561:, so that recruiting them would prove easier than seeking out volunteers in the general population. The original pool of 400 responders was reduced to 36 selectees, of whom 32 would go on to complete the study. The main focus of the study was threefold: set a metabolic baseline for three months, study the physical and mental effects of starvation on the volunteers for six months, and then study the physical and mental effects of different refeeding protocols on them for three months. The participants would first be placed on the three-month baseline diet of 3200 calories after which their calories were reduced to 1800 calories/day while expending 3000 calories in activities such as walking. The final three months were a refeeding period where the volunteers were divided into four groups, each receiving a different caloric intake.
527:, funded the testing of the K-rations on its sailors to determine their feasibility as a temporary and mobile food source. The initial ingredients of the K-ration were procured at a local Minneapolis grocery store—hard biscuits, dry sausage, hard candy, and chocolate. The final product was different from Keys' original ingredients, but most of Keys' suggestions made it to the final product. The rations weighed only 28 oz (790 g), but provided 3200 calories per day. Though several sources claim the name was unrelated to Keys, many historical references support the claim that the K-ration was indeed named after him. The K-ration became such a success that it was often used for more than temporary sustenance, becoming a major staple of military nutrition.
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subgroup. There was a 22% higher risk of death for each 30 mg/dL (0.78 mmol/L) reduction in serum cholesterol in covariate adjusted Cox regression models (hazard ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.14 to 1.32; P<0.001). There was no evidence of benefit in the intervention group for coronary atherosclerosis or myocardial infarcts. Systematic review identified five randomized controlled trials for inclusion (n=10 808). In meta-analyses, these cholesterol lowering interventions showed no evidence of benefit on mortality from coronary heart disease (1.13, 0.83 to 1.54) or all cause mortality (1.07, 0.90 to 1.27).
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457:, even if they adapted well to medium altitudes, a problem for potential pilots in a time before pressure control had become practical. It was from these studies that he outlined the phenomenon of human physiological adaptation to environmental changes as a predictable event, a novel idea in a time when such parameters as blood pressure and resting heart-rate were considered immutable characteristics of individuals.
450:, suggesting the study could have practical value for Chilean miners who worked at high elevations. He was given the go-ahead and, in 1935, assembled a team to study the effects of high altitude on the body, such as how it affects blood pressure. He spent a couple of months at 9,500 feet (3,000 m.), and then five weeks at elevations of 15,000 to 20,000 feet (4,500 to 6,000 m.).
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861:. In response to this criticism, on August 1, 2017, the True Health Initiative released a 65-page white paper entitled "Ancel Keys and the Seven Countries Study: An Evidence-based Response to Revisionist Histories," correcting what they felt were historical inaccuracies and errors that low-carb advocates had perpetuated.
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Based on an appeal from the Army
Quartermaster Corps, experiments to design and test rations for the promotion and maintenance of combat effectiveness for paratroopers were undertaken. Neither Keys nor the military was particularly interested in vitamins, but rather they wanted to put calories into a
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Conclusions – Available evidence from randomized controlled trials shows that replacement of saturated fat in the diet with linoleic acid effectively lowers serum cholesterol but does not support the hypothesis that this translates to a lower risk of death from coronary heart disease or all
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community, who have argued that his Seven
Countries Study excluded countries that did not fit his hypothesis. Critics raised four primary objections to the Seven Countries Study, including (1) countries were selected and excluded based on a desired outcome; (2) France, a high-fat, low-heart disease
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on muscle work and vitamin supplementation as a performance enhancer on adequately fed soldiers, among many other similar studies. It was during the war that Keys and fellow researchers recognized the importance of knowing how to properly treat widespread starvation, since simple overfeeding for so
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When Keys was hired at the Mayo
Foundation in 1936, he hired Margaret Haney (1909–2006) as a medical technologist. In 1939 they married and had three children: Carrie D'Andrea, Henry Keys, and Martha McLain. Carrie became a clinical psychologist and Henry became a physician and cancer researcher.
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Results – The intervention group had significant reduction in serum cholesterol compared with controls (mean change from baseline −13.8% v −1.0%; P<0.001). Kaplan Meier graphs showed no mortality benefit for the intervention group in the full randomized cohort or for any prespecified
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in 1972, his protege Henry
Blackburn, MD became director of the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene. Blackburn continued research on the role of lifestyle including diet in the cause and prevention of heart disease. The department played an active role in multicenter trials of the 1970s–80s and
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levels and CVD and initiated a study of
Minnesota businessmen (the first prospective study of CVD). At a 1955 expert meeting at the World Health Organization in Geneva, Keys presented his diet-lipid-heart disease hypothesis. As part of his argument, he presented a correlation between deaths from
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Max's advocates made up a diverse cast of characters, from the Jewish Peace
Fellowship leader Rabbi Isador Hoffman to the atheist Ancel Keys, who wrote the committee that Max "proved to be a highly reliable and conscientious man who comported himself well under the most rigorous and demanding
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After observing in southern Italy the highest concentration of centenarians in the world, Keys hypothesized that a
Mediterranean-style diet low in animal fat protected against heart disease and that a diet high in animal fats led to heart disease. This finding helped Keys initiate a long-term
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When it appeared that the U.S. would be in World War II, Keys went to the
Quartermaster Food and Container Institute in Chicago to inquire about emergency rations. The story goes that he was told to go home and leave such things to the professionals. Undissuaded, he went to
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During World War II, I worked with Dr. Ancel Keys on the K ration. This emergency ration was named after Dr. Keys because of the pioneering work he did in getting our country conscious of the fact that a ration of this type would be surely needed if we became embroiled in
435:, which improved upon Krogh's earlier design, and allowed for more rapid determination of nitrogen content in biological samples. This would prove useful for activities as diverse as determining the protein content in grasshopper eggs and anemia in humans.
806:, where Keys lived and worked from 1963 to 1998. They also traveled the world, going to places like Japan and South Africa to record data for Keys's published works, such as the Seven Countries Study. The village of Pioppi became the location of the
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ended in 1973. Results were not published until only much later in form of smaller excerpts as part of conference talks or doctoral theses. The raw data and analysis were discovered in 2013 in the estate of the principal investigator, Ivan Frantz.
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Ancel Keys was a fellow of the
National Research Council of America, who did the perfusion experiment leading to the observation of chloride secretion in the Zoophysiological Laboratory in Copenhagen, Denmark, under the direction of August
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Keys was always considered an interventionist. He generally shunned food fads and vigorously promoted the putative benefits of the "reasonably low-fat diets" which he contrasted with "the North
American habit for making the stomach the
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The war came to an end before the final results of the study could be published, but Keys sent his findings to various international relief agencies throughout Europe and, by 1950, he completed publication of his two-volume 1385-page
763:(BMI) as "preferable over other indices of relative weight on as well as on the simplicity of the calculation and, in contrast to percentage of average weight, the applicability to all populations at all times", which the U.S.
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causes. Findings from the Minnesota Coronary Experiment add to growing evidence that incomplete publication has contributed to overestimation of the benefits of replacing saturated fat with vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid.
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In 1937, he left the Mayo Foundation to teach physiology at the University of Minnesota, where he founded the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene. His earlier research on human physiology led to an assignment with the
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Kim Y, Youjin J, Giovannucii EL (2021). "Association between dietary fat intake and mortality from all-causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies".
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predicts the effect of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet on serum cholesterol levels. Keys found that saturated fats increase total and LDL cholesterol twice as much as polyunsaturated fats lower
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Keys had concluded that saturated fats as found in milk and meat have adverse effects, while unsaturated fats found in vegetable oils had beneficial effects. A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis by the
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His interest in diet and cardiovascular disease (CVD) was prompted, in part, by seemingly counter-intuitive data: American business executives, presumably among the best-fed people, had high rates of
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503:, where they worked to develop a more portable and nonperishable ration that would provide enough calories to sustain soldiers (such as paratroopers) in the field for up to two weeks.
491:, where he continued his studies in physiology. He left after a year, citing an intellectually stifling environment where research was secondary to clinical "doc business" and playing
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that provided evidence that fish regulated their sodium by controlling chloride excretion through their gills. He would also use this perfusion method to study the effects of
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The study shows no positive effects of the altered dietary intake. Cardiovascular mortality of patients over 65 years of age increased by the replacement of saturated fats.
222:(January 26, 1904 – November 20, 2004) was an American physiologist who studied the influence of diet on health. In particular, he hypothesized that replacing dietary
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Together, Margaret and Keys co-authored three books, two of them bestsellers. They earned enough royalties to build Minnelea, their villa in the seaside village of
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reduced cardiovascular heart disease. Modern dietary recommendations by health organizations, systematic reviews, and national health agencies corroborate this.
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heart disease and percentage of fat in the diet that featured six countries. His rationale and conclusions were heavily critiqued by two other epidemiologists.
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During World War II, Keys produced various studies related to human physical performance that were of interest to the military, such as studying the effects of
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at the Zoophysiological Laboratory for two years. During his studies with Krogh, he studied fish physiology and contributed numerous papers on the subject.
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Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JH, Appel LJ, Creager MA, Kris-Etherton PM, Miller M, Rimm EB, Rudel LL, Robinson JG, Stone NJ, Van Horn LV (July 2017).
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unit for a long list of harmful foods." Because of his influence in dietary science, Keys was featured on the cover of the January 13, 1961, issue of
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293:, described him as intellectually "gifted". During his youth, he left high school to pursue odd jobs, such as shoveling bat guano in Arizona, being a
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Keys, Ancel; Matthews, Bryan H. C.; Forbes, W. H.; McFarland, Ross A. (1938). "Individual Variations in Ability to Acclimatize to High Altitude".
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Keys, Ancel (1933). "The Mechanism of Adaptation to Varying Salinity in the Common Eel and the General Problem of Osmotic Regulation in Fishes".
810:, which houses a documentary, photograph and film archive regarding the historic, scientific, and cultural background of the Mediterranean diet.
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A micro-Kjeldahl method is described. The method is more rapid than the ordinary macro-Kjeldahl procedure and is not appreciably less accurate
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587:, while in post-war Europe CVD rates had decreased sharply in the wake of reduced food supplies. Keys postulated a correlation between
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on January 26, 1904, the son of Benjamin Pious Keys (1883–1961) and Carolyn Emma Chaney (1885–1960), the sister of actor and director
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Keys stated that of the 12,000 men in seven countries studied in 1960, those least likely to develop cardiovascular disease lived in
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2756:"Re-evaluation of the traditional diet-heart hypothesis: analysis of recovered data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment (1968–73)"
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Yerushalmy, J.; Hilleboe, H. E. (July 15, 1957). "Fat in the diet and mortality from heart disease; a methodologic note".
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557:. At the time, conscientious objectors were being placed in virtual concentration camps, with a few functioning like the
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301:. He eventually finished his secondary education and was admitted to the University of California at Berkeley in 1922.
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Hooper, Lee; Martin, Nicole; Jimoh, Oluseyi F.; Kirk, Christian; Foster, Eve; Abdelhamid, Asmaa S. (August 21, 2020).
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Christopher E. Ramsden; Daisy Zamora; Sharon Majchrzak-Hong; Keturah R. Faurot; Steven K. Broste (April 12, 2016).
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was designed in the Laboratory and at field test sites in both hot and cold areas on the North American continent.
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2734:"expert reaction to study on vegetable oil, cholesterol levels, and risk of heart disease | Science Media Centre"
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Both are well respected contributors to their fields. Martha was shot dead by a thief in 1991 when she was 42.
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In 1968, about ten years after the beginning and two years after the first publication of the results of the
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Reprint of Keys A, Fidanza F, Karvonen MJ, Kimuru N, Taylor HL. "Indices of relative weight and obesity".
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2401:"Vitamin supplementation of US Army rations in relation to fatigue and the ability to do muscular work"
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To gain insight into the physiology of starvation, in 1944 Keys carried out a starvation study with 36
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1110:"Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association"
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1923:"Nitrogen content and distribution in eggs of Melanoplus differentialis during embryonic development"
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419:. Once in Copenhagen (1931), he continued to study fish physiology and developed techniques for gill
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This development did not begin without some turbulence. His colleague, Elsworth Buskirk, recalled:
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dinner. All the components were intended to fit into a box which would fit into a soldier's pocket
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2693:"This study 40 years ago could have reshaped the American diet. But it was never fully published"
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2967:. National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. February 11, 1985
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Katan MB, Beynen AC. "Linoleic acid consumption and coronary heart disease in U.S.A. and U.K."
2068:"They starved so that others be better fed: remembering Ancel Keys and the Minnesota experiment"
431:("pitressin") on gill fluid flow and osmotic regulation in fishes. He also designed an improved
2329:"Influence of Methyl Testosterone on Muscular Work and Creatine Metabolism in Normal Young Men"
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313:, Keys initially studied chemistry, but was dissatisfied and took some time off to work as an
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Ancel Keys and the Seven Countries Study: An Evidence-based Response to Revisionist Histories
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1704:"'Chloride secreting cells' in the gills of fishes, with special reference to the common eel"
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office and secured $ 10,000 for the development of an emergency ration. Then, he went to the
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country, was purposefully excluded from the survey; (3) dietary data in Greece taken during
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highest peak and his subsequent reports. Keys wrote up a proposal for an expedition to the
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Kromhout D: "Serum cholesterol in cross-cultural perspective. The Seven-Countries Study".
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2453:"Coronary heart disease among Minnesota business and professional men followed 15 years"
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Ancel Keys; Flaminio Fidanza; Martti J Karvonen; Noburu Kimura; Henry L Taylor (2014).
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Keys A, Taylor HL, Blackburn H, Brozek J, Anderson JT, Simonson E (September 1, 1963).
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introduced a distortion; and (4) sugar was not considered as a possible contributor to
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1635:"The Chloride Cell: The Active Transport of Chloride and the Paracellular Pathways"
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830:(1967), and an honorary doctor of science from the University of Minnesota (2001).
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to estimate the weight of fish from their length, at that time a pioneering use of
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population strategies of surveillance and preventive interventions in Minnesota.
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many would be imprecise and there was a potential that the refeeding would fail.
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Keys, Ancel (1931). "The determination of chlorides with the highest accuracy".
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Adventures of a Medical Scientist: Sixty Years of Research in Thirteen Countries
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Pett, Katherine D; Willett, Walter C; Vartiainen, Erkki; Katz, David L (2017).
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The Great Starvation Experiment: Ancel Keys and the Men Who Starved for Science
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The Great Starvation Experiment: Ancel Keys and the Men Who Starved for Science
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1028:"Ancel Keys: The legacy of a giant in physiology, nutrition, and public health"
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While at Harvard's Fatigue Laboratory, he was inspired by his Cambridge mentor
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2838:"Exploring a fiscal food policy: the case of diet and ischaemic heart disease"
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is the change in percentage of dietary energy from polyunsaturated fats, and D
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329:. He then returned to Berkeley, switched majors, and graduated with a B.A. in
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2674:"Minnesota Coronary Experiment – Trying To See In A Blizzard?"
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2163:"Ancel Keys The dietician who promoted the virtues of the Mediterranean diet"
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2636:"Personal Health; Pass the Wine and Olive Oil, and Other Lessons From Crete"
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Seven Countries: A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Heart Disease
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Seven Countries: A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Heart Disease
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game show as the inventor of K-Rations, fooling two of the four panelists.
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Keys, A. (July 1953). "Atherosclerosis: a problem in newer public health".
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2714:"The heretical Minnesota heart study: When science stops asking questions"
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3218:(Press release). The American Physiological Society. 2004. Archived from
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Keys, A.; Brozek, J.; Henschel, A.; Mickelsen, O.; Taylor, H. L. (1950).
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Keys died on November 20, 2004, in Minneapolis, two months before his
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2367:"The performance of normal young men on controlled thiamine intakes"
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is the change in percentage of dietary energy from saturated fats, D
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by food items with naturally high or artificially raised content of
394:, after which he returned to Cambridge and earned a second Ph.D. in
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Keys, Ancel; Austin Henschel; Olaf Mickelsen; Josef Brozek (1943).
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He noted there was no good way of predicting how well humans might
241:(1950), which remains the only source of its kind. He examined the
2887:"Reprints and Reflections: Indices of relative weight and obesity"
2496:. School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Archived from
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While doing fish research at Scripps, Keys would use statistical
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Keys, Ancel (1936). "The Physiology of Life at High Altitudes".
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675:: analysis of recovered data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment"
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Once the basic design had been completed, the Navy, through the
1788:"Branchial Responses to Adrenaline and to Pitressin in the eel"
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1191:"Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease"
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For a brief time, he took up a job as a management trainee at
1972:"The anemia of liver disease: observations on its mechanism"
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struck. Shortly after the disaster, his family relocated to
277:(1883–1930). In 1906 they moved to San Francisco before the
3078:"Dr. Ancel Keys, 100, Promoter of Mediterranean Diet, Dies"
1509:"Ancel Keys, 100, Promoter of the Mediterranean Diet, Dies"
2440:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 262.
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small packet of nonperishable food ... the Keys or
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Schemmel, Rachel; Simin Vaghefi; Barbara Bowman (2001).
2259:. The Quartermaster School. January 1949. Archived from
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mortality both at the population and individual levels.
3003:"Chemist, author, diet researcher Margaret Keys was 97"
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Conference Notes prepared for the Quartermaster General
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Pett, Kahn, Willett & Katz (2017) p 22, 32, 37, 43
253:, formulated as balanced meals for combat soldiers in
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United States Department of Health and Human Services
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1637:. In William Stewart Hoar; David J. Randall (eds.).
3314:Pett, K D; Kahn, J; Willett, W C; Katz, DL (2017),
2897:(3): 655–665 first published online April 1, 2014.
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How to Eat Well and Stay Well the Mediterranean Way
755:In a 1972 article, Keys and his coauthors promoted
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2327:Samuels, Leo; Austin Henschel; Ancel Keys (1942).
2284:"Olaf Mickelsen (July 29, 1912 to August 8, 1999)"
1641:. Vol. 10. Academic Press. pp. 130–136.
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2649:"Blackburn, Henry « Heart Attack Prevention"
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285:where he grew up. Keys was intelligent as a boy;
3034:Tucker, Todd, 2006 Simon & Schuster (2007).
2333:Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2206:"From Harvard to Minnesota: Keys to our History"
1921:Trowbridge, Carolyn; Joseph Hall Bodine (1940).
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822:Keys received three notable awards: Commander,
745:is the change in intake of dietary cholesterol.
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261:, which he popularized with his wife Margaret.
3038:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 211.
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483:In 1936, Keys was offered a position at the
3058:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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2015:
1195:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
873:The Biology of Human Starvation (2 volumes)
289:, a noted psychologist and inventor of the
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2990:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1158:"Global Nutrition Policy Review 2016–2017"
1012:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
249:and was responsible for two famous diets:
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3139:"Living Museum of the Mediterranean Diet"
2988:, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
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704:Change in serum cholesterol concentration
639:, Keys and Ivan Frantz initiated a large
3196:. Regents of the University of Minnesota
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1542:Sullivan, Patricia (November 24, 2004).
371:from UC Berkeley. He was then awarded a
3456:Writers from Colorado Springs, Colorado
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808:Living Museum of the Mediterranean Diet
3171:from the original on December 11, 2021
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2494:"Famous Polemics on Diet-Heart Theory"
2161:Reed, Christopher (December 8, 2004).
828:American Society of Clinical Nutrition
386:Once his fellowship ended, he went to
3245:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 146.
2933:Singer-Vine, Jeremy (July 20, 2009).
2638:. nytimes.com. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
2399:Keys, Ancel; Austin Henschel (1942).
1429:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
1007:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
848:Keys has received criticism from the
297:in a Colorado mine, and working in a
7:
3076:Brody, Jane E. (November 23, 2004).
1544:"Ancel Keys, K Ration Creator, Dies"
1507:Brody, Jane E. (November 23, 2004).
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826:(1963), the McCollum Award from the
95:University of California at Berkeley
2253:"Rations: The History of Rations".
2210:Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
1884:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1069:"Legacy of Nutritionist Ancel Keys"
390:but took some time off to teach at
350:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
100:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
2836:Marshall, Tom (January 29, 2000).
2712:Editorial Board (April 29, 2016).
2577:New York State Journal of Medicine
2109:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1837:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1786:Keys, Ancel; J.B. Bateman (1932).
1291:"Choosing foods with healthy fats"
671:"Re-evaluation of the traditional
596:observational study, known as the
363:In 1930, he received his Ph.D. in
311:University of California, Berkeley
14:
2941:. The Slate Group. Archived from
1976:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1702:Keys, Ancel; Willmer, EN (1932).
875:. University of Minnesota Press.
802:region on the southwest coast of
348:, but returned to his studies at
16:American physiologist (1904–2004)
3352:
3001:Cohen, Ben (December 18, 2006).
2965:"Health Implications of Obesity"
2223:10.1249/00003677-199200200-00001
999: This article incorporates
994:
928:—; Keys, Margaret (1975).
907:—; Keys, Margaret (1967).
890:—; Keys, Margaret (1959).
622:After Keys' retirement from the
269:Ancel Benjamin Keys was born in
3451:University of Minnesota faculty
3426:American people of World War II
2438:The Biology of Human Starvation
1880:"A Rapid Micro-Kjeldahl Method"
1455:"Making healthier food choices"
1378:Department of Health and Ageing
974:. memoir, privately published.
555:Minnesota Starvation Experiment
537:Minnesota Starvation Experiment
239:The Biology of Human Starvation
150:
3119:. The Florentine. June 1, 2011
1720:10.1113/jphysiol.1932.sp002932
1207:10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3
1:
2812:"Ancel Keys, PhD (1904–2004)"
2408:Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2374:Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1897:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)73407-8
1673:Blackburn, MD, Henry (1998).
765:National Institutes of Health
631:Minnesota Coronary Experiment
279:1906 San Francisco earthquake
3446:Mediterranean diet advocates
3441:Lipid hypothesis researchers
2817:. National Lipid Association
2519:. Harvard University Press.
1316:"Cut Down on Saturated Fats"
1127:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510
1086:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.12.012
955:. Harvard University Press.
824:Order of the Lion of Finland
375:fellowship that took him to
3272:"The Seven Countries Study"
2921:1972. Vol. 25. pp. 329–343.
1601:"Meet Monsieur Cholesterol"
1026:Montani JP (January 2021).
751:BMI and other contributions
567:Biology of Human Starvation
3472:
1261:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.007
1067:Sparling PB (March 2020).
767:then popularized in 1985.
576:
534:
464:
61:Colorado Springs, Colorado
3416:American men centenarians
2626:. 1981 Aug 15;2(8242):371
1708:The Journal of Physiology
1683:. University of Minnesota
1609:. University of Minnesota
1599:Hoffman, William (1979).
1400:"Getting the Fats Right!"
1165:World Health Organization
525:National Research Council
373:National Research Council
213:
160:
105:King's College, Cambridge
30:
3367:at Seven Countries Study
3323:, True Health Initiative
3289:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx603
3141:. Tenuta Duca Marigliano
2854:10.1136/bmj.320.7230.301
2066:Kalm L, Semba R (2005).
1970:Jandi, James H. (1955).
641:randomized control trial
553:as test subjects in the
501:Army Quartermaster Corps
461:Development of K-rations
442:'s ascent to the top of
407:Early physiology studies
319:American President Lines
3436:Civilian Public Service
3377:University of Minnesota
2653:University of Minnesota
2470:10.1161/01.cir.28.3.381
1680:University of Minnesota
1633:Zadunaisky, JA (1969).
1606:University of Minnesota
1348:National Health Service
1073:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
624:University of Minnesota
559:Civilian Public Service
551:conscientious objectors
198:University of Minnesota
3431:American physiologists
3421:American nutritionists
3276:European Heart Journal
2129:10.1098/rspb.1938.0043
2024:The Scientific Monthly
1857:10.1098/rspb.1933.0002
1001:public domain material
892:Eat Well and Stay Well
859:coronary heart disease
687:
610:Cochrane Collaboration
602:coronary heart disease
521:
480:
455:adapt to high altitude
291:Stanford-Binet IQ Test
247:cardiovascular disease
3222:on September 27, 2007
3194:"Ancel Keys, MS, PhD"
2345:10.1210/jcem-2-11-649
2085:10.1093/jn/135.6.1347
1480:"Know More about Fat"
850:low-carbohydrate diet
840:Keys was an atheist.
813:Keys appeared on the
786:Later years and death
673:diet-heart hypothesis
637:Seven Countries Study
598:Seven Countries Study
579:Seven Countries Study
573:Seven Countries Study
474:
237:in men and published
3361:at Wikimedia Commons
3241:Todd Tucker (2008).
3101:Tucker 2006. p. 207.
2945:on February 16, 2016
2511:Keys, Ancel (1980).
2301:10.1093/jn/131.2.205
2288:Journal of Nutrition
2204:Buskirk, ER (1992).
1878:Keys, Ancel (1939).
1484:Department of Health
1380:. September 24, 2012
517:Cracker Jack Company
325:, which traveled to
3161:"To Tell The Truth"
3015:on December 8, 2011
2698:The Washington Post
2263:on February 8, 2011
2121:1938RSPSB.126....1K
2036:1936SciMo..43..289K
1930:Biological Bulletin
1849:1933RSPSB.112..184K
1795:Biological Bulletin
1549:The Washington Post
1346:. United Kingdom's
911:The Benevolent Bean
710:(mmol/L) = 0.031(2D
658:The randomized and
377:Copenhagen, Denmark
337:(1925) and M.S. in
228:polyunsaturated fat
220:Ancel Benjamin Keys
47:Ancel Benjamin Keys
3371:Blackburn, Henry.
3167:. CBS Television.
3082:The New York Times
2904:10.1093/ije/dyu058
2500:on March 27, 2014.
1765:10.1007/BF00339114
1514:The New York Times
1459:Ministry of Health
1404:Ministry of Health
1249:Clinical Nutrition
660:blinded experiment
653:intervention group
481:
433:Kjeldahl apparatus
392:Harvard University
259:Mediterranean diet
129:Mediterranean diet
3411:American atheists
3357:Media related to
3282:(42): 3119–3121.
3252:978-0-8166-5161-0
3045:978-0-8166-5161-0
2986:Ancel Keys, Ph.D.
2891:Int. J. Epidemiol
2772:10.1136/bmj.i1246
2691:Peter Whoriskey.
2583:(14): 2343–2354.
2526:978-0-674-80237-7
2492:Henry Blackburn.
1988:10.1172/JCI103087
1753:Z. Vergl. Physiol
1648:978-0-12-350430-2
1435:on August 6, 2016
1045:10.1111/obr.13196
981:978-0-9672072-0-9
962:978-0-674-49788-7
939:978-0-385-00906-5
882:978-0-8166-7234-9
816:To Tell The Truth
513:William Wrigley's
335:political science
217:
216:
204:Academic advisors
162:Scientific career
82:, Minnesota, U.S.
72:November 20, 2004
3463:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3356:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3113:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3049:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3011:. Archived from
2998:
2992:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2906:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2303:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2225:
2201:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2078:(6): 1347–1352.
2063:
2048:
2047:
2019:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1927:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1843:(776): 184–199.
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1792:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1596:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1539:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1457:. New Zealand's
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1431:. Archived from
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1350:. April 27, 2018
1344:"Fat: the facts"
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1255:(3): 1060–1070.
1243:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1162:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1129:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1023:
1015:
998:
997:
985:
970:— (1999).
966:
954:
947:— (1980).
943:
924:
914:
903:
886:
773:garbage disposal
757:Adolphe Quetelet
728:
727:
726:
531:Starvation study
475:An example of a
323:President Wilson
305:Higher education
271:Colorado Springs
154:
152:
75:
57:January 26, 1904
56:
54:
35:
21:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3391:
3390:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3258:circumstances."
3253:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3050:
3046:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2848:(7230): 301–5.
2835:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2719:Chicago Tribune
2711:
2710:
2706:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2617:
2613:1999;54:155–158
2608:
2604:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2339:(11): 649–654.
2326:
2325:
2321:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2203:
2202:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2065:
2064:
2051:
2021:
2020:
2013:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1942:10.2307/1537901
1925:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1902:
1900:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1807:10.2307/1537248
1790:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1639:Fish Physiology
1632:
1631:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1598:
1597:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1201:(8): CD011737.
1188:
1187:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1032:Obesity Reviews
1025:
1024:
1020:
1004:
995:
992:
982:
969:
963:
946:
940:
927:
906:
889:
883:
870:
867:
846:
788:
761:body mass index
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
725:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
692:
683:
669:The 2016 paper
633:
581:
575:
539:
533:
485:Mayo Foundation
469:
463:
440:Joseph Barcroft
409:
404:
402:Scientific work
379:to study under
307:
267:
189:
175:Human nutrition
156:
153: 1939)
148:
144:
133:
120:Human nutrition
109:
83:
77:
76:(aged 100)
73:
64:
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3469:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3368:
3362:
3348:
3347:External links
3345:
3343:
3342:
3333:
3303:
3262:
3251:
3233:
3207:
3182:
3152:
3130:
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3094:
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3044:
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2978:
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2925:
2877:
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2803:
2746:
2725:
2704:
2683:
2665:
2640:
2628:
2615:
2602:
2567:
2548:(2): 118–139.
2532:
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2463:(3): 381–395.
2443:
2425:
2391:
2357:
2319:
2294:(2): 205–210.
2274:
2245:
2181:
2150:
2099:
2049:
2030:(4): 289–312.
2011:
1982:(3): 390–404.
1962:
1936:(3): 452–458.
1913:
1890:(1): 181–187.
1870:
1827:
1801:(2): 327–336.
1778:
1759:(2): 352–363.
1743:
1714:(3): 368–380.
1694:
1665:
1647:
1620:
1562:
1527:
1496:
1482:. Hong Kong's
1471:
1446:
1416:
1402:. Singapore's
1391:
1372:. Australia's
1361:
1335:
1307:
1282:
1238:
1178:
1149:
1100:
1079:(3): 615–617.
1059:
1038:(S2): e13196.
1017:
991:
988:
987:
986:
980:
967:
961:
944:
938:
925:
904:
887:
881:
866:
863:
845:
842:
835:101st birthday
787:
784:
752:
749:
747:
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738:
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645:saturated fats
632:
629:
577:Main article:
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535:Main article:
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465:Main article:
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143:Margaret Haney
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3083:
3079:
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3070:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2922:
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2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
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2829:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2781:
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2773:
2769:
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2735:
2729:
2726:
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2715:
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2700:
2699:
2694:
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2669:
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2654:
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