240:, which may appear to non-speakers be "monosyllabic", use tone to distinguish morphemes, One syllable in different tones has different meanings. No language today is considered more primitive than any other. Early stages of language are totally unknown and must have disappeared in remote prehistory. Gestural language still is considered the original form of symbolic communication.
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as "the most noteworthy attempt hitherto made to distinguish and define culture-stages". Powell theorized that savages advanced into civilization with the help of racial and cultural mixing. Therefore, Powell reasoned, civilized people could help savages by mixing blood, rather than spilling blood.
503:
or tools. In addition, Morgan thought they did not fit the evidence he was finding among Native
American societies in North America, in which he had closely studied social structure as an indicator of stages of civilization. Since Morgan, the European three-age system has prevailed in
571:
are credited with the foundation of scientific archaeology, as they worked to have controlled excavations in which artifacts could be evaluated by which were found together: the beginning of stratigraphy. This supposedly evidence-based system was the start of
877:
Telegraph, coal gas, spinning-jenny, power loom, steam engine, telescope, printing, canal lock, compass, gunpowder, photography, modern science, religious freedom, public schools, representative democracy, classes, different types of law.
211:
Morgan's standard of higher or lower is not clearly expressed. By higher he appears to mean whatever contributes better to control over the environment, victory over competitors, and spread of population. He does not mention
903:
theory because in his mind, humans did not advance their living conditions to succeed in the struggle for existence. Instead, he mused that the "human endeavor to secure happiness" was the driving force of civilization.
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and do not overlap in a region. He does admit to exceptions and a difficulty of determining precise borders between periods. Scientific archaeology was being developed at this time; Morgan did not have the techniques of
232:. Morgan admits to a deficit in knowledge of language development, which he does not think important. The little knowledge he shares can be found in Chapter 3. His brief scheme is in fact speculative only. Many
784:
to mean what today's scholars mean when they use that term. Although Morgan seems to view the Aryans primarily and the
Semites secondarily as the innovators of civilization, he does not attribute a
106:
80:
185:
or ladder, of life. The idea of growth or development is also borrowed from individuals. He proposed that a society has a life like that of an individual, which develops and grows.
758:, poetry, mythology, walled cities, wheeled vehicles, metallic armor and weapons (bronze and iron), the forge, potter's wheel, grain mill, loom weaving, forging,
181:
rising through the ranks, which became the basis of the
English ideas of career and working your way up, to which he blends in the rationalist idea of a
499:
Morgan believed the prehistoric stages as defined by the Danish were difficult to distinguish, as they overlapped and refer only to material types of
188:
He gives the analogy an anthropological twist and introduces the comparative method coming into vogue in other disciplines. Lewis names units called
27:
496:) (1836), was not published in English until 1848. The two works were highly influential to researchers in Great Britain and North America.
177:. The prime analogate is an individual working his way up in society; that is, Morgan, who was well read in classics, relies on the Roman
1023:
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661:. Morgan adduces this spread from the presence of stone tools along the shorelines, but appeared not to realize there were huntsmen.
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204:. The ethna are compared and judged higher or lower on the scale, pair by pair. Morgan's ethna appear to comprise at least some of
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397:
custom. ... the intermarriage of several brothers to each other's wives ... and of several sisters to each other's husbands...
564:
512:, but the age characteristics have been enlarged to include many of the additional factors which Morgan described. Morgan's
485:
1028:
897:
Powell also contended, that "human evolution has none of the characteristics of animal evolution". Powell opposed the
399:
where "brother" meant all the males in one generation of an extended family and "sister" meant all the females, etc.
673:
syllabical language, Syndyasmian Family, organization into gentes, phratries and tribes, worship of the elements.
1000:
861:
Gothic architecture, feudal aristocracy with hereditary titles of rank, hierarchy under the headship of a pope.
169:
Morgan arrived at the idea of a society's progress in part through analogy to individual development. It is an
237:
484:, published in English in 1849. Worsaae had built his work on the foundation of evidence-based chronology by
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233:
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of pre-history, as being insufficient characterizations of progress. This theory had been explicated by
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383:
205:
889:
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were influenced by Morgan's work on social structure and material culture, as shown by Engels'
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101:
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37:
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History's Shadow: Native
Americans and Historical Consciousness in the Nineteenth Century
711:
finger weaving, blow-gun, village stockade, tribal games, element worship, Great Spirit,
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was perhaps the last of the modern thinkers to use the term in that sense. Morgan used
213:
26:
418:
Monogamian.... the marriage of one man with one woman, with an exclusive cohabitation.
1012:
78:. Building on the data about kinship and social organization presented in his 1871
549:
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93:
84:, Morgan develops his theory of the three stages of human progress, i.e., from
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Weapons: bow and arrow, club, spear; addition of game to diet, cannibalism,
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to different conditions. He thought the scale had universal application or
208:'s cultural objects. Morgan mentions Tylor a number of times in the book.
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216:'s theory of evolution, but Darwin referred to Morgan's work in his own.
394:
774:
daughter-language speakers, including Greek, Latin, English, etc.
766:, municipal life, popular assembly, by the Aryans. Morgan uses
552:
or scientific dating available, but based his arguments on
413:
Patriarchal.... the marriage of one man to several wives.
160:
deviations from uniformity ... produced by special causes
107:
The Origin of the Family, Private
Property, and the State
81:
842:, the bridge, arch, crane, water-wheel, sewer. Morgan's
740:
great joint tenement houses in the nature of fortresses.
624:, tropical or subtropical habitats, at least partial
840:
the state, founded upon territory and upon property
59:
51:
43:
33:
694:. 20,000 year for Lower; 15,000 years for Middle.
838:, the military art, the city, commerce, coinage,
832:unlimited subsistence, phonetic alphabet, writing
620:First distinction of man from the other animals.
118:The dominant idea of Morgan's thought is that of
96:. Contemporary European social theorists such as
952:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 137–139.
386:, ... the intermarriage of brothers and sisters.
74:is an 1877 book by the American anthropologist
974:Anthropology and the Racial Politics of Culture
306:Unlimited Subsistence through Field Agriculture
8:
653:, spread of man worldwide along shorelines,
144:historically true of the entire human family
19:
734:: goat, sheep, horse, ass, cow, dog; milk,
294:Farinaceous Subsistence through Cultivation
283:Natural Subsistence upon Fruits and Roots,
18:
164:the principal stages of human development
578:
242:
228:better than the previous follow several
913:
788:to them. For this list Morgan intended
520:are roughly equivalent to Braidwood's
976:. Duke University Press. p. 72.
7:
162:. Morgan hopes therefore to discern
863:Morgan has little to say about the
800:was what today is called the early
490:Guideline to Scandinavian Antiquity
482:The Primeval Antiquities of Denmark
494:Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed
14:
830:, iron implements, animal power,
796:was then little known. To Morgan
792:as a guide. The existence of the
752:Cultivation of cereals and plants
690:. 35,000 years in total to reach
470:Ages of Stone, of Bronze, of Iron
705:: maize, bean, squash, tobacco;
634:intelligence, Consanguine Family
25:
146:, but not uniformly. Different
406:. Monogamous marriage without
156:substantially the same in kind
1:
885:From savagery to civilization
150:of the family have evidenced
556:and historical speculation.
175:human supremacy on the earth
565:Christian Jürgensen Thomsen
486:Christian Jürgensen Thomsen
442:House Life and Architecture
1055:
1024:American non-fiction books
732:Semitic and Aryan families
715:Aryan and Semitic families
16:Book by Lewis Henry Morgan
1034:Books about civilizations
808:
678:
602:
300:Meat and Milk Subsistence
24:
728:Domestication of animals
900:survival of the fittest
828:Plow with an iron point
545:particular mode of life
408:exclusive cohabitation.
350:Monosyllabical language
122:. He conceived it as a
114:The concept of progress
1039:English-language books
1019:1877 non-fiction books
850:and the city of Rome.
709:, tribal confederacy,
611:at least 60,000 years.
335:The origin of language
234:Sino-Tibetan languages
972:Lee D. Baker (2010).
948:Conn, Steven (2004).
655:monosyllabic language
352:, the first phase of
224:The substitutions of
220:The lines of progress
202:domestic institutions
844:Ancient civilization
609:Natural Subsistence,
574:chronological dating
560:Chronological dating
539:, which each have a
464:The ethnical periods
359:Syllabical Language.
354:articulate language.
206:Edward Burnett Tylor
764:individual property
599:
535:, he distinguishes
468:Morgan rejects the
277:arts of subsistence
263:
238:Tai–Kadai languages
21:
1029:Anthropology books
920:Chapter 1, initial
890:John Wesley Powell
776:Vere Gordon Childe
598:
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192:by which he means
882:
881:
815:Field Agriculture
790:the Homeric poems
760:monogamian family
756:smelting iron ore
597:
533:lines of progress
461:
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230:lines of progress
152:human advancement
136:worked his way up
134:on which man has
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60:Publication place
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865:mediaeval period
848:classical Greece
647:Fish Subsistence
630:gesture language
622:Fruits and Roots
600:
579:
569:J. J. A. Worsaae
541:distinct culture
537:ethnical periods
478:J. J. A. Worsaae
474:Three-Age System
345:natural symbols.
341:Gesture Language
288:Fish Subsistence
264:
243:
102:Friedrich Engels
29:
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20:Ancient Society
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938:Chapter 2, end.
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894:Ancient Society
887:
836:Arabic numerals
818:
813:
798:Upper Barbarism
794:Late Bronze Age
692:Upper Barbarism
659:Punaluan Family
610:
607:
576:in archeology.
562:
526:food production
466:
377:forms of family
222:
179:cursus honorum,
116:
76:Lewis H. Morgan
71:Ancient Society
38:Lewis H. Morgan
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846:related to
786:master race
684:Cultivation
651:Use of Fire
404:Syndyasmian
384:Consanguine
271:Subsistence
198:discoveries
1013:Categories
929:Chapter 2.
908:References
730:among the
554:linguistic
510:archeology
501:implements
371:The Family
318:Government
194:inventions
126:of social
962:Chapter 3
892:credited
856:Mediaeval
680:Barbarism
588:Subperiod
518:Barbarism
138:from the
98:Karl Marx
90:Barbarism
52:Published
802:Iron Age
770:to mean
604:Savagery
514:Savagery
488:, whose
454:Property
430:Religion
395:Hawaiian
391:Punaluan
330:Language
148:branches
120:progress
110:(1884).
88:through
86:Savagery
44:Language
823:Ancient
781:Semites
480:in his
158:, with
47:English
980:
873:Modern
723:Middle
642:Middle
583:Period
543:and a
472:, the
343:using
190:ethna,
183:scala,
171:ascent
140:bottom
128:states
124:career
34:Author
768:Aryan
747:Upper
698:Lower
667:Upper
616:Lower
593:Ethna
257:Ethna
226:ethna
132:scale
978:ISBN
567:and
524:and
516:and
508:and
450:VII
393:, a
379:are
375:The
337:is:
326:III
279:are
275:The
252:Line
236:and
200:and
100:and
55:1877
438:VI
367:IV
314:II
247:No.
173:to
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