654:
1275:
1355:
1096:
385:
1164:
1438:
61:
79:
6307:
6317:
6327:
1804:
3417:
929:
3011:
1558:, pioneered a revolution in traditional thinking about Nature. Instead of explaining natural phenomena by recourse to traditional religion/myth, the cultural climate was such that men began to form hypotheses about the natural world based on ideas gained from both personal experience and deep reflection. According to physicist
1484:
Decreased political agency for the Greek cities under Rome, led to increased focus on cultural identity as a source of civic prestige. In the fierce rivalries that raged between the cities of the
Province of Asia in the Roman Imperial period, Ionian cities emphasised their Ionian identity as "one of
1476:
treats Ionia as the narrow coastal strip from the Hermus river in the north to the
Maeander river in the south (though noting that other authorities included the plain south of the river). He treats Ephesus as its most important city and presents an unbroken tradition of intellectual culture in the
1214:
The
Athenians advanced an expansive definition of Ionian identity, which included most of the communities under their control and emphasised common descent from Athens. This was probably intended to legitimise their rule over the region. It clashed with the restrictive definition of Ionian identity
396:
Ionia was of small extent, not exceeding 150 kilometres (90 mi) in length from north to south, with the cities located on a narrow band between the sea and the mountains, which varies in width from 60 to 90 kilometres (40 to 60 mi). So intricate is the coastline that the voyage along its
1409:
kingdoms. Cities were regularly forced to switch allegiance from one monarch to another, but they were also able to play the kings off against one another in order to get better terms for themselves. Despite the political situation, the Ionian League continued to operate throughout the period.
1381:
in 334 BC most of the Ionian cities submitted to
Alexander, except for Miletus, which was taken only after a long siege. Alexander presented his invasion as a liberation of the Greeks of Asia and therefore treated the Ionians generously, granting them freedom, autonomy, and tax-free status.
1114:
was followed by the conquest of all the Ionian cities in 547 BC. These became subject to the
Persian monarchy with the other Greek cities of Asia, forming part of the satrapy of Lydia. In this position they enjoyed a considerable amount of autonomy, but were subject to local despots (called
1222:, a Dorian city in southwestern Asia Minor which was also part of the Athenian Empire, writes in opposition to the Ionian League's claims that "it would be stupid to say that they are more truly Ionian or better born ...." He lists other ethnic populations among the settlers: Abantes from
1126:
The
Persians used "Yaunā" (Ionian) as a catch-all term for all Greeks, dividing them into "Yaunā of the mainland" in Asia Minor, "Yaunā dwelling by the sea" in the Aegean islands, "Yaunā dwelling across the sea" in the Greek mainland, and "Yaunā with shields on their heads" in Macedonia.
1341:
in 387 BC. In this period, Ionia was a separate satrapy, rather than part of Lydia - the only time in the region's history that formed an administrative unit. Ionian cities appear to have retained a considerable amount of autonomy until the conquest of Asia Minor by
997:
But the Ionian League was primarily a religious organisation rather than a political one. Although they did sometimes act together, civic interests and priorities always trumped broader Ionian ones. They never formed a real confederacy. The advice of
1489:
luxury and recalled their support for the
Persians in the late fifth and early fourth centuries BC. Most sources discussing Ionian founding myths belong to this period. Ionian cities retained local month names and continued to count years by
376:, was characterized by a focus on non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena and a search for rational explanations of the universe, thereby laying the foundation for scientific inquiry and rational thought in Western philosophy.
1424:
One of the major theatrical associations of the
Hellenistic period was the Synod of the Dionysiac Artists of Ionia and the Hellespont, which was established around 250 BC and had its headquarters successively in Teos, Ephesus,
1593:. Notable works of the school still extant are the famous archaic female statues found on the Athenian Acropolis in 1885–1887, the seated statues of Branchidae, the Nike of Archermus found at Delos, and the objects in
6679:
1122:
Art and archaeology show that Ionia was characterised by "openness and adaptability" towards the
Lydians, Persians, and their eastern neighbours in this period. Lydian products and luxury objects were widespread.
6461:
1477:
region stretching from the
Archaic philosophers down to his own day - in contrast to the intellectual life of mainland Greece, which he presents as a thing of the past. Other authors sometimes use "Ionia" as a
6674:
1336:
arbitrated a boundary dispute between Miletus and Myus. Sparta, Athens, and the other mainland Greek states formally acknowledged Persian possession of Ionia and the other Greek cities in Asia Minor in the
604:, which was destroyed by invaders during the 12th century BC together with the collapse of the Empire. Ionia was settled by the Greeks probably during the 11th century BC. The most important city was
1014:
especially was, in an early period, one of the most important commercial cities of Greece, and in its turn became the parent of numerous other colonies, which extended all around the shores of the
434:
Ionia enjoyed the reputation in ancient times of being the most fertile region of Asia Minor. Herodotus declares "in terms of climate and weather, there is no fairer region in the whole world."
1002:
of Miletus to combine in a political union was rejected. In inscriptions and literary sources from this period, Ionians generally identify themselves by their city of origin, not as "Ionians."
1290:(governors) in the cities, but had to withdraw them because they had promised Ionia and the other Greek communities in Asia to the Persians. In 401, the Ionian cities and Sparta supported
944:
In the Archaic period, "the Ionian poleis were among the cultural, intellectual, and political leaders of the Greek world." The region prospered economically due to the contributions of
6505:
1191:(479 BC), in which the defeat of the Persians was in great measure owing to the Ionians, secured their emancipation. They henceforth became the dependent allies of Athens within the
3042:
6363:
826:
Damasus and Naoclus settled at Teos, along with Boeotians led by Geres. The city had already been settled by Ionians under Apoecus (whose name literally means "founder") and
6472:
6452:
6448:
519:
in ancient Egyptian, indicating the people residing in that region. However, the exact nature of this early name and its connection to the term Ἴωνες remains uncertain.
876:, led by Philogenes and Damon of Athens and then received Deoetes, Periclus and Abartus, descendants of Codrus, as their kings in order to gain recognition as Ionians.
1969:
1562:, this was the "first great scientific revolution" and the earliest example of critical thinking, which would come to define Greek, and subsequently modern, thought.
677:
states that in Asia the Ionians kept the division into twelve cities that had prevailed in Ionian lands of the north Peloponnese, their former homeland, which became
3454:
2977:
6475:
1718:
1523:
6446:
1923:
1465:
in 133 BC, which had its capital at the Ionian city of Ephesus. Ionia had no formal place in the Roman administration of the province, which was divided into
6498:
1321:
led a large expedition to Asia Minor to defend the cities and attack the Persians, which landed in Ephesus. From there he invaded Phrygia and Lydia, sacking
701:. Later, when Medon was selected as King of Athens, his brothers, the "sons of Codrus", led a group of Ionians and others to Asia Minor. Simultaneously, the
416:, which in ancient times discharged its waters into a deep gulf between Priene and Miletus, but which has been gradually filled up by this river's deposits.
1816:
1041:(ca 709–07, recording a naval expedition of 715) boasts "in the midst of the sea" he had "caught the Ionians like fish and brought peace to the land of Que
1825:
1469:
districts that were totally distinct from the traditional ethnic divisions of the region. However, the Ionian League continued to function in this period.
653:
5054:
3035:
1358:
6356:
1155:, and the destruction of Miletus after a protracted siege was followed by the reconquest of all the Asiatic Greeks, insular as well as continental.
6491:
6471:
581:
397:
shores was estimated at nearly four times the direct distance. The location of the eastern border with Lydia and Caria was vague in antiquity.
3028:
2724:
2689:
1713:
2537:
Breder, Jan (26 October 2012). "Ionia". In Bagnall, Roger S; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R (eds.).
6427:
4442:
3051:
400:
The region comprised three extremely fertile valleys formed by the outflow of three rivers, among the most considerable in Asia Minor: the
1354:
1274:
424:
6466:
6384:
2323:
2310:
2006:
1844:
1840:
1770:
6393:
6349:
3447:
6473:
6459:
6458:
6435:
6434:
982:, of which participation in the Pan-Ionic festival was a distinguishing characteristic. This festival took place on the north slope of
6467:
6430:
6402:
6389:
5064:
4754:
4447:
4381:
2994:
2809:
6408:
6455:
6432:
4452:
4427:
2961:
2907:
2866:
2847:
2828:
2792:
Jan Paul Crielaard, "The Ionians in the Archaic period: Shifting identities in a changing world," in Ton Derks, Nico Roymans (ed.),
2782:
2567:
2441:
2414:
2279:
1950:
210:
6420:
6413:
6409:
994:
are first attested. All of these initiatives were probably aimed at emphasising Ionian distinctiveness from other Greeks in Asia.
6261:
5010:
4437:
4432:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6414:
6400:
6395:
6387:
6386:
1095:
4904:
4764:
4759:
4036:
427:, which faces the island of Chios. The second is the Messogis range between the Caÿster and Maeander ranges, which becomes the
6453:
6447:
6442:
6468:
6288:
4929:
3440:
3351:
2885:
1569:
of philosophy) and distinct school of art. This school flourished between 700 and 500 BC. The great names of this school are
431:
peninsula, which reaches out towards the island of Samos. None of these mountain ranges exceed 1,200 metres (3,940 ft).
5840:
2859:
Widerstand, Anpassung, Integration: die griechische Staatenwelt und Rom: Festschrift für Jürgen Deininger zum 65. Geburtstag
1049:". For a full generation earlier, Assyrian inscriptions had recorded troubles with the Ionians, who escaped on their boats.
6417:
1966:
1187:, and Ionia from the Persian Empire had the effect of enfranchising their kinsmen on the other side of the Aegean, and the
6462:
6460:
6399:
6283:
5333:
4849:
4769:
4467:
4177:
2269:
1030:
was one of the first Greek cities whose mariners explored the shores of the western Mediterranean. From an early period,
409:
6256:
4785:
4239:
3371:
990:. The foundation took place late in the Archaic period, but the exact date is unclear. This is also when stories of the
479:
6383:
60:
6412:
6401:
5311:
4919:
4795:
4457:
4411:
4366:
4142:
3831:
1698:
6454:
5850:
6388:
1912:
887:
conquered Samos. Under his son Leogorus, the Ephesians under Androclus conquered the island and the Samians fled to
6684:
5972:
5845:
4978:
4973:
4949:
4859:
4376:
3474:
2769:
2542:
2516:
1566:
1547:
1176:
369:
6439:
2460:
978:
The twelve Ionian cities formed a religious and cultural (as opposed to a political or military) confederacy, the
419:
Two east–west mountain ranges divide the region and extend out into the Aegean as peninsulas. The first begins as
6394:
6330:
6273:
5229:
5032:
5017:
4939:
4874:
4343:
4194:
4089:
3563:
3497:
1703:
1211:
to the north. Caria to the south was initially its own region, but was folded into the Ionikos phoros in 438 BC.
862:
was founded by a group of Ionians, who received Parphorus, a descendant of Codrus from Colophon as their founder.
78:
6423:
2857:
Herrmann, P. (2002). "Das Koinon ton Ionon unter römischer Herrschaft". In Ehrhardt, N.; Günther, L.-M. (eds.).
1037:
In the eighth century, Ionian Greeks are recorded in Near Eastern sources as coastal raiders: an inscription of
6630:
6449:
6433:
5027:
4990:
4924:
4590:
4477:
2714:
1578:
1074:
641:
6418:
6407:
6390:
6422:
6392:
6445:
6310:
5434:
5234:
5219:
5022:
5005:
4985:
4954:
4854:
4790:
4406:
4391:
4361:
4322:
4199:
4051:
3553:
561:
6463:
1485:
the purest, 'primordial' forms of Greekness," while their rivals denounced Ionians as overly influenced by
509:
Word Ἴωνες or Ἰᾱ́ϝoνες may have derived from an early name associated with an unknown nation inhabiting an
384:
6424:
6398:
6268:
5271:
5042:
5000:
4934:
4899:
4351:
4335:
4031:
3972:
3821:
3816:
2433:
The Greek World in the Fourth Century: From the Fall of the Athenian Empire to the Successors of Alexander
1378:
1196:
1168:
1147:, with whose aid they penetrated into the interior and burnt Sardis, an event which ultimately led to the
856:
Priene was founded by Neileus' son Aegyptus, along with Philotas, as a joint Ionian and Theban settlement.
686:
31:
6443:
6440:
681:
after they left. However, the story of the migration is recounted most fully by the Roman-period authors
6464:
6419:
6403:
6391:
6385:
6320:
5549:
5539:
5529:
5514:
5204:
4944:
4914:
4869:
4864:
4495:
4462:
4264:
4169:
4155:
3811:
3682:
3646:
3366:
1574:
1462:
510:
490:-, which conveyed a shout made by individuals rushing to help others. Another proposition, put forth by
170:
6425:
2895:
1437:
6457:
6450:
6431:
2204:
1163:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6406:
6397:
5792:
5786:
5772:
5256:
5214:
5186:
5071:
4884:
4114:
3910:
1617:
1491:
1386:
1370:
1231:
1136:
550:
6426:
909:. Oenopion's grandson Hector drove them out and received a tripod and the right to sacrifice at the
6441:
6438:
6436:
6372:
5923:
5893:
5281:
5176:
5171:
4608:
3923:
3836:
3806:
3760:
3523:
3396:
3287:
1895:
1374:
1362:
1343:
1338:
647:
523:
6405:
6404:
6396:
6316:
2746:
supports the generally accepted reconstruction of the early form of the name of the Ionians. See:
1740:
515:
6429:
6140:
6037:
5943:
5587:
5504:
5392:
4894:
4718:
4234:
4214:
4071:
3942:
3826:
3621:
3548:
2971:
2940:
1671:
1570:
1414:
1148:
884:
773:. Strabo says that Androclus was the leader of the Ionians and the only legitimate son of Codrus.
569:
6437:
2786:
1676:
1294:, the Persian overlord of Asia Minor, in his attempt to seize the throne from his brother, King
6421:
6410:
3015:
794:
6428:
6215:
5802:
5351:
5199:
5151:
4995:
4964:
4909:
4826:
4703:
4575:
4396:
4229:
4182:
4122:
3996:
3978:
3954:
3936:
3846:
3841:
3492:
3401:
3346:
2990:
2957:
2903:
2881:
2862:
2843:
2824:
2805:
2778:
2720:
2695:
2685:
2573:
2563:
2437:
2431:
2410:
2275:
2200:
1946:
1442:
1406:
1291:
1283:
776:
291:
150:
138:
6456:
6444:
2404:
1065:, invaded the territories of Smyrna and Miletus, and is said to have taken Colophon. His son
732:
538:) in turn became the source for words for Greeks in many languages of the Near East, compare
6145:
5677:
5642:
5459:
5316:
5194:
5081:
5076:
4401:
4356:
4187:
4094:
3710:
3543:
3528:
3518:
3065:
2930:
2796:(Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, 2009) (Amsterdam Archaeological Studies, 13), 37–84.
2553:
2545:
2212:
1809:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1757:
1642:
1605:
1582:
1511:
1188:
991:
694:
673:
from Greece to Asia Minor in mythic times. The story is attested from the Classical period.
670:
629:
621:
184:
6185:
466:-. Nonetheless, there are several alternative theories that have been put forward as well.
290:
to the south. The cities within the region figured significantly in the strife between the
6611:
6551:
6160:
5918:
5706:
5519:
5261:
5127:
5059:
4386:
3984:
3966:
3874:
3851:
3725:
3636:
3596:
3533:
3257:
3187:
3168:
1973:
1638:
1624:
1418:
1394:
1111:
1090:
840:
gathered a group made up of equal portions from all the Ionian cities and settled them at
806:
662:
578:
547:
326:
165:
158:
1498:
like most other cities in Asia Minor. Distinctive Ionian personal names remained common.
1262:. He defines Ionians as all peoples who were descended from Athenians and celebrated the
2748:
743:. Pausanias and most other sources present Neileus as the overall leader of the Ionians.
6669:
6451:
6042:
5982:
5977:
5933:
5714:
5662:
5652:
5632:
5622:
5366:
5361:
5356:
4841:
4821:
4209:
4019:
4008:
4002:
3990:
3790:
3765:
3677:
3538:
3463:
3356:
3153:
1939:
1744:
1609:
1519:
1515:
1458:
1326:
1152:
1066:
1058:
802:
597:
491:
405:
244:
38:
297:
Ionian cities were identified by mythic traditions of kinship and by their use of the
6663:
6278:
6195:
6170:
5860:
5782:
5464:
5407:
5306:
5296:
5266:
5248:
5122:
4274:
4056:
3948:
3904:
3866:
3705:
3626:
3421:
3319:
2944:
1820:
1810:
1736:
1646:
1559:
1534:
were primarily settled by refugees from Ionia and still maintain an Ionian identity.
1295:
1219:
1192:
1140:
1046:
979:
965:
617:
455:
420:
365:
colony, was afterwards occupied by Ionians from Colophon, and became an Ionian city.
302:
298:
232:
108:
1373:
in 336 BC in preparation for the invasion of Persia, which took place under his son
1034:, though it did not send out any colonies of importance, became a flourishing city.
6095:
6047:
5913:
5767:
5637:
5276:
5112:
4618:
4580:
4279:
2774:
1507:
1450:
1299:
913:
from the Ionians (Pausanias expresses uncertainty about how this made them Ionian).
892:
790:
3303:
1266:
festival, which aligns with the expansive Athenian definition of Ionian identity.
928:
573:
6483:
2952:
Mariaud, Olivier (2020). "Ionia". In Lemos, Irene S.; Kotsonas, Antonios (eds.).
2679:
6596:
6115:
6007:
5987:
5820:
5815:
5323:
5301:
5291:
5286:
5209:
5166:
4713:
4623:
4613:
4500:
4490:
4254:
3631:
3606:
3391:
3138:
3095:
2935:
2918:
1555:
1486:
945:
919:
had been conquered by the Aeolians, but was later conquered by the Colophonians.
845:
690:
259:
119:
3020:
2512:
1565:
Ionia has a long roll of distinguished men of letters and science (notably the
809:
and settled alongside them, but later Promethus killed his brother and fled to
6536:
6052:
6022:
6017:
6002:
5888:
5855:
5524:
5494:
5161:
4889:
4723:
4565:
4560:
4550:
4535:
4520:
4510:
4485:
3861:
3616:
3571:
3295:
3242:
3182:
3177:
3123:
3113:
3080:
2699:
1665:
1531:
1495:
1247:
1243:
1077:, but were defeated when they attacked Ephesus. It was not until the reign of
1070:
1015:
983:
888:
859:
798:
718:
613:
389:
342:
6645:
6632:
2577:
1829:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 727–728.
1518:
Empires but were forced to vacate the region in 1922 after the events of the
650:, but the lack of contemporary sources makes the sequence of events unclear.
17:
6591:
6027:
5953:
5938:
5908:
5903:
5835:
5759:
5744:
5729:
5672:
5572:
5224:
5156:
4728:
4708:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4633:
4628:
4598:
4545:
4505:
4284:
4150:
4104:
4084:
3891:
3715:
3586:
3376:
2764:
1527:
1466:
1426:
1398:
1318:
1255:
1038:
987:
969:
910:
880:
816:
746:
698:
674:
628:
and some other cities founded earlier by non-Greeks received populations of
443:
306:
69:
454:) is uncertain. There are various theories proposed to explain its origin.
134:
3010:
2549:
408:, though at some distance from the city of that name; the Caÿster (modern
6571:
6531:
6515:
6077:
6067:
6057:
6032:
5898:
5830:
5810:
5777:
5739:
5682:
5597:
5582:
5439:
5429:
5346:
5341:
4738:
4733:
4693:
4688:
4663:
4643:
4570:
4525:
4515:
4371:
4269:
4204:
4132:
3740:
3361:
3202:
3128:
3105:
3100:
3090:
1916:
1683:
1628:
1601:
found by D. G. Hogarth in the lower strata of the Artemision at Ephesus.
1598:
1402:
1390:
1263:
1258:, and others. Even "the best born of the Ionians" had married girls from
1081:(560–545 BC) that the cities of Ionia fell completely under Lydian rule.
933:
869:
852:
Pausanias reports that other cities were founded or became Ionian later:
841:
702:
413:
358:
338:
267:
228:
224:
93:
6606:
6601:
6566:
6556:
6546:
6220:
6210:
6165:
6155:
6150:
6135:
6125:
6110:
6105:
5992:
5880:
5870:
5749:
5724:
5719:
5692:
5687:
5667:
5657:
5647:
5612:
5602:
5592:
5544:
5534:
5509:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5444:
5097:
4879:
4540:
4530:
4289:
4259:
4249:
4244:
4224:
4219:
4099:
4046:
3960:
3755:
3745:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3386:
3381:
3325:
3315:
3307:
3252:
3247:
3216:
3192:
3173:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3117:
3085:
2987:
The Maeander Valley: A Historical Geography from Antiquity to Byzantium
2752:, Volume 3, Association for the Study of Jewish Languages, 1983, p. 89.
1708:
1586:
1543:
1478:
1446:
1332:
The region was under Persian control by about 390 BC, when the Persian
1287:
1251:
1235:
1227:
1184:
1144:
1078:
1042:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:
937:
902:
865:
837:
831:
827:
820:
784:
770:
758:
754:
750:
740:
736:
710:
706:
625:
605:
539:
373:
346:
330:
322:
310:
263:
251:
240:
153:
129:
6341:
2558:
940:, 620–600 BC. Obverse: Forepart of stag. Reverse: Square incuse punch.
423:
between the Hermus and Caÿster river valleys and continues out as the
6526:
6190:
6120:
6100:
6062:
5928:
5734:
5627:
5564:
5554:
5499:
5117:
5102:
4698:
4683:
4658:
4653:
4638:
4299:
4294:
4061:
4041:
3785:
3775:
3770:
3641:
3601:
3591:
3576:
3330:
3311:
3299:
3282:
3262:
3232:
3207:
3075:
3070:
2840:
Roman Ionia: Constructions of Cultural Identity in Western Asia Minor
1633:
1551:
1473:
1333:
1322:
1303:
1239:
1223:
1204:
1180:
1116:
999:
953:
949:
916:
906:
873:
766:
682:
678:
666:
661:
The ancient Greeks believed that the Ionians were the descendants of
601:
558:
428:
401:
362:
318:
301:, but there was a core group of twelve Ionian cities that formed the
279:
255:
236:
220:
142:
97:
65:
2954:
A Companion to the Archaeology of Early Greece and the Mediterranean
1421:, which retained the region until it was annexed by Rome in 133 BC.
1397:
that followed, Ionia was a contested territory, divided between the
2989:(First paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6616:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6541:
6200:
6175:
6072:
6012:
5997:
5865:
5825:
5577:
5489:
5484:
5454:
5449:
5424:
5107:
4648:
4603:
4555:
4127:
4079:
3780:
3750:
3697:
3672:
3581:
3291:
3277:
3272:
3237:
3197:
3163:
3158:
3109:
2919:"Regional Identities in the Greek World: Myth and Koinon in Ionia"
2802:
Miletos, the ornament of Ionia: A History of the City to 400 B.C.E
2386:
2384:
2293:
2291:
2029:
2027:
1941:
Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English: Ionian
1686:
1594:
1590:
1353:
1311:
1307:
1273:
1259:
1208:
1162:
1094:
1062:
973:
927:
898:
810:
762:
722:
714:
652:
646:
Greek settlement of Ionia seems to have accelerated following the
383:
354:
350:
287:
283:
275:
271:
3432:
1314:, with retaking the Ionian cities, and the Spartans opposed him.
1143:
against Persia. They were at first assisted by the Athenians and
6205:
6180:
6130:
5617:
5607:
3211:
2731:
The name "Yunan" comes from Ionia; cf. Old Persian "Yauna" (...)
1689:
refers to the alleged ancestor of the ancient peoples of Ionia.
1073:
ravaged a great part of Asia Minor, including Lydia, and sacked
780:
612:
of Hittites). There is no record of any people named Ionians in
334:
314:
6487:
6345:
6245:
5387:
4816:
4320:
3667:
3487:
3436:
3024:
2794:
Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition
2649:
2647:
2470:
2468:
2231:
2229:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
6382:
1879:
1877:
1855:
1853:
1151:. But the fleet of the Ionians was defeated off the island of
231:, Turkey. It consisted of the northernmost territories of the
2406:
Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525–332 BC
1282:
The Spartans dissolved the Athenian Empire at the end of the
2821:
The land of Ionia: society and economy in the Archaic period
1417:
in 189 BC, the Romans placed Ionia under the control of the
1278:
Ionia, Achaemenid Period. Uncertain satrap. Circa 350–333 BC
728:
According to Pausanias, the sons of Codrus were as follows:
6680:
States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC
901:
was settled by Cretans under Oenopion, then by Carians and
239:
settlements. Never a unified state, it was named after the
202:
199:
193:
187:
2777:(translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920;
844:, where there were already Cretans, Lycians, Carians and
6675:
States and territories established in the 7th century BC
1815:
Bunbury, Edward Herbert; Hogarth, David George (1911). "
1139:, that in about 500 BC the principal cities ignited the
1069:
conquered Priene. In the middle of the 7th century, the
1203:, a region that includes the cities of Ionia, but also
2719:. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 19.
2086:
2084:
709:
settled the coast to the north of the Ionians and the
689:. They report that the Ionians were expelled from the
596:
From the 18th century BC the region was a part of the
2205:"Pre-Classical (Archaic) Greece (ca. 750-ca. 490 BC)"
1915:. Leiden University, the IEEE Project. Archived from
498:
could signify "devotees of Apollo," based on the cry
211:
196:
1657:
Ionia appears as the major setting in these novels:
624:("Achaeans") without being clear on their location.
6086:
5963:
5952:
5879:
5801:
5758:
5705:
5563:
5415:
5406:
5332:
5247:
5185:
5140:
5090:
5041:
4963:
4840:
4778:
4747:
4589:
4476:
4420:
4342:
4168:
4141:
4113:
4070:
4018:
3860:
3799:
3696:
3562:
3511:
3339:
3225:
3058:
2861:(in German). Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 223–242.
250:Ionia proper comprised a narrow coastal strip from
190:
164:
149:
125:
115:
103:
88:
48:
2878:Antiochos III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor
2211:. Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography.
1938:
1542:From the 7th century BC, Ionia, and in particular
948:, traders, and other social classes from at least
309:. These twelve cities were (from south to north):
1135:It was at the instigation of one of the tyrants,
1992:
1990:
883:, a descendant of Ion, who had been expelled by
642:First Greek colonisation § Ionian migration
502:uttered in his worship; the god was also called
1616:(یونان), a transliteration of "Ionia", through
669:, the mythical ancestor of the Greeks) and had
2900:Foundation Myths and Politics in Ancient Ionia
2665:
2653:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2498:
2474:
2390:
2297:
2235:
2187:
2075:
2054:
2033:
1883:
1859:
1506:Greeks continued to live in Ionia through the
458:suggests that it stems from an unknown root, *
6499:
6357:
3448:
3036:
2787:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
1719:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
1393:after his death in 323 BC and throughout the
8:
2409:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 81.
1359:Inscription from the Temple of Athena Polias
697:, and were granted refuge in Athens by King
2804:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
2246:
2244:
2018:
513:island. This population was referred to as
305:and had a shared sanctuary and festival at
6506:
6492:
6484:
6364:
6350:
6342:
6242:
5960:
5412:
5403:
5384:
5144:
5047:
4837:
4813:
4330:
4317:
4024:
3693:
3664:
3508:
3484:
3455:
3441:
3433:
3043:
3029:
3021:
2976:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2256:Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer
1924:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
1526:between Turkey and Greece. The suburbs of
1215:that was maintained by the Ionian League.
1199:, one of the regions of the empire is the
45:
2934:
2902:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2557:
266:in the south near the mouth of the river
254:in the north near the mouth of the river
243:who had settled in the region before the
83:Map of western Anatolia with Ionia shaded
2252:Die Inschriften Sargons II aus Khorsabad
1436:
1119:"), who were loyal to the Persian king.
657:Gorgone with serpent, Ionia, 575-550 BC.
1913:"Indo-European Etymological Dictionary"
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1729:
1175:The victories of the Greeks during the
1099:Ionian soldier of the Achaemenid army,
2969:
412:), which flowed past Ephesus; and the
2681:Anaximander: And the Birth of Science
1743:
1714:List of traditional Greek place names
7:
5856:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
2880:. London: Oxford University Press.
2539:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
2254:(1994:40) noted in Robin Lane Fox,
1389:that broke out between Alexander's
1325:in 395 BC. But the outbreak of the
2842:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: CUP.
2716:Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory
2678:Carlo Rovelli (28 February 2023).
2486:
2250:Sargon's inscription in A. Fuchs,
1329:forced him to withdraw in 395 BC.
1286:in 404 BC. The Spartans installed
1018:and the Propontis from Abydus and
25:
2956:. Hoboken, NJ. pp. 961–984.
2268:Wilson, Nigel (31 October 2013).
1637:". The word was later adopted in
1449:was built in 114–117, during the
1298:but he failed. Artaxerxes tasked
462:-, which would be pronounced as *
6325:
6315:
6306:
6305:
3415:
3009:
1900:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
1802:
1550:. The Ionian school, founded by
1481:for the whole province of Asia.
183:
77:
59:
6326:
2838:Hallmannsecker, Martin (2022).
2823:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
1965:Nikolaev, Alexander S. (2006),
1585:, Melas, Micciades, Archermus,
1413:Following their victory in the
404:in the north, flowing into the
349:, together with the islands of
2271:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
1978:Acta Linguistica Petropolitana
1010:The cities became prosperous.
270:, and included the islands of
227:, to the south of present-day
1:
3927:
3914:
3895:
3878:
1945:. New York: Greenwich House.
1627:word, "Yavan" (יוון) and the
1100:
895:, but then reconquered Samos.
665:(either a son or grandson of
388:Greek settlements in western
372:, centered on 6th century BC
5055:Funeral and burial practices
4240:Military of Mycenaean Greece
3052:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
2917:Mac Sweeney, Naoíse (2021).
2684:. Penguin. pp. xii-22.
2430:Tritle, Lawrence A. (2013).
1649:as well as in other places.
2936:10.25162/HISTORIA-2021-0011
2800:Gorman, Vanessa B. (2001).
2713:Lindner, Rudi Paul (2007).
2543:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1699:Ancient regions of Anatolia
1623:. The same is true for the
1548:Ionian school of philosophy
1546:, was home to the renowned
1502:Medieval and modern history
879:Procles son of Pityreus of
478:may have originated from a
370:Ionian school of philosophy
6701:
4979:Greek Revival architecture
2517:World History Encyclopedia
2436:. Routledge. p. 164.
1682:Many scholars believe the
1522:which culminated with the
1177:Persian invasion of Greece
1149:Persian invasion of Greece
1088:
963:
868:was founded by a group of
639:
54:Ancient region of Anatolia
36:
29:
6522:
6379:
6301:
6252:
6241:
5402:
5383:
5147:
5050:
4836:
4812:
4387:Attalid kings of Pergamon
4333:
4329:
4316:
4195:Antigonid Macedonian army
4027:
3692:
3663:
3507:
3483:
3470:
3410:
2985:Thonemann, Peter (2015).
2819:Greaves, Alan M. (2010).
2403:Ruzicka, Stephen (2012).
2363:Sparta's Bitter Victories
2337:Sparta's Bitter Victories
1704:Regions of ancient Greece
1457:Ionia became part of the
1369:Ephesus was conquered by
1218:Herodotus, who came from
1167:The Ionic section of the
1110:The defeat of Croesus by
797:found the descendants of
107:7th–6th centuries BC (as
76:
58:
53:
1937:Partridge, Eric (1983).
1902:, Brill, 2009, p. 608 f.
1579:Magnesia on the Maeander
1075:Magnesia on the Maeander
1061:, first Mermnad king of
522:It may have come from a
223:on the western coast of
37:Not to be confused with
1826:Encyclopædia Britannica
1365:as the temple's funder.
1361:at Priene, identifying
986:in a shrine called the
392:, Ionian area in green.
6514:Historical regions of
4421:Artists & scholars
4336:List of ancient Greeks
3973:Second Athenian League
3822:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3647:Ancient Greek colonies
2749:Jewish Language Review
1573:and Rhoecus of Samos;
1454:
1379:battle of the Granicus
1366:
1279:
1197:Athenian tribute lists
1179:and the liberation of
1172:
1107:
941:
658:
393:
32:Ionia (disambiguation)
5540:Sybaris on the Traeis
4265:Sacred Band of Thebes
4005:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
3519:Cycladic civilization
3018:at Wikimedia Commons
2550:10.1002/9781444338386
1919:on 27 September 2006.
1494:rather than adopting
1492:eponymous magistrates
1451:Roman Imperial period
1440:
1357:
1277:
1169:Athenian tribute list
1166:
1098:
1085:First Achaemenid rule
931:
765:, and died defending
656:
511:Eastern Mediterranean
387:
5065:mythological figures
4786:Ancient Greek tribes
3911:Peloponnesian League
2090:Pausanias 7.2.10-11.
1972:4 March 2016 at the
1745:[i.ɔː.ní.aː]
1371:Philip II of Macedon
1270:Satrapy (387–335 BC)
1137:Histiaeus of Miletus
932:One of the earliest
620:record contact with
410:Küçük Menderes River
278:. It was bounded by
30:For other uses, see
6642: /
6373:History of Anatolia
5177:Tunnel of Eupalinos
5172:Theatre of Dionysus
4796:Ancient Macedonians
4412:Tyrants of Syracuse
3924:Amphictyonic League
3524:Minoan civilization
2896:Mac Sweeney, Naoíse
2666:Hallmannsecker 2022
2654:Hallmannsecker 2022
2639:Hallmannsecker 2022
2627:Hallmannsecker 2022
2615:Hallmannsecker 2022
2603:Hallmannsecker 2022
2591:Hallmannsecker 2022
2499:Hallmannsecker 2022
2475:Hallmannsecker 2022
2391:Hallmannsecker 2022
2298:Hallmannsecker 2022
2236:Hallmannsecker 2022
2188:Hallmannsecker 2022
2162:Pausanias 7.4.8-10.
2076:Hallmannsecker 2022
2055:Hallmannsecker 2022
2034:Hallmannsecker 2022
1896:Robert S. P. Beekes
1884:Hallmannsecker 2022
1860:Hallmannsecker 2022
1653:Literary references
1587:Bupalus and Athenis
1524:population exchange
1375:Alexander the Great
1363:Alexander the Great
1344:Alexander the Great
1339:Peace of Antalcidas
648:Bronze Age collapse
610:Millawanda/Milawata
600:with possible name
534:The term Ἰᾱ́ϝoνες (
524:Proto-Indo-European
482:onomatopoeic root *
480:Proto-Indo-European
446:of the word Ἴωνες (
5851:Menestheus's Limin
5505:Pandosia (Lucania)
5393:Greek colonisation
4755:Athenian statesmen
4516:Diogenes of Sinope
4377:Kings of Macedonia
4367:Kings of Commagene
4235:Macedonian phalanx
4215:Hellenistic armies
3963:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
3827:Indo-Greek Kingdom
3549:Hellenistic Greece
2742:The /v/ of Hebrew
2201:Weisstein, Eric W.
2153:Pausanias 7.4.1-3.
2066:Pausanias 7.2.8-9.
2021:, pp. 157–73.
1672:The Ionian Mission
1662:The Ionia Sanction
1455:
1415:War with Antiochus
1367:
1350:Hellenistic period
1280:
1173:
1108:
1026:and Panticapaeum.
942:
830:who settled under
659:
530:, meaning "power."
425:Erythrae peninsula
394:
6685:Iron Age Anatolia
6625:
6624:
6481:
6480:
6339:
6338:
6297:
6296:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6228:
5803:Iberian Peninsula
5735:Lipara/Meligounis
5701:
5700:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5352:Cypriot syllabary
5243:
5242:
5152:Athenian Treasury
5136:
5135:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4397:Ptolemaic dynasty
4357:Archons of Athens
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4183:Athenian military
4164:
4163:
3997:League of Corinth
3979:Thessalian League
3955:Chalcidian League
3937:Acarnanian League
3847:Ptolemaic Kingdom
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3430:
3429:
3422:Turkey portal
3014:Media related to
2876:Ma, John (1999).
2726:978-0-47209-507-0
2691:978-0-593-54236-1
2511:Mark Cartwright.
2144:Pausanias 7.3.10.
1984:(1), pp. 100–115.
1443:Library of Celsus
1292:Cyrus the Younger
1284:Peloponnesian War
823:from the Carians.
577:(/wəjˈniːn/) and
494:, suggests that *
219:) was an ancient
176:
175:
16:(Redirected from
6692:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6485:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6343:
6329:
6328:
6319:
6309:
6308:
6243:
5961:
5460:Heraclea Lucania
5413:
5404:
5385:
5145:
5077:Twelve Olympians
5048:
4838:
4814:
4402:Seleucid dynasty
4382:Kings of Paionia
4331:
4318:
4188:Scythian archers
4095:Graphe paranomon
4025:
3932:
3929:
3919:
3916:
3900:
3897:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3694:
3665:
3544:Classical Greece
3529:Mycenaean Greece
3509:
3485:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3434:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3000:
2981:
2975:
2967:
2948:
2938:
2913:
2891:
2872:
2853:
2834:
2815:
2753:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2641:, p. 14-17.
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2617:, p. 30-32.
2612:
2606:
2605:, p. 28-30.
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2561:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2513:"Celsus Library"
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2400:
2394:
2393:, p. 26-27.
2388:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2359:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2300:, p. 18-19.
2295:
2286:
2285:
2265:
2259:
2248:
2239:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2213:Wolfram Research
2197:
2191:
2185:
2172:
2171:Pausanias 7.5.1.
2169:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2135:Pausanias 7.3.8.
2133:
2127:
2126:Pausanias 7.3.7.
2124:
2118:
2117:Pausanias 7.3.6.
2115:
2109:
2108:Pausanias 7.3.5.
2106:
2100:
2099:Pausanias 7.3.3.
2097:
2091:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2036:, p. 3, 12.
2031:
2022:
2019:Mac Sweeney 2013
2016:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1985:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1944:
1934:
1928:
1927:(1959), p. 1176.
1920:
1909:
1903:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1871:Herodotus 1.142.
1869:
1863:
1857:
1848:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1747:
1734:
1608:designation for
1583:Glaucus of Chios
1554:and his student
1189:Battle of Mycale
1105:
1102:
1045:and the city of
1006:Ionians overseas
992:Ionian migration
936:coins struck in
630:Mycenaean Greeks
570:Demotic Egyptian
361:, originally an
294:and the Greeks.
286:to the east and
215:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
81:
63:
46:
27:Region in Turkey
21:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6660:
6659:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6641:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6621:
6518:
6512:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6375:
6370:
6340:
6335:
6293:
6248:
6225:
6088:
6082:
5965:
5956:
5948:
5919:Melaina Korkyra
5875:
5797:
5754:
5707:Aeolian Islands
5697:
5559:
5417:
5398:
5397:
5371:
5328:
5239:
5181:
5132:
5086:
5037:
4959:
4950:Wedding customs
4832:
4831:
4800:
4791:Thracian Greeks
4774:
4765:Olympic victors
4743:
4585:
4472:
4416:
4407:Kings of Sparta
4392:Kings of Pontus
4362:Kings of Athens
4338:
4325:
4304:
4200:Army of Macedon
4160:
4137:
4109:
4066:
4014:
3987:(370–c. 230 BC)
3985:Arcadian League
3969:(c. 400–188 BC)
3967:Aetolian League
3961:Boeotian League
3943:Hellenic League
3930:
3917:
3907:(c. 650–404 BC)
3898:
3892:Italiote League
3885:
3881:
3875:Doric Hexapolis
3865:
3856:
3852:Seleucid Empire
3795:
3688:
3687:
3651:
3558:
3534:Greek Dark Ages
3503:
3502:
3479:
3466:
3461:
3431:
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3416:
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3406:
3335:
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1677:Patrick O'Brian
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1472:The geographer
1435:
1429:, and Lebedus.
1419:Attalid Kingdom
1395:Hellenistic Age
1352:
1272:
1161:
1159:Athenian empire
1133:
1112:Cyrus the Great
1103:
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1091:Ionia (satrapy)
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1008:
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964:Main articles:
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5653:Megara Hyblaea
5650:
5645:
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5635:
5633:Hybla Gereatis
5630:
5625:
5623:Heraclea Minoa
5620:
5615:
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5367:Attic numerals
5364:
5362:Greek numerals
5359:
5357:Greek alphabet
5354:
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5015:
5014:
5013:
5011:Musical system
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4982:
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4970:
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4455:
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4445:
4443:Mathematicians
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4352:Kings of Argos
4348:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
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4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4210:Cretan archers
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
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4135:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
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4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4009:Achaean League
4006:
4003:Euboean League
4000:
3994:
3991:Epirote League
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3939:(c. 500–31 BC)
3934:
3921:
3908:
3902:
3889:
3871:
3869:
3867:Confederations
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3791:Lissus (Crete)
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
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3690:
3689:
3686:
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3669:
3668:
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3639:
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3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3539:Archaic Greece
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:Ancient Greece
3462:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
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3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
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3235:
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3205:
3200:
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3180:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3106:Hurrian States
3103:
3101:Hittite Empire
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3048:
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3040:
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3025:
3006:
3005:External links
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:978-1107538139
2995:
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2914:
2908:
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2811:978-0472037773
2810:
2797:
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2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2735:
2725:
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2690:
2670:
2668:, p. 1-2.
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2442:
2422:
2415:
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2367:
2365:, pp. 104–107.
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2059:
2047:
2045:Pausanias 7.2.
2038:
2023:
2011:
1998:
1996:Pausanias 7.1.
1986:
1958:
1951:
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1888:
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1849:
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1821:Chisholm, Hugh
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1520:Greek Genocide
1503:
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1459:Roman province
1434:
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1351:
1348:
1327:Corinthian War
1271:
1268:
1201:Ionikos phoros
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1157:
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1129:
1104: 480 BCE
1089:Main article:
1086:
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1007:
1004:
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958:
952:to well after
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924:Archaic period
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640:Main article:
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406:Gulf of Smyrna
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292:Persian Empire
282:to the north,
245:archaic period
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6646:38.2°N 27.5°E
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5884:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5831:Hemeroscopion
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:Magna Graecia
5405:
5401:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5282:Arcadocypriot
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5235:Zeus, Olympia
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5220:Hera, Olympia
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5123:Mount Olympus
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:Sacred places
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Olympic Games
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:Homosexuality
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Seleucid army
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3949:Delian League
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3925:
3922:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3905:Ionian League
3903:
3893:
3890:
3886: 560 BC
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Magna Graecia
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:Armenia Minor
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:Classical Age
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Assuwa League
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2965:
2963:9781118770191
2959:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2909:9781107037496
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2868:9783515079112
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2849:9781009150194
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2830:9781444319224
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2783:0-674-99133-8
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2656:, p. 13.
2655:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2629:, p. 38.
2628:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2593:, p. 39.
2592:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2569:9781405179355
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2501:, p. 37.
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2477:, p. 27.
2476:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2443:9781134524747
2439:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2416:9780199766628
2412:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2281:9781136787997
2277:
2274:. Routledge.
2273:
2272:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2238:, p. 18.
2237:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2190:, p. 17.
2189:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:, p. 30.
2077:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2057:, p. 31.
2056:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1952:0-517-41425-2
1948:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:In Pokorny's
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1886:, p. 25.
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1862:, p. 20.
1861:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1811:public domain
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:Ancient Greek
1733:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:Ionian School
1563:
1561:
1560:Carlo Rovelli
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:Artaxerxes II
1293:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:, Cadmeians,
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:Halicarnassus
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:Delian League
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:for 454/3 BC.
1170:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:Ionian Revolt
1138:
1131:Ionian revolt
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:About 700 BC
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:Ionian League
975:
971:
967:
966:Ionian League
960:Ionian League
959:
957:
955:
951:
947:
939:
935:
930:
923:
918:
915:
912:
908:
904:
900:
897:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:
871:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
854:
853:
847:
843:
839:
836:
833:
829:
825:
822:
818:
815:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:
786:
782:
778:
775:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
745:
742:
738:
734:
731:
730:
729:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
655:
651:
649:
643:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Hittite texts
616:Anatolia but
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
591:
589:
587:
583:
580:
576:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
556:
552:
549:
545:
542:𐡉𐡅𐡍𐡉𐡍 (
541:
537:
529:
525:
521:
518:
517:
512:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
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469:
468:
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457:
453:
449:
445:
437:
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432:
430:
426:
422:
421:Mount Sipylus
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
391:
386:
379:
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375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Ionian League
300:
299:Ionic dialect
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:Ionian League
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:
207:
180:
172:
169:
167:
163:
160:
157:
155:
152:
148:
144:
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136:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
110:
109:Ionian League
106:
104:State existed
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
80:
75:
71:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:Ancient Ionia
6627:
6561:
6126:Dionysopolis
6096:Abonoteichos
6048:Pantikapaion
5638:Hybla Heraea
4974:Architecture
4930:Prostitution
4619:Aristophanes
4478:Philosophers
4448:Philosophers
4280:Spartan army
4011:(280–146 BC)
3999:(338–322 BC)
3993:(370–168 BC)
3981:(374–196 BC)
3975:(378–355 BC)
3957:(430–348 BC)
3951:(478–404 BC)
3945:(499–449 BC)
3632:Peloponnesus
3611:
3554:Roman Greece
3288:Neo-Hittites
3267:
3008:
2986:
2953:
2926:
2922:
2899:
2877:
2858:
2839:
2820:
2801:
2793:
2775:A. D. Godley
2768:
2759:Bibliography
2747:
2743:
2738:
2730:
2715:
2708:
2680:
2673:
2661:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2538:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2506:
2494:
2482:
2457:
2452:
2432:
2425:
2405:
2398:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2318:
2305:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2216:. Retrieved
2209:ScienceWorld
2208:
2195:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2071:
2062:
2050:
2041:
2014:
2001:
1981:
1977:
1961:
1940:
1932:
1922:
1917:the original
1907:
1899:
1891:
1867:
1835:
1824:
1765:
1753:
1749:
1732:
1681:
1670:
1661:
1656:
1632:
1620:
1613:
1603:
1564:
1541:
1505:
1483:
1471:
1456:
1433:Roman empire
1423:
1412:
1384:
1377:. After the
1368:
1331:
1316:
1300:Tissaphernes
1281:
1217:
1213:
1200:
1174:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1109:
1056:
1036:
1009:
996:
977:
943:
851:
791:Damasichthon
761:, conquered
727:
660:
645:
609:
595:
585:
572:
565:
554:
543:
535:
533:
527:
514:
503:
499:
495:
487:
483:
475:
471:
463:
459:
451:
447:
441:
433:
418:
399:
395:
367:
296:
249:
178:
177:
133:(modern-day
126:Largest city
66:Mount Mycale
43:
6649: /
6597:Paphlagonia
6274:Place names
6186:Salmydessus
6008:Kalos Limen
5988:Chersonesus
5978:Borysthenes
5683:Tauromenion
5495:Metapontion
5257:Proto-Greek
5210:Erechtheion
5205:Athena Nike
5167:Philippeion
4996:Mathematics
4967:and science
4850:Agriculture
4714:Stesichorus
4624:Bacchylides
4614:Archilochus
4501:Antisthenes
4491:Anaximander
4463:Seven Sages
4453:Playwrights
4433:Geographers
4428:Astronomers
4255:Pezhetairos
3882: 1100
3862:Federations
3761:Megalopolis
3698:City states
3673:City states
3392:Paphlagonia
3096:Hayasa-Azzi
2322:Herodotus,
2309:Herodotus,
2258:, 2008:29f.
2005:Herodotus,
1839:Herodotus,
1769:Herodotus,
1675:(1981), by
1664:(2011), by
1618:Old Persian
1556:Anaximander
1346:in 335 BC.
1317:In 396 BC,
1246:, Arcadian
1053:Lydian rule
846:Pamphylians
713:settled in
691:Peloponnese
120:Ionic Greek
6664:Categories
6651:38.2; 27.5
6537:Cappadocia
6176:Polemonion
6053:Phanagoria
6023:Kimmerikon
6018:Kerkinitis
6003:Hermonassa
5993:Dioscurias
5889:Aspalathos
5836:Kalathousa
5811:Akra Leuke
5740:Phoenicusa
5525:Scylletium
5510:Poseidonia
5430:Brentesion
5317:Pamphylian
5312:Macedonian
5230:Samothrace
5215:Hephaestus
5162:Long Walls
5141:Structures
5082:Underworld
5028:Technology
4991:Literature
4925:Philosophy
4890:Euergetism
4779:By culture
4724:Thucydides
4566:Pythagoras
4561:Protagoras
4551:Parmenides
4536:Heraclitus
4521:Empedocles
4511:Democritus
4496:Anaximenes
4486:Anaxagoras
4438:Historians
3931: 595
3918: 550
3899: 800
3884: – c.
3812:Cappadocia
3617:Ionian Sea
3607:Hellespont
3572:Aegean Sea
3367:Cappadocia
3347:Antigonids
3296:Carchemish
3243:Cimmerians
3183:Purushanda
3178:Sagalassos
3114:Kizzuwatna
3081:Carchemish
3059:Bronze Age
2929:(3): 268.
2887:0198152191
2700:1322366046
2559:1808/11108
2522:2 February
2456:Xenophon,
2374:Hamilton,
2361:Hamilton,
2348:Hamilton,
2335:Hamilton,
2218:15 January
1752:or Ἰωνίη,
1666:Gary Corby
1532:Nea Smyrni
1496:era dating
1391:successors
1248:Pelasgians
1244:Molossians
1232:Orchomenus
1016:Euxine Sea
984:Mt. Mycale
946:immigrants
889:Samothrace
872:from near
860:Clazomenae
819:conquered
799:Thersander
749:conquered
735:conquered
719:Dodecanese
636:Settlement
622:Ahhiyawans
390:Asia Minor
343:Clazomenae
6592:Pamphylia
6262:in Epirus
6211:Trapezous
6156:Mesambria
6141:Eupatoria
6111:Apollonia
6106:Anchialos
6068:Theodosia
6038:Nymphaion
6028:Myrmekion
5998:Gorgippia
5954:Black Sea
5939:Tragurion
5924:Nymphaion
5909:Epidauros
5904:Epidamnos
5894:Apollonia
5871:Zacynthos
5793:Ptolemais
5787:Apollonia
5760:Cyrenaica
5750:Therassía
5745:Strongyle
5725:Ereikousa
5648:Leontinoi
5588:Apollonia
5465:Hipponion
5262:Mycenaean
5225:Parthenon
5157:Lion Gate
5060:Mythology
5023:Sculpture
4986:Astronomy
4920:Pederasty
4895:Festivals
4880:Education
4760:Lawgivers
4729:Timocreon
4709:Sophocles
4704:Simonides
4679:Philocles
4674:Panyassis
4669:Mimnermus
4634:Herodotus
4629:Euripides
4599:Aeschylus
4546:Leucippus
4506:Aristotle
4285:Strategos
4151:Synedrion
4105:Ostracism
4085:Areopagus
4037:Free city
3832:Macedonia
3716:Byzantion
3622:Macedonia
3587:Cyrenaica
3564:Geography
3498:Geography
3377:Commagene
2972:cite book
2945:237987402
2770:Histories
2765:Herodotus
2578:230191195
2458:Hellenica
2376:Agesilaus
2350:Agesilaus
1845:1.149–150
1575:Bathycles
1571:Theodorus
1528:Nea Ionia
1512:Byzantine
1467:conventus
1427:Myonnesus
1407:Ptolemaic
1399:Antigonid
1319:Agesilaus
1256:Epidaurus
1236:Dryopians
1195:. In the
1039:Sargon II
988:Panionium
970:Panionium
911:Panionion
881:Epidaurus
817:Andraemon
795:Promethus
783:from the
753:from the
747:Androclus
739:from the
699:Melanthus
687:Pausanias
675:Herodotus
544:*Yawnayīn
444:etymology
438:Etymology
380:Geography
307:Panionion
258:(now the
70:Panionium
6572:Lycaonia
6532:Bithynia
6516:Anatolia
6311:Category
6289:Theatres
6216:Tripolis
6151:Kerasous
6146:Heraclea
6078:Tyritake
6033:Nikonion
5944:Thronion
5866:Salauris
5821:Emporion
5778:Berenice
5768:Balagrae
5720:Euonymos
5693:Tyndaris
5678:Syracuse
5673:Selinous
5643:Kamarina
5598:Casmenae
5583:Akrillai
5500:Neápolis
5435:Caulonia
5416:Mainland
5347:Linear B
5342:Linear A
5272:Dialects
5249:Language
5043:Religion
5001:Medicine
4935:Religion
4900:Folklore
4885:Emporium
4860:Clothing
4855:Calendar
4739:Xenophon
4734:Tyrtaeus
4719:Theognis
4694:Polybius
4689:Plutarch
4664:Menander
4644:Hipponax
4571:Socrates
4526:Epicurus
4372:Diadochi
4270:Sciritae
4230:Hetairoi
4205:Ballista
4170:Military
4133:Gerousia
4123:Ekklesia
4090:Ecclesia
4072:Athenian
4020:Politics
3933:–279 BC)
3920:–366 BC)
3901:–389 BC)
3837:Pergamon
3807:Bithynia
3800:Kingdoms
3741:Pergamon
3683:Military
3678:Politics
3475:Timeline
3397:Pergamon
3362:Bithynia
3226:Iron Age
3066:Ahhiyawa
2923:Historia
2898:(2013).
2378:, p. 88.
2352:, p. 87.
2339:, p. 27.
2203:(2007).
1970:Archived
1967:"Ἰάoνες"
1760:: İyonya
1693:See also
1684:biblical
1629:Sanskrit
1599:electrum
1487:oriental
1403:Seleucid
1387:conflict
1288:harmosts
1264:Apaturia
1240:Phocians
1071:Cimmerii
1024:Trapezus
934:electrum
870:Phocians
842:Erythrae
807:Colophon
777:Cyaretus
703:Aeolians
695:Achaians
671:migrated
536:Iā́wones
516:ḥꜣw-nbwt
506:himself.
500:iḕ paiṓn
476:Ἰᾱ́ϝoνες
452:Iā́wones
414:Maeander
339:Erythrae
327:Colophon
268:Maeander
225:Anatolia
116:Language
94:Anatolia
92:Western
89:Location
6637:27°30′E
6634:38°12′N
6607:Pisidia
6602:Phrygia
6567:Isauria
6557:Galatia
6547:Cilicia
6331:Outline
6284:Temples
6221:Zaliche
6201:Thèrmae
6191:Sesamus
6161:Odessos
6136:Cytorus
6131:Cotyora
5881:Illyria
5846:Mainake
5841:Kypsela
5730:Hycesia
5688:Thermae
5668:Segesta
5658:Messana
5613:Helorus
5593:Calacte
5573:Akragas
5535:Sybaris
5520:Rhegion
5475:Krimisa
5425:Alision
5334:Writing
5307:Locrian
5297:Epirote
5267:Homeric
5200:Artemis
5187:Temples
5128:Olympia
5098:Eleusis
5033:Theatre
5018:Pottery
4945:Warfare
4940:Slavery
4875:Economy
4870:Cuisine
4865:Coinage
4842:Society
4827:Culture
4822:Society
4770:Tyrants
4609:Alcaeus
4591:Authors
4541:Hypatia
4531:Gorgias
4468:Writers
4290:Toxotai
4260:Sarissa
4250:Peltast
4245:Phalanx
4225:Hoplite
4220:Hippeis
4143:Macedon
4115:Spartan
4100:Heliaia
4047:Proxeny
3756:Larissa
3751:Kerkyra
3746:Eretria
3736:Miletus
3731:Ephesus
3726:Corinth
3721:Chalcis
3642:Taurica
3512:Periods
3493:History
3387:Osroene
3382:Galatia
3372:Cilicia
3352:Armenia
3326:Phrygia
3308:Kammanu
3304:Ḫilakku
3253:Diauehi
3248:Colchis
3217:Zalpuwa
3193:Shupria
3174:Pisidia
3149:Miletus
3134:Kussara
3124:Kalašma
3118:Mitanni
3086:Hapalla
2487:Ma 1999
1823:(ed.).
1813::
1758:Turkish
1709:Ionians
1643:Turkish
1606:Persian
1544:Miletus
1516:Ottoman
1479:metonym
1447:Ephesus
1385:In the
1252:Dorians
1228:Minyans
1185:Macedon
1145:Eretria
1117:tyrants
1079:Croesus
1043:Cilicia
1032:Ephesus
1028:Phocaea
1020:Cyzicus
1012:Miletus
954:510 BCE
950:750 BCE
938:Ephesus
903:Abantes
891:and to
866:Phocaea
838:Cleopus
832:Athamas
828:Minyans
821:Lebedus
785:Carians
771:Carians
759:Lydians
755:Leleges
751:Ephesus
741:Cretans
737:Miletus
733:Neileus
721:and in
711:Dorians
707:Boeotia
626:Miletus
606:Miletus
592:History
586:ouainin
582:ⲟⲩⲁⲓⲛⲓⲛ
562:يُونَان
540:Aramaic
496:Iāwones
492:Pokorny
374:Miletus
347:Phocaea
331:Lebedos
323:Ephesus
311:Miletus
264:Miletus
252:Phocaea
241:Ionians
154:satrapy
151:Persian
130:Ephesus
6612:Pontus
6527:Aeolis
6321:Portal
6269:People
6257:Cities
6196:Sinope
6181:Rhizos
6171:Phasis
6121:Bathus
6116:Athina
6101:Amisos
6063:Tanais
6058:Pityus
5983:Charax
5934:Pharos
5929:Orikon
5826:Helike
5816:Alonis
5783:Cyrene
5715:Didyme
5628:Himera
5603:Catana
5565:Sicily
5555:Thurii
5550:Terina
5515:Pixous
5470:Hydrus
5445:Croton
5277:Aeolic
5195:Aphaea
5118:Dodona
5103:Delphi
5072:Temple
4748:Others
4699:Sappho
4684:Pindar
4659:Lucian
4654:Ibycus
4639:Hesiod
4576:Thales
4344:Rulers
4323:People
4300:Xyston
4295:Xiphos
4156:Koinon
4062:Tyrant
4052:Stasis
4042:Koinon
3842:Pontus
3817:Epirus
3786:Sparta
3776:Rhodes
3771:Megara
3766:Thebes
3711:Athens
3637:Pontus
3602:Epirus
3592:Cyprus
3577:Aeolis
3402:Pontus
3331:Urartu
3312:Kummuh
3300:Gurgum
3283:Mushki
3263:Etiuni
3233:Aeolia
3208:Wilusa
3129:Kaskia
3071:Arzawa
2993:
2960:
2943:
2906:
2884:
2865:
2846:
2827:
2808:
2781:
2723:
2698:
2688:
2576:
2566:
2461:5.1.31
2440:
2413:
2278:
1949:
1819:". In
1807:
1645:, and
1639:Arabic
1634:yavana
1631:word "
1625:Hebrew
1614:Younan
1552:Thales
1538:Legacy
1474:Strabo
1405:, and
1334:satrap
1323:Sardis
1304:satrap
1302:, the
1224:Euboea
1205:Aeolis
1181:Thrace
1000:Thales
972:, and
917:Smyrna
907:Euboea
874:Delphi
803:Thebes
767:Priene
717:, the
683:Strabo
679:Achaea
667:Hellen
602:Arzawa
579:Coptic
559:Arabic
548:Hebrew
486:- or *
429:Mycale
402:Hermus
363:Aeolic
359:Smyrna
319:Priene
280:Aeolia
262:), to
256:Hermus
221:region
216:-nee-ə
143:Turkey
135:Selçuk
98:Turkey
6670:Ionia
6617:Troad
6587:Mysia
6582:Lydia
6577:Lycia
6562:Ionia
6552:Doris
6542:Caria
6279:Stoae
6247:Lists
6166:Oinòe
6089:coast
6087:South
6073:Tyras
6043:Olbia
6013:Kepoi
5966:coast
5964:North
5957:basin
5899:Aulon
5861:Rhode
5773:Barca
5663:Naxos
5618:Henna
5578:Akrai
5545:Taras
5530:Siris
5490:Medma
5485:Locri
5450:Cumae
5440:Chone
5418:Italy
5324:Koine
5302:Ionic
5292:Doric
5287:Attic
5108:Delos
5006:Music
4649:Homer
4604:Aesop
4556:Plato
4458:Poets
4128:Ephor
4080:Agora
4057:Tagus
4032:Boule
3781:Samos
3706:Argos
3612:Ionia
3597:Doris
3582:Crete
3320:Tabal
3292:Atuna
3278:Lydia
3273:Lycia
3268:Ionia
3258:Doris
3238:Caria
3203:Urumu
3198:Urshu
3164:Nairi
3159:Mysia
3144:Luwia
3139:Lukka
3110:Isuwa
3091:Hatti
3016:Ionia
2941:S2CID
2744:yavan
2324:1.147
2311:1.146
2007:1.145
1841:1.143
1817:Ionia
1771:1.142
1754:Iōníē
1750:Iōnía
1741:Ἰωνία
1725:Notes
1687:Yavan
1621:Yauna
1610:Greek
1595:ivory
1591:Chios
1508:Roman
1312:Caria
1308:Lydia
1260:Caria
1230:from
1209:Mysia
1067:Ardys
1063:Lydia
1059:Gyges
974:Delos
905:from
899:Chios
893:Anaea
885:Argos
811:Naxos
779:took
769:from
763:Samos
723:Caria
715:Crete
608:(the
566:yūnān
555:yāwān
551:יָוָן
528:*uiH-
526:root
504:iḕios
472:Ἴωνες
470:Word
456:Frisk
448:Íōnes
355:Chios
351:Samos
288:Caria
284:Lydia
276:Samos
272:Chios
260:Gediz
237:Greek
229:İzmir
179:Ionia
159:Yauna
139:İzmir
49:Ionia
6206:Tium
5973:Akra
5914:Issa
5608:Gela
5480:Laüs
5455:Elea
5113:Dion
4965:Arts
4955:Wine
4581:Zeno
4178:Wars
3316:Quwê
3212:Troy
3188:Seha
3169:Pala
3154:Mira
2991:ISBN
2978:link
2958:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2863:ISBN
2844:ISBN
2825:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2696:OCLC
2686:ISBN
2574:OCLC
2564:ISBN
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