271:, and they would become salaried officials of the State. Both bishops and priests would be elected by special 'electors' in each department. This meant schism, since bishops would no longer need to be approved (preconised) by the Papacy; the transfer of bishops, likewise, which had formerly been the exclusive prerogative of the pope in canon law, would be the privilege of the State; the election of bishops no longer lay with the Cathedral Chapters (which were all abolished), or other responsible clergy, or the Pope, but with electors who did not even have to be Catholics or Christians. The diocese of Alais was one of the dioceses which was suppressed, and its territory was transferred to a new diocese centered at Nîmes, and called the 'Diocèse du Gard'. Bishop Louis-François de Bausset no longer had a diocese, and he had a competitor in the form of the new 'Constitutional Bishop' of Gard, Jean Baptiste Dumouchel, Rector of the University of Paris.
106:('with great discomfort'). Archbishop Nicetius, who was the bishop of Lyon and Metropolitan of the diocese of Langres, intervened on his behalf and sheltered him in Lyon for two months. Unable to get his original place restored, Monderic fled to King Sigibert, who assigned him the fifteen parishes and the village of Arisitum, which had once belonged to the Goths but at the time was in the diocese Bishop Dalmatius of Rodez. When Bishop Tetricus of Langres died, Gregory of Tours' kinsman Silvester was chosen to succeed him, and he proceeded to Lyon for consecration. The identification of Alais with 'Arisitum' was argued by
224:
abbey of Aigues-Mortes, which had three dignities and fifteen Canons, was therefore negotiated; the Dean of Aigues-Mortes would become the Dean of Alais, but he would immediately resign, and the office of Dean would be abolished. The new
Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist had a Chapter consisting of five dignities (Provost, Grand Archdeacon of Alais, the Archdeacon, the Cantor, Sacristan and Succentor) and eighteen Canons (eight from Alais and ten from Aigues-Mortes).
35:
267:', originally intended to be 83 or 84 in number. The dioceses of the Roman Catholic Church were to be reduced in number, to coincide as much as possible with the new departments. Since there were more than 130 bishoprics at the time of the Revolution, more than fifty dioceses needed to be suppressed and their territories consolidated. Clergy would need to take an oath of allegiance to the State and its Constitution, specified by the
138:
1166:
216:(1689–1691) followed the same policy as far as bishops who had cooperated with the creation of the Gallican Articles was concerned. It was only in 1693 that Louis XIV rescinded the Four Articles and made his formal retraction in a letter to the Pope. In June 1694 he gave his formal consent to the creation of the diocese of Alais, and ordered the Parliament of Toulouse to register his decree.
1232:
1244:
926:
A native of Nîmes, Louis-François de Vivet de
Montclus, Marquis de Montpezat, had previously been Bishop of Saint-Brieuc (Brittany) from 1728 to 1744. He was consecrated a bishop at Senlis on 9 March 1728 by Bishop François Firmin Trudaine. He was nominated to the diocese of Alais by King Louis XV on
223:
A new cathedral was needed for the new diocese. The
Collegiate Church (Basilica) of Saint John the Baptist was chosen. It already had a staff of ten Canons, led by a Dean and a Sacristan. This was not a sufficient number, however, for the dignity of a cathedral. A union with the Canons of the secular
219:
The new diocese of Alais was to be composed of ninety parishes, divided into seven deaneries, each headed by an
Archpriest: Alais, Anduse, La Salle, S. Hippolyte, Sumène, Vigan, and Mayrueis. There were five religious houses, of both sexes. There was a foundation of Benedictine monks at Nôtre-Dame de
1000:
At the end of 1791 Bausset fled France for
Switzerland, but he returned in September 1792. He was imprisoned during the Terror. Bausset resigned the diocese of Alais on 22 September 1801. The abolition of the diocese of Alais was not recognized by the Papacy until 29 November 1801. He was named a
863:
Collectio (per epitomen facta,) Bullarum, Brevium, Allocutionum, Epistolarumque, ... Pii VI., contra constitutionem civilem Cleri
Gallicani, ejusque authores et fautores; item, Concordatorum inter ... Pium VII. et Gubernium Rei publicae, in Galliis, atque alia varia regimina, post modum in hac
97:
for a bishop named
Monderic, taking fifteen parishes to create a territory for him. Monderic had originally been consecrated as a coadjutor for Bishop Tetricus of Langres, who had suffered a stroke. The understanding, however, was that he would serve as Archpriest of Tonnerre in the diocese of
113:
A Bishop of
Arisitum named Emmo is said to have participated in the Council of Clichy in 627, but neither the name Emmo nor the diocese Arisitum appear in the subscription list of that Council. His name does appear as a participant in a synod held at Reims, but only in Flodoard's
204:. The bull specifically states that a major motive of King Louis was the rooting out of heresy. The King had nominated François de Saulx as the first bishop of Alais as early as August 1687, but the diplomatic rupture between the Papacy and France, due to the
227:
In 1721 a pestilence, carried north from
Marseille, struck Alais, and afflicted the population for more than a year. Bishop Charles de Bannes d'Avéjan, who happened to be in Paris, procured aid from the King and took measures in the town against disease.
864:
regione, sibi succedentia; tum expostulationum ... apud ... Pium Papam VII., Contra varia Acta, ad
Ecclesiam Gallicanam, spectantia, a triginta et octo Episcopis, Archiepiscop. et Cardinal. antiquae Ecclesiae Gallicanae, subscriptarum, etc. 6 Avril, 1803
118:. This synod is not dated, and its acts quoted by Flodoard, do not appear in collections of church councils and synods. Louis Duchesne has noticed that the acts quoted by Flodoard are actually borrowed from the Council of Clichy in 627.
895:
on 28 April 1713. He was consecrated on 3 July 1713. Henin-Liétard was nominated to the diocese of Embrun on 1 November 1719, for which papal approval was granted on 27 May 1720. Jean, p. 257. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 76 with note 3;
220:
Sendras (Cendras), and another at Saint-Pierre de-Salve (Sauve). A convent of Cistercian nuns was established at the monastery of NĂ´tre-Dame de Font-aux-Nonnains, north of Alais in the village of Saint-Julien-les-Valgagues.
110:, on very slender evidence. There are several other possibilities, as Louis Duchesne notes. The geography seems better suited to Neustrasia and to Aquitaine rather than to the lower parts of the Rhone valley.
1127:
Le clergé de France, ou tableau historique et chronologique des archevêques, évêques, abbés, abbesses et chefs des chapitres principaux du royaume, depuis la fondation des églises jusqu'à nos jours
98:
Langres, until Bishop Tetricus died. But in the war between King Guntram and King Sigibert, Monderic had given gifts and furnished supplies for Sigibert, and so he was sent into exile
1269:
917:
of the Priory of Saint Leu and of the Priory of Saint Sauveur-lez-Bray. He died in Paris on 23 May 1744 at the age of 56. Jean, p. 257. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 76 with note 3.
1274:
1264:
249:
129:, the Diocese of Alais was suppressed and its territory returned to the Diocese of Nîmes. It is also stated that the diocese was handed over to the diocese of Metz.
237:
Bishop d'Avéjan's sister, Anne-Elisabeth de Banne d'Avéjan, was Abbess of Alais (Nôtre-Dame de Font-aux-Nonnains). She died on 11 November 1774, in her 95th year.
913:
on 16 June. He was consecrated on 17 July by his predecessor, Louis François-Gabriel de Henin-Liétard. He was also Abbot of the Abbey of Montebourg, and Prior
1176:
263:
decided to bring the French church under the control of the State. Civil government of the provinces was to be reorganized into new units called '
234:
In 1727 Bishop d'Avéjan established a 'refuge' for retired prostitutes in Alais, directed by the religious of the Order of Notre-Dame du Refuge.
1279:
260:
1191:
690:
663:
644:
592:
208:
of 1682 and the seizure of Avignon on 29 September 1688, made it impossible for French nominees to obtain their bulls from Rome as long as
349:
205:
186:
268:
326:
302:
958:, and had previously been Vicar General of the bishop of Mirepoix. He was nominated bishop of Alais on 16 November 1755 by
157:. In 1620 a national assembly of the Protestant churches of France was held at Alais. In 1623 Alais joined the side of the
320:
1222:
314:
509:(in Latin). Vol. Tomus CXXXV. Paris: Apud Garnieri Fratres, editores et J.-P. Migne successores. 1853. p. 102.
332:
308:
185:
churches and schools. Parliament ratified the decree on 22 October. In 1689 the King ordered his military architect
951:
253:
344:
296:
170:
102:('by the bank of the Rhone in a certain small tower that had lost its roof') in which he was held for two years
22:
26:
519:
De Clercq, p. 298, who remarks, "Hic ergo omittendum videtur." ('It seems this (synod) should be omitted')
174:
950:
Beauteville held a licenciate in theology (Paris). He was educated by the Benedictines of Sorèze and the
245:
173:, which suppressed the political privileges of the Protestants. On 17 October 1685, Louis XIV issued the
1181:
264:
968:
of Pope Clement XI. He died on 25 March 1776. Jean, p. 257-258. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 74 with note 3.
962:, and preconised (approved) by Pope Benedict XIV on 16 February 1755. He was an opponent of the bull
158:
241:
213:
166:
57:
408:
1236:
818:
802:
65:
1114:
1001:
Canon of Saint-Denis in 1806, and created a cardinal in 1817. He died in Paris on 21 June 1824.
461:
34:
1146:
1004:
984:
934:
928:
910:
835:
686:
680:
659:
640:
634:
588:
539:
423:
275:
197:
73:
61:
38:
1136:
1103:
653:
613:(in Latin). Vol. Tomus XX. Turin: A. Vecco et Sociis editoribus. 1870. pp. 623–630.
278:
with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, the diocese of Alais was not revived, but abolished by
582:
445:
209:
69:
231:
In 1724 Bishop d'Avéjan presided over the founding of the Collège d'Alais (a high school).
892:
178:
146:
126:
107:
1078:
1060:
1042:
402:
189:
to reconstruct the fortress of Alais, which had been destroyed on orders of Louis XIII.
977:
Cortois resigned on 20 June 1784, and was named Archbishop of Nîmes on 25 June 1784 by
751:
372:
1258:
1248:
1170:
959:
906:
554:
Catherine de MĂ©dicis had already given it to Henry of Navarre in 1579. The anonymous
279:
1032:
Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo
978:
584:
The Huguenots and French Opinion, 1685-1787: The Enlightenment Debate on Toleration
891:
Henin-Liétard was nominated by King Louis XIV on 23 January 1713, and approved by
441:. deuxième série. Vol. 14. Beziers: Chapte et Savardes. 1887. pp. 15–25.
1125:
1030:
861:
804:
Mémoires & comptes-rendus de la Société scientifique & littéraire d'Alais
750:
The church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste had been converted into a Collegiate Church by
608:
504:
436:
137:
1231:
964:
162:
122:
90:
1206:
1193:
955:
193:
154:
438:
Bulletin de la Société archéologique, scientifique et littéraire de Béziers
182:
49:
807:(in French). Vol. Année 1906. Alais: J. Brabo. 1907. p. 50.
783:
Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 74 note 1. Cf. the bull of Pope Innocent XII:
1119:(in Latin). Vol. Tomus Sextus (6). Paris: Ex Typographia Regia.
1009:(in French). Vol. Tome premier. Paris: Migne. pp. 443–444.
165:
took back the town on 17 June 1629, after a nine-day siege, and the
1169: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
610:
Bullarum diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum romanorum pontificum
837:
RĂ©pertoire biographique de l'Ă©piscopat constitutionnel (1791-1802)
658:. Rome: Gregorian Biblical BookShop. pp. 25, 58–65, 100–102.
136:
33:
1138:
Les Ă©vĂŞques et les archevĂŞques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'Ă 1801
587:. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 8–12.
425:
Mémoires de la Société des lettres, sciences et arts de l'Aveyron
421:
E.g. Victor de Bonald, Notice historique sur l'évêché d'Arsat ,"
941:
Jean, p. 257. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 127; VI, p. 74 with note 2.
544:(in French). Vol. Tome III. Paris: P. Dupont. p. 242.
56:) was created in 1694, out of territory previously part of the
463:
Fastes Ă©piscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: I. Provinces du Sud-Est
141:
Huguenot control (purple) and influence (violet), 16th century
639:. New Haven CT USA: Yale University Press. pp. 122–124.
434:
de Grégoire de Tours et le très ancien évêché d'Arisitum ,"
1116:
Gallia Christiana, In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa
1080:
Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi VI (1730-1799)
1062:
Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667-1730)
939:(in French). Saint-Brieuc: Prud'homme. pp. 145–147.
840:(in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils. pp. 335–337.
428:. Vol. 2. Rodez: N. Ratery. 1840. pp. 399–427.
100:
super ripam Rhodani in turri quadam arcta atque detecta,
931:
on 18 December 1744. He died at Alais on 21 July 1755.
867:(in Latin). London: Cox & Baylis. pp. 111–121.
1220:
1130:(in French). Vol. Tome premier. Paris: Delalain.
1035:. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz.
1011:
Jean, p. 258. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 74 with note 5.
991:
Jean, p. 258. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 74 with note 4.
256:(1819–1824), was Bishop of Alais from 1784 to 1790.
169:, was signed on 29 June of that year with Rohan and
161:, and strengthened the fortifications of the town.
1185:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
466:(in French) (second ed.). Paris: Fontemoing.
121:It is surmised that, in the eighth century, when
927:13 September 1744, and preconised (approved) by
909:on 8 January 1721, and preconised (approved) by
1175:Goyau, Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges (1911). "
989:(in French). Nimes: L. Bedot. pp. 179–182.
373:Alès (Alais) (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]
64:, with its territory being divided between the
448:, publié par l'Institut Catholique de Toulouse
1006:Dictionnaire de biographie chrétienne...: A-D
682:Crown, Church, and Episcopate Under Louis XIV
8:
1077:Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958).
1059:Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952).
16:Roman Catholic diocese in France (1694-1801)
1270:Religious organizations established in 1694
685:. Yale University Press. pp. 257–260.
655:François Genet: The Man and His Methodology
430:Paul Alaus, "Recherches historiques sur le
506:Patrologiæ cursus completus. Series latina
387:Book V, chapter 5, in: J.-P. Migne (ed.),
250:Cardinal Alexandre-Angélique de Talleyrand
1148:Recueil administratif de la ville d'Alais
820:Journal politique ou gazette des gazettes
1275:Dioceses established in the 17th century
1265:Former Roman Catholic dioceses in France
1113:Benedictines of Saint-Maur, ed. (1739).
878:De Saulx: Jean, p. 256. Ritzler-Sefrin,
823:(in French). Bouillon. 1774. p. 83.
327:Pierre-Marie-Madeleine Cortois de Balore
246:François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon
1227:
1037:, p. 483. (Use with caution; obsolete)
407:(in French). Paris: Hachette. pp.
360:
303:Louis François-Gabriel de Henin-Liétard
489:(Turnhout: Brepols 1963), pp. 296-297.
446:Bulletin de littérature écclesiastique
93:, King of Austrasia, created a see at
1041:Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935).
986:Les évêques de Nîmes au XVIIIe siècle
983:Léon Ménard; Étienne Goiffon (1873).
538:Marc Antoine François Gaujal (1859).
443:Louis Saltet, "L'évêché d'Arisitum,"
200:, on 16 May 1694, in a bull entitled
7:
936:Histoire des Ă©vĂŞques de Saint-Brieuc
404:Géographie de la Gaule au VIe siècle
321:Jean-Louis du Buisson de Beauteville
1044:Hierarchia catholica IV (1592-1667)
869:Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 206, note 1.
350:List of Catholic dioceses in France
315:Louis-François de Vivet de Montclus
1083:. Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio
1065:. Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio
1047:. MĂĽnster: Libraria Regensbergiana
541:Études historiques sur le Rouergue
313:18 Dec 1744 - 21 July 1755 :
14:
1179:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1151:(in French). Alais: Martin. 1858.
636:1688: The First Modern Revolution
487:Concilia Galliae, A. 511 – A. 695
325:20 May 1776 - 20 Jun 1784 :
319:16 Feb 1756 - 25 Mar 1776 :
307:16 Jun 1721 - 23 May 1744 :
301:28 Apr 1713 - 27 May 1720 :
1242:
1230:
1164:
269:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
196:, a see was created at Alais by
331:25 Jun 1784 - 1791/1801 :
1141:(in French). Paris: A. Picard.
1029:Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873).
476:Duchesne, p. 317, with note 1.
389:Patrologiae Latinae Tomus LXXI
295:17 May 1694 - Oct 1712 :
60:. It was suppressed after the
1:
1280:1694 establishments in France
261:National Constituent Assembly
212:lived. Innocent's successor,
633:Steven C. A. Pincus (2014).
181:and ordering the closing of
500:Historia ecclesiae Remensis
297:François Chevalier de Saulx
116:Historia ecclesiae Remensis
44:The former French Catholic
1296:
1003:François Pérennès (1851).
905:D'Avéjan was nominated by
860:Pius VI; Pius VII (1821).
309:Charles de Bannes d'Avéjan
652:James R. Pollock (1984).
345:Catholic Church in France
333:Louis-François de Bausset
274:After the signing of the
1124:Du Tems, Hugues (1774).
933:Charles Guimart (1852).
401:Auguste Longnon (1878).
23:diocese of Ales-Terralba
754:in 1472. The anonymous
581:Geoffrey Adams (2006).
460:Louis Duchesne (1907).
254:Jacques-BĂ©nigne Bossuet
149:, Alais was one of the
27:Ancient Diocese of Alet
1105:Notes sur Alais ancien
954:of Toulouse, who were
756:Notes sur Alais ancien
679:Joseph Bergin (2004).
569:Notes sur Alais ancien
556:Notes sur Alais ancien
502:, Book II, chapter 5.
369:Catholic-Hierarchy.org
175:Edict of Fontainebleau
142:
41:
1182:Catholic Encyclopedia
1135:Jean, Armand (1891).
882:V, p. 76 with note 2.
391:(Paris 1858), p. 321.
286:of 29 November 1801.
140:
37:
880:Hierarchia catholica
834:Paul Pisani (1907).
770:VI, p. 515-516; and
244:, the biographer of
29:in south-west France
1203: /
242:Cardinal de Bausset
214:Pope Alexander VIII
167:Convention of Alais
125:was annexed to the
104:cum grandi cruciatu
1207:44.1235°N 4.0763°E
1102:Anonymous (1815).
800:Ernest Dadre, in:
450:2 (1902), 220-231.
385:Historia Francorum
383:Gregory of Tours,
284:Qui Christi Domini
192:At the request of
143:
66:diocese of Avignon
42:
25:in Italy, nor the
929:Pope Benedict XIV
911:Pope Benedict XIV
785:Gallia christiana
768:Gallia christiana
739:Gallia christiana
722:Gallia christiana
706:Gallia christiana
692:978-0-300-10356-4
665:978-88-7652-541-4
646:978-0-300-15605-8
594:978-0-88920-904-6
528:Duchesne, p. 317.
432:Vicus Arisitensis
367:David M. Cheney,
276:Concordat of 1801
206:Gallican Articles
198:Pope Innocent XII
62:French Revolution
1287:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1186:
1177:Diocese of Nîmes
1168:
1167:
1152:
1142:
1131:
1120:
1109:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1036:
1012:
1010:
998:
992:
990:
975:
969:
948:
942:
940:
924:
918:
903:
897:
889:
883:
876:
870:
868:
857:
851:
848:
842:
841:
831:
825:
824:
815:
809:
808:
798:
792:
781:
775:
765:
759:
748:
742:
735:
729:
719:
713:
703:
697:
696:
676:
670:
669:
650:
630:
624:
621:
615:
614:
605:
599:
598:
578:
572:
565:
559:
552:
546:
545:
535:
529:
526:
520:
517:
511:
510:
496:
490:
483:
477:
474:
468:
467:
457:
451:
442:
429:
419:
413:
412:
398:
392:
381:
375:
365:
210:Pope Innocent XI
151:places de sûreté
70:diocese of Mende
58:diocese of Nîmes
52:, and in Latin:
46:diocese of Alais
21:This is not the
1295:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1229:
1221:
1212:44.1235; 4.0763
1211:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1145:
1134:
1123:
1112:
1101:
1098:
1086:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1028:
1025:
1023:Reference works
1020:
1015:
1002:
999:
995:
982:
976:
972:
949:
945:
932:
925:
921:
904:
900:
893:Pope Clement XI
890:
886:
877:
873:
859:
858:
854:
850:Pisani, p. 336.
849:
845:
833:
832:
828:
817:
816:
812:
801:
799:
795:
782:
778:
766:
762:
749:
745:
736:
732:
720:
716:
704:
700:
693:
678:
677:
673:
666:
651:
647:
632:
631:
627:
622:
618:
607:
606:
602:
595:
580:
579:
575:
566:
562:
553:
549:
537:
536:
532:
527:
523:
518:
514:
503:
497:
493:
484:
480:
475:
471:
459:
458:
454:
435:
422:
420:
416:
400:
399:
395:
382:
378:
366:
362:
358:
341:
292:
252:(1821), and of
179:Edict of Nantes
177:, revoking the
147:Edict of Nantes
135:
127:Frankish Empire
108:Auguste Longnon
87:
82:
72:. Its seat was
17:
12:
11:
5:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1161:
1160:Acknowledgment
1158:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1132:
1121:
1110:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1074:
1056:
1038:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:
993:
970:
943:
919:
898:
884:
871:
852:
843:
826:
810:
793:
776:
774:, pp. 230-233.
760:
758:(1813), p. 11.
752:Pope Sixtus IV
743:
737:Jean, p. 258.
730:
728:, pp. 233-234.
714:
712:, pp. 261-262.
698:
691:
671:
664:
645:
625:
616:
600:
593:
573:
571:(1813), p. 12.
567:The anonymous
560:
558:(1813), p. 11.
547:
530:
521:
512:
491:
485:C. De Clercq,
478:
469:
452:
414:
393:
376:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
347:
340:
337:
336:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
305:
299:
291:
288:
202:Animarum Zelus
134:
131:
86:
83:
81:
78:
74:Alès Cathedral
39:Alès Cathedral
32:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1292:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1171:public domain
1159:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1007:
997:
994:
988:
987:
980:
974:
971:
967:
966:
961:
960:King Louis XV
957:
953:
947:
944:
938:
937:
930:
923:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:King Louis XV
902:
899:
894:
888:
885:
881:
875:
872:
866:
865:
856:
853:
847:
844:
839:
838:
830:
827:
822:
821:
814:
811:
806:
805:
797:
794:
790:
786:
780:
777:
773:
769:
764:
761:
757:
753:
747:
744:
740:
734:
731:
727:
723:
718:
715:
711:
707:
702:
699:
694:
688:
684:
683:
675:
672:
667:
661:
657:
656:
648:
642:
638:
637:
629:
626:
623:Jean, p. 256.
620:
617:
612:
611:
604:
601:
596:
590:
586:
585:
577:
574:
570:
564:
561:
557:
551:
548:
543:
542:
534:
531:
525:
522:
516:
513:
508:
507:
501:
495:
492:
488:
482:
479:
473:
470:
465:
464:
456:
453:
449:
447:
440:
439:
433:
427:
426:
418:
415:
411:–542, at 542.
410:
406:
405:
397:
394:
390:
386:
380:
377:
374:
370:
364:
361:
355:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
338:
334:
330:
328:
324:
322:
318:
316:
312:
310:
306:
304:
300:
298:
294:
293:
289:
287:
285:
281:
280:Pope Pius VII
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
235:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:given to the
152:
148:
139:
132:
130:
128:
124:
119:
117:
111:
109:
105:
101:
96:
92:
84:
79:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:(now written
47:
40:
36:
30:
28:
24:
19:
18:
1188:
1180:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1137:
1126:
1115:
1108:(in French).
1104:
1085:. Retrieved
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1043:
1031:
1018:Bibliography
1005:
996:
985:
979:Pope Pius VI
973:
963:
952:Doctrinaires
946:
935:
922:
915:in commendam
914:
901:
887:
879:
874:
862:
855:
846:
836:
829:
819:
813:
803:
796:
788:
784:
779:
771:
767:
763:
755:
746:
738:
733:
725:
721:
717:
709:
705:
701:
681:
674:
654:
635:
628:
619:
609:
603:
583:
576:
568:
563:
555:
550:
540:
533:
524:
515:
505:
499:
494:
486:
481:
472:
462:
455:
444:
437:
431:
424:
417:
403:
396:
388:
384:
379:
368:
363:
283:
282:in his bull
273:
265:départements
259:In 1790 the
258:
239:
236:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
201:
191:
159:Duc de Rohan
150:
144:
120:
115:
112:
103:
99:
94:
88:
53:
45:
43:
20:
1237:Catholicism
1210: /
789:Instrumenta
772:Instrumenta
741:VI, p. 524.
726:Instrumenta
710:Instrumenta
248:(1810), of
240:The future
89:About 570,
1259:Categories
1195:44°07′25″N
1087:2016-07-06
1069:2016-07-06
1051:2016-07-06
965:Unigenitus
498:Flodoard,
356:References
163:Louis XIII
145:After the
123:Septimania
54:Alesiensis
1198:4°04′35″E
956:Jansenist
791:, p. 257.
194:Louis XIV
155:Huguenots
339:See also
183:Huguenot
95:Arisitum
91:Sigebert
85:Arisitum
68:and the
1223:Portals
1173::
1096:Studies
290:Bishops
171:Soubise
80:History
1249:France
689:
662:
643:
591:
187:Vauban
133:Alais
896:191.
787:VI,
724:VI,
708:VI,
687:ISBN
660:ISBN
641:ISBN
589:ISBN
50:Alès
409:538
1261::
981:.
371:,
76:.
1225::
1090:.
1072:.
1054:.
695:.
668:.
649:.
597:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
