1552:
63:
846:
924:, renewed the Confederation's treaty with France with several major and unpopular changes. France was placed in the position of the guarantor of their freedom with rights of interfering in case of attack from forces within or without the Confederation. France also promised to procure restitution for the lands lost by the Catholic cantons to the Protestant cantons. This agreement removed much of the independence that the Confederation had enjoyed. In 1777, the unpopular clause was dropped from a renewed agreement between the Confederation and France and the independence of Switzerland was explicitly stated.
2405:
1316:
760:
383:
1023:
the cities. At the same time, council members were increasingly able to fill the council with relatives. The population in Europe began to expand again following the Thirty Years' War. This led to population pressure that hadn't been experienced in several generations. For protection and help against the rising number of immigrants and landless peasants, many villages began to draw closer to neighboring towns, eventually coming under the authority of the larger towns.
858:
30:
623:
612:
579:
467:
601:
542:
536:
590:
3324:
250:
489:
521:
933:
557:
500:
478:
515:
1123:
1356:
1639:(1757–1845), began writing poetry in 1782 and is considered the earliest Vaudois poet. His descriptions of his travels around the Vaud region were published in serial form for nearly 50 years, from 1783 until 1831. His paintings and written portraits of the Vaud countryside inspired a number of later writers and helped unify the nationalist movement in Vaud.
3312:
568:
1482:
1508:(1678–1750), who was published in Bourguet's periodicals, is best known as the author (under the pen-name of Gottlieb Kypseler) of an excellent guide-book to Switzerland, which was published from 1714 until 1778. Around the same time the historian Charles Guillaume Loys de Bochat (1695–1754) and the philosopher
1022:
a seat on the town council was normally a lifetime appointment. However, plagues, battlefield deaths, and conflicts over the
Reformation guaranteed a regular turnover in the city councils. During the early modern era, growing scientific knowledge and relative peace reduced the number of open seats in
865:
Following the Thirty Years' War, as France grew into a great power in Europe, the newly independent
Confederation turned to France for trade and protection. In 1663, the Confederation agreed to a new treaty with France which granted Swiss mercenaries certain rights and protections as well as promised
1165:
state, unlike many of the other states of Europe. The
Confederation remained a decentralised and disorganised country during this era, torn by religious and political conflicts. In 1655, an attempt to create a central administration fell apart after the two proposers, Bern and ZĂĽrich, couldn't agree
1118:
and a high inflation, combined with high taxes. This financial crisis led to a series of tax revolts in several cantons of the
Confederacy, for instance 1629–36 in Lucerne, 1641 in Bern, or 1645/46 in Zürich. The uprising in 1653 continued this series, but would take the conflict to an unprecedented
1074:
During the Thirty Years' War, the Swiss
Confederacy had been spared from all belligerent action. This allowed the Swiss economy to flourish as war ravaged neighbors bought food and equipment from the Confederacy. However, following the end of the war the German economy recovered and demand for Swiss
1302:
Before the early modern period most of the literature of the Swiss
Confederation was either in Latin or German as until 1798 the confederation was overwhelmingly German with only small pockets of French. During the early modern period German still dominated though French, Italian and
1031:
families only 69 still had any power and could be elected by the end of the 18th century. However, the aristocracy remained generally open, and in some cities new families were accepted if they were successful and rich enough. An unusual example of interstate family relations are the
1327:
In the 18th century the intellectual movement in
Switzerland greatly developed, though it was naturally strongly influenced by local characteristics. Basel, Bern and especially ZĂĽrich were the chief literary centres. Basel was distinguished for its mathematicians, such as
1219:
About a quarter century later, in 1749, there was another unsuccessful uprising in Bern against the patrician families of the city. A few years later, in 1755, the unsuccessful
Liviner Uprising against Uri. Finally in 1781 the Chenaux Uprising occurred against the city of
1212:. He identified with the French-speaking population that felt oppressed by the German-speaking city of Bern that occupied Vaud. Davel believed that he had been called by God to free the inhabitants of Vaud from Bern. On 31 March 1723 he mobilised 600 men and marched on
1070:
the nobility of
Switzerland grew in power becoming nearly absolute rulers. Among the population the loss of power, growing taxes, conflicts between rural and urban populations and religious conflicts all lead to uprisings and conflicts throughout the Confederation.
1628:, the contemporary of these three men, was rather a curious and inquisitive traveller than a scientific investigator, and charms us even now by his genial simplicity as contrasted with the austerity and gravity of the three writers we have mentioned.
62:
819:, an associate state of the Swiss Confederation) had been caught in the middle of internal and external conflict. Because the Leagues were very decentralized, conflicts over religion and foreign policy broke out during the war (known as the
633:
Symbolic depictions of the
Confederacy consisted of arrangements of the thirteen cantonal coats of arms, sometimes with an additional symbol of unity, such as two clasping hands, or the "Swiss Bull" or (from the later 17th century), the
3244:
1173:. The Catholics were victorious and able to maintain their political dominance, and a treaty agreement that each canton would be totally independent with respect to religious matters. Around 1707 unrest erupted in the city of
1026:
During the 17th century seats in the councils became increasingly hereditary. There were between 50 and 200 families that controlled all the key political, military, and industrial positions in Switzerland. In Bern out of 360
1015:. In many regions the patrician families were unable to suppress the public assemblies, but they did dominate the assemblies. The tradition of inviting the people to express their opinions died out mostly during this era.
1052:), a country where the family was predominant in the 18th century. They have ever since remained land owners in England and Switzerland, kept both nationalities and continue to commute between both countries to this day.
1236:
was well received in Swiss cities, in spite of contemporary tendencies towards political conservatism. The early modern period was a time when Swiss science and literature flowered. In ZĂĽrich the scholar and physician
1624:, the biographer of Saussure, was more known as a physiologist than as a physicist, though he wrote on many branches of natural science, which in those days was not yet highly specialised. On the other hand,
1696:
The coat of arms of Solothurn was identical with that of Unterwalden during the 16th and early 17th centuries, and therefore sometimes shown with inverted colours or asymmetric division of the shield for
1551:
1457:, was the first who attempted to write (1780) a detailed history of Switzerland, which, though inspired more by his love of freedom than by any deep research, was very characteristic of his times.
1597:(1740–1805) was Dutch by birth, but married to a native of Neuchâtel. She wrote of sad results of an unsuitable marriage and set her books in highly detailed small provincial towns.
1566:
The second half of the 18th century was when some of the best known writers of the era established themselves in what would become French Switzerland. In 1754, the famed philosopher
732:
contracts and defence alliances with partners on all sides. Some of these contracts neutralized each other, which allowed the confederation to remain neutral – in the 1647
941:
278:
1216:
to ask the city leaders to revolt with him. However, they reported him to Bern and arrested him on the next morning. He was judged guilty of treason and beheaded.
1608:
During the mid and late 18th century Geneva produced a number of scientists who were interested in the characteristics of the Alps. The chief of this school was
1461:
was a Swiss by adoption only, but deserves mention as the author of the first detailed guidebook to the country (1793), which held its ground until the days of
1094:
regiments. With the end of the war this money had to be replaced. Taxes were raised and new ones were created. Additionally, less valuable copper coins called
3344:
2267:
3249:
2362:
2213:
1742:
164:
158:
909:
promoted a number of French pretenders to the title, the Protestant cantons of the Swiss Confederation encouraged Neuchâtel to select the Protestant King
2682:
3364:
717:
2833:
1504:(1678–1743) who wrote geological works and founded two periodicals that provided Italian research and works by French Swiss authors to the country.
461:. The order of precedence, similar but not identical to the modern order (which lists Zug after Glarus, and Basel after Solothurn), was as follows:
2616:
913:. In a victory for the Protestant half of the Confederation, Frederick I, who claimed his entitlement in a rather complicated fashion through the
2919:
2677:
2076:
Suter, A (2004), "Kollektive Erinnerungen an historische Ereignisse – Chancen und Gefahren. Der Bauernkrieg als Beispiel", in Römer, J. (ed.),
1496:
The 18th century was the "golden age" for Swiss literature. This was due to the influence of French refugees who came to Switzerland after the
2924:
2767:
2642:
2231:
213:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3107:
2762:
2737:
2125:
2045:
Suter, A. (1997), "Der Schweizerische Bauernkrieg von 1653. Politische Sozialgeschichte – Sozialgeschichte eines politischen Ereignisses",
1978:
1925:
1865:
1829:
271:
1007:
or trading groups within the town, while other families grew from successful mercenary captains and soldiers. The trend toward increasing
2340:
395:
123:
3047:
2637:
2387:
1473:(1771–1848), also a Swiss by adoption only, produced (1822) a history of Switzerland written for the people, which had a great vogue.
218:
829:, which had broken from the Three Leagues, became a dependency once again after the Treaty and remained so until the founding of the
3012:
2944:
2838:
2372:
2357:
2085:
2058:
2015:
1996:
1791:
1497:
1441:
Outside the three towns named above there were several significant writers of German-speaking Switzerland. One of the best known is
1367:
In Bern both German and French were commonly used in writing, making the separation of Bernese authors into one category difficult.
753:
314:
189:
152:
1609:
845:
33:
Map of the Swiss Confederacy during the 18th century. Member cantons are shown in green, associates in brown, condominiums in grey.
1687:
The old coat of arms of Unterwalden was identical with that of Solothurn; the new coat of arms was introduced in the 17th century.
3067:
2901:
2749:
2260:
1635:, nationalist feelings among the French-speaking inhabitants and against the German-speaking Bern administration began to grow.
806:, the mayor of Basel, succeeded in getting a formal exemption from the empire for all cantons and associates of the confederacy.
905:, the city, which was on the border of the Swiss Confederation, had to choose her successor from among fifteen claimants. While
3239:
2995:
2981:
2964:
2874:
2826:
2657:
2382:
264:
228:
42:
3217:
3097:
3082:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2667:
2367:
1462:
647:
The cantonal coats of arms were often accompanied by the coats of arms of the close associates of the confederacy, including
183:
1379:(1656–1749) analysed, in French, the racial characteristics of other nations for the instruction of his fellow-countrymen.
866:
French neutrality in Swiss religious conflicts. However, as a consequence of this treaty Switzerland could do nothing when
339:
The loosely organized Confederation remained generally disorganized and crippled by the religious divisions created by the
3077:
2969:
2757:
2732:
2692:
2609:
2604:
2394:
2377:
1162:
737:
238:
174:
3302:
2894:
2672:
2320:
2315:
84:
79:
70:
1732:
1616:, while his Alpine ascents (undertaken in the cause of science) opened a new world even to non-scientific travellers.
1590:. These three, while their works were not specifically Swiss, lead the golden age of French literature in Switzerland.
3145:
3135:
3092:
3062:
3032:
3017:
2954:
2774:
2722:
2687:
2452:
2253:
1372:
428:
They were listed in a fixed order of precedence, first the eight, old cantons of the "Alliance of the Eight Cantons" (
223:
1359:
Air-flow over different shapes (a first step in developing wings for flight) was one of many subjects studied by the
1352:(1760) and of the Economical Society (1777). He wrote about the philosophy of history, ideal politics and economics.
1185:. Attempts by the Abbot to suppress the valley led to the Second Battle of Villmergen in 1712 and the sacking of the
3072:
2879:
2779:
2727:
2347:
2310:
1427:
1422:, now best remembered as a supporter of the view that the face presents a perfect indication of character and that
1277:
1041:
744:
in the winter of 1646/47, the confederates declared "permanent armed neutrality", the historical starting point of
709:
703:
233:
129:
890:, which granted rights to Protestants, the Protestant cantons began to favor military service with the Protestant
716:
divided between two hostile factions. But still, Switzerland remained a relative "oasis of peace and prosperity" (
3207:
3057:
3042:
3022:
2305:
1663:
1158:
333:
199:
1414:(1701–1776) were among the most prominent purely literary writers in the city. Another famous Zürich writer was
3170:
3037:
2974:
2959:
2744:
2662:
2599:
2413:
2352:
1757:
1636:
1449:(1756-1784/1785) profoundly impressed his contemporaries. He, like the fabulist AE Erhlich, was born at Brugg.
1375:(1735–1786), compiled a useful bibliography of writings relating to Swiss history, which is still used today.
1190:
1003:
families decreased in number but increased in power. Some patrician families were drawn from leadership in the
759:
135:
1625:
1594:
1082:
For cities the war had brought both prosperity and new expenses. The cities required new defenses such as new
3229:
3007:
2939:
2710:
2330:
2007:
1648:
1537:
1442:
1411:
1395:
1384:
1238:
1170:
803:
2404:
1315:
3275:
3268:
3122:
3087:
2949:
2884:
2862:
2652:
2632:
2545:
2525:
2475:
2460:
2297:
2280:
1658:
1509:
1450:
1391:(1697–1758) all wrote descriptions of the countryside in a combination of literary and scientific styles.
1388:
1376:
1258:
1131:
1115:
914:
910:
615:
328:
ruling class as well as frequent economic or religious revolts. This period came to be referred to as the
51:
3175:
3140:
3052:
2906:
2843:
2465:
2325:
1567:
1485:
1458:
1419:
1281:
1254:
1033:
778:
713:
391:
296:
114:
1380:
725:
2203:
1018:
During this time, changes to the membership of city councils became increasingly rare. Throughout the
3284:
3234:
3212:
3112:
3027:
2647:
2540:
1653:
1529:
1233:
773:
721:
447:
359:
310:
1605:, devoted himself to making known to the educated world the history and antiquities of Scandinavia.
382:
3155:
2889:
2550:
1617:
1435:
1407:
1402:
of which he was a Fellow. He associated closely with other Fellows of the Royal Society, including
1368:
1269:
1250:
867:
626:
604:
292:
1371:
wrote both scientific works as well as poems which praised the beauty of the countryside. His son
3328:
3289:
3222:
2929:
2801:
2791:
2495:
1431:
1285:
834:
830:
749:
659:
593:
254:
94:
825:
or Confusion of the Leagues). Following the war the League took steps to strengthen itself. The
795:
425:
The Thirteen Cantons thus correspond to the sovereign territories of early modern Switzerland.
2520:
2227:
2081:
2054:
2011:
1787:
1783:
1731:
1598:
1470:
1186:
1182:
1169:
In 1656, a conflict over religious refugees from Schwyz who had fled to ZĂĽrich erupted in the
1061:
1012:
976:
821:
783:
655:
492:
458:
348:
344:
340:
301:
29:
1257:
praised the natural beauty and unspoiled state of Switzerland and triggered an early wave of
1249:
worked on mathematics and physics, coming up with some fundamental concepts in these fields.
3202:
3190:
2811:
2590:
2555:
2505:
2500:
2485:
1621:
1541:
1360:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1304:
1297:
1242:
1161:, they did pass some tax reforms and the incident in the long term prevented creation of an
1111:
1107:
1008:
898:
879:
875:
745:
571:
524:
470:
363:
17:
857:
1333:
1273:
1091:
1028:
887:
729:
622:
611:
582:
549:
528:
507:
437:
429:
415:
403:
100:
2021:
728:
investing in building state-of-the-art city ramparts. The cantons had concluded numerous
578:
466:
3316:
3195:
3160:
2848:
2515:
2480:
2442:
1997:"Der Bauernkrieg von 1653. Ursachen, Verlauf und Folgen einer gescheiterten Revolution"
1632:
1525:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1415:
1329:
1320:
1246:
921:
891:
741:
652:
635:
600:
541:
535:
481:
367:
104:
589:
3338:
3185:
3150:
2786:
2585:
2570:
2437:
2335:
2208:
1727:
1583:
1466:
1399:
1284:, styling itself as "Republic" (after the great city states of the time, such as the
1201:
1157:
revolted because of currency devaluation. Although the authorities prevailed in this
1127:
1076:
1045:
1000:
964:
956:
894:
who were fighting a series of wars against several European powers including France.
816:
811:
675:
667:
560:
503:
399:
920:
In 1715, the Catholic cantons, to regain prestige following their defeat during the
488:
3180:
3102:
1454:
1403:
1345:
1268:
ZĂĽrich at the time was home to a number of internationally known scholars, such as
992:
932:
853:
commemorating the renewal of the treaty between France and the Swiss Union in 1663.
520:
1859:
1545:
1426:
may therefore he treated as a science. Other well-known ZĂĽrich names are those of
1398:
wrote in Latin of his travels around the country, and shared them with the London
1323:
who developed many key concepts in mathematics, calculus, physics and engineering.
1307:
began to develop literary traditions within the boundaries of modern Switzerland.
902:
799:
1853:
1847:
3130:
2911:
2490:
2276:
2118:
2112:
2106:
1613:
1533:
1423:
1019:
972:
791:
545:
436:) of the 14th century confederacy, then the five cantons which joined after the
321:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1110:, and the cheap copper money that remained in circulation continually lost its
556:
499:
477:
2934:
2432:
1602:
1178:
1177:
which continued throughout the early modern period. Additionally in 1707, the
1122:
1103:
937:
883:
850:
826:
663:
454:
2202:
1141:
In 1653, the largest uprising occurred as peasants of territories subject to
2530:
1150:
1036:
who were naturalized in the UK in 1743, only to be sent back immediately to
996:
980:
906:
763:
Religious division of the Old Confederacy during the 17th and 18th centuries
514:
325:
90:
952:
936:
The concentration of wealth among the aristocrats allowed art such as this
343:. During this period the Confederation gained formal independence from the
1355:
724:. The cities generally lay low and watched the destruction from afar, the
3165:
2535:
1587:
1575:
1555:
1521:
1221:
1213:
1135:
691:
683:
640:
355:
1746:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 256.
1241:
wrote about Swiss history, geology, geography and science. In Basel the
2560:
2510:
2245:
1559:
1438:(1720–1779), whose chief work is one on the laws of art or aesthetics.
1142:
1083:
1049:
679:
567:
1011:
conflicted with the history of public expression that grew out of the
2580:
2565:
2470:
1579:
1571:
1489:
1434:(1725–1803), another of the founders of the Helvetic Society, and of
1332:(1707–1783), and three members of the Bernoulli family, the brothers
1262:
1205:
1194:
1174:
988:
968:
960:
871:
687:
671:
1481:
309:) and its constituent Thirteen Cantons encompasses the time of the
1620:
devoted himself mainly to questions of physics in the Alps, while
1550:
1480:
1354:
1314:
1154:
1121:
1114:. At the end of the war, the population thus faced both a postwar
1004:
984:
931:
381:
371:
2575:
1513:
1209:
1146:
1090:, the agreed sums in return for the cantons providing them with
1037:
948:
648:
440:, and within these two groups, the more powerful urban cantons (
2249:
2224:
Was fĂĽr ein Leben: Schweizer Alltag vom 15. bis 18. Jahrhundert
2080:(in German), Zürich: Orell Füssli Verlag AG, pp. 143–163,
1079:
during the boom at wartime, suddenly faced financial problems.
320:
The early modern period was characterized by an increasingly
2119:
1890:
Die Schweiz vom Bau der Alpen bis zur Frage nach der Zukunft
2217:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2113:
2107:
2156:
2154:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
1888:
Niklaus Flüeler and Roland Gfeller-Corthésy, ed. (1975),
1760:(official site). Berne, Switzerland: Presence Switzerland
1593:
Also during this time there were other active writers.
386:
1724 depiction of the thirteen cantonal coats of arms.
3300:
1972:
1548:, though de Vattle only returned to die in the city.
1075:
exports dropped. Many Swiss peasants, who had raised
1982:, 14 May 2002. URL last accessed 16 August 2006.
1966:
1960:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1540:(1694–1750) and the celebrated international lawyer
1189:
by Bernese and ZĂĽrich troops. From 1719 to 1722 the
3121:
2994:
2861:
2709:
2625:
2451:
2425:
2412:
2296:
1823:
1612:one of the founders of the sciences of geology and
886:(in 1681). Following Louis XIV's revocation of the
1817:
1811:
2071:
2069:
999:) of the old confederation. During this era, the
947:Political power congealed around the 13 cantons (
2053:, TĂĽbingen: Biblioteca Academica Verlag: 363ff,
1990:
1988:
1562:one of his best known works while in Switzerland
1528:(1674–1744), published in 1712 a translation of
629:, rural canton, since 1513; associate since 1411
1843:Thirty Years War, The Confederation and the War
618:, city canton, since 1501; associate since 1454
607:, city canton, since 1481; associate since 1353
596:, city canton, since 1481; associate since 1454
484:, city canton, since 1353; associate since 1323
354:The early modern period also saw the growth of
1344:(1700–1782). But its chief literary glory was
1108:The population began hoarding the silver coins
861:The Confederation, shown within Europe in 1700
2261:
272:
8:
2201:Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911).
2098:
2096:
441:
351:, and had very close relations with France.
1919:
1086:. During the war France and Spain had paid
3245:Cultural Property of National Significance
3000:
2867:
2715:
2422:
2418:
2268:
2254:
2246:
1913:
1907:
1516:region, which was at the time part of the
279:
265:
36:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1892:, Luzern: C. J. Bucher AG, pp. 67–71
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1418:, the pastoral poet, and yet another was
2184:
2172:
2160:
2145:
1348:(1728–1782), one of the founders of the
856:
844:
758:
422:) from 1513 until its collapse in 1798.
305:, also known as the "Swiss Republic" or
28:
3307:
1710:
1680:
1106:as the previously minted silver money.
802:and the head of the French delegation,
752:and adhered to throughout the 19th and
358:literature, and notable authors of the
205:
198:
173:
144:
113:
69:
50:
39:
1319:Old Swiss 10 Franc Banknote honouring
1292:Culture during the early modern period
942:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Neuchâtel)
901:, Duchess of Nemours and Princess of
782:attained legal independence from the
748:, which would be re-confirmed by the
736:, signed under the impression of the
7:
2126:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1979:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1926:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1866:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1830:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1430:(1746–1827), the educationalist, of
1193:region rebelled against the city of
446:, "cities") were listed first, with
3345:Early modern history of Switzerland
1204:was appointed the commander of the
1631:In Vaud, at this time part of the
1601:, a Genevese, who held a chair at
1447:Betrachtungen ueber die Einsamkeit
1340:(1667–1748), and the latter's son
1265:'s visit to Switzerland in 1775).
809:During the Thirty Years' War, the
457:of the Eight Cantons prior to the
362:such as the mathematicians of the
25:
2078:Bauern, Untertanen und "Rebellen"
2004:Bauern, Untertanen und "Rebellen"
1498:Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
794:in 1499. With the support of the
3365:History of Switzerland by period
3322:
3310:
2403:
2204:"Switzerland § Literature"
1500:in 1685. Among the refugees was
897:In 1707, following the death of
621:
610:
599:
588:
577:
566:
555:
540:
534:
519:
513:
498:
487:
476:
465:
420:Dreizehnörtige Eidgenossenschaft
410:) during 1352–1481, and of the
248:
61:
2226:. Verlag Neue ZĂĽrcher Zeitung.
1954: Suter, A. (HDS 2002):
1208:region, which is in modern-day
720:) while Europe was torn by the
2763:President of the Confederation
1582:, while in 1753 the historian
1512:(1663–1750), were working the
940:from Neuchâtel to be created,
1:
1544:(1714 1767) were natives of
1181:valley rebelled against the
313:(1618–1648) until the
18:Ancien RĂ©gime of Switzerland
3360:18th century in Switzerland
3355:17th century in Switzerland
3350:16th century in Switzerland
1610:Horace-Bénédict de Saussure
1373:Gottlieb Emanuel von Haller
922:Second Battle of Villmergen
915:Houses of Orange and Nassau
334:post-Napoleonic Switzerland
3381:
1295:
1278:Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
1059:
710:Reformation in Switzerland
704:Reformation in Switzerland
701:
574:, rural canton, since 1352
3262:
3003:
2870:
2718:
2421:
2401:
2287:
2103:Jean Daniel Abraham Davel
1664:Swiss peasant war of 1653
1202:Jean Daniel Abraham Davel
1044:as British envoys to the
928:Growth of the aristocracy
841:Relationships with France
798:, who was also prince of
690:and the Imperial City of
585:, city canton, since 1501
563:, city canton, since 1352
495:, city canton, since 1332
473:, city canton, since 1351
450:heading the list as the
2723:Administrative divisions
2610:list of cities and towns
1637:Philippe Cyriaque Bridel
1183:Prince-Abbot of St. Gall
1048:(nowadays the canton of
682:), the Imperial City of
2920:Pharmaceutical industry
2222:Häuser, Albert (1987).
2214:Encyclopædia Britannica
1743:Encyclopædia Britannica
1733:"Switzerland § History
1649:17th-century philosophy
1578:established himself at
1538:Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui
1492:during the 18th century
1443:Johann Georg Zimmermann
1412:Johann Jakob Breitinger
1385:Gottlieb Sigmund Gruner
1239:Johann Jakob Scheuchzer
1171:First War of Villmergen
1102:had, however, the same
1056:Conflict and Revolution
804:Johann Rudolf Wettstein
786:, although it had been
686:, the Imperial City of
234:Territorial development
2925:Science and technology
2768:Federal administration
2047:FrĂĽhneuzeitforschungen
2008:Orell FĂĽssli Verlag AG
2002:, in Römer, J. (ed.),
1995:Holenstein, A (2004),
1782:, 7th ed., Stuttgart:
1780:Geschichte der Schweiz
1659:History of Switzerland
1570:came back for good to
1563:
1520:. A French refugee at
1493:
1377:Beat Ludwig von Muralt
1364:
1324:
1138:
1034:Counts de Salis-Soglio
944:
911:Frederick I of Prussia
862:
854:
790:independent since the
764:
754:20th century conflicts
442:
433:
419:
407:
387:
255:Switzerland portal
34:
2006:(in German), ZĂĽrich:
1626:Marc Théodore Bourrit
1560:Candide: Or, Optimism
1554:
1486:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1484:
1358:
1318:
1282:Johann Caspar Lavater
1255:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1125:
935:
860:
848:
762:
714:Old Swiss Confederacy
392:Old Swiss Confederacy
385:
307:Republica Helvetiorum
297:Old Swiss Confederacy
115:Old Swiss Confederacy
32:
3250:World Heritage Sites
1670:Notes and references
1654:Age of Enlightenment
1530:Samuel von Pufendorf
1389:Johann Georg Altmann
1234:Age of Enlightenment
1228:Age of Enlightenment
878:(in 1678 during the
774:Treaty of Westphalia
768:Treaty of Westphalia
740:advancing as far as
734:Defensionale von Wil
360:Age of Enlightenment
332:retrospectively, in
3048:Firearms regulation
2617:Statistical regions
2426:Physiographic areas
2175:, pp. 264–265.
1735:Religious divisions
1595:Madame de Charrière
1451:Johannes von MĂĽller
1445:(1728–1795), whose
1436:Johann Georg Sulzer
1369:Albrecht von Haller
1270:Johann Jakob Bodmer
1251:Albrecht von Haller
1132:Château Saint-Maire
656:Abbey of St. Gallen
548:, founding canton (
527:, founding canton (
506:, founding canton (
396:phases of expansion
145:Transitional period
3013:Capital punishment
2945:Telecommunications
2839:Popular initiative
1956:Bauernkrieg (1653)
1564:
1536:. The philosopher
1494:
1469:. A later writer,
1432:Hans Caspar Hirzel
1365:
1325:
1286:Republic of Venice
1139:
945:
863:
855:
835:Napoleon Bonaparte
831:Cisalpine Republic
765:
750:Congress of Vienna
726:Republic of ZĂĽrich
697:
636:Three Confederates
434:Bund der Acht Orte
388:
347:with support from
35:
3298:
3297:
3258:
3257:
3068:Human trafficking
2990:
2989:
2857:
2856:
2834:Political parties
2827:Council of States
2750:Foreign relations
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2233:978-3-85823-179-6
1784:Kohlhammer Verlag
1599:Paul Henri Mallet
1471:Heinrich Zschokke
1381:Samuel Wyttenbach
1187:Abbey of St. Gall
1166:with each other.
1159:Swiss peasant war
1098:were minted. The
1062:Swiss peasant war
1013:Swiss Reformation
784:Holy Roman Empire
779:Swiss Confederacy
722:Thirty Years' War
698:Thirty Years' War
459:Swiss Reformation
345:Holy Roman Empire
341:Swiss Reformation
311:Thirty Years' War
302:Eidgenossenschaft
289:
288:
87:(200 BC – AD 400)
16:(Redirected from
3372:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3278:
3271:
3001:
2982:Waste management
2915:
2875:Economic history
2868:
2822:National Council
2807:National Redoubt
2716:
2423:
2419:
2407:
2383:Military history
2353:Early Modern era
2270:
2263:
2256:
2247:
2237:
2218:
2206:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2149:
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2109:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2020:, archived from
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1930:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1870:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:Thirty Years War
1804:
1798:
1797:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1724:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1618:Jean-André Deluc
1542:Emeric de Vattel
1361:Bernoulli family
1350:Helvetic Society
1336:(1654–1705) and
1298:Swiss literature
1243:Bernoulli family
1130:in front of the
1126:Statue of Major
1112:purchasing power
1009:authoritarianism
917:, was selected.
899:Marie de Nemours
880:Franco-Dutch War
746:Swiss neutrality
625:
614:
603:
592:
581:
570:
559:
544:
538:
523:
517:
502:
491:
480:
469:
445:
412:Thirteen Cantons
378:Thirteen Cantons
364:Bernoulli family
281:
274:
267:
253:
252:
251:
229:Military history
65:
55:
37:
21:
3380:
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3375:
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3333:
3323:
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3299:
3294:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3254:
3218:Public holidays
3117:
3098:Social security
2986:
2913:
2853:
2797:Law enforcement
2758:Federal Council
2697:
2678:Mountain passes
2621:
2447:
2408:
2399:
2331:Federal Charter
2326:Old Confederacy
2292:
2283:
2274:
2244:
2234:
2221:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2133:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2027:on 9 April 2008
2024:
2018:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1933:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1873:
1841:
1837:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1726:
1725:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1697:disambiguation.
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1645:
1479:
1410:and his friend
1313:
1311:German writings
1300:
1294:
1274:Salomon Gessner
1230:
1200:In 1717, Major
1064:
1058:
930:
888:Edict of Nantes
843:
796:Duke of Orléans
770:
706:
700:
550:Pact of Brunnen
529:Pact of Brunnen
508:Pact of Brunnen
438:Burgundian Wars
380:
315:French invasion
295:history of the
285:
249:
247:
53:
46:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3378:
3376:
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2979:
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2932:
2930:Stock exchange
2927:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2849:Federal decree
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
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2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
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2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2643:Extreme points
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2605:Municipalities
2602:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
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2483:
2478:
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2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2443:Jura Mountains
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2395:Historiography
2392:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2378:Modern history
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Napoleonic era
2355:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
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2293:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2243:
2242:External links
2240:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2219:
2209:Chisholm, Hugh
2196:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:, p. 265.
2177:
2165:
2163:, p. 264.
2150:
2148:, p. 263.
2131:
2123:in the online
2092:
2086:
2065:
2059:
2037:
2016:
2010:, p. 33,
1984:
1976:in the online
1947:
1945:FlĂĽeler, p. 93
1931:
1923:in the online
1895:
1871:
1863:in the online
1835:
1827:in the online
1799:
1771:
1749:
1730:, ed. (1911).
1728:Chisholm, Hugh
1709:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1633:Canton of Bern
1526:Jean Barbeyrac
1518:Canton of Bern
1506:Abraham Ruchat
1502:Louis Bourguet
1478:
1477:French writing
1475:
1416:Solomon Gesner
1363:in Switzerland
1330:Leonhard Euler
1321:Leonhard Euler
1312:
1309:
1296:Main article:
1293:
1290:
1247:Leonhard Euler
1229:
1226:
1057:
1054:
1042:King George II
929:
926:
842:
839:
822:BĂĽndner Wirren
769:
766:
742:Lake Constance
718:Grimmelshausen
702:Main article:
699:
696:
631:
630:
619:
608:
597:
586:
575:
564:
553:
532:
511:
496:
485:
474:
379:
376:
368:Leonhard Euler
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243:
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239:Historiography
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175:Modern history
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153:Napoleonic era
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2895:Private banks
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2787:Landsgemeinde
2785:
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2738:Supreme Court
2736:
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2316:Early history
2314:
2312:
2309:
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2301:
2299:
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2225:
2220:
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2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2185:Coolidge 1911
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:Coolidge 1911
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:Coolidge 1911
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:Coolidge 1911
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2087:3-280-06020-6
2083:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2060:3-928471-13-9
2056:
2052:
2049:(in German),
2048:
2041:
2038:
2023:
2019:
2017:3-280-06020-6
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1916:
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1904:
1899:
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1839:
1836:
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1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1793:
1792:3-17-017051-1
1789:
1786:, 1974/2001.
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1759:
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1729:
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1693:
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1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:Jean SĂ©nebier
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1584:Edward Gibbon
1581:
1577:
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1569:
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1557:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:JP de Crousaz
1507:
1503:
1499:
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1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
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1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:JH Pestalozzi
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:Royal Society
1397:
1396:JJ Scheuchzer
1392:
1390:
1386:
1383:(1748–1830),
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1353:
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1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1068:Ancien RĂ©gime
1063:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1046:Three Leagues
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
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966:
962:
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943:
939:
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927:
925:
923:
918:
916:
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908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:Franche-Comté
873:
869:
859:
852:
847:
840:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:
818:
814:
813:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:
776:in 1648, the
775:
767:
761:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:Three Leagues
673:
669:
668:Sieben Zenden
665:
661:
660:Imperial City
657:
654:
650:
645:
643:
642:
637:
628:
624:
620:
617:
613:
609:
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584:
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453:
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435:
431:
426:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:Eight Cantons
398:consisted of
397:
393:
384:
377:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
330:Ancien RĂ©gime
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:
298:
294:
282:
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197:
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185:
184:Federal state
182:
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176:
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157:
154:
151:
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148:
143:
137:
136:Ancien RĂ©gime
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
120:
119:
116:
112:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
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83:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:Early history
68:
64:
60:
59:
56:
49:
44:
38:
31:
27:
19:
3223:National Day
3146:Coat of arms
3136:Architecture
3103:Swiss people
3093:Prostitution
3063:Homelessness
3033:Demographics
3018:Conscription
2955:Trade unions
2890:Central bank
2775:Human rights
2728:Constitution
2453:Subdivisions
2388:list of wars
2290:Major topics
2289:
2223:
2212:
2195:Bibliography
2180:
2168:
2124:
2102:
2077:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2029:, retrieved
2022:the original
2003:
1977:
1955:
1950:
1924:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1864:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1806:
1802:
1779:
1778:Im Hof, U..
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:"Chronology"
1752:
1741:
1734:
1692:
1683:
1630:
1607:
1592:
1565:
1532:'s works on
1495:
1455:Schaffhausen
1446:
1440:
1404:Isaac Newton
1393:
1366:
1346:Isaak Iselin
1326:
1301:
1267:
1231:
1218:
1199:
1168:
1140:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1025:
1017:
993:Schaffhausen
946:
919:
896:
864:
820:
810:
808:
787:
777:
771:
733:
707:
646:
639:
632:
616:Schaffhausen
451:
427:
424:
411:
389:
356:French-Swiss
353:
338:
329:
322:aristocratic
319:
306:
300:
293:early modern
290:
224:LGBT history
165:Regeneration
26:
3329:Switzerland
3196:Röstigraben
3073:Immigration
2880:Agriculture
2754:Government
2638:Earthquakes
2363:Restoration
2348:Reformation
2311:Enlargement
2277:Switzerland
1796:(in German)
1614:meteorology
1534:natural law
1424:physiognomy
1210:Canton Vaud
1066:During the
1020:Middle Ages
973:Unterwalden
874:(in 1648),
792:Swabian War
546:Unterwalden
214:Immigration
192:(1914–1945)
167:(1830–1847)
161:(1814–1830)
159:Restoration
155:(1798–1814)
138:(1648–1798)
132:(1516–1648)
130:Reformation
126:(1291–1516)
54:Switzerland
52:History of
3339:Categories
3203:Literature
3058:Healthcare
3043:Euthanasia
3023:Corruption
2935:Swiss made
2914:(currency)
2817:Parliament
2812:Neutrality
2433:Swiss Alps
2373:World wars
2336:RĂĽtli Oath
1705:References
1603:Copenhagen
1420:JK Lavater
1394:In ZĂĽrich
1261:(notably,
1191:Werdenberg
1179:Toggenburg
1163:absolutist
1116:depression
1104:face value
1060:See also:
938:ballot box
884:Strasbourg
827:Valtellina
817:GraubĂĽnden
812:Drei BĂĽnde
664:St. Gallen
644:allegory.
326:oligarchic
219:Swiss Jews
190:World Wars
107:(900–1300)
80:Prehistory
3171:Languages
3038:Education
2960:Transport
2902:Companies
2745:Elections
2683:Mountains
2663:Hydrology
2600:Districts
2414:Geography
2321:Roman era
1586:moved to
1546:Neuchâtel
1488:wrote in
1408:JJ Bodmer
1151:Solothurn
1092:mercenary
1077:mortgages
1001:patrician
997:Appenzell
981:Solothurn
907:Louis XIV
903:Neuchâtel
868:Louis XIV
837:in 1797.
800:Neuchâtel
730:mercenary
712:left the
627:Appenzell
605:Solothurn
408:Acht Orte
317:of 1798.
97:(400–900)
91:Alemannia
85:Roman era
3285:Category
3230:Religion
3166:Helvetia
3161:Folklore
3078:Pensions
3008:Abortion
2940:Taxation
2802:Military
2711:Politics
2658:Glaciers
2626:By topic
2306:Timeline
2281:articles
1903:Treaties
1643:See also
1588:Lausanne
1576:Voltaire
1568:Rousseau
1556:Voltaire
1522:Lausanne
1467:Baedeker
1222:Fribourg
1214:Lausanne
1136:Lausanne
1088:Pensions
1084:bastions
977:Fribourg
788:de facto
692:Rottweil
684:Mulhouse
653:Imperial
641:Helvetia
594:Fribourg
452:de facto
394:between
200:Timeline
105:Burgundy
95:Burgundy
43:a series
41:Part of
3317:History
3303:Portals
3269:Outline
3240:Symbols
3191:Romansh
3186:Italian
3151:Cuisine
3123:Culture
3108:Welfare
3088:Poverty
3083:Prisons
2996:Society
2950:Tourism
2885:Banking
2863:Economy
2668:Islands
2653:Forests
2633:Climate
2461:Cantons
2298:History
2211:(ed.).
2120:Italian
1973:Italian
1920:Italian
1860:Italian
1824:Italian
1764:24 June
1737:"
1459:JG Ebel
1305:Romansh
1259:tourism
1143:Lucerne
1119:level.
1050:Grisons
1029:burgher
849:French
772:At the
680:Grisons
674:), the
638:or the
539:
518:
493:Lucerne
206:Topical
3290:Portal
3181:French
3176:German
3141:Cinema
3131:Anthem
3053:Health
2912:Franc
2907:Energy
2844:Voting
2733:Courts
2693:Rivers
2341:Growth
2279:
2230:
2114:French
2108:German
2084:
2057:
2031:7 June
2014:
1967:French
1961:German
1914:French
1908:German
1854:French
1848:German
1818:French
1812:German
1790:
1580:Ferney
1574:, and
1572:Geneva
1558:wrote
1490:Geneva
1463:Murray
1342:Daniel
1338:Johann
1263:Goethe
1206:Lavaux
1195:Glarus
1175:Geneva
1100:Batzen
1096:Batzen
1005:guilds
989:Luzern
969:Schwyz
961:Glarus
953:ZĂĽrich
882:) and
872:Alsace
738:Swedes
688:Geneva
672:Valais
666:, the
651:, the
572:Glarus
525:Schwyz
471:Zurich
455:Vorort
448:ZĂĽrich
443:Städte
430:German
416:German
404:German
349:France
186:(1848)
124:Growth
101:Swabia
45:on the
3276:Index
3235:Sport
3213:Music
3208:Media
3113:Women
3028:Crime
2688:Parks
2673:Lakes
2648:Fauna
2207:. In
2025:(PDF)
2000:(PDF)
1675:Notes
1334:Jakob
1155:Basel
1128:Davel
985:Basel
892:Dutch
870:took
851:token
583:Basel
552:1315)
531:1315)
510:1315)
482:Berne
372:Basel
3156:Flag
2975:road
2970:rail
2780:LGBT
2228:ISBN
2117:and
2105:in
2082:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2033:2008
2012:ISBN
1970:and
1958:in
1917:and
1905:in
1857:and
1845:in
1821:and
1809:in
1788:ISBN
1766:2018
1514:Vaud
1465:and
1387:and
1280:and
1253:and
1245:and
1232:The
1153:and
1147:Bern
1038:Chur
949:Bern
708:The
649:Biel
390:The
366:and
324:and
291:The
2965:air
2792:Law
1453:of
1406:.
1288:).
1134:in
1040:by
965:Uri
957:Zug
833:by
662:of
561:Zug
504:Uri
370:of
3341::
2591:ZH
2586:ZG
2581:VS
2576:VD
2571:UR
2566:TI
2561:TG
2556:SZ
2551:SO
2546:SH
2541:SG
2536:OW
2531:NW
2526:NE
2521:LU
2516:JU
2511:GR
2506:GL
2501:GE
2496:FR
2491:BS
2486:BL
2481:BE
2476:AR
2471:AG
2466:AI
2153:^
2134:^
2111:,
2095:^
2068:^
1987:^
1964:,
1934:^
1911:,
1874:^
1851:,
1815:,
1794:.
1740:.
1713:^
1524:,
1276:,
1272:,
1224:.
1197:.
1149:,
1145:,
995:,
991:,
987:,
983:,
979:,
975:,
971:,
967:,
963:,
959:,
955:,
951:,
756:.
694:.
658:,
432::
418::
406::
374:.
336:.
103:·
93:·
3305::
2269:e
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2255:v
2236:.
2129:.
2051:3
1929:.
1869:.
1833:.
1768:.
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678:(
670:(
414:(
402:(
299:(
280:e
273:t
266:v
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
