Kingdom of Judah - Knowledge

3733:(2006), 159–168; Kitchen (1997); Millard (1997; 2008). For a total denial of the historicity of the United Monarchy cf. e.g., Davies (1992), 67–68; others suggested a 'chiefdom' comprising a small region around Jerusalem, cf. Knauf (1997), 81–85; Niemann (1997), 252–299 and Finkelstein (1999). For a 'middle of the road' approach suggesting a United Monarchy of larger territorial scope though smaller than the biblical description cf. e.g., Miller (1997); Halpern (2001), 229–262; Liverani (2005), 92–101. The latter recently suggested a state comprising the territories of Judah and Ephraim during the time of David, which subsequently was enlarged to include areas of northern Samaria and influence areas in the Galilee and Transjordan. Na'aman (1992; 1996) once accepted the basic biography of David as authentic and later rejected the United Monarchy as a state, cf. id. (2007), 401–402. 105: 1081: 2273: 88: 718: 2507: 803: 2697: 679: 1482: 2458: 2790:, not Jerusalem. On hearing of the appointment, many of the Judeans who had taken refuge in surrounding countries were persuaded to return to Judah. However, Gedaliah was soon assassinated by a member of the royal house, and the Chaldean soldiers killed. The population that was left in the land and those who had returned fled to Egypt for fear a Babylonian reprisal, under the leadership of Yohanan ben 2076: 2402: 6267: 743:, which originally formed one structure, contain material culture dated to Iron I. On account of the alleged lack of settlement activity in the 10th century BCE, Israel Finkelstein argues that Jerusalem was then a small country village in the Judean hills, not a national capital, and Ussishkin argues that the city was entirely uninhabited. 2492: 4792:

The discrepancy between the length of the siege according to the regnal years of Zedekiah (years 9–11), on the one hand, and its length according to Jehoiachin's exile (years 9–12), on the other, can be cancelled out only by supposing the former to have been reckoned on a Tishri basis, and the latter

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dating to the period of the Kingdom of Judah indicates widespread literacy, based on the inscriptions, the ability to read and write extended throughout the chain of command from commanders to petty officers. According to Professor Eliezer Piasetsky, who participated in analyzing the texts, "Literacy

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in the 10th century BCE tell little about the origins of Judah, currently, there is no consensus as to whether Judah developed as a split from a unified kingdom Israel (as the Bible tells) or independently. Some scholars suggested that Jerusalem, the kingdom's capital, did not emerge as a significant

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It is fairly well established by now that the narrative of the book of Kings cannot be taken as an accurate reflection of the religious world of the nations of Judah and Israel.1{...}1 The historicity of certain sections of the narrative has been questioned for a long time within scholarly circles,

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on a Nisan basis. The difference of one year between the two is accounted for by the fact that the termination of the siege fell in the summer, between Nisan and Tishri, already in the 12th year according to the reckoning in Ezekiel, but still in Zedekiah's 11th year which was to end only in Tishri.

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and other countries to seek refuge. The city fell after a siege, which lasted either eighteen or thirty months, and Nebuchadnezzar again pillaged both Jerusalem and the Temple and then destroyed both. After killing all of Zedekiah's sons, Nebuchadnezzar took Zedekiah to Babylon and so put an end to

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found in wine jars in Jerusalem might indicate that the local elite enjoyed wine flavored with vanilla during the 7–6th centuries BCE. Until very recently, vanilla was not at all known to be available to the Old World. Archeologists suggested that this discovery might be related to an international

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Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. N. Avigad and B. Sass. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997, nos. 4 and 3 respectively; Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 BCE Lawrence J. Mykytiuk. SBL Academia Biblica 12. Atlanta, 2004, 153–59,

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For conservative approaches defining the United Monarchy as a state "from Dan to Beer Sheba" including "conquered kingdoms" (Ammon, Moab, Edom) and "spheres of influence" in Geshur and Hamath cf. e.g., Ahlström (1993), 455–542; Meyers (1998); Lemaire (1999); Masters (2001); Stager (2003); Rainey

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began to argue that the archaeological evidence for an extensive kingdom before the late 8th century BCE is too weak, and that the methodology used to obtain the evidence is flawed. In the 10th and early 9th centuries BCE, the territory of Judah appears to have been sparsely populated,

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Today, after much further discussion in academic journals, it is accepted by most archaeologists that the inscription is not only genuine but that the reference is indeed to the House of David, thus representing the first allusion found anywhere outside the Bible to the biblical

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contends that if the Iron I / Iron II A dating of administrative structures in the City of David are correct, which he believes to be the case, "Jerusalem was a rather small town with a mighty citadel, which could have been a center of a substantial regional polity."

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on this particular topic. Due to geopolitical factors like security issues, isolation, and political changes, the core area of the Kingdom of Judah on the south-central highlands has seen limited archaeological exploration compared to regions west of the

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For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to

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One God – One Cult – One Nation. Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives, Edited by Reinhard G. Kratz and Hermann Spieckermann in Collaboration with Björn Corzilius and Tanja Pilger, (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

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of Assyria attacked the fortified cities of Judah. Hezekiah paid three hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold to Assyria, which required him to empty the temple and royal treasury of silver and strip the gold from the doorposts of

2145:, asked the new king to reduce the heavy taxes and labor requirements that his father Solomon had imposed. Rehoboam rejected their petition: “I will add to your yoke: my father hath chastised you with whips, I will chastise you with scorpions" ( 2751:, in addition to those killed during the siege, some 4,600 people were deported after the fall of Judah. By 586 BCE, much of Judah had been devastated, and the former kingdom had suffered a steep decline of both its economy and its population. 3769:

Regev, Johanna; Gadot, Yuval; Uziel, Joe; Chalaf, Ortal; Shalev, Yiftah; Roth, Helena; Shalom, Nitsan; Szanton, Nahshon; Bocher, Efrat; Pearson, Charlotte L.; Brown, David M.; Mintz, Eugenia; Regev, Lior; Boaretto, Elisabetta (2024-04-29).

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existed at all levels of the administrative, military and priestly systems of Judah. Reading and writing were not limited to a tiny elite." That indicates the presence of a substantial educational infrastructure in Judah at the time.

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The Tel Dan inscription generated a good deal of debate and a flurry of articles when it first appeared, but it is now widely regarded (a) as genuine and (b) as referring to the Davidic dynasty and the Aramaic kingdom of

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in the northern Negev. In the east, Judah's boundaries followed the Arabah to the western shore of the Dead Sea. In prosperous periods, Judah's influence expanded, stretching southward to Beersheba and beyond, including

2284:, who built a fortress at Ramah on the border, less than ten miles from Jerusalem. The capital came under pressure, and the military situation was precarious. Asa took gold and silver from the Temple and sent them to 648:

administrative center until the end of the 8th century BCE. Before then, the archaeological evidence suggests its population was too small to sustain a viable kingdom. Other scholars argue that recent discoveries and

7844: 7849: 6845: 784:(that is, bullae bearing only iconography, no inscriptions) dated to the 11th/10th-9th centuries BCE which feature "papyrus lines" on their backs. It has been argued that these seals provide evidence that 3536: 2231:, Abijah and his people defeated them with a great slaughter, so that 500,000 chosen men of Israel fell slain, and Jeroboam posed little threat to Judah for the rest of his reign. The border of the 984:, is one of the most noteworthy fortresses from the period. Great views of the Shepehla, including the Judahite towns of Azekah, Socho, Goded, Lachish, and Maresha, could be seen from this fort. 2764:

Jerusalem apparently remained uninhabited for much of the 6th century, and the centre of gravity shifted to Benjamin, the relatively unscathed northern section of the kingdom, where the town of

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that owed allegiance to Babylon. Jehoiakim also stopped paying tribute to Nebuchadnezzar and took a pro-Egyptian position. Nebuchadnezzar soon dealt with the rebellions. According to the

2644:. In 601 BCE, in the fourth year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar attempted to invade Egypt but was repulsed with heavy losses. The failure led to numerous rebellions among the states of the 697:

in the 9th century BCE, and attestations of several Judean kings from the 8th century BCE have been discovered, but they do little to indicate how developed the state actually was. The

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to the west was still recovering from Assyrian rule. In the power vacuum, Judah could govern itself for the time being without foreign intervention. However, in the spring of 609 BCE,

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The numbers that were deported to Babylon and that made their way to Egypt and the remnant that remained in the land and in surrounding countries are subject to academic debate. The

6838: 417:, discovered in 1993, shows that the kingdom existed in some form by the middle of the 9th century BCE, but it does not indicate the extent of its power. Recent excavations at 2004: 2776:

was conquered in 604 BCE, the political, religious and economic elite (but not the bulk of the population) was banished and the administrative centre shifted to a new location.

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and his court and other prominent citizens and craftsmen, along with a sizable portion of the Jewish population of Judah, numbering about 10,000 were deported from the land and

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are not an accurate portrayal of religious attitudes in Judah or Israel of the time. Nevertheless, epigraphic evidence attests to Yahweh's prominence within Judahite religion.

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Much of the debate revolves around whether the archaeological discoveries conventionally dated to the 10th century should instead be dated to the 9th century, as proposed by

6428: 7839: 6831: 2940:(640–609 BCE) returned to the worship of Yahweh alone, but his efforts were too late, and Israel's unfaithfulness caused God to permit the kingdom's destruction by the 5141:

even though the majority of the text is accepted to be historically trustworthy; this is particularly true of aspects of the depiction of the northern kingdom, Israel.

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was immediately wrecked. A new fleet was fitted out without the cooperation of the king of Israel. Although it was successful, the trade was not prosecuted. He joined

4257:"The Excavations at Khirbet Abu et-Twein and the System of Iron Age Fortresses in Judah (Pls. לט–מה) / החפירות בח'רבת אבו א-תוין ומערך המצודות הישראליות בהרי יהודה" 4091:, p. 89 ("As the work of the renewed excavations developed it became clear that the destruction of Level III must be assigned to Sennacherib's attack in 701 BCE."). 1443: 3548: 6812: 2019: 87: 5475: 2608:

had been selected to succeed his father, Josiah. Necho deposed Jehoahaz, who had been king for only three months, and replaced him with his older brother,

2104: 7799: 3048: 1989: 4121:"Residue analysis evidence for wine enriched with vanilla consumed in Jerusalem on the eve of the Babylonian destruction in 586 BCE. PLoS ONE 17(3)" 3893:

Not all agree that the ruins found in Khirbet Qeiyafa are of the biblical town Sha'arayim, let alone the palace of ancient Israel's most famous king

2573:, was blocked by the Judean army, led by Josiah, who may have considered that the Assyrians and the Egyptians were weakened by the death of Pharaoh 2245:, maintained peace for the first 35 years of his reign, and he revamped and reinforced the fortresses initially built by his grandfather, Rehoboam. 735:, which does show evidence of significant Israelite residential activity around the 10th century. Some unique administrative structures such as the 2265:, in the coastal plain, where they stopped out of sheer exhaustion. The resulting peace kept Judah free from Egyptian incursions until the time of 7824: 7804: 1905: 5065:

The people of Judah survived, eventually becoming known as the Jews and giving their name to Judaism, the religion of Yahweh, the Israelite God.

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The people of Judah survived, eventually becoming known as the Jews and giving their name to Judaism, the religion of Yahweh, the Israelite God.

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soon joined Judah. Both kingdoms, Judah in the south and Israel in the north, co-existed uneasily after the split until the destruction of the

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The status of Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE is a major subject of debate. The oldest part of Jerusalem and its original urban core are the

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for the remnant of the Jewish population in a part of the former kingdom. That was standard Babylonian practice. When the Philistine city of

1370: 1365: 2292:, in exchange for the Damascene king cancelling his peace treaty with Baasha. Ben-Hadad attacked Ijon, Dan and many important cities of the 1924: 1027:. A few freestanding, elevated, isolated guard towers of the period were found around Jerusalem; towers of this type were discovered in the 675:

have been interpreted as supporting the existence of the United Monarchy, but the datings and identifications are not universally accepted.

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ruled originally as a vassal of the Egyptians by paying a heavy tribute. However, when the Egyptians were defeated by the Babylonians at

2193:'s 17-year reign. Rehoboam built elaborate defenses and strongholds, along with fortified cities. In the fifth year of Rehoboam's reign, 7491: 6476: 6438: 6352: 6342: 3058: 3053: 2209: 2118: 1946: 1614: 1582: 1155: 732: 653: 389: 5078: 2518:(c. 701 BCE). Assyrian soldiers carry off booty from the city, and Judean prisoners are taken into exile with their goods and animals. 7768: 2723: 2272: 1436: 907: 479: 421:, however, support the existence of a centrally organized and urbanized kingdom by the 10th century BCE, according to the excavators. 5506: 7809: 6414: 3360: 5470: 4051: 968:

have seen the discovery of several Judahite fortresses and towers. The fortifications had a large central courtyard surrounded by

4172:"Early City Planning in the Kingdom of Judah: Khirbet Qeiyafa, Beth Shemesh 4, Tell en-Naṣbeh, Khirbet ed-Dawwara, and Lachish V" 3597:

Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705–681), could not deal with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702 BCE.

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Some unfounded accusations of forgery have had little or no effect on the scholarly acceptance of this inscription as genuine.

1966: 632:. Few excavations and surveys have been conducted there, creating a notable knowledge gap compared to the extensively-studied 333: 1405: 1038:

It is clear from the position of Judaean strongholds that one of their primary purposes was to facilitate communications via

2296:, and Baasha was forced to withdraw from Ramah. Asa tore down the unfinished fortress and used its raw materials to fortify 846:. None of the original seals has been found, but some 2,000 impressions made by at least 21 seal types have been published. 6855: 3878: 2577:

only a year earlier (610 BCE). Presumably in an attempt to help the Babylonians, Josiah attempted to block the advance at

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The remaining Prophetical Stories of the North are midrash in the current sense of the word, of dubious historical value.

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argues that Jerusalem was a small and fortified city, probably inhabited only by the royal court, priests and clerks.

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Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.

4925: 2373:, the daughter of Ahab. Despite the alliance with the stronger northern kingdom, Jehoram's rule of Judah was shaky. 2257:

the Ethiopian and his million men and 300 chariots were defeated by Asa's 580,000 men in the Valley of Zephath near

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Malamat, Abraham (1968). "The Last Kings of Judah and the Fall of Jerusalem: An Historical – Chronological Study".

4546: 3288: 2593:. The combined forces failed to hold the city after capturing it temporarily, and Necho retreated back to northern 2582: 2212:, Rehoboam gave them all of the treasures out of the temple as a tribute and Judah became a vassal state of Egypt. 2090: 1999: 1888: 1461: 1360: 1028: 1003:. It underwent numerous renovations and extensions. There are several other Judahite forts in the Negev, including 619:

The formation of the Kingdom of Judah is a subject of heavy debate among scholars, with a dispute emerging between

545:. The central ridge, ranging from forested and shrubland-covered mountains gently sloping towards the hills of the 1951: 705:

as Ya'uda or KUR.ia-ú-da-a-a), while an earlier reference to a Judahite envoy seems to appear in a wine list from

467:, is assumed to have been written during this same time period and emphasizes the significance of upholding them. 7789: 6454: 3011: 2936:(698–642 BCE) and Amon (642–640 BCE), revived idolatry, which drew down on the kingdom the anger of Yahweh. King 1218: 991:

served as a key administrative and military stronghold. It protected the route from the Judaean Mountains to the

197: 2261:. The Bible does not state whether Zerah was a pharaoh or a general of the army. The Ethiopians were pursued to 7859: 7854: 6395: 6292: 2343:, who were under tribute to Israel. This war was successful, and the Moabites were subdued. However, on seeing 2220: 1994: 1984: 1671: 1569: 1495: 1091: 614: 514: 717: 478:, ultimately resulting in Judah's rapid decline. The early 6th century BCE saw a wave of Egyptian-backed 2311:, changed the policy towards Israel and instead pursued alliances and cooperation with it. The alliance with 7819: 7814: 6970: 6791: 6324: 2185:

For the first 60 years, the kings of Judah tried to re-establish their authority over Israel, and there was

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Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה

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With the final fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 605 BCE, competition emerged between Saite Egypt and the

6823: 6009: 4409: 2461: 973: 6094:"Literacy in the Kingdom of Judah: A Typology of Approaches and a Criticism of Quantitative Perspectives" 3772:"Radiocarbon chronology of Iron Age Jerusalem reveals calibration offsets and architectural developments" 7516: 7464: 7113: 5153: 4119:

Amir, A.; Finkelstein, I.; Shalev, Y.; Uziel, J.; Chalaf, O.; Freud, L.; Neumann, R.; Gadot, Y. (2022).

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tons or about 3.4 metric tons) and a talent of gold (about 34 kilograms (75 lb)). Necho then took

2146: 3674: 7588: 7582: 7128: 2912:) and many of the kings of Judah were "bad" in terms of the biblical narrative by failing to enforce 2827: 2673: 2637: 2613: 2186: 2150: 2009: 1829: 1662: 1400: 1315: 1256: 1149: 1069: 698: 606: 491: 269: 7651: 7613: 7459: 6596: 6285: 2875: 2665: 2527: 2472:(c. 687/686 – 643/642 BCE), Judah was a vassal of Assyrian rulers: Sennacherib and his successors, 2447: 2228: 1956: 1910: 1784: 1350: 1244: 1180: 624: 620: 513:

allowed the Jews who had been deported after the conquest of Judah to return. They were allowed to

464: 425: 409: 3207:. Robert G. Hoyland, H. G. M. Williamson (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 61–85. 2900:

The major theme of the Hebrew Bible's narrative is the loyalty of Judah, especially its kings, to

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became king of Judah in c. 641/640 BCE, the international situation was in flux. To the east, the

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took advantage of the political vacuum that resulted from Assyria's decline and the emergence of

162: 3337: 941: 678: 3134: 30:"Kingdom of Judea" redirects here. For the Judean polity of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, see 7717: 7692: 7400: 6875: 6807: 6746: 6721: 6706: 6601: 6586: 6571: 6566: 6244: 6220: 6199: 6178: 6172: 6157: 6136: 6128: 6115: 6078: 6057: 6036: 6015: 5994: 5973: 5952: 5931: 5910: 5891: 5854: 5833: 5812: 5791: 5770: 5762: 5747: 5726: 5705: 5684: 5663: 5640: 5632: 5617: 5596: 5590: 5575: 5554: 5533: 5491: 5455: 5434: 5410: 5389: 5368: 5347: 5328: 5304: 5298: 5283: 5262: 5241: 5235: 5118: 5054: 5031: 4992: 4931: 4865: 4679: 4562: 4556: 4509: 4413: 4399: 4268: 4237: 4227: 4152: 4031: 3986: 3934: 3928: 3852: 3801: 3793: 3627: 3579: 3512: 3506: 3481: 3450: 3444: 3307: 3268: 3241: 3218: 3208: 3175: 3138: 3129:

The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts

3105: 2998: 2933: 2883: 2874:. Yehud Medinata was a peaceful part of the Achaemenid Empire until its fall in c. 333 BCE to 2859: 2677: 2627: 2605: 2469: 2386: 2336: 2324: 2293: 2250: 2232: 2166: 1732: 1691: 1523: 1508: 1470: 1375: 1330: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1222: 1190: 1042:

across the Kingdom, a method well-documented in the Book of Jeremiah and the Lachish letters.

961: 835: 578: 530: 506: 483: 31: 6072: 5988: 5741: 5404: 5110: 3475: 2688:, Jehoiakim's brother, the king of the reduced kingdom, who was made a tributary of Babylon. 788:

were written and used in Jerusalem already from the 10th (perhaps 11th) century BCE onwards.

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of Israel and was victorious with a heavy loss of life on the Israel side. According to the

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and to rebuild the Temple, which was completed in the sixth year of Darius (515 BCE) under

922:, the fortified cities of the Kingdom of Judah during the 10th century BCE were located at 7794: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7682: 7079: 7042: 6933: 6646: 6526: 6329: 5518: 5318: 4062: 4058: 2982: 2892:

are named after Judah, and primarily descend from people who lived in the former Kingdom.

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In the 7th century BCE, the kingdom's population increased greatly, prospering under

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Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C.

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A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy

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to the west, which has undergone systematic surveys and numerous scientific excavations.

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seem to indicate that Jerusalem was already a significant city by the 10th century BCE.

490:, ultimately destroying the city and ending the kingdom. A large number of Judeans were 7763: 7663: 7496: 7253: 7163: 7123: 6955: 6895: 6786: 6459: 6347: 4552: 4147: 4120: 3043: 3027: 2962:

dating to the 8th century BC. Researchers believe that cannabis may have been used for

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looted the king's house and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son,

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was based on marriage. The alliance led to disaster for the kingdom with the Battle of

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Nebuchadnezzar by ceasing to pay tribute to him and entered an alliance with Pharaoh

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at an age of either eight or eighteen. The city fell about three months later, on 2

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The Two Houses of Israel: State Formation and the Origins of Pan-Israelite Identity

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The northern border of Judah extended east-west from the northwestern shore of the

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Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism

5214: 5197: 5163: 3982: 2219:, continued his father's efforts to bring Israel under his control. He fought the 381:

are named after Judah, and primarily descend from people who lived in the region.

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Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E.

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Finkelstein, Israel (2001). "The Rise of Jerusalem and Judah: the Missing Link".

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with chambers on the outside wall, and they were square or rectangular in shape.

701:, dated c. 733 BCE, is the earliest known record of the name "Judah" (written in 7531: 7442: 7432: 7288: 7217: 7148: 7143: 7020: 6995: 6781: 6656: 6591: 6536: 6491: 6234: 5424: 5300:

Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman

3361:"Khirbet Qeiyafa: an unsensational archaeological and historical interpretation" 2815: 2442: 2378: 2362: 2352: 2332: 2308: 2297: 2285: 1681: 1600: 1175: 843: 839: 664: 436: 4976: 4950: 4908: 4804: 4751: 4605: 4594: 4590: 4489: 4465: 4454: 4373: 4362: 4304: 4293: 3771: 7687: 7619: 7600: 7417: 7185: 7015: 6925: 6880: 6320: 6309: 5028:

The history of the Jews: from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time

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The history of the Jews: from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time

3222: 3171: 2913: 2905: 2867: 2481: 2473: 2320: 2201: 1893: 1596: 1538: 1413: 1114: 1004: 817: 452: 354: 6406: 6119: 5895: 5035: 4965: 4954: 4912: 4443: 4439: 4272: 4241: 3990: 3856: 3848: 3797: 3311: 3179: 3098:"David's Jerusalem: The Early 10th Century BCE Part I: An Agrarian Community" 2480:

after 669 BCE. Manasseh is listed as being required to provide materials for

17: 7747: 7677: 7605: 7543: 7536: 7511: 7427: 7422: 7293: 7264: 7158: 7118: 6980: 6726: 6466: 4629: 3788: 3018: 2837: 2803: 2783: 2633: 2609: 2574: 2562: 2554: 2546: 1409: 1170: 1144: 1008: 965: 945: 825: 813: 797: 633: 573: 546: 534: 370: 133: 93: 7447: 7336: 7312: 5258:

A History of Israelite Religion, Volume II: From the Exile to the Maccabees

5030:. Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim. 4156: 3805: 3306:. Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim. 3202: 2652:, after invading "the land of Hatti (Syria/Palestine)" in 599 BCE, he laid 6266: 6174:

The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present

4221: 2656:. Jehoiakim died in 598 BCE during the siege and was succeeded by his son 2125:

during the late-11th century BCE, and reached its peak during the rule of

7634: 7594: 7406: 7392: 7236: 7196: 7190: 7103: 6944: 6938: 6890: 6736: 6731: 6701: 6671: 6641: 6611: 6521: 5656:"A Social Archaeology of the Kingdom of Judah: Tenth–Sixth Centuries BCE" 3724:"Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy" 3623: 3417:"Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy" 2959: 2921: 2917: 2871: 2795: 2779: 2773: 2719: 2685: 2669: 2657: 2542: 2430: 2426: 2406: 2370: 2356: 2224: 2190: 2142: 2138: 1109: 1024: 988: 981: 977: 821: 765: 761: 561: 432: 366: 362: 256: 241: 222: 190: 6110: 6093: 5886: 5869: 5571:

Beyond the Texts: An Archaeological Portrait of Ancient Israel and Judah

4787: 4280: 4256: 4188: 4171: 2932:, among other traditional Near Eastern divinities), but his successors, 2359:) filled Jehoshaphat with horror, he withdrew and returned to his land. 34:. For the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel, see 7722: 7521: 7353: 7322: 7260: 7212: 7168: 7133: 7069: 7005: 7000: 6960: 6950: 6606: 6560: 6501: 5279:

Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.

3104:. Routledge Studies in Religion. Vol. 45. Routledge. p. 180. 2929: 2811: 2712: 2681: 2539: 2438: 2377:

revolted, and he was forced to acknowledge its independence. A raid by

2258: 2198: 2194: 2174: 2134: 2133:. After the death of Solomon circa 930 BCE, the Israelites gathered in 2130: 2047: 1900: 1554: 1119: 1020: 898: 830: 785: 694: 644: 565: 401: 388:

depicts the Kingdom of Judah as one of the two successor states of the

177: 156: 6240:

The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches

7707: 7639: 7629: 7624: 7563: 7558: 7470: 7437: 7363: 7317: 7298: 7226: 7153: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7054: 7048: 7025: 6915: 6910: 6900: 6859: 6716: 6691: 6686: 6621: 6375: 5767:

The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE

3879:"Crying King David: Are the ruins found in Israel really his palace?" 3070: 2937: 2901: 2799: 2791: 2727: 2645: 2590: 2523: 2266: 2238: 1915: 1559: 1545: 1380: 1139: 992: 931: 851: 706: 538: 475: 463:

and expresses a worldview based on the legal principles found in the

460: 456: 440: 428: 5660:

The Social Archaeology of the Levant: From Prehistory to the Present

5655: 4052:"New Look at Ancient Shards Suggests Bible Even Older than Thought." 3966: 2491: 2484:'s building projects and as one of a number of vassals who assisted 3723: 3416: 2664:(March 16) 597 BCE. Nebuchadnezzar pillaged both Jerusalem and the 2597:. The event also marked the disintegration of the Assyrian Empire. 820:

on the handles of large storage jars dating from the reign of King

7573: 7553: 7548: 7526: 7476: 7452: 7358: 7346: 7341: 7306: 7283: 7202: 7173: 7108: 7064: 7010: 6990: 6616: 6546: 6496: 6380: 3021: 2739: 2585:

and Josiah was killed. Necho then joined forces with the Assyrian

2535: 2505: 2490: 2456: 2418: 2400: 2382: 2344: 2328: 2271: 2262: 2254: 2126: 1564: 1355: 1032: 949: 903: 801: 769: 716: 677: 640: 569: 542: 413:

limited to small rural settlements, most of them unfortified. The

397: 35: 2908:. Accordingly, all of the kings of Israel (except to some extent 685:, with the word(s) "House of David" highlighted (9th century BCE) 572:. To the west, the border ran from Gezer across the Shephelah to 7506: 7481: 7330: 7274: 7269: 7059: 7032: 6985: 6975: 6965: 6905: 6696: 6576: 6556: 6551: 6486: 4101: 3328:

Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Sa'ar; Hasel, Michael (19 April 2012).

2925: 2909: 2889: 2807: 2743: 2735: 2708: 2661: 2464:, built during the reign of king Hezekiah (late-8th century BCE) 2410: 2374: 2340: 2312: 2141:. Before the coronation took place, the northern tribes, led by 2122: 1000: 996: 976:, which is situated on the Judaean Mountains between modern day 858: 393: 378: 6827: 6410: 6281: 5658:. In Yasur-Landau, Assaf; Cline, Eric H.; Rowan, Yorke (eds.). 5637:

The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible

1050: 7368: 5698:

Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Schmidt, Brian B. (2007).

5529:

What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?

3967:"Samaria and Judah in an Early 8th-Century Assyrian Wine List" 2958:

Evidence of cannabis residues has been found on two altars in

2429:

became the sole ruler in c. 715 BCE, he formed alliances with

854: 4861:

A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period

2782:

was appointed governor of the Yehud province, supported by a

4927:

The Prophetic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts Series

4649:

No 24 WA21946, The Babylonian Chronicles, The British Museum

4405:

1 & 2 Kings (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible)

3930:

The Pitcher is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gösta W. Ahlström

3833:"Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come" 2730:. In 589 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar II returned to Judah and again 2640:

in 605 BCE, Jehoiakim changed allegiances to pay tribute to

2561:

at the head of a large army, Necho passed the low tracts of

7845:

States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC

5951:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 287. Peeters. 5633:"The Later Monarchy in History and Biblical Historiography" 5550:

Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?

4223:

The fortifications of ancient Israel and Judah, 1200–586 BC

3616:

The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule

392:, a term denoting the united monarchy under biblical kings 5198:"Cannabis and Frankincense at the Judahite Shrine of Arad" 1051:

Jeroboam's revolt and the partition of the United Monarchy

1011:, and Tel Malhata. The main Judahite fortification in the 944:, believed to be the site of the ancient biblical town of 7850:

States and territories established in the 10th century BC

5159:

A Critical and Exegetical Commentary of the Book of Kings

4661:

The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible

4480:(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965) 287–88. 3334:

Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel

2951:

It is now widely agreed among academic scholars that the

2153:

and proclaimed Jeroboam their king, forming the northern

4527: 4525: 3837:

Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture

3657: 3655: 2862:

conquered Babylonia and allowed the exiles to return to

4478:

Ancient Near Eastern Texts Related to the Old Testament

2920:(727–698 BCE) is noted for his efforts at stamping out 906:

during that period, probably under Assyrian and later,

447:

rule over the area to enact his religious reforms. The

5117:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: W. B. Eerdmans. p. 27. 3359:

Finkelstein, Israel; Fantalkin, Alexander (May 2012).

3005: 780:

in the City of David has revealed many anepigraphical

6171:

Silberman, Neil Asher; Small, David B., eds. (1997).

5765:. In Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.). 3446:

Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty

2786:

guard. The administrative centre of the province was

2768:

became the capital of the new Babylonian province of

639:

While it is generally agreed that the narratives of

6029:

Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986).

4066:. Retrieved from TimesofIsrael.com, 30 January 2019. 3927:

Holloway, Steven W.; Handy, Lowell K., eds. (1995).

3818: 2992: 2870:, the grandson of the second to last king of Judah, 2798:

against the move. In Egypt, the refugees settled in

870: 7756: 7650: 7391: 6924: 6866: 6800: 6745: 6630: 6510: 6475: 5677:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). 5361:Blenkinsopp, Joseph; Lipschits, Oded, eds. (2003). 3125:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). 2878:. Judean independence was reestablished after the 2818:, and Jeremiah went with them as a moral guardian. 2747:the independent Kingdom of Judah. According to the 2208:, brought a vast army and took many cities. In the 2137:for the coronation of Solomon's son and successor, 549:in the west, to the dry and arid landscapes of the 284: 266: 252: 229: 210: 196: 186: 176: 149: 139: 129: 121: 52: 6195:An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah 5589:Dunn, James D.G.; Rogerson, John W., eds. (2003). 5364:Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period 2589:, and they crossed the Euphrates and lay siege to 517:. It was not until 400 years later, following the 5081:Hezekiah's Reforms and the Revolt against Assyria 4089:The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish 3618:. Penn State University Press. pp. 361–367. 3330:"Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa preliminary report" 2189:between them. Israel and Judah warred throughout 5662:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 337–353. 5613:The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms 2630:back to Egypt as his prisoner, never to return. 824:(circa 700 BCE) discovered mostly in and around 6216:Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel 6133:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel 5948:A History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Judah 4991:. Harry Ostrer. Oxford University Press. 2012. 3776:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3477:Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction 3323: 3321: 3267:. Harry Ostrer. Oxford University Press. 2012. 3204:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Holy Land 365:. Centered in the highlands to the west of the 5635:. In Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.). 5196:Eran Arie; Baruch Rosen; Dvory Namdar (2020). 4989:Legacy: a Genetic History of the Jewish People 3537:"The Birth & Death of Biblical Minimalism" 3336:. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from 3265:Legacy: a Genetic History of the Jewish People 6839: 6422: 6293: 5826:King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001). 5769:. Oxford University Press. pp. 743–756. 5639:. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–129. 4850: 4848: 4314: 4312: 4226:. Adam Hook. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 29–40. 3102:David's Jerusalem: Between Memory and History 2612:. Necho imposed on Judah a levy of a hundred 2369:, formed an alliance with Israel by marrying 2098: 1437: 806:Storage jars handles marked with LMLK seals, 57: 8: 6813:List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel 6071:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). 5990:Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel 5479:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). p. 535. 4542: 4540: 2844:suggest that it was 10,000 and later 8,000. 2454:in 701 BCE though the city was never taken. 2276:Palestine from 720 BC to the exile of Judah. 2235:was restored to the original tribal border. 521:, that Judeans fully regained independence. 6135:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 197–212. 5927:The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land 5743:Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives 4864:. T&T Clark International. p. 28. 4394: 4392: 3201:Lemaire, André (2018). "Israel and Judah". 2151:ten of the tribes rebelled against Rehoboam 480:Judahite rebellions against Babylonian rule 6846: 6832: 6824: 6429: 6415: 6407: 6300: 6286: 6278: 5722:Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction 4715:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 23. 4506:The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings 3744: 2105: 2091: 1455: 1444: 1430: 1054: 103: 49: 6109: 5885: 5213: 4896: 4499: 4497: 4187: 4146: 4136: 3787: 3578:. Harvard University Press. p. 142. 3049:List of artifacts in biblical archaeology 2794:. They ignored the urging of the prophet 2668:and carted all of his spoils to Babylon. 2441:by refusing to pay tribute. In response, 585:. Its influence possibly extended to the 7840:Political entities in the Land of Israel 5451:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 4836: 4834: 4739:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 4561:. Oxford University Press. p. 261. 4558:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 4075: 3728:Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives 3646: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 2695: 2545:personally led a sizable army up to the 2280:In his 36th year, Asa was confronted by 693:" ruled a kingdom south of the lands of 557:to the east, formed the kingdom's core. 529:The Kingdom of Judah was located in the 515:autonomous rule under Persian governance 404:and covering the territory of Judah and 27:Israelite kingdom in the Southern Levant 5906:The Israelites in History and Tradition 5297:Amit, Yaira; et al., eds. (2006). 5183: 5051:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500 4741:. Oxford University Press. p. 350. 4698: 4630:"The Divided Monarchy – ca. 931–586 BC" 3238:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500 3088: 2975: 2117:According to the biblical account, the 1469: 1458: 1068: 1057: 663:. Recent archaeological discoveries by 5930:. Continuum International Publishing. 5004: 4884: 4678:. Continuum International. p. x. 4531: 3904: 3661: 3280: 2848:Persian Yehud and Hellenistic period. 948:, was the main Judahite center in the 882:" to King" (name of a person or deity) 689:The Tel Dan stele shows a historical " 6032:A History of Ancient Israel and Judah 5763:"Judah During the Iron Age II Period" 5111:"The Appearance of Pantheon in Judah" 4713:Jeremiah: An Archaeological Companion 4508:(1st ed.). New York: Macmillan. 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4011: 3756: 3697: 3609: 3607: 3605: 897:According to a 2022 study, traces of 283: 265: 261: 228: 209: 205: 195: 7: 5870:"Judahite Hebrew Epigraphy and Cult" 5850:The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC 5113:. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.). 5053:. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 36. 3709: 3240:. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 36. 3015: 2718:Despite the strong remonstrances of 2534:had not yet risen to replace it and 2210:sack of Jerusalem (10th century BCE) 2181:Relations with the Kingdom of Israel 58: 6363:Southern Kingdom (Kingdom of Judah) 6353:United Monarchy (Kingdom of Israel) 6343:History of ancient Israel and Judah 5701:The Quest for the Historical Israel 4663:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 3054:List of Jewish states and dynasties 2986: 2530:was beginning to disintegrate, the 2327:to carry on maritime commerce with 863: 849:LMLK stands for the Hebrew letters 828:. Several complete jars were found 7769:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions 6854:Ancient states and regions in the 6074:Biblical History and Israel's Past 5740:Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004b). 5719:Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004a). 5704:. Society of Biblical Literature. 3535:Garfinkel, Yosef (May–June 2011). 2836:reports that 4,600 were exiled to 952:in the 9th and 8th centuries BCE. 494:, and the fallen kingdom was then 25: 4027:Has Archaeology Buried the Bible? 2964:ritualistic psychoactive purposes 2331:. However, the fleet equipped at 776:Archaeological research near the 7800:6th-century BC disestablishments 6265: 6198:. Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. 6098:Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 6011:The Troubles of Templeless Judah 5874:Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 5811:Society of Biblical Literature. 5592:Eerdmans commentary on the Bible 5448:Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1998). 5282:Society of Biblical Literature. 4737:Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1999). 4176:Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 4050:Pileggi, Tamar (12 April 2016). 4024:Dever, William G. (2020-08-18). 3819:Finkelstein & Silberman 2002 3443:Grabbe, Lester L. (2007-04-28). 3380:10.1179/033443512x13226621280507 2946:Siege of Jerusalem (587/586 BCE) 2904:, which it states is the God of 2734:. Many Jews fled to surrounding 2347:'s act of offering his son in a 2253:, the Egyptian-backed chieftain 2074: 1480: 1079: 496:annexed as a Babylonian province 482:being crushed. In 587 BCE, 451:, which recounts the history of 331: 110:The Kingdoms of Judah and Israel 86: 6035:. Westminster John Knox Press. 5993:. Westminster John Knox Press. 5909:. Westminster John Knox Press. 5832:. Westminster John Knox Press. 5507:"The Origin of Biblical Israel" 5433:. Westminster John Knox Press. 5261:. Westminster John Knox Press. 5240:. Westminster John Knox Press. 5049:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008). 3236:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008). 2882:, and the establishment of the 875:), which can be translated as: 7825:Former monarchies of West Asia 7805:10th-century BC establishments 5969:The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem 5787:Historical and Biblical Israel 5784:Katz, Reinhard Gregor (2015). 5469:Cook, Stanley Arthur (1911). " 5344:A History of the Jewish People 4255:מזר, עמיחי; Mazar, A. (1981). 4030:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 3831:Thomas, Zachary (2016-04-22). 3575:A History of the Jewish People 3505:Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2004). 3061:, the kingdom before the split 2452:Sennacherib besieged Jerusalem 2215:Rehoboam's son and successor, 1752:Late Antiquity and Middle Ages 1: 7830:History of Palestine (region) 6213:Van der Toorn, Karel (1996). 6008:Middlemas, Jill Anne (2005). 5215:10.1080/03344355.2020.1732046 3983:10.1080/03344355.2019.1586380 3675:"Maximalists and Minimalists" 3474:Cline, Eric H. (2009-09-28). 2924:(in his case, the worship of 2604:in 608 BCE, Necho found that 1019:; it protected the road from 902:trade route that crossed the 762:collection of military orders 589:in the south, as well as the 408:. However, during the 1980s, 293: 275: 232: 213: 74: 67: 7021:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia 6308:The Biblical and historical 6177:. Sheffield Academic Press. 5903:Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). 5610:Edelman, Diana, ed. (1995). 5511:Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 5382:Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2009). 5346:. Harvard University Press. 5324:History and the Hebrew Bible 4138:10.1371/journal.pone.0266085 3019: 3006: 2642:Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon 1391:Israeli Civil Administration 369:, the kingdom's capital was 7835:Historic Jewish communities 6192:Soggin, Alberto J. (1999). 6131:. In Niditch, Susan (ed.). 6092:Richelle, Matthieu (2024). 6014:. Oxford University Press. 5790:. Oxford University Press. 5725:. Oxford University Press. 5487:In Search of Ancient Israel 5454:. Oxford University Press. 4924:Sweeney, Marvin A. (2010). 4102:"The LMLK Research Website" 3541:Biblical Archaeology Review 3480:. Oxford University Press. 3133:. The Free Press. pp. 2993: 2701:The Flight of the Prisoners 2684:. Nebuchadnezzar appointed 2304:on his side of the border. 2197:, who is identified as the 871: 611:Biblical archaeology school 327:Yehud (Babylonian province) 7876: 6127:Roberts, J. J. M. (2016). 6050:Miller, Robert D. (2005). 5805:Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). 5505:Davies, Philip R. (2009). 5484:Davies, Philip R. (1992). 4776:Israel Exploration Journal 4674:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996). 4659:Wigoder, Geoffrey (2006). 3002: 2851: 2825: 2692:Destruction and dispersion 2488:'s campaign against Egypt. 795: 604: 435:against the Assyrian king 40: 29: 6455:Kings of Israel and Judah 6445: 6371: 6338: 6316: 5945:Lipiński, Edward (2020). 5761:Hardin, James W. (2014). 5342:Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). 5255:Albertz, Rainer (1994) . 5234:Albertz, Rainer (1994) . 5166:. p. 41 – via 5109:Handy, Lowell K. (1995). 4476:James B. Pritchard, ed., 4170:Garfinkel, Yosef (2023). 3933:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3511:Society of Biblical Lit. 3424:. Berlin/ New York: 29–58 3172:10.1179/lev.2001.33.1.105 2987: 2468:During the long reign of 2437:and made a stand against 930:, Khirbet el-Dawwara (by 908:Third Intermediate Period 306: 302: 262: 248: 206: 102: 83: 66: 7810:Ancient Israel and Judah 6396:Historicity of the Bible 5966:Lipschitz, Oded (2005). 5924:Levy, Thomas E. (1998). 5276:Albertz, Rainer (2003). 5099:, Emory University, 1997 4711:King, Philip J. (1993). 3849:10.1177/0146107916639208 3759:, pp. 187–195, 197. 3614:Lipschits, Oded (2005). 3059:United Kingdom of Israel 2886:in the 2nd century BCE. 2421:excavations in Jerusalem 2269:, some centuries later. 2221:Battle of Mount Zemaraim 2119:United Kingdom of Israel 1639:10th century BCE–587 BCE 1629:10th century BCE–720 BCE 1583:Ancient Israel and Judah 1570:Late Bronze Age collapse 1156:Ancient Israel and Judah 764:found in the ruins of a 615:Historicity of the Bible 390:United Kingdom of Israel 41:Not to be confused with 6792:Antigonus II Mattathias 6325:Twelve Tribes of Israel 5868:Lemaire, André (2024). 5829:Life in Biblical Israel 5654:Faust, Avraham (2018). 5631:Evans, Paul S. (2020). 5568:Dever, William (2017). 5547:Dever, William (2003). 5526:Dever, William (2001). 5476:Encyclopædia Britannica 5406:Ethnicity and the Bible 5403:Brett, Mark G. (2002). 4628:Dr. Shirley Rollinson. 3965:Na’aman, Nadav (2019). 3789:10.1073/pnas.2321024121 3570:Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel 3096:Pioske, Daniel (2015). 2916:. Of the "good" kings, 2600:On his return march to 1609:12th–10th centuries BCE 987:In the northern Negev, 737:Stepped Stone Structure 722:Stepped Stone Structure 709:dated to the 780s BCE. 449:Deuteronomistic history 236: 597–587 BCE 217: 931–913 BCE 7614:Luwian-Aramaean states 6129:"The Divided Monarchy" 5987:McNutt, Paula (1999). 5847:Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). 5683:. Simon and Schuster. 5026:Adams, Hannah (1840). 5011:: CS1 maint: others ( 4504:Thiele, Edwin (1951). 4410:Baker Publishing Group 4220:Rocca, Samuel (2010). 3745:Moore & Kelle 2011 3722:Mazar, Amihai (2010). 3302:Adams, Hannah (1840). 3287:: CS1 maint: others ( 3067:, the Northern Kingdom 2715: 2519: 2503: 2465: 2422: 2323:. He then allied with 2277: 2241:'s son and successor, 2161:remained loyal to the 810: 728: 686: 509:, the Achaemenid king 410:some biblical scholars 373:. It was ruled by the 7465:Neo-Babylonian Empire 7049:Canaanite city-states 5154:James Alan Montgomery 5115:The Triumph of Elohim 4595:2 Chronicles 35:20–24 4553:Coogan, Michael David 2942:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2826:Further information: 2722:and others, Zedekiah 2699: 2650:Babylonian Chronicles 2532:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2509: 2494: 2460: 2404: 2339:in a war against the 2275: 2206:22nd Dynasty of Egypt 2157:. At first, only the 1995:Historical literature 1990:Historical population 1952:Arab–Israeli conflict 1406:Palestinian Authority 1211:Hellenistic Palestine 1186:Neo-Babylonian Empire 885:" to the government" 805: 796:Further information: 741:Large Stone Structure 726:Large Stone Structure 720: 681: 601:Archaeological record 472:Neo-Babylonian Empire 140:Common languages 7748:Tanukhid confederacy 7583:New Kingdom of Egypt 6274:at Wikimedia Commons 6150:Sergi, Omer (2023). 5517:(47). Archived from 4412:. pp. 255–256. 4330:2 Chronicles 14:9–15 3624:10.5325/j.ctv1bxh5fd 3073:, the modern country 2828:Babylonian captivity 1967:Iran–Israel conflict 1830:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1811:Early Islamic period 1785:Byzantine Palaestina 1663:Second Temple period 1401:Palestinian enclaves 1386:Military Governorate 974:Khirbet Abu et-Twein 938:, and Tell Lachish. 699:Nimrud Tablet K.3751 625:biblical maximalists 621:biblical minimalists 607:Biblical archaeology 553:descending into the 474:over control of the 453:the people of Israel 377:for four centuries. 7460:Neo-Assyrian Empire 7243:Paleo-Syrian states 6749:(Hasmonean dynasty) 6111:10.52486/01.00007.6 5887:10.52486/01.00007.3 5680:The Bible Unearthed 5430:A History of Israel 4617:2 Chronicles 36:1–4 4352:2 Chronicles 16:1–7 4341:2 Chronicles 16:2–6 4189:10.52486/01.00004.4 3782:(19): e2321024121. 3547:(3). Archived from 2876:Alexander the Great 2707:; the exile of the 2528:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2413:, king of Judah" – 2249:states that at the 2229:Books of Chronicles 1371:Egyptian Gaza Strip 1366:Jordanian West Bank 1351:Mandatory Palestine 1245:Diocese of the East 1181:Neo-Assyrian Empire 816:are archaic Hebrew 465:Book of Deuteronomy 297: 587 BCE 279: 930 BCE 78: 587 BCE 71: 930 BCE 7703:Herodian Tetrarchy 6772:Alexander Jannaeus 6634:(southern kingdom) 6514:(northern kingdom) 6321:Children of Israel 4930:. Abingdon Press. 4400:Leithart, Peter J. 4305:2 Chronicles 13:20 4294:2 Chronicles 13:17 4087:Ussishkin (2004), 4057:2018-12-10 at the 2788:Mizpah in Benjamin 2732:besieged Jerusalem 2716: 2711:from Jerusalem to 2654:siege to Jerusalem 2616:of silver (about 3 2520: 2516:capture of Lachish 2504: 2496:Siloam inscription 2466: 2423: 2302:Mizpah in Benjamin 2278: 1682:Hellenistic period 1496:Prehistoric Levant 1397:State of Palestine 1237:Province of Judaea 1046:Biblical narrative 1007:, Tel Ira, Aroer, 811: 729: 703:Assyrian cuneiform 687: 661:Israel Finkelstein 533:, stretching from 488:siege of Jerusalem 288:Siege of Jerusalem 163:Canaanite religion 96:(700–586 BCE) 7777: 7776: 7718:Nabataean Kingdom 7693:Hasmonean dynasty 7688:Ghassanid Kingdom 7401:Achaemenid Empire 7237:Ib'al Confederacy 6876:Kish civilization 6821: 6820: 6808:Jewish leadership 6479:(united monarchy) 6404: 6403: 6270:Media related to 6250:978-0-8264-6339-5 6226:978-90-04-10410-5 6205:978-0-334-02788-1 6184:978-1-85075-650-7 6163:978-1-62837-345-5 6142:978-0-470-65677-8 6084:978-0-8028-6260-0 6063:978-0-8028-0988-9 6042:978-0-664-21262-9 6021:978-0-19-928386-6 6000:978-0-664-22265-9 5979:978-1-57506-095-8 5958:978-90-429-4212-7 5937:978-0-8264-6996-0 5916:978-0-664-22727-2 5860:978-0-415-16763-5 5839:978-0-664-22148-5 5818:978-1-58983-097-4 5797:978-0-19-872877-1 5776:978-0-19-166254-6 5753:978-1-57607-897-6 5732:978-0-19-537985-3 5711:978-1-58983-277-0 5690:978-0-7432-2338-6 5669:978-1-108-66824-8 5646:978-0-19-026116-0 5623:978-90-390-0124-0 5602:978-0-8028-3711-0 5581:978-0-88414-217-1 5560:978-0-8028-0975-9 5539:978-0-8028-2126-3 5497:978-1-85075-737-5 5461:978-0-19-513937-2 5440:978-0-664-22068-6 5416:978-0-391-04126-4 5395:978-0-8028-6450-5 5374:978-1-57506-073-6 5353:978-0-674-39731-6 5334:978-3-16-149809-1 5310:978-1-57506-128-3 5289:978-1-58983-055-4 5268:978-0-664-22720-3 5247:978-0-664-22719-7 5186:, pp. 44–46. 5164:T. & T. Clark 5124:978-0-8028-4161-2 5060:978-0-495-50288-3 4998:978-1-280-87519-9 4937:978-1-4267-3003-0 4871:978-0-567-08998-4 4856:Grabbe, Lester L. 4841:Jeremiah 52:29–30 4827:Jeremiah 52:10–11 4816:Jeremiah 52:10–13 4763:Jeremiah 40:11–12 4726:2 Chronicles 36:9 4685:978-0-304-33703-3 4568:978-0-19-513937-2 4515:978-0-8254-3825-7 4419:978-1-4412-3560-2 4319:2 Chronicles 16:1 4233:978-1-84603-508-1 4037:978-1-4674-5949-5 3940:978-0-567-63671-3 3633:978-1-575-06297-6 3585:978-0-674-39731-6 3518:978-1-589-83062-2 3487:978-0-199-71162-8 3456:978-0-567-25171-8 3274:978-1-280-87519-9 3247:978-0-495-50288-3 3214:978-0-19-872439-1 3144:978-0-743-22338-6 3111:978-1-317-54891-1 3065:Kingdom of Israel 2934:Manasseh of Judah 2884:Hasmonean Kingdom 2860:Achaemenid Empire 2680:. Among them was 2678:Babylonian Empire 2583:battle was fought 2581:, where a fierce 2337:Jehoram of Israel 2325:Ahaziah of Israel 2307:Asa's successor, 2294:tribe of Naphtali 2251:Battle of Zephath 2233:tribe of Benjamin 2171:Kingdom of Israel 2167:tribe of Benjamin 2155:Kingdom of Israel 2115: 2114: 2081:Israel portal 1930: 1875: 1858: 1857: 1743: 1742: 1733:Jewish-Roman Wars 1692:Hasmonean dynasty 1653: 1652: 1625:Kingdom of Israel 1550: 1500: 1454: 1453: 1223:Hasmonean kingdom 1191:Achaemenid Empire 962:Judaean Mountains 869: 836:destruction layer 766:military fortress 667:in Jerusalem and 650:radiocarbon tests 507:Achaemenid Empire 492:exiled to Babylon 484:Nebuchadnezzar II 433:Hezekiah's revolt 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 270:Jeroboam's Revolt 32:Hasmonean dynasty 16:(Redirected from 7867: 7790:Kingdom of Judah 7728:Palmyrene Empire 7698:Herodian kingdom 7672:Byzantine Empire 7487:Israel (Samaria) 6848: 6841: 6834: 6825: 6777:Salome Alexandra 6439:Israel and Judah 6431: 6424: 6417: 6408: 6358:Northern Kingdom 6302: 6295: 6288: 6279: 6272:Kingdom of Judah 6269: 6254: 6230: 6209: 6188: 6167: 6146: 6123: 6113: 6088: 6067: 6046: 6025: 6004: 5983: 5962: 5941: 5920: 5899: 5889: 5864: 5843: 5822: 5801: 5780: 5757: 5736: 5715: 5694: 5673: 5650: 5627: 5606: 5585: 5564: 5543: 5522: 5501: 5480: 5465: 5444: 5420: 5399: 5378: 5357: 5338: 5327:. Mohr Siebeck. 5319:Barstad, Hans M. 5314: 5293: 5272: 5251: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5168:Internet Archive 5150: 5144: 5143: 5136:Internet Archive 5133: 5131: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5085:. Archived from 5077:Borowski, Oded. 5074: 5068: 5067: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5010: 5002: 4985: 4979: 4974: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4921: 4915: 4909:2 Kings 25:22–24 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4852: 4843: 4838: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4813: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4771: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4734: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4676:The Hebrew Bible 4671: 4665: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4625: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4544: 4535: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4501: 4492: 4487: 4481: 4474: 4468: 4466:2 Kings 18:14–16 4463: 4457: 4452: 4446: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4396: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4374:1 Kings 22:48–49 4371: 4365: 4363:2 Kings 20:35–37 4360: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4338: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4316: 4307: 4302: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4217: 4202: 4201: 4191: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4150: 4140: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4098: 4092: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3949: 3947: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3889: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3791: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3611: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3412: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3365: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3286: 3278: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3132: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3093: 3031: 3025: 3017: 3016:𐤁‬𐤉‬𐤕‬𐤃𐤅‬𐤃 3012:Imperial Aramaic 3009: 3004: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2880:Maccabean revolt 2858:In 539 BCE, the 2834:Book of Jeremiah 2822:Exile to Babylon 2760:Babylonian Yehud 2749:Book of Jeremiah 2724:revolted against 2625: 2624: 2620: 2587:Ashur-uballit II 2514:, depicting the 2448:Solomon's Temple 2397:Clash of empires 2391:Ahaziah of Judah 2367:Jehoram of Judah 2351:on the walls of 2282:Baasha of Israel 2149:). As a result, 2107: 2100: 2093: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2000:Economic history 1928: 1873: 1850:Mamluk Sultanate 1775:Syria Palaestina 1756: 1755: 1702:Herodian dynasty 1668: 1667: 1635:Kingdom of Judah 1619:10th century BCE 1588: 1587: 1549: 1499: 1484: 1474: 1456: 1446: 1439: 1432: 1249:Palaestina Prima 1241:Syria Palaestina 1233:Herodian kingdom 1204:Classical period 1100:Natufian culture 1083: 1073: 1055: 936:Tel Beit Shemesh 874: 868:romanized: 867: 865: 750:William G. Dever 595:Mesad Hashavyahu 531:Judean Mountains 519:Maccabean Revolt 351:Kingdom of Judah 335: 334: 323: 322: 308: 307: 298: 295: 280: 277: 237: 234: 218: 215: 182:Judahite, Judean 107: 90: 79: 76: 72: 69: 61: 60: 54:Kingdom of Judah 50: 21: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7860:Former kingdoms 7855:Jewish polities 7780: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7752: 7743:Sasanian Empire 7738:Seleucid Empire 7733:Parthian Empire 7683:Emesene Dynasty 7646: 7492:Israel (united) 7407:Aramaean states 7387: 6934:Akkadian Empire 6920: 6862: 6852: 6822: 6817: 6796: 6748: 6741: 6633: 6626: 6513: 6506: 6478: 6471: 6441: 6435: 6405: 6400: 6367: 6334: 6330:Ten Lost Tribes 6312: 6306: 6262: 6257: 6251: 6233: 6227: 6212: 6206: 6191: 6185: 6170: 6164: 6149: 6143: 6126: 6091: 6085: 6070: 6064: 6049: 6043: 6028: 6022: 6007: 6001: 5986: 5980: 5972:. Eisenbrauns. 5965: 5959: 5944: 5938: 5923: 5917: 5902: 5867: 5861: 5846: 5840: 5825: 5819: 5804: 5798: 5783: 5777: 5760: 5754: 5739: 5733: 5718: 5712: 5697: 5691: 5676: 5670: 5653: 5647: 5630: 5624: 5609: 5603: 5588: 5582: 5567: 5561: 5546: 5540: 5525: 5504: 5498: 5483: 5468: 5462: 5447: 5441: 5423: 5417: 5402: 5396: 5381: 5375: 5367:. Eisenbrauns. 5360: 5354: 5341: 5335: 5317: 5311: 5303:. Eisenbrauns. 5296: 5290: 5275: 5269: 5254: 5248: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5223: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5092: 5090: 5089:on 23 July 1997 5076: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5003: 4999: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4960: 4955:Jeremiah 43:5–7 4949: 4945: 4938: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4913:Jeremiah 40:6–8 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4854: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4799: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4600: 4589: 4585: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4551: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4503: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4484: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4449: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4288: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4234: 4219: 4218: 4205: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4131:(3): e0266085. 4118: 4117: 4113: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4063:Times of Israel 4059:Wayback Machine 4049: 4045: 4038: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3887: 3885: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3683: 3681: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3613: 3612: 3603: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3488: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3457: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3415:Mazar, Amihai. 3414: 3413: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3340:on 23 June 2012 3327: 3326: 3319: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3279: 3275: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3215: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3040: 3035: 3034: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2898: 2856: 2850: 2830: 2824: 2814:, and possibly 2762: 2757: 2694: 2676:throughout the 2622: 2618: 2617: 2512:Lachish reliefs 2399: 2349:human sacrifice 2217:Abijah of Judah 2183: 2121:was founded by 2111: 2075: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2053:Hebrew calendar 2038: 2030: 2029: 1985:Historical maps 1980: 1972: 1971: 1925:State of Israel 1911:British Mandate 1868: 1860: 1859: 1840:Ayyubid dynasty 1764:Rabbinic period 1753: 1745: 1744: 1665: 1655: 1654: 1645:Babylonian rule 1615:United Monarchy 1585: 1575: 1574: 1492: 1472: 1465: 1450: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1404: 1381:State of Israel 1346: 1345: 1336: 1335: 1297: 1280:Muslim conquest 1275: 1274: 1263: 1262: 1229:Roman Palestine 1206: 1205: 1196: 1195: 1167: 1150:Egyptian Empire 1135: 1134: 1133:Ancient history 1125: 1124: 1095: 1094: 1071: 1064: 1053: 1048: 958: 942:Tel Be'er Sheva 924:Khirbet Qeiyafa 920:Yosef Garfinkel 916: 910:Egyptian rule. 895: 879:" to the king" 834:buried under a 800: 794: 758: 715: 673:Khirbet Qeiyafa 669:Yosef Garfinkel 617: 603: 593:in the west in 583:Kuntillet Ajrud 568:to the area of 564:, passing near 527: 511:Cyrus the Great 503:fall of Babylon 419:Khirbet Qeiyafa 359:Southern Levant 357:kingdom of the 332: 296: 290: 278: 272: 238: 235: 219: 216: 172: 159:(Early Judaism) 144:Biblical Hebrew 117: 98: 97: 91: 77: 70: 62: 55: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7873: 7871: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7820:Books of Kings 7817: 7815:Ancient Levant 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7782: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7764:Amarna letters 7760: 7758: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7664:Roman Republic 7656: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7610: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7585: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7403: 7397: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7210: 7205: 7193: 7191:Hittite Empire 7188: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6945:Amorite states 6941: 6936: 6930: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6872: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6828: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6787:Aristobulus II 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6460:Kings of Judah 6452: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6411: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6348:Land of Israel 6345: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6261: 6260:External links 6258: 6256: 6255: 6249: 6231: 6225: 6210: 6204: 6189: 6183: 6168: 6162: 6147: 6141: 6124: 6089: 6083: 6068: 6062: 6047: 6041: 6026: 6020: 6005: 5999: 5984: 5978: 5963: 5957: 5942: 5936: 5921: 5915: 5900: 5865: 5859: 5844: 5838: 5823: 5817: 5802: 5796: 5781: 5775: 5758: 5752: 5737: 5731: 5716: 5710: 5695: 5689: 5674: 5668: 5651: 5645: 5628: 5622: 5616:. Kok Pharos. 5607: 5601: 5586: 5580: 5565: 5559: 5544: 5538: 5523: 5521:on 2008-05-28. 5502: 5496: 5481: 5466: 5460: 5445: 5439: 5421: 5415: 5400: 5394: 5379: 5373: 5358: 5352: 5339: 5333: 5315: 5309: 5294: 5288: 5273: 5267: 5252: 5246: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5188: 5176: 5145: 5123: 5101: 5069: 5059: 5041: 5018: 4997: 4980: 4969: 4958: 4943: 4936: 4916: 4901: 4897:Lipschitz 2005 4889: 4877: 4870: 4844: 4830: 4819: 4808: 4797: 4782:(3): 137–156. 4766: 4755: 4744: 4729: 4718: 4703: 4701:, p. 210. 4691: 4684: 4666: 4651: 4642: 4620: 4609: 4598: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4567: 4536: 4534:, p. 311. 4521: 4514: 4493: 4482: 4469: 4458: 4447: 4432: 4418: 4388: 4385:2 Kings 3:4–27 4377: 4366: 4355: 4344: 4333: 4322: 4308: 4297: 4286: 4247: 4232: 4203: 4162: 4111: 4093: 4080: 4078:, p. 116. 4068: 4043: 4036: 4016: 4014:, p. 197. 4004: 3957: 3939: 3919: 3909: 3907:, p. 180. 3897: 3870: 3823: 3811: 3761: 3749: 3747:, p. 302. 3737: 3714: 3702: 3700:, p. 337. 3690: 3666: 3664:, p. 743. 3651: 3639: 3632: 3601: 3584: 3572:, ed. (1976). 3561: 3527: 3517: 3497: 3486: 3466: 3455: 3449:. Bloomsbury. 3435: 3400: 3351: 3317: 3294: 3273: 3256: 3246: 3228: 3213: 3193: 3166:(1): 105–115. 3150: 3143: 3117: 3110: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3044:Kings of Judah 3039: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3028:House of David 2974: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2953:Books of Kings 2897: 2894: 2864:Yehud Medinata 2854:Yehud Medinata 2852:Main article: 2849: 2846: 2842:Books of Kings 2823: 2820: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2693: 2690: 2571:Jezreel Valley 2398: 2395: 2387:South Arabians 2365:'s successor, 2288:, the king of 2182: 2179: 2163:House of David 2159:tribe of Judah 2113: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2102: 2095: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2043:Jewish history 2039: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2025:Jewish warfare 2022: 2020:Jewish leaders 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1929:(1948–present) 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1871:Modern history 1869: 1867:Modern history 1866: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1760:Late antiquity 1754: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1477: 1476: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1441: 1434: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1294:Jund al-Urdunn 1284: 1282: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1226: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1154: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1066: 1065: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1013:Judaean Desert 970:casemate walls 957: 954: 928:Tell en-Nasbeh 915: 912: 894: 891: 890: 889: 888:" to the King" 886: 883: 880: 793: 790: 757: 754: 724:seen from the 714: 711: 691:House of David 602: 599: 551:Judaean Desert 526: 523: 445:Saite Egyptian 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 336: 329: 320: 317: 316: 311: 304: 303: 300: 299: 291: 285: 282: 281: 273: 267: 264: 263: 260: 259: 254: 253:Historical era 250: 249: 246: 245: 239: 230: 227: 226: 220: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 180: 174: 173: 171: 170: 165: 160: 153: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 112:, produced by 108: 100: 99: 92: 85: 84: 81: 80: 64: 63: 56: 53: 43:Tribe of Judah 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7872: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7652:Classical Age 7649: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7413:Aram-Damascus 7411: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6971:First Babylon 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6849: 6844: 6842: 6837: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767:Aristobulus I 6765: 6763: 6762:John Hyrcanus 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6420: 6418: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6391:Old Testament 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6303: 6298: 6296: 6291: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6246: 6243:. Continuum. 6242: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6156:. SBL Press. 6155: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6048: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5853:. Routledge. 5852: 5851: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5574:. SBL Press. 5573: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490:. Sheffield. 5489: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5102: 5088: 5084: 5082: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5019: 5014: 5008: 5000: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4966:Jeremiah 44:1 4962: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4951:2 Kings 25:26 4947: 4944: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4902: 4899:, p. 48. 4898: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4752:2 Kings 24:14 4748: 4745: 4740: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4722: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4631: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4606:2 Kings 23:31 4602: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4591:2 Kings 23:29 4587: 4584: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4490:2 Kings 18:17 4486: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4455:2 Kings 18:13 4451: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4433: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4076:Richelle 2024 4072: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3923: 3920: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3715: 3712:, p. 27. 3711: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3649:, p. 94. 3648: 3647:Lipiński 2020 3643: 3640: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3551:on 2011-09-08 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3439: 3436: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3355: 3352: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3284: 3276: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3197: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3024: 3023: 3013: 3008: 3000: 2995: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2629: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555:coastal route 2553:. Taking the 2552: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2510:The Assyrian 2508: 2501: 2500:Siloam tunnel 2498:found in the 2497: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2417:found at the 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2319:according to 2318: 2317:Ramoth-Gilead 2314: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290:Aram-Damascus 2287: 2283: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2247:II Chronicles 2244: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187:perpetual war 2180: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147:1 Kings 12:11 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2072: 2071: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1889:Mutasarrifate 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1672:Persian Yehud 1670: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1491:Early history 1488: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1468: 1463: 1457: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1361:All-Palestine 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:Jund Filastin 1287: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1067: 1062: 1056: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1031:and south to 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1015:was found at 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 955: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 918:According to 913: 911: 909: 905: 900: 893:Everyday life 892: 887: 884: 881: 878: 877: 876: 873: 861: 860: 856: 853: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 832: 827: 823: 819: 815: 809: 804: 799: 791: 789: 787: 786:papyrus texts 783: 779: 774: 771: 767: 763: 755: 753: 751: 746: 742: 738: 734: 733:City of David 727: 723: 719: 712: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 684: 683:Tel Dan Stele 680: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 654:City of David 651: 646: 642: 637: 635: 631: 626: 622: 616: 612: 608: 600: 598: 596: 592: 591:Coastal Plain 588: 587:Gulf of Eilat 584: 580: 579:Kadesh Barnea 575: 571: 567: 563: 558: 556: 555:Jordan Valley 552: 548: 544: 541:and into the 540: 536: 532: 524: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 486:engaged in a 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 427: 422: 420: 416: 415:Tel Dan Stele 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 330: 328: 325: 324: 321: 319: 318: 315: 312: 310: 309: 305: 301: 292: 289: 274: 271: 258: 255: 251: 247: 243: 240: 224: 221: 201: 199: 192: 189: 185: 181: 179: 175: 169: 168:Folk religion 166: 164: 161: 158: 155: 154: 152: 148: 145: 142: 138: 135: 132: 128: 124: 120: 115: 114:Edward Weller 111: 106: 101: 95: 89: 82: 65: 51: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 18:Ancient Judah 7668:Roman Empire 7660:Ancient Rome 7612: 7587: 7501: 7469: 7405: 7373: 7329: 7305: 7241: 7195: 7047: 6943: 6886:Chagar Bazar 6757:Simon Thassi 6631: 6450:Davidic line 6386:Hebrew Bible 6362: 6239: 6235:Zevit, Ziony 6215: 6194: 6173: 6152: 6132: 6101: 6097: 6077:. Eerdmans. 6073: 6052: 6031: 6010: 5989: 5968: 5947: 5926: 5905: 5877: 5873: 5849: 5828: 5807: 5786: 5766: 5746:. ABC-CLIO. 5742: 5721: 5700: 5679: 5659: 5636: 5612: 5595:. Eerdmans. 5591: 5570: 5553:. Eerdmans. 5549: 5532:. Eerdmans. 5528: 5519:the original 5514: 5510: 5486: 5474: 5450: 5429: 5425:Bright, John 5405: 5388:. Eerdmans. 5384: 5363: 5343: 5323: 5299: 5278: 5257: 5236: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5184:Lemaire 2024 5179: 5171: 5158: 5148: 5139: 5134:– via 5128:. Retrieved 5114: 5104: 5091:. Retrieved 5087:the original 5080: 5072: 5064: 5050: 5044: 5027: 5021: 4988: 4983: 4972: 4961: 4946: 4926: 4919: 4904: 4892: 4880: 4860: 4822: 4811: 4800: 4791: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4758: 4747: 4738: 4732: 4721: 4712: 4706: 4699:Roberts 2016 4694: 4675: 4669: 4660: 4654: 4645: 4633:. Retrieved 4623: 4612: 4601: 4586: 4572:. Retrieved 4557: 4547:2Kings 23:29 4505: 4485: 4477: 4472: 4461: 4450: 4440:Isaiah 30–31 4435: 4423:. Retrieved 4404: 4380: 4369: 4358: 4347: 4336: 4325: 4300: 4289: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4222: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4106:www.lmlk.com 4105: 4096: 4088: 4083: 4071: 4061: 4046: 4026: 4019: 4007: 3977:(1): 12–20. 3974: 3970: 3960: 3951: 3944:. Retrieved 3929: 3922: 3912: 3900: 3892: 3886:. Retrieved 3882: 3873: 3843:(2): 59–69. 3840: 3836: 3826: 3814: 3779: 3775: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3705: 3693: 3682:. Retrieved 3678: 3669: 3642: 3615: 3596: 3589:. Retrieved 3574: 3564: 3553:. Retrieved 3549:the original 3544: 3540: 3530: 3522: 3507: 3500: 3491: 3476: 3469: 3460: 3445: 3438: 3426:. Retrieved 3420: 3391:. Retrieved 3371: 3367: 3354: 3342:. Retrieved 3338:the original 3333: 3303: 3297: 3264: 3259: 3251: 3237: 3231: 3203: 3196: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3128: 3120: 3101: 3091: 2978: 2957: 2950: 2899: 2888: 2857: 2831: 2778: 2763: 2717: 2705:James Tissot 2700: 2632: 2599: 2521: 2486:Ashurbanipal 2478:Ashurbanipal 2467: 2424: 2361: 2306: 2279: 2243:Asa of Judah 2237: 2214: 2184: 2177:in 722/721. 2116: 1962:Silicon Wadi 1947:Independence 1923: 1922: 1879:Ottoman rule 1870: 1728:Roman Judaea 1634: 1544: 1543: 1494: 1272:Islamic rule 1163: 1040:fire signals 1037: 1017:Vered Yeriho 986: 959: 940: 917: 896: 850: 848: 829: 812: 808:Hecht Museum 778:Gihon Spring 775: 759: 745:Amihai Mazar 730: 688: 658: 638: 630:Jordan River 618: 559: 543:Negev Desert 528: 500: 469: 426:Neo-Assyrian 423: 386:Hebrew Bible 383: 375:Davidic line 350: 348: 314:Succeeded by 313: 109: 47: 7433:Bit Bahiani 7218:Tell Hadidi 6782:Hyrcanus II 6657:Jehoshaphat 6592:Jeroboam II 6492:Ish-bosheth 6104:: 100–126. 5208:(1): 5–28. 4885:Davies 2009 4532:Bright 2000 4267:: 229–249. 3905:Pioske 2015 3662:Hardin 2014 2816:Elephantine 2549:to aid the 2502:, Jerusalem 2450:. However, 2443:Sennacherib 2385:or perhaps 2379:Philistines 2363:Jehoshaphat 2353:Kir of Moab 2333:Ezion-Geber 2309:Jehoshaphat 2286:Ben-Hadad I 2058:Archaeology 1874:(1517–1948) 1739:6 CE–136 CE 1722:37 BCE–6 CE 1686:333–164 BCE 1676:538–333 BCE 1649:587–538 BCE 1601:Philistines 1591:Iron Age I 1471:History of 1176:Philistines 1105:Pre-Pottery 1070:History of 1029:French Hill 946:Be'er-sheba 844:Tel Lachish 840:Sennacherib 818:stamp seals 665:Eilat Mazar 581:and likely 437:Sennacherib 361:during the 7784:Categories 7620:Carchemish 7601:Nabataeans 7418:Aram Rehob 7186:Carchemish 6996:Third Mari 6976:Third Ebla 6926:Bronze Age 6881:Tell Halaf 6868:Copper Age 6522:Jeroboam I 6437:Rulers of 6310:Israelites 6056:Eerdmans. 5130:13 January 5093:12 October 4635:12 October 4574:12 October 4425:12 October 4182:: 87–107. 4012:Sergi 2023 3946:12 October 3888:2021-07-18 3757:Sergi 2023 3698:Faust 2018 3684:2021-07-18 3679:livius.org 3591:12 October 3555:2012-07-05 3428:12 October 3223:1017604304 3078:References 2966:in Judah. 2914:monotheism 2868:Zerubbabel 2840:. The two 2784:Babylonian 2703:(1896) by 2638:Carchemish 2482:Esarhaddon 2474:Esarhaddon 2462:Broad Wall 2415:royal seal 2321:1 Kings 22 2202:Shoshenq I 2165:, but the 1894:Old Yishuv 1696:164–37 BCE 1597:Israelites 1539:Ghassulian 1414:Gaza Strip 1344:Modern era 1115:Ghassulian 1092:Prehistory 1005:Hurvat Uza 995:and on to 838:caused by 814:LMLK seals 792:LMLK seals 605:See also: 597:fortress. 501:After the 431:, despite 187:Government 178:Demonym(s) 7713:Macedonia 7678:Commagene 7606:Qedarites 7544:Phoenicia 7512:Philistia 7428:Bit Agusi 7423:Bit-Adini 7265:Tall Bazi 7159:Phoenicia 7129:Jerusalem 6981:Ekallatum 6727:Jehoiakim 6597:Zechariah 6467:Maccabees 6219:. Brill. 6120:2788-8819 5896:2788-8819 5880:: 43–72. 5409:. Brill. 5036:894671497 5007:cite book 4977:Ezra 6:15 4805:Ezra 5:14 4273:0071-108X 4242:368020822 4198:258896023 3999:166481059 3991:0334-4355 3865:147053561 3857:0146-1079 3798:0027-8424 3710:Katz 2015 3462:Damascus. 3388:161627736 3374:: 38–63. 3312:894671497 3283:cite book 3188:162036657 3180:0075-8914 3083:Citations 2838:Babylonia 2804:Tahpanhes 2755:Aftermath 2674:dispersed 2634:Jehoiakim 2610:Jehoiakim 2575:Psamtik I 2563:Philistia 2551:Assyrians 2547:Euphrates 2409:, son of 2010:Jerusalem 1957:Austerity 1854:1260–1517 1844:1174–1260 1834:1099–1291 1714:Tetrarchy 1524:Yarmukian 1509:Mushabian 1410:West Bank 1257:Salutaris 1219:Antigonus 1171:Philistia 1145:Phoenicia 1072:Palestine 1009:Tel Masos 966:Shephelah 862:(Hebrew: 826:Jerusalem 798:LMLK seal 713:Jerusalem 634:Shephelah 574:Beersheba 547:Shephelah 535:Jerusalem 525:Geography 429:vassalage 371:Jerusalem 355:Israelite 150:Religion 134:Jerusalem 94:LMLK seal 7635:Palistin 7595:Itureans 7393:Iron Age 7197:Hurrians 6939:Alashiya 6891:Hamoukar 6801:See also 6737:Zedekiah 6732:Jeconiah 6722:Jehoahaz 6707:Manasseh 6702:Hezekiah 6672:Athaliah 6642:Rehoboam 6612:Pekahiah 6582:Jehoahaz 6237:(2001). 5427:(2000). 5321:(2008). 5202:Tel Aviv 5156:(1951). 4858:(2004). 4788:27925138 4555:(2001). 4402:(2006). 4281:23619437 4157:35349581 4125:PLOS ONE 4055:Archived 3971:Tel Aviv 3806:38683984 3368:Tel Aviv 3038:See also 2999:Akkadian 2988:יְהוּדָה 2960:Tel Arad 2922:idolatry 2918:Hezekiah 2896:Religion 2872:Jeconiah 2796:Jeremiah 2780:Gedaliah 2774:Ashkelon 2720:Jeremiah 2686:Zedekiah 2670:Jeconiah 2658:Jeconiah 2628:Jehoahaz 2606:Jehoahaz 2543:Necho II 2470:Manasseh 2431:Ashkelon 2427:Hezekiah 2407:Hezekiah 2371:Athaliah 2357:al-Karak 2341:Moabites 2225:Jeroboam 2223:against 2191:Rehoboam 2143:Jeroboam 2139:Rehoboam 1979:By topic 1935:Timeline 1824:638–1099 1815:Filastin 1534:Nizzanim 1519:Harifian 1514:Natufian 1462:a series 1460:Part of 1316:Crusader 1286:Rashidun 1215:Seleucus 1110:Tahunian 1061:a series 1059:Part of 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