
1902:978-94-007-1959-0
1812:(11): 1242–1253.
1800:fungal symbiont,
1671:978-3-8001-3528-8
1395:A. areolatum
1355:A. areolatum
1318:A. areolatum
1205:A. areolatum
1092:Xoanon matsumurae
1083:, and, in Japan,
1033:A. areolatum
1027:on fallen juniper
994:A. areolatum
986:temperate regions
984:is common in the
972:A. areolatum
824:mainly reproduce
818:A. areolatum
766:A. areolatum
728:A. areolatum
704:A. areolatum
696:
695:
678:
677:
669:
668:
660:
659:
651:
650:
400:A. areolatum
311:A. areolatum
285:, partially wavy
247:
246:
242:
232:
155:
139:
2697:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2634:NHMSYS0020534993
2624:
2623:
2611:
2610:
2598:
2597:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2571:
2559:
2558:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2431:
2430:
2428:NHMSYS0001474596
2418:
2417:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2365:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2327:
2326:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2254:
2243:
2206:
2196:
2170:
2156:
2131:(9): 1845–1854.
2106:
2105:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2056:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1938:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1676:
1675:
1657:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1624:
1611:
1600:
1599:
1563:
1552:
1551:
1526:(6): 1037–1065.
1511:
1500:
1499:
1483:
1472:
1471:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1426:
1399:S. noctilio
1363:S. noctilio
1167:usually infests
1074:S. edwarsii
1056:S. juvencus
948:Melzer's reagent
600:
577:
554:
547:
542:
541:
537:Echinodontiaceae
408:S. noctilio
237:
227:
153:
134:
72:
71:
51:
35:
21:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2680:Parasitic fungi
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2516:Amylostereaceae
2514:
2513:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2486:Amylostereaceae
2480:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2449:
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2279:
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2209:
2168:
2159:
2118:
2113:Further reading
2109:
2102:10.1139/X08-164
2082:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2017:
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1992:
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1613:
1612:
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1588:10.2307/3761590
1565:
1564:
1555:
1532:10.2307/3761912
1513:
1512:
1503:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1310:
1281:
1265:A. ferreum
1209:Japanese cedars
1142:
1130:A. ferreum
1080:S. nitidus
1068:S. cyaneus
1062:S. nitobei
1018:
1002:A. ferreum
956:
871:
843:
838:
798:A. ferreum
782:A. ferreum
774:A. ferreum
752:A. ferreum
724:A. ferreum
679:
670:
661:
652:
499:
416:
374:, which infest
317:A. ferreum
281:. They produce
263:Amylostereaceae
233:
205:
199:
193:
177:
176:) Boidin (1958)
170:
152:
133:
131:Amylostereaceae
66:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2328:
2315:
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2287:
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2263:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2249:External links
2247:
2245:
2244:
2226:(6): 585–593.
2207:
2179:(9): 632–641.
2157:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2096:(1): 154–168.
2086:Sirex noctilio
2075:
2072:on 2012-04-25.
2050:Sirex noctilio
2048:"Discovery of
2038:
2035:on 2012-06-17.
2013:Sirex noctilio
2001:
1996:Sirex noctilio
1983:
1976:
1954:
1933:
1908:
1901:
1874:
1855:(5): 535–539.
1831:
1798:Sirex noctilio
1788:
1767:(3): 207–214.
1736:
1706:
1677:
1670:
1643:
1640:on 2012-04-25.
1601:
1582:(5): 955–963.
1553:
1501:
1473:
1450:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1359:drought stress
1347:Sirex noctilio
1326:Sirex noctilio
1322:Sirex woodwasp
1309:
1306:
1280:
1277:
1141:
1138:
1050:Sirex noctilio
1017:
1014:
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557:
552:
550:
545:
503:classification
498:
497:Classification
495:
426:Jacques Boidin
415:
412:
404:Sirex woodwasp
392:asexual spores
356:in the genera
258:in the fungal
254:is the single
245:
244:
220:
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171:
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16:Genus of fungi
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2264:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:Echinodontium
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
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2122:
2117:
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2103:
2099:
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2060:
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2042:
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2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2002:
1997:
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1984:
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1969:
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1737:
1733:(2): 211–236.
1732:
1729:(in French).
1728:
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1502:
1497:
1494:(in French).
1493:
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1470:(3): 318–346.
1469:
1466:(in French).
1465:
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1349:), which was
1348:
1344:
1343:saprobiontics
1340:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1302:
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1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:Taxus baccata
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
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1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1140:Host spectrum
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
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1100:
1099:
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1076:
1075:
1070:
1069:
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1042:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
876:
868:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
840:
835:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:pure cultures
709:
705:
701:
691:
687:
683:
682:
674:
673:
665:
664:
656:
655:
647:
646:
643:
642:
641:A. laevigatum
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
625:
618:
617:
614:
613:
610:
609:
602:
601:
595:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
585:A. chailletii
579:
578:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
556:
555:
549:
548:
544:
543:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:Echinodontium
522:
521:
516:
515:
514:Echinodontium
510:
509:
504:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
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457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:
367:
366:
361:
360:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:
319:
318:
313:
312:
307:
303:
302:
296:
294:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:
257:
253:
252:
243:
240:
236:
235:Lloydellopsis
230:
226:
221:
218:
214:
211:
210:
209:
204:
203:
198:
197:
192:
191:
185:
180:
175:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:Boidin (1958)
151:
150:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:Basidiomycota
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2485:
2297:Amylostereum
2267:Amylostereum
2266:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:Amylostereum
2211:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2067:the original
2062:
2058:
2049:
2041:
2030:the original
2025:
2021:
2012:
2004:
1995:
1967:
1964:Amylostereum
1963:
1957:
1924:
1884:
1877:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1730:
1726:
1723:Amylostereum
1722:
1700:
1661:
1635:the original
1630:
1626:
1618:Amylostereum
1617:
1579:
1575:
1570:Amylostereum
1569:
1523:
1519:
1495:
1491:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1442:. Retrieved
1434:Boidin 1958"
1432:Amylostereum
1431:
1424:
1411:Amylostereum
1410:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1380:
1375:
1371:Amylostereum
1370:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1339:Amylostereum
1338:
1334:Amylostereum
1333:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1282:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1237:Cupressaceae
1232:
1228:
1223:), spruces,
1220:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1197:Douglas firs
1192:
1187:), but also
1184:
1176:
1164:
1154:
1150:A. areolatum
1149:
1133:
1132:is the only
1129:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
980:
975:
971:
957:
954:Distribution
913:
908:
904:
900:
898:
872:
858:
844:
821:
817:
813:
805:
802:Platypodinae
797:
793:
790:Amylostereum
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:Amylostereum
769:
765:
756:
751:
748:Amylostereum
747:
732:Amylostereum
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
703:
699:
697:
689:
686:Amylostereum
685:
640:
638:
624:Amylostereum
623:
621:
607:
605:
584:
582:
562:A. areolatum
561:
559:
533:Amylostereum
532:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
481:into a new,
479:Amylostereum
478:
475:DNA analysis
472:
468:Amylostereum
467:
460:Trichocarpus
459:
455:
449:
446:type species
433:
429:
419:
417:
407:
399:
388:vegetatively
369:
363:
357:
348:species are
346:Amylostereum
345:
343:
339:Amylostereum
338:
336:reclassified
327:
321:
315:
309:
299:
297:
290:
287:fruit bodies
267:saprotrophic
262:
251:Amylostereum
250:
249:
248:
234:
225:Trichocarpus
224:
223:
206:
200:
194:
188:
187:
167:
161:Type species
149:Amylostereum
148:
147:
130:
56:
40:
25:Amylostereum
24:
18:
2577:iNaturalist
2510:Wikispecies
2384:iNaturalist
2291:Wikispecies
2220:Mycoscience
1849:Mycoscience
1269:yellowwoods
1257:English yew
1213:Cryptomeria
1201:Pseudotsuga
1134:Amylosterum
998:New Zealand
932:cylindrical
928:ellipsoidal
869:Microscopic
841:Macroscopic
836:Description
760:as well as
736:yellowwoods
734:fungi used
458:, the name
430:Amylosterum
2685:Russulales
2674:Categories
2194:2263/11290
1782:2263/19199
1498:: 445–491.
1444:2012-05-28
1417:References
1351:introduced
1273:Podocarpus
1255:) and the
1235:comprises
1113:phytotoxic
968:Neotropics
966:, and the
924:sterigmata
847:crust-like
608:A. ferreum
529:Russulales
491:Russulales
487:Hericiales
428:separated
354:wood wasps
332:mycologist
283:crust-like
121:Russulales
97:Division:
2501:Q15077723
1943:cite book
1576:Mycologia
1520:Mycologia
1492:Mycotaxon
1403:infertile
1293:pigmented
1285:white rot
1253:Cupressus
1249:cypresses
1245:Juniperus
1161:Coniferae
1045:Siricidae
1010:Caribbean
960:Holarctic
890:cystidium
826:asexually
762:molecular
740:Paleogene
483:monotypic
473:Based on
464:Malvaceae
350:symbionts
295:species.
275:white rot
271:parasitic
87:Kingdom:
81:Eukaryota
2616:MycoBank
2551:Fungorum
2530:60013551
2525:AusFungi
2495:Wikidata
2410:MycoBank
2358:Fungorum
2311:60015490
2306:AusFungi
2276:Wikidata
2240:19290209
2203:19523529
2145:12207733
1869:85187128
1826:19716415
1548:21149013
1438:MycoBank
1391:parasite
1378:nematode
1320:and the
1241:junipers
1239:such as
1171:such as
1169:Pinaceae
1126:oviposit
1104:Urocerus
1008:and the
863:tomentum
855:hymenium
442:cystidia
376:conifers
365:Urocerus
229:P.Karst.
217:Synonyms
182:Species
127:Family:
77:Domain:
2657:5261550
2474:4883833
2402:1060925
2376:2550641
2282:Q482063
2153:2786394
1923:(ed.).
1596:3761590
1540:3761912
1460:Stereum
1301:red rot
1217:larches
1181:spruces
1016:Ecology
964:Eurasia
944:stained
940:amyloid
916:basidia
905:Stereum
894:hyaline
886:hairpin
875:dimitic
851:ochrous
744:Neogene
438:amyloid
434:Stereum
421:Stereum
328:Stereum
292:Stereum
144:Genus:
117:Order:
107:Class:
2641:NZOR:
2608:936508
2595:100527
2582:373251
2471:uBio:
2464:293461
2448:NZOR:
2389:374468
2350:1AMYSG
2238:
2201:
2151:
2143:
1974:
1931:
1899:
1867:
1824:
1668:
1594:
1546:
1538:
1289:lignin
1195:) and
1193:Cedrus
1189:cedars
1179:) and
1122:pupate
1107:store
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