Ancestral Puebloans - Knowledge (XXG)

743: 758: 259: 40: 587: 631: 1049:-speaking peoples moving onto the Colorado Plateau, as well as climate change that resulted in agricultural failures. The archaeological record indicates that for Ancestral Puebloans to adapt to climatic change by changing residences and locations was not unusual. Early Pueblo I Era sites may have housed up to 600 individuals in a few separate but closely spaced settlement clusters. However, they were generally occupied for 30 years or less. Archaeologist Timothy A. Kohler excavated large Pueblo I sites near 332: 967:), the population grew fast due to consistent and regular rainfall which supported agriculture. Studies of skeletal remains show increased fertility rather than decreased mortality. However, this tenfold population increase over a few generations was probably also due to migrations of people from surrounding areas. Innovations such as pottery, food storage, and agriculture enabled this rapid growth. Over several decades, the Ancestral Puebloan culture spread across the landscape. 1308:

classification devices based on theoretical perspectives, analytical methods, and data available at the time of analysis and publication. They are subject to change, not only on the basis of new information and discoveries, but also as attitudes and perspectives change within the scientific community. It should not be assumed that an archaeological division or culture unit corresponds to a particular language group or to a socio-political entity such as a tribe.

1297: 914: 1182:, Jonathan Haas of the Field Museum in Chicago has been studying a group of Ancestral Puebloan villages that relocated from the canyons to the high mesa tops during the late 13th century. Haas believes that the reason to move so far from water and arable land was a defense against enemies. He asserts that isolated communities relied on raiding for food and supplies, and that internal conflict and warfare became common in the 13th century. 1019: 906: 886: 1168: 399: 3129: 2876: 870: 73: 58: 1084: 1266:, the acknowledged dean of Southwestern Archaeology. Kidder felt that it was less cumbersome than a more technical term he might have used. Subsequently some archaeologists who would try to change the term have worried that because the Pueblos speak different languages, there are different words for "ancestor," and using one might be offensive to people speaking other languages. 475:

CE, the pottery styles commonly had black-painted designs on white or light gray backgrounds. Decoration is characterized by fine hatching, and contrasting colors are produced by the use of mineral-based paint on a chalky background. South of the Anasazi territory, in Mogollon settlements, pottery was more often hand-coiled, scraped, and polished, with red to brown coloring.

721: 1127:) assert the Ancestral Puebloans did not "vanish", as is commonly portrayed. They say that the people migrated to areas in the southwest with more favorable rainfall and dependable streams. They merged into the various Pueblo peoples whose descendants still live in Arizona and New Mexico. This perspective was also presented by early 20th-century anthropologists, including 602:, called the "Sky City", in New Mexico. Before 900 CE and progressing past the 13th century, the population complexes were major cultural centers. In Chaco Canyon, Chacoan developers quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling 15 major complexes. These ranked as the largest buildings in North America until the late 19th century. 1357:, can be significant barriers for human communities, likely reducing the frequency of contact with other groups. Current opinion holds that the closer cultural similarity between the Mogollon and Ancestral Puebloans, and their greater differences from the Hohokam and Patayan, is due to both the geography and the variety of climate zones in the Southwest. 530:

powerful lineage, traced through the female line, for approximately 330 years. While other Ancestral Pueblo burials have not yet been subjected to the same archaeogenomic testing, the survival of matrilineal descent among contemporary Pueblo peoples suggests that this may have been a widespread practice among Ancestral Puebloans.

572:) have brought renown to the Ancestral Pueblo peoples. They consisted of apartment complexes and structures made of stone, adobe mud, and other local material, or were carved into canyon walls. Developed within these cultures, the people also adopted design details from other cultures as far away as contemporary 1327:

The modern term "style" has a bearing on how material items such as pottery or architecture can be interpreted. Within a people, different means to accomplish the same goal can be adopted by subsets of the larger group. For example, in modern Western cultures, there are alternative styles of clothing

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Archaeological research focuses on items left behind during people's activities: fragments of pottery vessels, garbage, human remains, stone tools or evidence left from the construction of dwellings. However, many other aspects of the culture of prehistoric peoples are not tangible. Their beliefs and

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This evidence of warfare, conflict, and cannibalism is hotly debated by some scholars and interest groups. Suggested alternatives include: a community suffering the pressure of starvation or extreme social stress, dismemberment and cannibalism as religious ritual or in response to religious conflict,

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In this later period, the Pueblo II became more self-contained, decreasing trade and interaction with more distant communities. Southwest farmers developed irrigation techniques appropriate to seasonal rainfall, including soil and water control features such as check dams and terraces. The population

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The best-known site is at Mesa Verde, with a large number of well-preserved cliff dwellings. This area included common Pueblo architectural forms, such as kivas, towers, and pit-houses, but the space restrictions of these alcoves resulted in far denser populations. Mug House, a typical cliff dwelling

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and seashells, which are not part of this environment, and imported vessels distinguished by design, prove that the Chaco traded with distant regions. The widespread use of timber in Chacoan constructions required a large system of easy transportation, as timber was not locally available. Analysis of

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Most houses faced south. Plazas were almost always surrounded by buildings of sealed-off rooms or high walls. There were often four or five stories, with single-story rooms facing the plaza; room blocks were terraced to allow the tallest sections to compose the pueblo's rear edifice. Rooms were often

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Immense complexes known as "great houses" embodied worship at Chaco. Archaeologists have found musical instruments, jewelry, ceramics, and ceremonial items, indicating people in the Great Houses were elite, wealthier families. They hosted indoor burials, where gifts were interred with the dead, often

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Changes in pottery composition, structure, and decoration are signals of social change in the archaeological record. This is particularly true as the peoples of the American Southwest began to leave their historic homes and migrate south. According to archaeologists Patricia Crown and Steadman Upham,

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Ancestral Puebloans attained a cultural "Golden Age" between about 900 and 1150. During this time, generally classed as Pueblo II Era, the climate was relatively warm and rainfall mostly adequate. Communities grew larger and were inhabited for longer. Highly specific local traditions in architecture

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The system was discovered in the late 19th century and excavated in the 1970s. By the late 20th century, aerial and satellite photographs helped in the study. Archaeologists suggested that the road's main purpose was to transport local and exotic goods to and from the canyon. The economic purpose of

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Through satellite images and ground investigations, archaeologists have found eight main roads that together run for more than 180 miles (300 km), and are more than 30 feet (10 m) wide. These were built by excavating into a smooth, leveled surface in the bedrock or removing vegetation and soil.

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Evidence suggests a profound change in religion in this period. Chacoan and other structures constructed originally along astronomical alignments, and thought to have served important ceremonial purposes to the culture, were systematically dismantled. Doorways were sealed with rock and mortar. Kiva

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Not all the people in the region lived in cliff dwellings; many colonized the canyon rims and slopes in multifamily structures that grew to unprecedented size as populations swelled. Decorative motifs for these sandstone/mortar structures, both cliff dwellings and not, included T-shaped windows and

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and under rock overhangs in canyon walls. Unlike earlier structures and villages atop mesas, this was a regional 13th-century trend of gathering the growing populations into close, defensible quarters. There were buildings for housing, defense, and storage. These were built mostly of blocks of hard

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Ancestral Puebloans are also known for their pottery. Local plainware pottery used for cooking or storage was unpainted gray, either smooth or textured. Pottery used for more formal purposes was often more richly adorned. In the northern portion of the Ancestral Pueblo lands, from about 500 to 1300

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All areas of the Ancestral Puebloan homeland suffered from periods of drought and erosion from wind and water. Summer rains could be unreliable and produced destructive thunderstorms. While the amount of winter snowfall varied greatly, the Ancestral Puebloans depended on the snow for most of their

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holds that the ancestors had achieved great spiritual power and control over natural forces. They used their power in ways that caused nature to change and caused changes that were never meant to occur. Possibly, the dismantling of their religious structures was an effort to symbolically undo the

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Defining cultural groups, such as the Ancestral Puebloans, tends to create an image of territories separated by clear-cut boundaries, like border boundaries separating modern states. These did not exist. Prehistoric people traded, worshipped, collaborated, and fought most often with other nearby

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at Chaco has been proposed, with the Sun Dagger petroglyph at Fajada Butte a popular example. Many Chacoan buildings may have been aligned to capture the solar and lunar cycles, requiring generations of astronomical observations and centuries of skillfully coordinated construction. The Chacoans

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Cultural divisions are tools of the modern scientist, and so should not be considered similar to divisions or relationships that the ancient residents may have recognized. Modern cultures in this region, many of whom claim some of these ancient people as ancestors, express a striking range of

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One of the most notable aspects of Ancestral Puebloan infrastructure is the Chaco Road at Chaco Canyon, a system of roads radiating from many great house sites such as Pueblo Bonito, Chetro Ketl, and Una Vida. They led toward small outlier sites and natural features in the canyon and outside.

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Over centuries, architectural forms evolved but the complexes kept some core traits, such as their size. They averaged more than 200 rooms each, and some had 700 rooms. Rooms were very large, with higher ceilings than Ancestral Pueblo buildings of earlier periods. They were well-planned: vast

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Recent archaeological evidence has established that in at least one great house, Pueblo Bonito, the elite family whose burials associate them with the site practiced matrilineal succession. Room 33 in Pueblo Bonito, the richest burial ever excavated in the Southwest, served as a crypt for one

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Archaeological cultural units such as Ancestral Puebloan, Hohokam, Patayan, or Mogollon are used by archaeologists to define material culture similarities and differences that may identify prehistoric sociocultural units, equivalent to modern societies or peoples. The names and divisions are

1225:. This modest community appears to have been abandoned during the same time period. Other excavations within the Ancestral Puebloan cultural area have produced varying numbers of unburied, and in some cases dismembered, bodies. In a 2010 paper, Potter and Chuipka argued that evidence at 946:

doors. This has been taken by some archaeologists, such as Stephen Lekson (1999), as evidence of the continuation of the Chaco Canyon elite system, which had seemingly collapsed a century earlier. Other researchers instead explain these motifs as part a wider Pueblo style or religion.

921:'s Fire Temple, cut from laser scan data collected by a CyArk/National Park Service partnership. Since Fire Temple was at least partially built to conform to the dimensions of its cliff alcove, it is neither round in form nor truly subterranean like other structures defined as 1328:

that characterize older and younger generations. Some cultural differences may be based on linear traditions, on teaching from one generation or "school" to another. Other varieties in style may have distinguished between arbitrary groups within a culture, perhaps defining

211:, which means "village" and "people" in Spanish, was a term originating with the Spanish explorers who used it to refer to the people's particular style of dwelling. The Navajo people, who now reside in parts of former Pueblo territory, referred to the ancient people as 1010:. For unknown ages, they were led by chiefs and guided by spirits as they completed vast migrations throughout the continent of North America. They settled first in the Ancestral Puebloan areas for a few hundred years before moving to their present locations. 494:

in the 14th century may reflect religious or political alliances on a regional level. Late 14th- and 15th-century pottery from central Arizona, widely traded in the region, has colors and designs which may derive from earlier ware by both Ancestral Pueblo and

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Many contemporary Pueblo peoples object to the use of the term Anasazi; controversy exists among them on a native alternative. Some modern descendants of this culture often choose to use the term "Ancestral Pueblo" peoples. Contemporary Hopi use the word

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Ceremonial structures known as kivas were built in proportion to the number of rooms in a pueblo. A small kiva was built for roughly every 29 rooms. Nine complexes each had a Great Kiva, up to 63 feet (19 m) in diameter. T-shaped doorways and stone

1262:, a rancher and trader who, in 1888–1889, was the first Anglo-American to explore the sites in that area. Wetherill knew and worked with Navajos and understood what the word meant. The name was further sanctioned in archaeology when it was adopted by 1209:

tribes most notably. Others suggest that more developed villages, such as that at Chaco Canyon, exhausted their environments, resulting in widespread deforestation and eventually the fall of their civilization through warfare over depleted resources.

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by Spanish colonists, were accessible only by rope or through rock climbing. These astonishing building achievements had modest beginnings. The first Ancestral Puebloan homes and villages were based on the pit-house, a common feature in the

1053:, and discovered that they were established during periods of above-average rainfall. This allowed crops to be grown without requiring irrigation. At the same time, nearby areas that suffered significantly drier patterns were abandoned. 828:, the West Road, and the shorter Pintado-Chaco Road. Simple structures like berms and walls are sometimes aligned along the roads. Some tracts of the roads lead to natural features such as springs, lakes, mountain tops, and pinnacles. 482:, were often used for liquids. Pottery from the southern regions of Ancestral Pueblo lands has bold, black-line decoration and the use of carbon-based colorants. In northern New Mexico, the local black-on-white pottery tradition, the 385:

Where sandstone layers overlay shale, snow melt could accumulate and create seeps and springs, which the Ancestral Puebloans used as water sources. Snow also fed the smaller, more predictable tributaries, such as the Chinle, Animas,

289:. In relation to neighboring cultures, the Ancestral Puebloans occupied the northeast quadrant of the area. The Ancestral Puebloan homeland centers on the Colorado Plateau, but extends from central New Mexico on the east to southern 1146:

people believe that their ancestors lived in both the Mesa Verde and the Bandelier areas. Evidence also suggests that a profound change took place in the Ancestral Pueblo area and areas inhabited by their cultural neighbors, the

583:. Hundreds to thousands of people lived in these communities. These complexes hosted cultural and civic events and infrastructure that supported a vast outlying region hundreds of miles away linked by transportation roadways. 1104:

walls show marks from great fires set within them, which probably required removal of the massive roof – a task which would require significant effort. Habitations were abandoned, and tribes divided and resettled far.

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meaning "ancestors of our enemies", referring to their competition with the Pueblo peoples. The Navajo now use the term in the sense of referring to "ancient people" or "ancient ones", whereas others ascribe the meaning of

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The term "Anasazi" was established in archaeological terminology through the Pecos Classification system in 1927. It had been adopted from the Navajo. Archaeologist Linda Cordell discussed the word's etymology and use:

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Departures from the expected pattern may occur because of unidentified social or political situations or because of geographic barriers. In the Southwest, mountain ranges, rivers, and most obviously, the

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of the period, was home to around 100 people who shared 94 small rooms and eight kivas, built right up against each other and sharing many walls. Builders maximized space use and no area was off-limits.

1258:, meaning "enemy ancestors." It is unfortunate that a non-Pueblo word has come to stand for a tradition that is certainly ancestral Pueblo. The term was first applied to ruins of the Mesa Verde by 1030:

The Ancestral Puebloans left their established homes in the 12th and 13th centuries. The main reason is unclear. Factors discussed include global or regional climate change, prolonged drought,

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in preference to Anasazi. Others have objected to Cordell's definition of the name "Anasazi", saying that its true connotation means in the Navajo language "those that do things differently."

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The Chacoan structures together required the wood of 200,000 conifer trees, mostly hauled – on foot – from mountain ranges up to 70 miles (110 km) away.

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the influx of outsiders seeking to drive out a settled agricultural community via calculated atrocity, or an invasion of a settled region by nomadic raiders who practiced cannibalism.

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diversity in lifestyles, social organization, language, and religious beliefs. This suggests the ancient people were also more diverse than their material remains may suggest.

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Perry, George H.; Reich, David; Whiteley, Peter M.; LeBlanc, Steven A.; Kistler, Logan; Stewardson, Kristin; Swapan Mallick; Rohland, Nadin; Skoglund, Pontus (2017-02-21).

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After around 1130, North America had significant climatic change in the form of a 300-year period of aridity called the Great Drought. This also led to the collapse of the

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pictographs in locations where the images were protected from the sun yet visible to the public. Designs include human-like forms. The so-called "Holy Ghost panel" in the

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The longest and best-known of these roads is the Great North Road, which originates from different routes close to Pueblo Bonito and Chetro Ketl. These roads converge at

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Potter, James M.; Chuipka, Jason P. (December 2010). "Perimortem mutilation of human remains in an early village in the American Southwest: A case for ethnic violence".

1378: 390:, and Taos Rivers. The larger rivers were less directly important to the ancient culture, as smaller streams were more easily diverted or controlled for irrigation. 3039: 4627: 3538: 4637: 4059: 598:

Built well before 1492 CE, these towns and villages were located in defensive positions, for example on high, steep mesas such as at Mesa Verde or present-day

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The Ancestral Puebloan culture is perhaps best known for the stone and earth dwellings its people built along cliff walls, particularly during the

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affiliation, religious belief or cultural alliances. Variations may also simply reflect the different resources available in a given time or area.

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Ancestral Pueblo people in the North American Southwest crafted a unique architecture with planned community spaces. Population centers such as

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also collapsed during this period. Confirming evidence dated between 1150 and 1350 has been found in excavations of the western regions of the

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Archaeological interpretations of the Chaco road system are divided between an economic purpose and a symbolic, ideological or religious role.

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Speller, Camilla F.; Kemp, Brian M.; Wyatt, Scott D.; Monroe, Cara; Lipe, William D.; Arndt, Ursula M.; Yang, Dongya Y. (22 January 2010).

180:. Beginning with the earliest explorations and excavations, researchers identified Ancestral Puebloans as the forerunners of contemporary 273:

The Ancestral Puebloans were one of four major prehistoric archaeological traditions recognized in the American Southwest, also known as

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Lightfoot, Dale R. (October 1993). "The landscape context of Anasazi pebble-mulched fields in the Galisteo Basin, Northern New Mexico".

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The largest roads, built at the same time as many of the great houses (1000 to 1125 CE), are: the Great North Road, the South Road, the

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due to a different cycle unrelated to rainfall. This forced the abandonment of settlements in the more arid or overfarmed locations.

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eras, from about 900 to 1350 CE in total. The best-preserved examples of the stone dwellings are now protected within United States'

2817: 2720: 2665: 2647: 2625: 2609: 2592: 2565: 2546: 2510: 2494: 2333: 1994: 1830: 378:, rock overhangs formed. The Ancestral Puebloans favored building under such overhangs for shelters and defensive building sites. 4014: 2807: 4607: 4515: 4480: 4445: 4284: 4154: 4004: 3959: 3233: 317: 1284:, explains his reason for using the term "Anasazi" over a term like "Puebloan", noting that the latter term "derives from the 4662: 4602: 4425: 4219: 4194: 4114: 3806: 3550: 3384: 3345: 3152: 1708: 1620: 1573: 1172: 1221:

found remains of at least 24 human skeletons that showed evidence of violence and dismemberment, with strong indications of

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in New Mexico. Structures and other evidence of Ancestral Puebloan culture have been found extending east onto the American

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of the region continued to be mobile, abandoning settlements and fields under adverse conditions. There was also a drop in

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the Chaco road system is shown by the presence of luxury items at Pueblo Bonito and elsewhere in the canyon. Items such as

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Areas of southern Nevada, Utah, and Colorado form a loose northern boundary, while the southern edge is defined by the

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Great Drought. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:

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Adams, Karen R.; Stewart, Joe D.; Baldwin, Stuart J. (2002). "Pottery Paint and Other Uses of Rocky Mountain Beeweed (

1159:(1999). No academic consensus exists with the professional archeological and anthropological community on this issue. 991: 565: 450: 446: 185: 77: 1316:

behavior are difficult to decipher from physical materials, and their languages remain unknown as they had no known

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Laser scan section of the four-story Square Tower House, data collected by a CyArk/National Park Service partnership

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continue to debate when this distinct culture emerged. The current agreement, based on terminology defined by the

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changes they believed they caused due to their abuse of their spiritual power, and thus make amends with nature.

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Ancestral Puebloan culture has been divided into three main areas or branches, based on geographical location:

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Pursh) in the Southwestern United States: Ethnographic Data, Archæological Record, and Elemental Composition".

1301: 647: 557: 434: 426: 189: 177: 166:, a congregational space that was used mostly for ceremonies, was an integral part of the community structure. 47: 31: 2980: 757: 630: 793:

mortar. Walls were covered in a veneer of small sandstone pieces, which were pressed into a layer of binding

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regions have high elevations ranging from 4,500 to 8,500 feet (1,400 to 2,600 m). Extensive horizontal

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Multistory dwellings at Bandelier: Rock wall foundations and beam holes and "cavates" carved into volcanic

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and from there lead north beyond the canyon limits. Along roadways were only small, isolated structures.

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This conflict may have been aggravated by the influx of less settled peoples, Numic-speakers such as the

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of an oppressor who treated the indigenes of the Southwest far more brutally than the Navajo ever did."

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Environmental stress may have caused changes in social structure, leading to conflict and warfare. Near

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erosion or deforestation, hostility from new arrivals, religious or cultural change, and influence from

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abandoned the canyon, probably due to climate change beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.

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Large ramps and stairways in the cliff rock connect the roads above the canyon to sites at the bottom.

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This evidence suggests that the religious structures were abandoned deliberately over time. Pueblo

1058: 665: 539: 468: 2703: 2244: 2137:, paper presented to the 65th annual meeting of the Society of American Archaeology, Philadelphia. 586: 162:. They held a distinct knowledge of celestial sciences that found form in their architecture. The 4540: 4352: 4084: 4079: 3939: 3786: 3722: 3703: 3638: 3633: 3565: 3443: 2288: 1788: 1780: 1077: 938:

mortar. Constructions had many similarities, but unique forms due to the unique rock topography.

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organized into suites, with front rooms larger than rear, interior, and storage rooms or areas.

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Throughout the southwest Ancestral Puebloan region, the inhabitants built complexes in shallow

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These buildings were usually multistoried and multipurposed, and surrounded by open plazas and

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water. Snow melt allowed the germination of seeds, both wild and cultivated, in the spring.

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landscape. In areas where resistant strata (sedimentary rock layers), such as sandstone or

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Many modern Pueblo tribes trace their lineage from specific settlements. For example, the

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English, Nathan B.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Dean, Jeffrey S.; Quade, Jay (9 October 2001).

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Certain tall cylinders were likely ceremonial vessels, while narrow-necked jars, called

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Fagan, Brian M. "Ancient North America: Tha Archaeology of a Continent (part five)."

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Kidder, Alfred V. (1936). Speculations on New World prehistory. In R.H. Lowie (Ed.),

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Wally Talks a little about the Anasazi people from the perspective of Navajo people

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Current scholarly consensus is that Ancestral Puebloans responded to pressure from

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The name "Anasazi" has come to mean "ancient people," although the word itself is

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The Ancestral Puebloans lived in a range of structures that included small family

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and pottery emerged, and trade over long distances appears to have been common.

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cultures. Many of these possibilities are supported by archaeological evidence.

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Modern Pueblo oral traditions hold that the Ancestral Puebloans originated from

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where the largest figure appears to take on a three-dimensional representation.

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have created steep-walled canyons, and sculpted windows and bridges out of the

139:'their ancestors') although Kidder thought it meant 'old people'. Contemporary 4435: 4332: 4204: 4119: 4034: 3944: 3494: 3217: 2997: 2975: 2903: 2898: 2679: 2358: 2282: 1660: 1414: 1389: 1201:

Diné who migrated from the north during this time and subsequently became the

1197:, who may have originated in what is today California, and the arrival of the 1007: 987: 918: 890: 309: 108: 95:

culture, were an ancient Native American culture that spanned the present-day

2487:

House of Rain: Tracking a Vanished Civilization Across the American Southwest

1891: 777:

Although simple and compound walls were often used, great houses usually had

4209: 4039: 3422: 2968: 2918: 2750: 2715:, George H.H. Huey, photography, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, 2198: 1514:

Cordell, Linda S. (1979). "Prehistory: Eastern Anasazi". In A. Ortiz (Ed.),

1488:

Woodbury, Richard B. (1979). "Prehistory: Introduction". In A. Ortiz (Ed.),

1404: 1186: 863: 858: 786: 720: 371: 367: 147: 2769: 2217: 2107: 2088: 1909: 1745: 1349:: "increasing gradually as the distance separating groups also increases". 742: 2675:

The Primary Architecture of the Chacoan Culture: A Cosmological Expression

2604:. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1966, republished 1998. 866:

isotopes shows that much of the timber came from distant mountain ranges.

4408: 4372: 4322: 4184: 3969: 3192: 3138: 3128: 2928: 1190: 1065: 580: 503: 140: 112: 2122:

The Chaco Meridian: centers of Political Power in the Ancient Southwest.

1883: 1784: 4415: 3899: 3776: 3698: 3182: 3072: 3062: 3052: 2958: 2908: 2884: 2875: 2658:

In Search of the Old Ones: Exploring the Anasazi World of the Southwest

2456: 1666: 1394: 1282:

In Search of the Old Ones: Exploring the Anasazi World of the Southwest

1116: 1035: 980: 462: 363: 351: 343: 339: 286: 282: 263: 155: 123:. The people and their archaeological culture are often referred to as 104: 1527:

Plog, Fred. (1979). "Prehistory: Western Anasazi". In A. Ortiz (Ed.),

1518:(Vol. 9, pp. 131–151). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 1505:(Vol. 9, pp. 108–130). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 1501:

Plog, Fred. (1979). "Prehistory: Western Anasazi". In A. Ortiz (Ed.),

1346: 1157:

Lies Across America: What Our Historic Markers and Monuments Get Wrong

797:. These surfacing stones were often arranged in distinctive patterns. 184:

although specific site to modern group connections are unclear. Three

3761: 1206: 1202: 1124: 1001: 854: 782: 771: 573: 290: 2558:

Chaco Canyon: Archaeologists Explore the Lives of an Ancient Society

785:

filled the gap between parallel load-bearing walls of dressed, flat

143:

object to the use of this term, with some viewing it as derogatory.

2785:

Bandelier National Monument Virtual Museum Exhibit and Lesson Plans

4505: 3007: 2455:. Navajo Traditional Teachings. 6:00–6:27 minutes in – via 1531:(Vol. 9, pp. 108). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 1337: 1295: 1166: 1082: 1046: 1017: 935: 930: 922: 912: 904: 894: 884: 868: 756: 741: 719: 585: 397: 375: 330: 257: 115:. They are believed to have developed, at least in part, from the 71: 56: 38: 1860:"Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty" 1492:(Vol. 9, pp. 23). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 405:, the largest of the Chacoan Great Houses, stands at the foot of 250:, meaning "ancient people", to describe the Ancestral Puebloans. 4465: 2963: 2923: 1333: 1120: 790: 591: 479: 347: 163: 151: 100: 27:

Ancient Native American culture in Four Corners region of the US

3498: 3099: 2846: 2704:

https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243212/Great-Drought

2040:

Kantner, John (2004). "Ancient Puebloan Southwest", pp. 161–166

1345:

groups. Cultural differences should therefore be understood as

794: 350:

are capped by sedimentary formations and support woodlands of

1703:. Tucson, AZ, US: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. 1665:. Navajo Traditional Teachings. 2:05 minutes in – via 127:, a term introduced by Alfred V. Kidder from the Navajo word 1594: 1311:

Current terms and conventions have significant limitations:

1233:, is best interpreted as warfare related to competition and 2794:

Chaco Culture National Historic Park Virtual Museum Exhibit

2838:

Art by the Ancient Pueblo (Anasazi) at the Brooklyn Museum

1825:. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution. p. 20. 188:

located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos:

2580:

From Black Land to Fifth Sun: The Science of Sacred Sites

2374:"Researchers Divided Over Whether Anasazi Were Cannibals" 342:

and resources within this large region vary greatly. The

3474:

List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado

2660:. Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group, 1996. 335:

Major Ancestral Puebloan sites in the Four Corners area

889:

Plan of entire Spruce Tree House from above, cut from

2808:

An Early Population Explosion on the Colorado Plateau

2008: 2006: 362:, each favoring different elevations. Wind and water 99:

region of the United States, comprising southeastern

1804: 1802: 1544:(p. 152). Berkeley: University of California Press. 1542:

Essays in anthroplogy presented to Alfred L. Kroeber

725:

Mancos Pitcher with Black on White Geometric Designs

228:

to "those who are different from our people"; (lit.

4381: 4313: 3845: 3574: 3466: 3431: 3382: 3344: 3296: 3287: 3247: 3226: 3175: 3166: 3145: 3026: 2891: 2272: 2270: 761:

Doorways, Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

2620:. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press. 262:Map of Ancestral Pueblo and neighboring cultures: 2813:The People of the Mountains, Mesas and Grasslands 2522:Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed 1379:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed 2678:, University of New Mexico Press, archived from 2489:. Little, Brown and Company, February 22, 2007. 522:is considered to be one of the earliest uses of 4658:13th-century disestablishments in North America 2738:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2178:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2068:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1989:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 115. 1252: 2505:. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution. 2284:Secrets of the Dead: Cannibalism in the Canyon 2158:The first to surmise this was John W. Powell, 1957: 1955: 30:"Anasazi" redirects here. For other uses, see 3510: 3111: 2858: 2618:Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest 2326:Prehistoric Cannibalism at Mancos 5MTUMR-2346 2052:National Park Service. Retrieved 4 June 2012. 1616:U*X*L Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. 1529:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest 1516:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest 1503:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest 1490:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest 1155:agrees with this oral tradition in his book, 735:including bowls of food and turquoise beads. 8: 2833:Life Lists at SmithsonianMag.com: Mesa Verde 1689:, from CP-LUHNA, Northern Arizona University 1022:Chaco Culture bowl, 11th to 13th centuries, 994:) (southwest Colorado and southeastern Utah) 934:sandstone, held together and plastered with 374:, overlie more easily eroded strata such as 213: 1771:(4). Leeds, UK: Maney Publishing: 339–362. 1420:Prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions 3517: 3503: 3495: 3293: 3172: 3118: 3104: 3096: 2865: 2851: 2843: 2135:"The Chaco Meridian: A skeptical analysis" 2036: 2034: 2032: 1272: 999: 617: 244: 4025:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 2759: 2749: 2640:Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest 2207: 2197: 2097: 2087: 1899: 1072:in present-day Bolivia. The contemporary 873:Precontact roads and great houses in the 502:The Ancestral Puebloans also excelled at 439:Canyons of the Ancients National Monument 4613:Archaeological cultures of North America 2124:Walnut Creek, California: Altamira Press 1554:Cordell, Linda; McBrinn, Maxine (2012). 1368:Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest 2698:, South Carolina Educational Television 2261: 2230: 2146: 1922: 1451: 959:During the period from 700 to 1130 CE ( 739:sections were built in a single stage. 620: 490:the appearance of the bright colors on 3087:List of Indian reservations in Arizona 2892:Contemporary peoples native to Arizona 2642:. London, England: Thames and Hudson. 2602:Glen Canyon: An Archaeological Summary 2399:Preston, Douglas (November 30, 1998). 2347:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2024: 1961: 1644:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1637: 1567: 1565: 838:Great North Road (Ancestral Puebloans) 751:Chaco Culture National Historical Park 431:Chaco Culture National Historical Park 194:Chaco Culture National Historical Park 4628:Native American history of New Mexico 3479:List of prehistoric sites in Colorado 2376:. National Geographic. Archived from 2012: 1972: 1946: 1934: 7: 4638:Post-Archaic period in North America 1459: 1457: 1455: 1115:Most modern Pueblo peoples (whether 4496:Norse colonization of North America 2417: 2309: 2243:Peterson, Larry (6 February 2017). 1845: 1808: 544:List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples 514:. Ancestral Pueblo peoples painted 76:Horseshoe Tower in the snow at the 4618:Native American history of Arizona 1659:Wally Brown (September 19, 2017). 455:Canyon de Chelly National Monument 63:Canyon de Chelly National Monument 25: 4668:Puebloan buildings and structures 4623:Native American history of Nevada 2818:Cliff Palace of the Anasazi Photo 727:, Ancestral Pueblo, 900–1300 AD, 4643:Prehistoric cultures in Colorado 3127: 2874: 2469: 2452:There are No Anasazi Descendants 629: 486:, continued well after 1300 CE. 4633:Native American history of Utah 4516:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 3234:Southern Ute Indian Reservation 3027:Prehistoric cultures in Arizona 2372:Alexandra Witze (1 June 2001). 2291:from the original on 2021-11-07 2133:Phillips, David A., Jr., 2000, 1680:The Anasazi or "Ancient Pueblo" 1578:University of Northern Colorado 1300:Boy in doorway, Balcony House, 4653:12th-century BC establishments 3153:Outline of Colorado prehistory 2803:People of the Colorado Plateau 1777:10.1080/00231940.2002.11758462 1701:Pecos National Historical Park 1173:Pecos National Historical Park 1006:, where they emerged from the 61:White House Ruin Trail at the 1: 2541:, Inc., New York City, 1991. 2449:Wally Brown (July 17, 2023). 639:Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era 443:Aztec Ruins National Monument 150:, larger structures to house 4481:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing 4431:Eastern Agricultural Complex 2162:, 1895, Flood & Vincent. 1556:Archaeology of the Southwest 1087:Ancestral Puebloan ruins in 1034:such as cyclical periods of 91:and by the earlier term the 3865:Bandelier National Monument 3739:List of Mississippian sites 3526:Pre-Columbian North America 2696:The Mystery of Chaco Canyon 2616:LeBlanc, Steven A. (1999). 2560:, Oxford University Press, 1280:David Roberts, in his book 1245:Anasazi as a cultural label 1014:Migration from the homeland 992:Hovenweep National Monument 566:Bandelier National Monument 451:Hovenweep National Monument 447:Bandelier National Monument 186:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 131:meaning 'enemy ancestors' ( 119:, which developed from the 78:Hovenweep National Monument 4684: 4285:West Oak Forest Earthlodge 3890:The Bluff Point Stoneworks 3599:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) 2524:, London: Viking Penguin, 2501:Cordell, Linda S. (1994). 1465:"Ancestral Pueblo culture" 917:Section view of Kiva A in 835: 774:marked all Chacoan kivas. 537: 52:Montezuma County, Colorado 29: 4554: 4526:Three Sisters agriculture 3532: 3081: 2823:1054 Supernova Petrograph 2709:Strutin, Michele (1994), 2435:January 25, 2016, at the 2401:"Cannibals of the Canyon" 2359:10.1016/j.jaa.2010.08.001 1985:Stuart, David E. (2000). 1699:Gustafson, Sarah (1997). 1032:environmental degradation 804:Ceremonial infrastructure 594:remain from upper floors. 232:= "different from us" + 4065:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site 3624:Buttermilk Creek complex 3255:Battle of Beecher Island 2712:Chaco: A Cultural Legacy 2120:Lekson, Stephen (1999). 1685:August 28, 2015, at the 1302:Mesa Verde National Park 983:(northeast Arizona), and 648:Early Basketmaker II Era 506:, which included carved 435:Mesa Verde National Park 427:Navajo National Monument 394:Cultural characteristics 190:Mesa Verde National Park 178:Early Basketmaker II Era 48:Mesa Verde National Park 32:Anasazi (disambiguation) 4265:Town Creek Indian Mound 4235:Sierra de San Francisco 4090:Meadowcroft Rockshelter 2751:10.1073/pnas.0911197107 2520:Diamond, Jared (2005), 2287:(Motion Picture). PBS. 2245:"Mountains of Evidence" 2199:10.1073/pnas.0909724107 2160:Canyons of the Colorado 1821:Cordell, Linda (1994). 1469:Encyclopædia Britannica 1273: 1000: 657:Late Basketmaker II Era 460:These villages, called 245: 4608:Pre-Columbian cultures 3920:Coso Rock Art District 3807:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 3710:List of Hopewell sites 3439:Cynthia Irwin-Williams 3239:Ute Mountain Ute Tribe 3158:Prehistory of Colorado 2503:Ancient Pueblo Peoples 2089:10.1073/pnas.211305498 1823:Ancient Pueblo Peoples 1746:10.1002/gea.3340080502 1603:Real Academia Española 1385:Cynthia Irwin-Williams 1304: 1268: 1175: 1171:Pecos Glazeware bowl, 1129:Frank Hamilton Cushing 1092: 1089:Dark Canyon Wilderness 1027: 977:(northwest New Mexico) 926: 910: 902: 877: 762: 754: 731: 595: 570:Los Alamos, New Mexico 554:Crownpoint, New Mexico 484:Rio Grande white wares 410: 336: 302:Little Colorado Rivers 270: 214: 80: 69: 67:Apache County, Arizona 54: 4663:Puebloan architecture 4603:Oasisamerica cultures 4328:Arlington Springs Man 4170:Portsmouth Earthworks 3484:Trail of the Ancients 2798:National Park Service 2789:National Park Service 2694:Sofaer, Anna (1999), 2672:Sofaer, Anna (1997), 1864:Nature Communications 1299: 1292:Cultural distinctions 1213:A 1997 excavation at 1170: 1086: 1074:Mississippian culture 1021: 916: 908: 899:National Park Service 888: 872: 760: 745: 723: 589: 524:graphical perspective 401: 334: 277:. The others are the 261: 75: 60: 42: 4536:Transoceanic contact 4426:Container Revolution 4000:Gila Cliff Dwellings 3965:Etowah Indian Mounds 3432:Noted archaeologists 3403:Dismal River culture 3364:Mount Albion complex 3167:Contemporary peoples 2730:Woodhouse, Connie A. 1572:Hewit (2010-07-09). 1410:Matrilocal residence 1144:San Ildefonso Pueblo 1068:civilization around 1059:Domesticated turkeys 893:data collected by a 826:Mexican Springs Road 824:, Ahshislepah Road, 516:Barrier Canyon Style 316:, in areas near the 174:Pecos Classification 87:, also known as the 4588:Ancestral Puebloans 4456:Green Corn Ceremony 4270:Turkey River Mounds 4060:Lake Jackson Mounds 3880:Blue Spring Shelter 3449:Waldo Rudolph Wedel 3393:Ancestral Puebloans 3359:Basketmaker culture 3288:Precontact cultures 3275:Sand Creek massacre 2744:(50): 21283–21288. 2600:Jennings, Jesse D. 2380:on October 25, 2001 2328:, Princeton, 1992, 2190:2010PNAS..107.2807S 2149:, pp. 136−156. 2080:2001PNAS...9811891E 2074:(21): 11891–11896. 1884:10.1038/ncomms14115 1876:2017NatCo...814115K 1738:1993Gearc...8..349L 1199:Athabaskan-speaking 986:Northern San Juan ( 666:Basketmaker III Era 540:Pueblo architecture 304:in Arizona and the 236:= "the old ones"). 111:, and southwestern 85:Ancestral Puebloans 4541:Underwater panther 4215:Rosenstock Village 4085:Marmes Rockshelter 4070:L'Anse aux Meadows 3444:Paul Sidney Martin 3169:native to Colorado 3135:Indigenous peoples 2881:Indigenous peoples 2828:The Chaco Meridian 2656:Roberts, David D. 2249:American Scientist 2015:, pp. 119–121 1949:, pp. 177–182 1848:, pp. 142–43. 1574:"Puebloan Culture" 1305: 1176: 1093: 1078:Mississippi Valley 1028: 927: 911: 903: 878: 818:Coyote Canyon Road 763: 755: 732: 622:Ancestral Puebloan 596: 492:Salado Polychromes 411: 337: 271: 93:Basketmaker-Pueblo 81: 70: 55: 18:Ancestral Puebloan 4575: 4574: 4567:Pre-Columbian era 4368:Spirit Cave mummy 4165:Plum Bayou Mounds 4075:Lynch Quarry Site 3594:Ancient Beringian 3492: 3491: 3462: 3461: 3413:Panhandle culture 3331:Plainview complex 3283: 3282: 3265:Comanche Campaign 3093: 3092: 2539:Thames and Hudson 2531:978-0-1431-1700-1 2420:, pp. 18–19. 1260:Richard Wetherill 1231:Durango, Colorado 1219:Dolores, Colorado 1051:Dolores, Colorado 881:Cliff communities 718: 717: 693:Pueblo III Period 16:(Redirected from 4675: 4648:Southwest tribes 4598:Puebloan peoples 4511:Projectile point 4348:Leanderthal Lady 4275:Upward Sun River 4250:Stallings Island 4240:Shell ring sites 4190:Recapture Canyon 4105:Moorehead Circle 3950:El Fin del Mundo 3935:Cueva de la Olla 3741: 3728:Maritime Archaic 3712: 3542: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3496: 3467:Related articles 3398:Apishapa culture 3369:Oshara tradition 3326:Hell Gap complex 3316:Folsom tradition 3294: 3198:Jicarilla Apache 3173: 3132: 3131: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3097: 3042: 3034:Ancestral Pueblo 2879: 2878: 2867: 2860: 2853: 2844: 2773: 2763: 2753: 2725: 2699: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2682:on July 23, 2009 2653: 2631: 2597: 2570: 2534: 2516: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2446: 2440: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2342: 2336: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2277:Christy Turner, 2274: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2211: 2201: 2184:(7): 2807–2812. 2169: 2163: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2131: 2125: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2101: 2091: 2059: 2053: 2050:"Chacoan Roads." 2047: 2041: 2038: 2027: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2001: 2000: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1959: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1903: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1797: 1796: 1761:Cleome serrulata 1756: 1750: 1749: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1696: 1690: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1643: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1623:. Archived from 1612: 1606: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1580:. Archived from 1569: 1560: 1559: 1551: 1545: 1538: 1532: 1525: 1519: 1512: 1506: 1499: 1493: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1461: 1276: 1264:Alfred V. Kidder 1235:ethnic cleansing 1180:Kayenta, Arizona 1137:Alfred V. Kidder 1133:J. Walter Fewkes 1005: 832:Great North Road 822:Chacra Face Road 789:blocks bound in 702:Pueblo IV Period 684:Pueblo II Period 633: 618: 607:archaeoastronomy 562:Cortez, Colorado 520:Horseshoe Canyon 248: 217: 160:Colorado Plateau 117:Oshara tradition 21: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4562:Genetic history 4550: 4404:Ceremonial pipe 4377: 4358:Minnesota Woman 4315: 4309: 4130:Ocmulgee Mounds 4110:Morrison Mounds 4055:Kolomoki Mounds 4045:Kimball Village 3905:Candelaria Cave 3847: 3841: 3822:Suwannee Valley 3757:Old Cordilleran 3737: 3708: 3576: 3570: 3536: 3528: 3523: 3493: 3488: 3458: 3427: 3408:Fremont culture 3378: 3340: 3289: 3279: 3270:Meeker Massacre 3243: 3222: 3168: 3162: 3141: 3126: 3124: 3094: 3089: 3077: 3038: 3022: 2949:Southern Paiute 2887: 2873: 2871: 2781: 2776: 2728: 2723: 2708: 2693: 2685: 2683: 2671: 2650: 2634: 2628: 2615: 2595: 2573: 2568: 2552: 2532: 2519: 2513: 2500: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2437:Wayback Machine 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2281:(17 May 2000). 2276: 2275: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2115: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2030: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2004: 1997: 1987:Anasazi America 1984: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1800: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1711: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1687:Wayback Machine 1678: 1674: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1636: 1630: 1628: 1621:"Archived copy" 1619: 1613: 1609: 1593: 1589: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1539: 1535: 1526: 1522: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1453: 1444: 1439: 1363: 1294: 1247: 1165: 1153:James W. Loewen 1016: 957: 952: 883: 840: 834: 806: 779:core-and-veneer 729:Brooklyn Museum 713: 711:Pueblo V Period 704: 695: 686: 677: 675:Pueblo I Period 668: 659: 650: 641: 616: 546: 536: 396: 360:ponderosa pines 256: 206: 107:, northwestern 103:, northeastern 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4681: 4679: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4593:Pueblo history 4590: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4486:Mound Builders 4483: 4478: 4473: 4471:Medicine wheel 4468: 4463: 4461:Horned Serpent 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4319: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 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O'odham 2983: 2981:Tohono Oʼodham 2973: 2972: 2971: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2791: 2780: 2779:External links 2777: 2775: 2774: 2726: 2721: 2706: 2700: 2691: 2669: 2654: 2648: 2632: 2626: 2613: 2598: 2593: 2571: 2566: 2550: 2535: 2530: 2517: 2511: 2498: 2485:Childs, Craig 2482: 2475: 2474: 2462: 2441: 2430:Pueblo culture 2422: 2410: 2405:The New Yorker 2391: 2364: 2353:(4): 507–523. 2337: 2314: 2312:, p. 174. 2302: 2279:Steven LeBlanc 2266: 2264:, p. 153. 2254: 2235: 2233:, p. 152. 2223: 2164: 2151: 2139: 2126: 2113: 2054: 2042: 2028: 2017: 2002: 1995: 1977: 1965: 1951: 1939: 1927: 1915: 1850: 1838: 1831: 1813: 1798: 1751: 1732:(5): 349–370. 1726:Geoarchaeology 1716: 1709: 1691: 1672: 1651: 1607: 1587: 1584:on 2010-07-09. 1561: 1546: 1533: 1520: 1507: 1494: 1481: 1450: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1425:Virgin 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Historian 1150: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070:Lake Titicaca 1067: 1062: 1060: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1025: 1020: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1004: 1003: 993: 989: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 972: 971: 968: 966: 962: 954: 949: 947: 943: 939: 937: 932: 924: 920: 915: 907: 900: 896: 892: 887: 880: 876: 871: 867: 865: 860: 856: 850: 847: 845: 839: 831: 829: 827: 823: 819: 814: 810: 803: 801: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 773: 767: 759: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 730: 726: 722: 712: 709: 708: 703: 700: 699: 694: 691: 690: 685: 682: 681: 676: 673: 672: 667: 664: 663: 658: 655: 654: 649: 646: 645: 642:7000–1500 BCE 640: 637: 636: 632: 628: 627: 623: 619: 613: 611: 608: 603: 601: 593: 588: 584: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 545: 541: 533: 531: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 493: 487: 485: 481: 476: 472: 470: 465: 464: 458: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 409:northern rim. 408: 404: 403:Pueblo Bonito 400: 393: 391: 389: 383: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 333: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 293:on the west. 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 269: 265: 260: 253: 251: 249: 247: 242:use the term 241: 237: 235: 231: 227: 222: 218: 216: 210: 203: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 144: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 79: 74: 68: 64: 59: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4546:Water glyphs 4501:Oasisamerica 4491:N.A.G.P.R.A. 4451:Folsom point 4441:Effigy mound 4421:Clovis point 4389:Aridoamerica 4290:Wickiup Hill 4245:Spiro Mounds 4225:Salmon Ruins 4220:Russell Cave 4015:Helen Blazes 4010:Grimes Point 3990:Fort Juelson 3980:Fort Ancient 3955:El Vallecito 3915:Chaco Canyon 3855:Angel Mounds 3817:Steed-Kisker 3767:Paleo-Arctic 3689:Glacial Kame 3674:Fort Ancient 3598: 3566:Post-Classic 3537: 3418:Sopris phase 3392: 3354:Apex complex 3311:Cody complex 3298:Paleo-Indian 3260:Colorado War 3248:Major events 3227:Reservations 3083: 3033: 2998:Southern Ute 2993:Tonto Apache 2741: 2737: 2711: 2695: 2684:, retrieved 2680:the original 2674: 2657: 2639: 2617: 2601: 2579: 2557: 2521: 2502: 2486: 2479:Bibliography 2478: 2477: 2465: 2451: 2444: 2425: 2413: 2404: 2394: 2382:. Retrieved 2378:the original 2367: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2325: 2317: 2305: 2293:. Retrieved 2283: 2262:Diamond 2005 2257: 2248: 2238: 2231:Diamond 2005 2226: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2159: 2154: 2147:Diamond 2005 2142: 2129: 2121: 2116: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2045: 2020: 1986: 1980: 1968: 1942: 1937:, p. 35 1930: 1923:Strutin 1994 1918: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1841: 1822: 1816: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1700: 1694: 1675: 1661: 1654: 1629:. Retrieved 1625:the original 1615: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1582:the original 1577: 1555: 1549: 1541: 1536: 1528: 1523: 1515: 1510: 1502: 1497: 1489: 1484: 1472:. Retrieved 1468: 1446: 1445: 1430:Water glyphs 1377: 1355:Grand Canyon 1351: 1343: 1310: 1306: 1281: 1279: 1269: 1253: 1248: 1239: 1227:Sacred Ridge 1212: 1184: 1177: 1156: 1141: 1114: 1109:oral history 1106: 1102: 1094: 1063: 1055: 1044: 1040:Mesoamerican 1029: 997: 975:Chaco Canyon 969: 958: 944: 940: 928: 851: 848: 841: 815: 811: 807: 799: 776: 768: 764: 753:, New Mexico 737: 733: 724: 714:1600–present 621: 614:Great Houses 605:Evidence of 604: 600:Acoma Pueblo 597: 578: 550:Chaco Canyon 547: 534:Architecture 528: 510:and painted 501: 488: 477: 473: 461: 459: 412: 384: 380: 338: 322:Pecos Rivers 314:Great Plains 295: 275:Oasisamerica 272: 243: 238: 233: 229: 225: 212: 208: 207: 168: 145: 136: 132: 128: 124: 97:Four Corners 92: 88: 84: 82: 44:Cliff Palace 36: 4531:Thunderbird 4399:Black drink 4363:Peñon woman 4300:Winterville 4280:Velda Mound 4260:Taos Pueblo 4155:Parkin Park 4140:Orwell site 4125:Nodena site 4020:Holly Bluff 3995:Four Mounds 3985:Fort Center 3910:Casa Grande 3860:Anzick site 3752:Monongahela 3679:Fort Walton 3654:Coles Creek 3619:Belle Glade 3604:Anishinaabe 3290:in Colorado 3048:Basketmaker 2914:Halchidhoma 2585:Basic Books 2384:22 November 2025:Sofaer 1999 1962:Sofaer 1997 1925:, p. 6 1614:"Anasazi". 1605:dictionary. 1435:Zuni people 1400:Indian Mesa 1229:site, near 1223:cannibalism 1215:Cowboy Wash 1098:water table 1024:Pueblo Alto 901:partnership 844:Pueblo Alto 512:pictographs 508:petroglyphs 469:Basketmaker 324:and in the 240:Hopi people 198:Taos Pueblo 4582:Categories 4476:Metallurgy 4436:Eden point 4333:Buhl Woman 4205:Rock Eagle 4195:River Styx 4120:Mummy Cave 4115:Moundville 4095:Mesa Verde 4080:Marksville 3827:Tchefuncte 3787:Plaquemine 3723:Las Palmas 3639:Calf Creek 3634:Cades Pond 2904:Chiricahua 2899:Chemehuevi 2686:August 21, 2295:21 October 2013:Fagan 2005 1973:Fagan 2005 1947:Fagan 1998 1935:Fagan 2005 1710:1877856703 1631:2012-08-14 1442:References 1415:Poqanghoya 1332:, gender, 1274:Hisatsinom 1061:appeared. 1008:underworld 988:Mesa Verde 919:Mesa Verde 891:laser scan 558:Mesa Verde 538:See also: 425:, such as 419:Pueblo III 310:Rio Grande 306:Rio Puerco 246:Hisatsinom 148:pit houses 109:New Mexico 4521:Stickball 4210:Rock Hawk 4040:Key Marco 3832:Troyville 3812:St. Johns 3797:Red Ocher 3556:Formative 3423:Tipi ring 3084:See also: 3040:dwellings 2969:Hopi-Tewa 2919:Havasupai 2575:Fagan, B. 2554:Fagan, B. 2322:Tim White 1892:2041-1723 1870:: 14115. 1793:132078645 1405:Kokopelli 1191:Shoshones 864:strontium 859:turquoise 787:sandstone 705:1350–1600 696:1150–1350 581:viewsheds 552:(outside 499:peoples. 471:periods. 415:Pueblo II 372:limestone 368:sandstone 254:Geography 204:Etymology 141:Puebloans 135:'enemy', 4409:Chanunpa 4394:Ballgame 4373:Vero man 4323:Anzick-1 4295:Windover 4255:SunWatch 4185:Rassawek 4005:Glenwood 3895:Brewster 3747:Mogollon 3718:La Jolla 3704:Hopewell 3664:Deptford 3577:cultures 3213:Shoshone 3193:Comanche 3188:Cheyenne 3146:Overview 3139:Colorado 3058:Mogollon 2934:Maricopa 2929:Hualapai 2770:21149683 2638:(1997). 2577:(1998), 2556:(2005), 2433:Archived 2289:Archived 2218:20133614 2108:11572943 1910:28221340 1785:30246404 1683:Archived 1640:cite web 1361:See also 1286:language 1149:Mogollon 1117:Keresans 1066:Tiwanaku 961:Pueblo I 687:900–1150 504:rock art 497:Mogollon 352:junipers 318:Cimarron 298:Colorado 279:Mogollon 268:Mogollon 215:Anaasází 154:, grand 129:anaasází 113:Colorado 4558:Related 4416:Chunkey 4316:remains 4305:Wupatki 4145:Paquime 4035:Huápoca 3900:Cahokia 3870:Bastian 3777:Patayan 3699:Hohokam 3684:Fremont 3659:Comondú 3614:Baytown 3609:Avonlea 3589:Alachua 3561:Classic 3551:Archaic 3539:Periods 3385:Archaic 3346:Archaic 3183:Arapaho 3133: 3073:Sinagua 3063:Patayan 3053:Hohokam 3013:Yavapai 2976:Oʼodham 2959:Quechan 2909:Cocopah 2885:Arizona 2796:, from 2787:, from 2761:3003080 2457:YouTube 2418:Cordell 2310:LeBlanc 2209:2840336 2186:Bibcode 2076:Bibcode 1901:5321759 1872:Bibcode 1846:Cordell 1809:Cordell 1734:Bibcode 1667:YouTube 1601:in the 1395:Gallina 1390:Dinétah 1163:Warfare 1125:Tanoans 1036:topsoil 981:Kayenta 965:II Eras 955:Origins 950:History 781:walls: 772:lintels 678:750–900 669:500–750 624:periods 564:), and 463:pueblos 364:erosion 344:plateau 340:Terrain 287:Patayan 283:Hohokam 264:Hohokam 226:Anasazi 156:pueblos 125:Anasazi 105:Arizona 89:Anasazi 3975:Folsom 3940:Cutler 3875:Benson 3762:Oneota 3694:Glades 3669:Folsom 3649:Clovis 3546:Lithic 3208:Pawnee 3176:People 3068:Salado 2944:Navajo 2939:Mohave 2768: 2758: 2719: 2664: 2646: 2624: 2608: 2591: 2564: 2545: 2528: 2509: 2493: 2332: 2216: 2206: 2106: 2096: 1993: 1908: 1898: 1890: 1829: 1791: 1783: 1707: 1599:pueblo 1595:rae.es 1474:4 June 1347:clinal 1330:status 1256:Navajo 1207:Apache 1203:Navajo 1193:, and 1135:, and 1091:, Utah 1002:sipapu 855:macaws 820:, the 783:rubble 660:50–500 574:Mexico 568:(near 560:(near 453:, and 358:, and 356:pinyon 291:Nevada 285:, and 221:exonym 209:Pueblo 4506:Piasa 4314:Human 3945:Eaker 3848:sites 3782:Plano 3584:Adena 3383:Post- 3203:Kiowa 3008:Yaqui 2099:59738 1789:S2CID 1781:JSTOR 1447:Notes 1338:guild 1217:near 1123:, or 1047:Numic 936:adobe 931:caves 923:kivas 895:CyArk 480:ollas 388:Jemez 376:shale 348:mesas 234:asaza 219:, an 152:clans 137:-sází 133:anaa– 4466:Kiva 3018:Zuni 2964:Tewa 2954:Pima 2924:Hopi 2766:PMID 2717:ISBN 2688:2009 2662:ISBN 2644:ISBN 2622:ISBN 2606:ISBN 2589:ISBN 2562:ISBN 2543:ISBN 2526:ISBN 2507:ISBN 2491:ISBN 2470:Plog 2386:2017 2330:ISBN 2297:2017 2214:PMID 2104:PMID 1991:ISBN 1906:PMID 1888:ISSN 1827:ISBN 1765:Kiva 1705:ISBN 1646:link 1476:2012 1334:clan 1205:and 1187:Utes 1121:Hopi 990:and 963:and 791:clay 592:tuff 542:and 417:and 320:and 308:and 300:and 266:and 196:and 164:kiva 101:Utah 83:The 3970:Eva 3218:Ute 3137:of 2883:of 2756:PMC 2746:doi 2742:107 2355:doi 2204:PMC 2194:doi 2182:107 2094:PMC 2084:doi 1896:PMC 1880:doi 1773:doi 1742:doi 1336:or 795:mud 556:), 230:Ana 65:in 50:in 46:in 4584:: 2764:. 2754:. 2740:. 2736:. 2587:, 2583:, 2403:. 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