800:
799:
314:
1021:
947:
1192:
149:
423:
31:
4541:
4551:
4561:
1178:
703:
1206:
1164:
Three bowls do I mix for the temperate: one to health, which they empty first; the second to love and pleasure; the third to sleep. When this bowl is drunk up, wise guests go home. The fourth bowl is ours no longer, but belongs to violence; the fifth to uproar; the sixth to drunken revel; the seventh
321:
As the Greek city-states established colonies throughout the
Mediterranean, the settlers brought grapevines with them and were active in cultivating the wild vines they encountered. Sicily and southern Italy formed some of the earliest colonies, as they were areas already home to an abundance of
504:
for more intense concentration of flavors and quality, rather than increased quantity. The economics of the time favored high yields for most crops, and intentionally limiting agricultural output was exceedingly uncommon in the ancient world. Theophrastus also detailed the practice of using
1148:) were the ideal amount of wine to consume. The quantity of three bowls to represent moderation is a recurring theme throughout Greek writing (today, the standard 750 ml bottle contains roughly three to six glasses of wine, depending on serving size). In his c. 375 BC play
629:," drawn from grape clusters expressing their contents under their own weight. Other Greek innovations include the harvest of deliberately unripe grapes in producing a more acidic wine for blending. The boiling of grape
815:
The reputation of a wine depends on the region the wine came from rather than an individual producer or vineyard. In the 4th century BC, the most expensive wine sold in the local agora in Athens was that from
835:
Like early wine critics, Greek poets would extol the virtues of certain wines and review less favorably those not up to their standards. The wines most frequently cited as being of good quality were those of
684:
in 691 AD, exactly three centuries after
Theodosius closed the temples, a canon was issued expressly forbidding the cries of "Dionysus!" from the wine treaders, who still were masked; it was recommended that
1012:
was recorded as having committed suicide by drinking wine full-strength. Greeks asserted that the dilution of wine with water was a mark of civilized behavior, whose contrast was embodied in the myth of the
480:
describes that part of its wrought decoration illustrating the grape harvest from a vineyard protectively surrounded by a trench and a fence; the vines stand in rows supported on stakes. He also wrote that
334:
soon followed, with the expectation that not only would colonial wine production supply domestic needs, but also create trading opportunities to meet the demand of the nearby city-states.
390:
discovered off the coast of southern France included nearly 10,000 amphoras containing nearly 300,000 litres (79,000 US gal) of Greek wine, presumably destined for trade up the
565:
in two, each then carrying one half around the perimeter of the vineyard in an opposite direction from the other. Where they met again, the carcass would be buried next to the vineyard.
68:
helped ancient Greece trade with neighboring countries and regions. Many mannerisms and cultural aspects were associated with wine. It led to great change in
Ancient Greece as well.
313:
1688:
410:
included several artifacts demonstrating the strong ties between Greek wine traders and local Celtic villagers. The most notable of these was a large Greek-made
1073:
marked the opening of the wine jars from the previous autumn harvest, featuring wine-drinking contests and a procession through Athens carrying wine jars. The
582:
vats with a rope or plank above. Vineyard workers grasped the rope for balance to crush the grapes with their feet, occasionally to the accompaniment of a
1518:,: "they were indeed the wine-treaders in disguise," Kerenyi observes; in medieval images peasants tread the grapes, their shifts tucked into their belts.
3288:
1590:
1131:
958:
The most common style of wine in ancient Greece was sweet and aromatic, though drier wines were also produced. Color ranged from dark, inky black to
872:. Among individual wines lauded were two with unknown origins: Bibline and Pramnian. Bibline is believed to have been made in a style similar to the
720:
1568:
446:(Greek: ἡμερίς), after their adjective for "tame" (Greek: ἥμερος), differentiating it from its wild form. A massive rootstock was carved into a
402:. It is estimated that the Greeks shipped nearly 10 million liters of wine into Gaul each year through Massalia. In 1929, the discovery of the
1008:
was once driven insane after drinking wine this way. They also believed that undiluted wine could even kill the drinker: the Gallic chieftain
808:
2676:
557:)—have distinct Greek heritage. Not all Greek viticulture techniques were widely adopted by other wine regions. Some Greek vineyards used
1681:
1134:, especially those arising from the consumption of wine beyond moderation. Athenaeus made frequent mention of wine's ability to induce
4595:
3298:
2988:
2681:
2615:
1165:
to black eyes; the eighth is the policeman's; the ninth belongs to biliousness; and the tenth to madness and the hurling of furniture.
825:
767:
1646:
375:
and beyond, the Greeks traded their knowledge of viticulture and winemaking, as well the fruits of their own production. Millions of
367:
from classical times bear witness to the importance of wine to the ancient Greek economy. With every major trading partner, from the
2686:
2661:
1545:
1456:
1316:
1275:
786:
739:
1077:
included theatrical performances of both comedies and tragedies in honor of the God of wine. Wine was a frequent component at the
4495:
3244:
2671:
2666:
681:
1020:
3138:
2998:
2993:
2270:
746:
4585:
4522:
3163:
1674:
724:
4074:
258:
In the
Mycenaean period, wine took on greater cultural, religious and economic importance. Records inscribed on tablets in
4517:
3567:
3083:
3003:
2701:
2411:
1652:
1059:
celebrating the "month of the new wine." The cult of
Dionysus was very active, if not mysterious, and was immortalized in
753:
4490:
3019:
2473:
1340:
482:
1357:
3545:
3153:
3029:
2691:
2645:
2600:
2376:
2065:
4084:
1034:, ca 530 BC, depicting Dionysus aboard the vine-entangled ship among his would-be abductors transformed to dolphins.
735:
4206:
4079:
3212:
3207:
3183:
3093:
2610:
1708:
1352:
184:
had their associated vineyards, as
Spyridon Marinatos demonstrated in excavations just south of the palace site at
4615:
4590:
4564:
4507:
3463:
3266:
3251:
3173:
3108:
2577:
2428:
2323:
1797:
1731:
117:
888:
from a grape variety known as
Bibline. Pramnian wine was found in several regions, most notably Lesbos but also
270:
of wine. Greeks embedded the arrival of winemaking culture in the mythologies of
Dionysus and the cultural hero
4610:
3261:
3224:
3158:
2824:
2711:
1009:
52:
496:
left a detailed record of some Greek influences and innovations in viticulture, one of which was the study of
4544:
3668:
3468:
3453:
3256:
3239:
3219:
3088:
3024:
2640:
2625:
2595:
2556:
2433:
2285:
1787:
713:
534:
244:
48:
42:
1585:
4502:
3505:
3276:
3234:
3168:
3133:
2585:
2569:
2265:
2206:
2055:
2050:
1048:
1044:
946:
497:
348:
to help satisfy demand. Wine historians have theorized that the Greeks may have introduced viticulture to
237:
4600:
4554:
3783:
3773:
3763:
3748:
3438:
3178:
3148:
3103:
3098:
2729:
2696:
2498:
2403:
2389:
2045:
1916:
1880:
1565:
1239:
1224:
1219:
364:
340:
itself provided a large and lucrative market for wine, with significant vineyard estates forming in the
129:
121:
4026:
4020:
4006:
3490:
3448:
3420:
3305:
3118:
2348:
2144:
1234:
1144:
1030:
951:
873:
760:
251:
in Crete, from which island the
Mycenaeans are believed to have spread viticulture to others in the
4605:
4157:
4127:
3515:
3410:
3405:
2842:
2157:
2070:
2040:
1994:
1757:
1088:
593:
169:
4550:
4374:
4271:
4177:
3821:
3738:
3626:
3128:
2952:
2468:
2448:
2305:
2176:
2060:
1855:
1782:
477:
379:
pieces bearing the unique seals of various city-states and Aegean islands have been uncovered by
294:
1657:
900:
that
Pramnian was a generic name referring to a dark wine of good quality and aging potential.
561:
to ward off disease and bad weather. For example, two vineyard workers would tear a live white
148:
4449:
4036:
3585:
3433:
3385:
3229:
3198:
3143:
3060:
2937:
2809:
2630:
2463:
2416:
2356:
2230:
2212:
2188:
2170:
2080:
2075:
1726:
1611:
1541:
1452:
1312:
1271:
634:
407:
368:
323:
1479:, who taught the civilized technique of mixing wine and water, the lack of which aroused the
4379:
3911:
3876:
3693:
3550:
3428:
3315:
3310:
2635:
2590:
2421:
2328:
1944:
1777:
1762:
1752:
1191:
1056:
987:
177:
4419:
422:
4394:
4152:
3940:
3753:
3495:
3361:
3293:
2620:
2218:
2200:
2108:
2085:
1959:
1870:
1830:
1767:
1594:
1572:
1375:
1362:
1083:
1069:. Several festivals were held throughout the year in honor of the God of wine. February's
1002:
920:
821:
510:
506:
500:
and their proper match to specific grapevines. Another innovation was the minimization of
353:
267:
124:. Along the way, they markedly influenced the ancient European winemaking cultures of the
4276:
4216:
4211:
4167:
3948:
3896:
3886:
3866:
3856:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3075:
3055:
2443:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2224:
2024:
1999:
1911:
1772:
1697:
1622:
1211:
1153:
1139:
931:
as a speciality of the island of Limnos, which was probably the same as the modern-day
857:
626:
530:
518:
262:
include details of wine, vineyards and wine merchants, as well as an early allusion to
198:
181:
65:
30:
4579:
4512:
4429:
4404:
4094:
4016:
3698:
3641:
3540:
3530:
3500:
3482:
3356:
2508:
2290:
2182:
2138:
2100:
1939:
1860:
1484:
1348:
1183:
1103:
1014:
979:
525:
514:
380:
282:
190:
165:
109:
73:
17:
907:(7th century BC), who praises "Dénthis," a wine from the western foothills of Mount
176:
was introduced to Egyptian winemaking methods, an influence most likely imparted to
4329:
4281:
4147:
4001:
3871:
3510:
3346:
2852:
2814:
2513:
881:
861:
618:
501:
493:
349:
137:
113:
105:
1043:
In addition to its significance as a trade commodity, wine also served important
4349:
4241:
4221:
4054:
4049:
3557:
3535:
3525:
3520:
3443:
3400:
2947:
2857:
2847:
2734:
2724:
2488:
1865:
1840:
1497:
1197:
1111:
1095:
1070:
1065:
1005:
829:
702:
670:
579:
427:
357:
230:
202:
101:
93:
4286:
4256:
4251:
4236:
4122:
4089:
3758:
3728:
3395:
3123:
2957:
2799:
2794:
2784:
2769:
2754:
2744:
2719:
2095:
1850:
1805:
1476:
1229:
1173:
1123:
1107:
967:
837:
817:
610:
464:
447:
252:
248:
161:
97:
472:
recounts the primitive invention of wine-pressing, credited to Dionysus, and
4261:
4187:
4172:
4142:
4137:
4069:
3993:
3978:
3963:
3906:
3806:
3458:
3390:
2962:
2942:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2867:
2862:
2832:
2779:
2739:
2518:
2384:
2338:
2318:
2125:
1949:
1820:
1127:
1115:
1078:
1060:
998:
975:
963:
959:
928:
897:
586:
played in a festive manner. After crushing, the grapes were placed in large
558:
550:
546:
538:
459:
451:
403:
387:
331:
327:
271:
157:
133:
77:
943:. If so, this makes Lemnió the oldest known varietal still in cultivation.
932:
1094:
The medicinal use of wine was frequently studied by the Greeks, including
1017:, inflamed to rape and mayhem because of wine drunk undiluted with water.
489:, had over 50 grape varieties planted in different parts of his vineyard.
4311:
4301:
4291:
4266:
4132:
4064:
4044:
4011:
3973:
3916:
3831:
3816:
3673:
3663:
3580:
3575:
2972:
2967:
2927:
2922:
2897:
2877:
2804:
2759:
2749:
2605:
2503:
2438:
2366:
1974:
1472:
1157:
1135:
1119:
1074:
1025:
1024:
Wine in Greece was never far from its mystical connection to the cult of
912:
908:
865:
674:
650:
613:
production: laying out freshly harvested grapes on mats to dry nearly to
486:
395:
391:
263:
259:
218:
185:
990:." Comedic poets noted that Greek women liked "old wine but young men."
4454:
4444:
4399:
4389:
4384:
4369:
4359:
4344:
4339:
4226:
4114:
4104:
3983:
3958:
3953:
3926:
3921:
3901:
3891:
3881:
3846:
3836:
3826:
3778:
3768:
3743:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3678:
3331:
3113:
2774:
2764:
2523:
2493:
2483:
2478:
2458:
2453:
2333:
2280:
2194:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1964:
1954:
1515:
1480:
1468:
1399:
1114:. Various types of wine were prescribed by Greek doctors for use as an
971:
936:
841:
804:
727: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
666:
662:
637:
to the wine. The Greeks believed wine could also be improved by adding
605:
570:
562:
521:, rather than let the grapevines grow untrained in bushes or up trees.
455:
376:
372:
278:
222:
1098:, who did extensive research on the topic. He used wine as a cure for
4424:
4354:
4334:
4296:
4162:
3968:
3861:
3798:
3788:
3733:
3351:
3336:
2932:
2917:
2892:
2887:
2872:
2533:
2528:
2295:
2275:
2019:
2009:
2004:
1875:
1835:
1825:
1810:
904:
893:
889:
885:
877:
869:
853:
614:
600:
588:
575:
469:
431:
414:, designed to hold over 1,000 litres (260 US gal) of wine.
411:
345:
341:
337:
298:
286:
207:
997:
when the wine was to be served cold). The Greeks believed that only
974:. However, wines that were stored well and aged were highly prized:
970:
that meant many wines did not retain their quality beyond the next
880:, highly regarded for its perfumed fragrance by Greek writers like
160:
period, with domestic cultivation becoming widespread by the early
100:
that they shared with early winemaking communities in what are now
4434:
4409:
4306:
4246:
4231:
4099:
4059:
3811:
3723:
3718:
3688:
3683:
3658:
3341:
2882:
2837:
2789:
2361:
2313:
2014:
1984:
1931:
1906:
1845:
1815:
1511:
1510:
In representations of Antiquity, the wine-treaders are invariably
1099:
1019:
945:
940:
845:
798:
654:
646:
638:
583:
473:
421:
312:
302:
290:
226:
173:
147:
81:
29:
1666:
884:. The Greek version of the wine is thought to have originated in
194:
devoted to wine production was unearthed at Kato Zakros in 1961.
4439:
4414:
4364:
3851:
3841:
994:
983:
903:
The earliest reference to a named wine is from the lyrical poet
828:
worth—about 3 liters, or the equivalent of four standard 750 ml
642:
630:
434:
expressing the juice from trodden grapes in wicker mats in the
399:
233:
205:
were linked in the form of the horn-shaped drinking cups called
125:
85:
61:
4479:
3621:
3050:
2554:
1901:
1721:
1670:
1566:
Mycenaean and Late Cycladic Religion and Religious Architecture
528:
have been unable to identify the exact ancestry of any current
849:
807:, satyrs and maenads participating in the wine grape harvest,
696:
658:
1341:
281:
show that the Mycenaeans actively traded wine throughout the
212:
1311:
Third Edition pp. 326–329 Oxford University Press 2006
978:
described the best mature wines as having a bouquet of "
578:
baskets filled with grapes were placed inside wooden or
993:
Wine was almost always diluted, usually with water (or
625:
was among the first known to be made exclusively from "
322:
grapevines. The Greeks called the southern part of the
1110:. He also studied the effect of wine on his patients'
537:
among those grown by the ancient Greeks, several—e.g.
1389:
1379:
1303:
513:
for new vineyard plantings. The Greeks also employed
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1051:
purposes in Greek society. The "feast of the wine" (
919:" ("smelling of flowers"). According to wine expert
225:
and repeated twice in Homer. Along with olives and
4320:
4197:
4186:
4113:
4035:
3992:
3939:
3797:
3649:
3640:
3566:
3481:
3419:
3374:
3324:
3275:
3197:
3074:
3012:
2981:
2823:
2710:
2654:
2576:
2402:
2375:
2347:
2304:
2252:
2094:
2033:
1930:
1796:
1745:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
363:The grape clusters, vines and wine cups that adorn
236:vital to sustenance and community development; the
1610:, American School of Classical Studies, 2004, on
1329:Dionysos: Archetypal image of indestructible life
156:Viticulture has existed in Greece since the late
1138:and suggested various remedies for it. The poet
1467:Wine also plays a leading role in the myths of
1162:
517:with stacked plants for easier cultivation and
330:in southern France and along the shores of the
70:
383:, demonstrating the scope of Greek influence.
201:of the mid-second millennium BC, wine and the
1682:
1001:drank unmixed or undiluted wine and that the
896:(in present-day Turkey). It was suggested by
803:3rd-century Roman sarcophagus with Dionysus,
677:are some modern examples of these practices.
8:
1475:, who welcomed the god and his gift, and of
92:The ancient Greeks pioneered new methods of
326:Oenotria ("land of vines"). Settlements in
240:followed the course of the vintner's year.
4476:
4194:
3646:
3637:
3618:
3378:
3281:
3071:
3047:
2564:
2551:
2258:
1927:
1898:
1742:
1718:
1689:
1675:
1667:
954:drinking cup was used to serve Greek wine.
633:was discovered as another means of adding
442:Ancient Greeks called the cultivated vine
356:, but competing theories suggest that the
152:A golden goblet from the Mycenaean period.
787:Learn how and when to remove this message
609:include some of the earliest mentions of
1556:Pausanias, Guide for Greece 10.19.4-23.9
1130:aid. The Greeks were also aware of some
820:, which sold for between a quarter of a
1431:XIII.32 ("his brace of wine-dark oxen")
1250:
1081:, which sometimes included the game of
935:varietal, a red wine with a bouquet of
255:and quite possibly to mainland Greece.
217:, "wine-colored") is twice attested in
53:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
568:The Greeks practiced an early form of
809:Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki
574:when grapes were ready for crushing.
418:Viticulture and winemaking influences
34:Greek influence in the 6th century BC
7:
4090:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
1270:, pp. 35–46 Simon and Schuster 1989
725:adding citations to reliable sources
360:probably reached those areas first.
1527:Noted in Kerenyi 1976:67 and notes.
1411:Michael Ventris and John Chadwick,
1015:battle of Lapiths with the Centaurs
966:was difficult to control, a common
80:when they learned to cultivate the
1629:, fr. 93. preserved in Athenaeus,
1091:from a wine cup towards a target.
923:, Limnio was almost certainly the
25:
188:, and the Minoan equivalent of a
4559:
4549:
4540:
4539:
1485:conflict of Lapiths and centaurs
1451:, pp. 29–34 Harper Collins 2000
1204:
1190:
1176:
701:
682:Second Council of Constantinople
492:The 4th-century BC Greek writer
4560:
1378:Linear B forms of the word are
712:needs additional citations for
1402:Ch 1015 and KN Ch 897 tablets.
1309:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1:
2161:
2148:
2129:
2112:
1587:The Last days of Pylos Polity
1540:pg 225 Mitchell Beazley 1986
1398:, found respectively, on the
211:; the name of Oinops (Greek:
116:, as well as others, through
3289:Funeral and burial practices
2474:Military of Mycenaean Greece
1413:Documents in Mycenaean Greek
344:region and on the island of
1571:September 15, 2008, at the
454:and set up on the coast of
229:, grapes were an important
4632:
3213:Greek Revival architecture
1390:
1380:
1342:
1268:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1087:, which involved flinging
864:, Peparethos (present-day
243:One of the earliest known
213:
4596:Culture of ancient Greece
4535:
4486:
4475:
3636:
3617:
3381:
3284:
3070:
3046:
2621:Attalid kings of Pergamon
2567:
2563:
2550:
2429:Antigonid Macedonian army
2261:
1926:
1897:
1741:
1717:
1704:
1538:Vines, Grapes & Wines
736:"Ancient Greece and wine"
1660:It was nice retsina wine
1142:noted that three bowls (
1449:A Short History of Wine
1358:A Greek–English Lexicon
1327:Noted in Karl Kerenyi,
1132:negative health effects
2655:Artists & scholars
2570:List of ancient Greeks
2207:Second Athenian League
2056:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1881:Ancient Greek colonies
1167:
1035:
955:
812:
439:
318:
309:Colonization and trade
238:ancient Greek calendar
153:
90:
41:This article contains
35:
27:Wine in Ancient Greece
4586:Ancient Greek cuisine
3774:Sybaris on the Traeis
2499:Sacred Band of Thebes
2239:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
1753:Cycladic civilization
1651:All about Greek wine
1597:, Université de Liège
1349:Liddell, Henry George
1331:1976:56 notes 15, 16.
1240:Wine-dark sea (Homer)
1225:Ancient Rome and wine
1220:Ancient Greek cuisine
1039:Wine in Greek culture
1028:: Attic black-figure
1023:
949:
802:
603:writings and Homer's
425:
316:
164:. Through trade with
151:
76:began to emerge from
33:
18:Ancient Greece (wine)
3299:mythological figures
3020:Ancient Greek tribes
2145:Peloponnesian League
1575:, Dartmouth College
1483:and resulted in the
1235:Phoenicians and wine
1055:) was a festival in
824:and 2 drachma for a
721:improve this article
3411:Tunnel of Eupalinos
3406:Theatre of Dionysus
3030:Ancient Macedonians
2646:Tyrants of Syracuse
2158:Amphictyonic League
1758:Minoan civilization
1658:Evangelos Andreou,
1645:Greek wine history
1608:The Mycenaean feast
927:grape described by
619:wine made on Lesbos
617:before pressing. A
476:description of the
170:Minoan civilization
136:and ultimately the
72:The peoples of the
4085:Menestheus's Limin
3739:Pandosia (Lucania)
3627:Greek colonisation
2989:Athenian statesmen
2750:Diogenes of Sinope
2611:Kings of Macedonia
2601:Kings of Commagene
2469:Macedonian phalanx
2449:Hellenistic armies
2197:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
2061:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1783:Hellenistic Greece
1627:Semele or Dionysus
1593:2011-05-16 at the
1150:Semele or Dionysus
1036:
956:
813:
478:Shield of Achilles
440:
371:, Egypt, Scythia,
319:
285:in places such as
277:Early remnants of
247:was discovered in
154:
43:special characters
36:
4573:
4572:
4531:
4530:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4037:Iberian Peninsula
3969:Lipara/Meligounis
3935:
3934:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3586:Cypriot syllabary
3477:
3476:
3386:Athenian Treasury
3370:
3369:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
2631:Ptolemaic dynasty
2591:Archons of Athens
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2417:Athenian military
2398:
2397:
2231:League of Corinth
2213:Thessalian League
2189:Chalcidian League
2171:Acarnanian League
2081:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1606:James C. Wright,
1307:J. Robinson (ed)
962:to nearly clear.
797:
796:
789:
771:
324:Italian Peninsula
60:The influence of
49:rendering support
16:(Redirected from
4623:
4616:Cult of Dionysus
4591:Historical foods
4563:
4562:
4553:
4543:
4542:
4477:
4195:
3694:Heraclea Lucania
3647:
3638:
3619:
3379:
3311:Twelve Olympians
3282:
3072:
3048:
2636:Seleucid dynasty
2616:Kings of Paionia
2565:
2552:
2422:Scythian archers
2329:Graphe paranomon
2259:
2166:
2163:
2153:
2150:
2134:
2131:
2121:
2117:
2114:
1928:
1899:
1778:Classical Greece
1763:Mycenaean Greece
1743:
1719:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1647:Greek winemakers
1634:
1620:
1614:
1604:
1598:
1582:
1576:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1508:
1502:
1494:
1488:
1465:
1459:
1445:
1432:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1366:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1305:
1278:
1264:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1057:Mycenaean Greece
792:
785:
781:
778:
772:
770:
729:
705:
697:
689:be substituted.
216:
215:
178:Mycenaean Greece
21:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4611:History of wine
4576:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4527:
4482:
4459:
4322:
4316:
4199:
4190:
4182:
4153:Melaina Korkyra
4109:
4031:
3988:
3941:Aeolian Islands
3931:
3793:
3651:
3632:
3631:
3605:
3562:
3473:
3415:
3366:
3320:
3271:
3193:
3184:Wedding customs
3066:
3065:
3034:
3025:Thracian Greeks
3008:
2999:Olympic victors
2977:
2819:
2706:
2650:
2641:Kings of Sparta
2626:Kings of Pontus
2596:Kings of Athens
2572:
2559:
2538:
2434:Army of Macedon
2394:
2371:
2343:
2300:
2248:
2221:(370–c. 230 BC)
2219:Arcadian League
2203:(c. 400–188 BC)
2201:Aetolian League
2195:Boeotian League
2177:Hellenic League
2164:
2151:
2141:(c. 650–404 BC)
2132:
2126:Italiote League
2119:
2115:
2109:Doric Hexapolis
2099:
2090:
2086:Seleucid Empire
2029:
1922:
1921:
1885:
1792:
1768:Greek Dark Ages
1737:
1736:
1713:
1700:
1695:
1642:
1637:
1621:
1617:
1605:
1601:
1595:Wayback Machine
1583:
1579:
1573:Wayback Machine
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1491:
1466:
1462:
1446:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1376:Mycenaean Greek
1373:
1369:
1363:Perseus Project
1339:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1306:
1281:
1265:
1252:
1248:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1041:
921:Jancis Robinson
874:Phoenician wine
793:
782:
776:
773:
730:
728:
718:
706:
695:
687:"Kyrie eleison"
680:As late as the
553:(also known as
541:(also known as
430:relief showing
420:
311:
146:
98:wine production
58:
57:
56:
47:Without proper
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4629:
4627:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4578:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4547:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4192:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:Megara Hyblaea
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3867:Hybla Gereatis
3864:
3859:
3857:Heraclea Minoa
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3601:Attic numerals
3598:
3596:Greek numerals
3593:
3591:Greek alphabet
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3245:Musical system
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3204:
3202:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Mathematicians
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Kings of Argos
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:Cretan archers
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2243:Achaean League
2240:
2237:Euboean League
2234:
2228:
2225:Epirote League
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2173:(c. 500–31 BC)
2168:
2155:
2142:
2136:
2123:
2105:
2103:
2101:Confederations
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2025:Lissus (Crete)
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:Archaic Greece
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:Ancient Greece
1696:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1640:External links
1638:
1636:
1635:
1631:Deipnosophists
1615:
1599:
1584:T.G. Palaima,
1577:
1558:
1549:
1529:
1520:
1503:
1489:
1460:
1433:
1417:
1404:
1396:wo-no-qo-so-qe
1367:
1333:
1320:
1279:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1212:History portal
1201:
1187:
1171:
1168:
1053:me-tu-wo ne-wo
1040:
1037:
795:
794:
709:
707:
700:
694:
691:
627:free-run juice
531:Vitis vinifera
526:ampelographers
498:vineyard soils
419:
416:
381:archaeologists
317:The Vix Krater
310:
307:
199:Minoan culture
182:Minoan palaces
145:
142:
66:ancient Greece
51:, you may see
39:
38:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4628:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4566:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4478:
4474:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Hemeroscopion
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Magna Graecia
3639:
3635:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Arcadocypriot
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3469:Zeus, Olympia
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Hera, Olympia
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:Mount Olympus
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:Sacred places
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Olympic Games
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Homosexuality
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Seleucid army
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:Delian League
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2159:
2156:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:Ionian League
2137:
2127:
2124:
2120: 560 BC
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:Magna Graecia
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:1-85732-999-6
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:0-06-621282-0
1454:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1374:The attested
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1353:Scott, Robert
1350:
1346:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:0-19-860990-6
1314:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:0-671-68702-6
1273:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1184:Greece portal
1174:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:convalescence
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:, social and
1046:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
953:
948:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
810:
806:
801:
791:
788:
780:
769:
766:
762:
759:
755:
752:
748:
745:
741:
738: –
737:
733:
732:Find sources:
726:
722:
716:
715:
710:This section
708:
704:
699:
698:
692:
690:
688:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:
602:
597:
595:
592:, jars where
591:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:grape variety
533:
532:
527:
522:
520:
516:
515:vine training
512:
508:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:
461:
457:
453:
452:Great Goddess
449:
445:
437:
433:
429:
424:
417:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
315:
308:
306:
304:
301:and southern
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:ancient world
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
210:
209:
204:
200:
195:
193:
192:
191:villa rustica
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:ancient Egypt
163:
159:
150:
143:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:Mediterranean
69:
67:
63:
54:
50:
46:
44:
32:
19:
4601:Ancient wine
4360:Dionysopolis
4330:Abonoteichos
4282:Pantikapaion
3872:Hybla Heraea
3208:Architecture
3188:
3164:Prostitution
2853:Aristophanes
2712:Philosophers
2682:Philosophers
2514:Spartan army
2245:(280–146 BC)
2233:(338–322 BC)
2227:(370–168 BC)
2215:(374–196 BC)
2209:(378–355 BC)
2191:(430–348 BC)
2185:(478–404 BC)
2179:(499–449 BC)
1866:Peloponnesus
1788:Roman Greece
1659:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1612:Google books
1607:
1602:
1586:
1580:
1561:
1552:
1537:
1536:J. Robinson
1532:
1523:
1506:
1496:
1492:
1463:
1448:
1447:R. Phillips
1428:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1395:
1385:
1370:
1356:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1308:
1267:
1163:
1149:
1143:
1093:
1082:
1064:
1052:
1042:
1029:
1003:Spartan king
992:
957:
924:
916:
902:
882:Archestratus
834:
830:wine bottles
814:
783:
774:
764:
757:
750:
743:
731:
719:Please help
714:verification
711:
686:
679:
622:
604:
598:
596:took place.
594:fermentation
587:
569:
567:
554:
542:
529:
523:
494:Theophrastus
491:
485:, father of
463:
443:
441:
435:
398:rivers into
385:
362:
336:
320:
276:
257:
245:wine presses
242:
231:agricultural
206:
196:
189:
155:
122:colonization
91:
71:
59:
40:
4508:Place names
4420:Salmydessus
4242:Kalos Limen
4222:Chersonesus
4212:Borysthenes
3917:Tauromenion
3729:Metapontion
3491:Proto-Greek
3444:Erechtheion
3439:Athena Nike
3401:Philippeion
3230:Mathematics
3201:and science
3084:Agriculture
2948:Stesichorus
2858:Bacchylides
2848:Archilochus
2735:Antisthenes
2725:Anaximander
2697:Seven Sages
2687:Playwrights
2667:Geographers
2662:Astronomers
2489:Pezhetairos
2116: 1100
2096:Federations
1995:Megalopolis
1932:City states
1907:City states
1498:Argonautica
1386:wo-no-qo-so
1266:H. Johnson
1198:Wine portal
1096:Hippocrates
1071:Anthesteria
1066:The Bacchae
1061:Euripides's
1006:Cleomenes I
777:August 2021
671:mulled wine
580:earthenware
462:. The late
428:terra cotta
365:Greek coins
358:Phoenicians
221:tablets at
203:sacred bull
94:viticulture
4606:Greek wine
4580:Categories
4410:Polemonion
4287:Phanagoria
4257:Kimmerikon
4252:Kerkinitis
4237:Hermonassa
4227:Dioscurias
4123:Aspalathos
4070:Kalathousa
4045:Akra Leuke
3974:Phoenicusa
3759:Scylletium
3744:Poseidonia
3664:Brentesion
3551:Pamphylian
3546:Macedonian
3464:Samothrace
3449:Hephaestus
3396:Long Walls
3375:Structures
3316:Underworld
3262:Technology
3225:Literature
3159:Philosophy
3124:Euergetism
3013:By culture
2958:Thucydides
2800:Pythagoras
2795:Protagoras
2785:Parmenides
2770:Heraclitus
2755:Empedocles
2745:Democritus
2730:Anaximenes
2720:Anaxagoras
2672:Historians
2165: 595
2152: 550
2133: 800
2118: – c.
2046:Cappadocia
1851:Ionian Sea
1841:Hellespont
1806:Aegean Sea
1501:I.1116-39.
1477:Amphitryon
1427:XIII.703;
1391:𐀺𐀜𐀦𐀰𐀤
1246:References
1230:Greek wine
1108:antiseptic
1106:and as an
1102:, to ease
999:barbarians
968:wine fault
917:anthosmías
838:Chalkidike
747:newspapers
693:Greek wine
611:straw wine
519:harvesting
509:and plant
465:Dionysiaca
448:cult image
253:Aegean Sea
249:Palekastro
162:Bronze Age
4496:in Epirus
4445:Trapezous
4390:Mesambria
4375:Eupatoria
4345:Apollonia
4340:Anchialos
4302:Theodosia
4272:Nymphaion
4262:Myrmekion
4232:Gorgippia
4188:Black Sea
4173:Tragurion
4158:Nymphaion
4143:Epidauros
4138:Epidamnos
4128:Apollonia
4105:Zacynthos
4027:Ptolemais
4021:Apollonia
3994:Cyrenaica
3984:Therassía
3979:Strongyle
3959:Ereikousa
3882:Leontinoi
3822:Apollonia
3699:Hipponion
3496:Mycenaean
3459:Parthenon
3391:Lion Gate
3294:Mythology
3257:Sculpture
3220:Astronomy
3154:Pederasty
3129:Festivals
3114:Education
2994:Lawgivers
2963:Timocreon
2943:Sophocles
2938:Simonides
2913:Philocles
2908:Panyassis
2903:Mimnermus
2868:Herodotus
2863:Euripides
2833:Aeschylus
2780:Leucippus
2740:Aristotle
2519:Strategos
2385:Synedrion
2339:Ostracism
2319:Areopagus
2271:Free city
2066:Macedonia
1950:Byzantion
1856:Macedonia
1821:Cyrenaica
1798:Geography
1732:Geography
1128:digestive
1116:analgesic
1079:symposium
1045:religious
976:Hermippus
964:Oxidation
929:Aristotle
898:Athenaeus
635:sweetness
623:protropon
621:known as
559:mysticism
551:Trebbiano
547:Grechetto
543:Helleniko
539:Aglianico
507:suckering
460:Argonauts
404:Vix Grave
388:shipwreck
332:Black Sea
295:Palestine
272:Aristaeus
268:Greek god
158:Neolithic
134:Scythians
130:Etruscans
78:barbarism
4545:Category
4523:Theatres
4450:Tripolis
4385:Kerasous
4380:Heraclea
4312:Tyritake
4267:Nikonion
4178:Thronion
4100:Salauris
4055:Emporion
4012:Berenice
4002:Balagrae
3954:Euonymos
3927:Tyndaris
3912:Syracuse
3907:Selinous
3877:Kamarina
3832:Casmenae
3817:Akrillai
3734:Neápolis
3669:Caulonia
3650:Mainland
3581:Linear B
3576:Linear A
3506:Dialects
3483:Language
3277:Religion
3235:Medicine
3169:Religion
3134:Folklore
3119:Emporium
3094:Clothing
3089:Calendar
2973:Xenophon
2968:Tyrtaeus
2953:Theognis
2928:Polybius
2923:Plutarch
2898:Menander
2878:Hipponax
2805:Socrates
2760:Epicurus
2606:Diadochi
2504:Sciritae
2464:Hetairoi
2439:Ballista
2404:Military
2367:Gerousia
2357:Ekklesia
2324:Ecclesia
2306:Athenian
2254:Politics
2167:–279 BC)
2154:–366 BC)
2135:–389 BC)
2071:Pergamon
2041:Bithynia
2034:Kingdoms
1975:Pergamon
1917:Military
1912:Politics
1709:Timeline
1591:Archived
1569:Archived
1481:centaurs
1473:Semachos
1415:1959:130
1381:𐀺𐀜𐀦𐀰
1170:See also
1158:Dionysus
1136:hangover
1120:diuretic
1084:kottabos
1075:Dionysia
1026:Dionysus
988:hyacinth
913:Messenia
909:Taygetus
866:Skopelos
675:vermouth
651:seawater
601:Hesiod's
511:cuttings
487:Odysseus
436:tropeion
408:Burgundy
354:Portugal
328:Massalia
279:amphoras
264:Dionysus
260:Linear B
219:Linear B
186:Archanes
84:and the
4565:Outline
4518:Temples
4455:Zaliche
4435:Thèrmae
4425:Sesamus
4395:Odessos
4370:Cytorus
4365:Cotyora
4115:Illyria
4080:Mainake
4075:Kypsela
3964:Hycesia
3922:Thermae
3902:Segesta
3892:Messana
3847:Helorus
3827:Calacte
3807:Akragas
3769:Sybaris
3754:Rhegion
3709:Krimisa
3659:Alision
3568:Writing
3541:Locrian
3531:Epirote
3501:Homeric
3434:Artemis
3421:Temples
3362:Olympia
3332:Eleusis
3267:Theatre
3252:Pottery
3179:Warfare
3174:Slavery
3109:Economy
3104:Cuisine
3099:Coinage
3076:Society
3061:Culture
3056:Society
3004:Tyrants
2843:Alcaeus
2825:Authors
2775:Hypatia
2765:Gorgias
2702:Writers
2524:Toxotai
2494:Sarissa
2484:Peltast
2479:Phalanx
2459:Hoplite
2454:Hippeis
2377:Macedon
2349:Spartan
2334:Heliaia
2281:Proxeny
1990:Larissa
1985:Kerkyra
1980:Eretria
1970:Miletus
1965:Ephesus
1960:Corinth
1955:Chalcis
1876:Taurica
1746:Periods
1727:History
1653:History
1623:Eubulus
1469:Ikarios
1429:Odyssey
1361:at the
1154:Eubulus
1145:kylikes
1140:Eubulus
1049:medical
1010:Brennus
980:violets
972:vintage
937:oregano
842:Ismaros
832:today.
822:drachma
805:Ariadne
761:scholar
667:Retsina
663:perfume
615:raisins
606:Odyssey
571:pigeage
563:rooster
483:Laertes
474:Homer's
458:by the
456:Phrygia
450:of the
444:hemeris
377:amphora
373:Etruria
342:Attican
223:Knossos
144:Origins
110:Austria
4555:Portal
4503:People
4491:Cities
4430:Sinope
4415:Rhizos
4405:Phasis
4355:Bathus
4350:Athina
4335:Amisos
4297:Tanais
4292:Pityus
4217:Charax
4168:Pharos
4163:Orikon
4060:Helike
4050:Alonis
4017:Cyrene
3949:Didyme
3862:Himera
3837:Catana
3799:Sicily
3789:Thurii
3784:Terina
3749:Pixous
3704:Hydrus
3679:Croton
3511:Aeolic
3429:Aphaea
3352:Dodona
3337:Delphi
3306:Temple
2982:Others
2933:Sappho
2918:Pindar
2893:Lucian
2888:Ibycus
2873:Hesiod
2810:Thales
2578:Rulers
2557:People
2534:Xyston
2529:Xiphos
2390:Koinon
2296:Tyrant
2286:Stasis
2276:Koinon
2076:Pontus
2051:Epirus
2020:Sparta
2010:Rhodes
2005:Megara
2000:Thebes
1945:Athens
1871:Pontus
1836:Epirus
1826:Cyprus
1811:Aeolis
1544:
1516:sileni
1512:satyrs
1455:
1388:, and
1315:
1274:
1100:fevers
933:Lemnió
925:Lemnia
915:, as "
905:Alkman
894:Smyrna
890:Icaria
886:Thrace
878:Byblos
870:Thasos
868:) and
854:Lesbos
763:
756:
749:
742:
734:
589:pithoi
576:Wicker
549:, and
524:While
502:yields
470:Nonnus
432:Satyrs
412:krater
369:Crimea
346:Thasos
338:Athens
299:Sicily
287:Cyprus
266:, the
180:. The
168:, the
138:Romans
114:Russia
102:France
4513:Stoae
4481:Lists
4400:Oinòe
4323:coast
4321:South
4307:Tyras
4277:Olbia
4247:Kepoi
4200:coast
4198:North
4191:basin
4133:Aulon
4095:Rhode
4007:Barca
3897:Naxos
3852:Henna
3812:Akrai
3779:Taras
3764:Siris
3724:Medma
3719:Locri
3684:Cumae
3674:Chone
3652:Italy
3558:Koine
3536:Ionic
3526:Doric
3521:Attic
3342:Delos
3240:Music
2883:Homer
2838:Aesop
2790:Plato
2692:Poets
2362:Ephor
2314:Agora
2291:Tagus
2266:Boule
2015:Samos
1940:Argos
1846:Ionia
1831:Doris
1816:Crete
1633:2.37c
1425:Iliad
1343:οἶνοψ
1160:say:
1124:tonic
1112:stool
1063:play
1031:kylix
984:roses
960:tawny
952:kylix
941:thyme
876:from
862:Naxos
858:Mende
846:Khios
826:chous
818:Chios
768:JSTOR
754:books
655:brine
647:spice
643:herbs
639:resin
599:Both
584:flute
555:Greco
396:Saône
392:Rhône
350:Spain
303:Italy
291:Egypt
227:grain
214:οἶνοψ
208:rhyta
174:Crete
126:Celts
118:trade
106:Italy
82:olive
4440:Tium
4207:Akra
4148:Issa
3842:Gela
3714:Laüs
3689:Elea
3347:Dion
3199:Arts
3189:Wine
2815:Zeno
2412:Wars
1542:ISBN
1514:and
1453:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1156:has
1126:and
1089:lees
995:snow
986:and
939:and
892:and
740:news
673:and
661:and
631:must
400:Gaul
394:and
352:and
234:crop
120:and
112:and
96:and
86:vine
62:wine
3144:Law
911:in
850:Kos
723:by
659:oil
545:),
468:of
406:in
197:In
172:on
64:in
4582::
2162:c.
2149:c.
2130:c.
2113:c.
1625:.
1436:^
1400:KN
1394:,
1384:,
1355:;
1351:;
1347:.
1282:^
1253:^
1152:,
1122:,
1118:,
982:,
950:A
860:,
856:,
852:,
848:,
844:,
840:,
669:,
665:.
657:,
653:,
649:,
645:,
641:,
426:A
386:A
305:.
297:,
293:,
289:,
274:.
140:.
132:,
128:,
108:,
104:,
4023:)
4019:(
2160:(
2147:(
2128:(
2122:)
2111:(
2098:/
1690:e
1683:t
1676:v
1663:.
1487:.
1471:/
1365:.
811:.
790:)
784:(
779:)
775:(
765:·
758:·
751:·
744:·
717:.
438:.
88:.
55:.
45:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
