Ancient Regime of Spain - Knowledge (XXG)

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concerned with pampering the latter and maintaining its economic, social and other privileges. Naturally, this is in a general way, and seen as a long-term situation. Of course there are conjunctural conflicts. Hence, it is necessary to break with the cliché that the Catholic Monarchs put an end to the power of their nobility. It seems a methodological error to consider the beginning and development of the Modern State as the resolution of a conflict of interests between the monarch and the nobility, in which the Crown emerged victorious. The members of the high nobility were the first to be interested in having a strong central power that would enable social control and make it difficult, if not impossible, for the less wealthy social groups from which they obtained their rents to protest. The so-called Modern State protects, defends and consolidates the nobility's interests... On the other hand, it would be a serious error, very numerous among historians, to conceive its evolution in a linear way. Developments are not usually like that, but have their progress – an ethereal term – and their setbacks. The same is true of the function of the nobility and its role in the State. Shortly after the end of the Reconquest it forgets its military character, begins to act politically, with an intensity that finds its warmest point in the 17th century, and gradually its role is reduced to occupy exclusively diplomatic and honorary positions, both in the administration and in the Army, although this in a very general way, and as such quite distorting. Finally, it is necessary to banish the cliché that during the 19th century, the liberal State definitively cornered the nobility. This did not happen, among other circumstances, because their privileged economic situation was not significantly damaged. Much of our historiography is plagued by clichés that need to be refreshed.

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individuals distributed throughout all the places, was in a position to demand a tribute of this type, things that the crown could not do.... The Cortes of each kingdom had limited powers in the legislative process – they formulated petitions that the king granted, postponed or denied – and decisive powers with regard to the voting of services. At the beginning of the sessions, the king or his representative presented the most significant points of his foreign policy and requested a service or donation that was usually fixed after often laborious negotiations, and only on one occasion, the Catalan Cortes of 1626, was the service not voted on, due not to the refusal of the procurators but because the sessions did not conclude.... The royal treasury lacked unity. Each kingdom constituted an independent administration and in all of them, with the exception of the budgets of the Kingdom in Castile, the principle was applied of consuming all the resources obtained in the territory... there was no treasury unity until 1799, when the so-called "reunion of revenues" was established.

843: 1879:). Such a thing provoked not a few envies and misgivings among the grandees (whom the testamentary advice of some kings to their heirs recommended to be close to the Court and in diplomatic or military missions, but away from positions in which they could rule by themselves). At the same time, it guaranteed to the kings the fidelity of those who were their "breeds" and who should have no other ambition than to keep the favor of the king who had raised them to the throne. In a society in which family origin, and not merit or work, is the justification for social position, they could never have aspired to so much on their own. Positions of that nature existed, as it is logical, since the late Middle Ages, and some royal secretaries (several of Basque origin) reached a high confidence of the kings who did not delegate in favourites: Juan López de Lezárraga, that of Isabella the Catholic; 764: 414: 720: 1425: 842: 882: 2977: 1157: 585: 1582:, rather than providing incentives, ended up asphyxiating the Castilian economic agents to the benefit of those from other European countries. Despite their importance, they did not serve to integrate a national market. Nor did the maintenance of internal customs, currencies and legislation specific to each kingdom help in this regard. The Crown of Aragon did not participate in the American commercial enterprise until the 18th century, although since then, especially in Catalonia, it was possible to witness the growth of a textile industry for the colonial market (the 3311: 3075: 3181: 1749: 1834: 2923: 2757: 1172: 2937:: clergy and nobility are the same class, the privileged, and the justification of the social and economic predominance of both against the bourgeoisie and peasants is a clear and consciously worldly part of its spiritual mission. In churches and monasteries the members of the nobility, who have often made substantial donations, sit in preferential places (as do their burial places). Their second sons (of both sexes) enter to fill the principal positions, covered by substantial 1304:

institutions of the other territories did not collect more than what was necessary to maintain the functioning of a minimum bureaucratic apparatus of their own, being insufficient even for the defense of the territories themselves if necessary. The same can be said of the more substantial revenues of Flanders or Italy (in these cases faced with constant and substantial military expenses). For Castile, the undisputed fiscal center of the monarchy, the Treasury Council and the

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justifiable ones; however, in its clashes against an unpopular civil power it usually had the sympathies of the people. Some preachers criticized the actions of the rulers; not a few tried to influence them with their writings; more than one obtained important positions.... It is enough to remember the main role played by Cardinal Portocarrero in the struggles for the succession. But the Church, as a hierarchical body, did not have a defined political action.

1296: 1887: 2744:(which obliged each town or group of towns to distribute one soldier for every one hundred inhabitants). The privileged were exempted, and the Basque provinces and Navarre participated in this privilege (which produced a curious emigration of midwives from neighboring provinces). However, the formation of something that could be called a national army, similar to the revolutionary army of France, had to wait for the popular uprising of the 1142: 3440: 33: 2011: 2900:...). ) interpreting the appointment of a new confessor as an act of government of the first order, whose meaning could be analyzed in political terms as an expression of the confidence that the king deserved from one faction or another, serving as a channel of discrepancy (in a different way, but parallel to how the different political parties related to the king in a non-democratic parliamentary monarchy). 2358:, besides clarifying the dynastic union with Aragon and not with Portugal, made it clear that the only opportunity to maintain the authority of a king was his control of a military instrument at his exclusive service that could keep the nobles and cities in check, the better if it was so expensive that only by pushing the resources of the monarchy's treasury to the limit could it be paid for. The weapon of 2529: 1574:, which connected Castilian wool with the financial economy of northern Europe, represented an exceptional activity, which included the emergence of financial institutions and families of bankers that did not have continuity. The business opportunities offered by the American market, the enormous debt of the Treasury and the successive economic situations of inflation in the 16th century ( 2967:, which included the Patronage of Spain and its annual recognition by the king or his representative. The ecclesiastical jurisdiction implied, besides the exemption of taxes to all the participants of it, a privative jurisdiction that included the sacredness of the churches (to which any criminal could take refuge, being impossible for the civil justice to arrest him inside them). 914: 1708:) became very powerful privileged corporations, with privative jurisdiction, in which the norm was the confusion of interests and jurisdictions between the public and the private. The Enlightenment critique found in their survival one of the most important obstacles to economic modernization, together with the lack of definition of property rights (entailments and 4463: 1556: 1503:, associations of workshops of the same trade whose essential functions were to avoid competition among their members, control access to professional practice, maintain quality standards and the know-how of the trade (even against technological innovations), integrate and order in a paternalistic way the different professional categories ( 2406:, fulfilled a military function while at the same time endowing its members with an undeniable estates prestige. The substantial thing happened in other scenarios: the continuous wars in Europe kept the tercios as a well-oiled machinery for large amounts of money -and terribly unpredictable when it was lacking: sacks of 2635:, the pretension of a unitary exercise of power meant that the military organization in the territory could be identified with the civil order to such an extent that there was no difference whatsoever between the positions in both spheres. The most complete example came with Bourbon absolutism, in the figure of the 2821:" was not only a senseless bleeding to death for the benefit of the Catholic faith, but a chain of tactical and strategic responses that fall within the imperial logic. Church-State relations, which gave rise to the birth of diplomacy at the end of the Middle Ages, were not established without conflict: the 1303:

The treasury was one of the pillars of the functioning of the Monarchy, much more substantial in Castile than in Aragon and Navarre (and in the Basque provinces, which, although Castilian, possessed a tax exemption linked to a hazy universal nobility). The Chamber of Comptos of Navarre or the private

1000:

held their debates, an explicit attempt would be made to update the traditional institutions which, together with the uses and customs, would supposedly form a "constitution" of their own, natural, timeless, adequate to the Spanish national idiosyncrasy, despite the fact that the Constitution of 1812

706:

The State of the Ancien Régime protected the interests of the nobility. Precisely for this reason, in addition to being absolute, it has been called by some authors – P. Anderson, Kiernan, Porshnev, etc. – as nobiliary or lordly. The monarch never questions his nobility, nor vice versa. The former is

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or the Treasury in the kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon had nothing to do with those of Castile and León. Even with the imposition of Bourbon absolutism, which reduced these differences, the Basque provinces and Navarre maintained their fueros. The State and the nation were being forged, largely as a

3682:

In the Crown of Castile, after other localities won and lost it, a list of seventeen was established: León, Zamora, Toro, Salamanca, Burgos, Valladolid, Soria, Ávila, Segovia, Madrid, Guadalajara, Toledo, Cuenca, Córdoba, Jaén, Seville and Murcia, to which Granada was added after its conquest. They

2960:

The peasants who were part of the ecclesiastical manors did not enjoy economic or legal conditions more lenient than those of a lay manor. In addition, all -in manor and in royalty- were obliged to pay religious taxes (tithes and first fruits), and in an extensive area of Galicia, Leon and Castile,

1519:

if necessary). They never had as much vitality as in other parts of Europe. In Castile, the inland cloth cities, such as Segovia or Toledo, did not manage to impose protectionist measures that would allow them to develop their industry in the face of consumer protection and the livestock and export

3082:

at present (archdioceses in darker color). As can be seen, they do not correspond to the current division of autonomous communities, nor even to the provincial division of 1833. Except for some modifications (such as the dioceses of Madrid, formerly belonging to Toledo), they continue to trace the

2702:

and fortification studies, laboratory, scientific-military library. "There was no lack of books or money to buy them" said Count Félix Gazola. Its own editorial production of books for teaching, translation of scientific works and of course applied empirical research, were some of the subjects and

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vow) served this purpose to a great extent, by involving entire cities in a devotion whose intellectual debate could even degenerate into violence (not unlike what had happened centuries before with the famous Byzantine questions). Protestantism, on the other hand, was restricted to a few easily

2904:

The influence of the royal confessors was only one aspect of the enormous prestige enjoyed by the Church, perhaps the most powerful of the pressure groups, according to today's terminology. But its authority was more social than political. It defended its interests and exemptions, even the less

3575:

The author of the second was Cardinal Francisco de Mendoza y Bovadilla, written in 1560 as a memorial to King Philip II, where he questioned the cleanliness of blood of the Spanish nobility. The Libro verde de Aragón, from the first half of the 16th century, was a similar manuscript by a

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The way to determine the scope of royal power is to consider it as the reverse of manorial power and the inverse..... Manorial power never went beyond the exercise of local powers... the accumulation of lordships, however copious it was and even if it gave rise to the appearance of territorial

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The characteristics of the Ancien Régime are dispersion, multiplicity and even institutional collision, which makes the study of the history of institutions very complex. The very existence of the institutional unity of Spain is a problematic issue. In this historical period there were unitary

1284:

There were three instances with independent fiscal capacity: the Church, the Kingdom and the Crown. Ecclesiastical taxation consisted in the collection of tithes and first fruits, direct taxes levied on the income from the land.... The Church, which, because of its pastoral function, had its

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ties. Each bond was governed by common rules that were to govern its functioning and experience. In the Ancien Régime, communities were hierarchical, every body had its authority, and there were links of integration and subordination. But each link had an ambivalent value, of domination and

1399:

without the obstacles of having to respect acquired rights, resulting in a simple and effective system that in fact stimulated economic activity during the 18th century while producing a substantial increase in tax collection. This fiscal ideal, added to other legal characteristics (the

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activities that distinguished the school, protected by the Crown, and turned it into the most important teaching center in Spain in the last third of the 18th century, corresponding to and at the level of the prestigious international scientific institutions with which it was related.

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manorial offices, never managed to extend its powers. Phenomena such as the sale of offices in manorial places but for the benefit of the Crown, or the well-documented fact of the appeal to royal justice, call into question the image of manorial power as a limitation of royal power.

2586:, areas of Catalonia or Galicia- until the repopulation of some of them was developed (Olavide's program for Sierra Morena). Its survival in the 19th century was the object of attraction of a curious romantic "tourism". There was no police force worthy of the name until 1850:

that became the most important institution in the governmental structure. First as the Secretariat of the Universal Office, since 1705 divided in two, and since 1714 in four (State, Treasury, Justice and one for War, Navy and the Indies), precedents of the structure in

2338:. In addition to the high-ranking military men in the foreground, there are foot soldiers, galleys, ships of greater depth and the fortifications on which the surveillance of the coasts depended. These remains can still be found all along the Spanish coastline today. 666:, despite the fact that the union is in the person of the kings and not in the kingdoms, which maintain their laws, languages, currencies and institutions. The attempt to unify them from the union of the noble families, especially in the foundation of the concept of 222:

The kingdom was contemplated with an organicist analogy, as a body headed by the king, with his supremacy, with the different communities and orders that formed it as organs, articulations and limbs. Men and women were linked by personal ties, such as family and

1958:

to have an inexhaustible corpus of documents. Imagine the result of adding to all this the hundreds of archives of notarial protocols, a daily reflection of the activity of all social institutions through all kinds of writings, deals and contracts (marriages,

3083:

borders existing in the Ancien Régime, in which they were the clearest demarcation reference, given the lack of definition of other jurisdictions. Other modifications have given rise to conflicts, such as the destination of works of art from parishes in

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in religious matters was the responsibility of a peculiar institution: the Spanish Inquisition, possibly the only one common to all of Spain, apart from the crown, and which, not having jurisdiction in the European kingdoms (the attempts to suffocate

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attended), but by no means generalized. State regulation of primary and secondary education had to wait for the Moyano Law, developed in the second half of the 19th century, although insufficient efforts were made to generalize schooling until the

1312:

levied on consumption and mercantile traffic – was usually leased to private individuals. The main revenues were always insufficient, so that the extraordinary emergency resources to loans from bankers (successively Castilian, German -the mythical

2069:, also itinerant until the establishment of Madrid as capital (1561), which conflicted with the ordinary jurisdiction of the place where it resided and a certain number of leagues around it. A priority was established for this (as well as for the 1473:

with the Americas was one of the issues that the enlightenment policy of the 18th century tried to develop, opening the monopoly (then exercised by Cadiz) to other peninsular ports (1788), after the development of chartered companies such as the

232:. What in the contemporary world are understood as public functions, were in the hands of private individuals, whether they were houses, lordships or domains of the king, with one territory having total autonomy from another. The very concept of 670:(1520), which incorporated a small number of aristocratic houses of the two crowns (with clear Castilian predominance). Marriage alliances were encouraged, with the manifest aim that the social elite in practice was the same in all of them. The 1950:, since they could not find similar deposits in their countries of origin. The documentation produced by the royal dispatches soon reached such a volume that it could not accompany the itinerant court, and Charles V ordered the creation of the 3393:

in Pamplona (which did not even have jurisdiction over the whole of Navarre). The organizational needs of the overseas Empire led to the organization in the 16th century of state-sponsored training institutions linked to mining and metallurgy

1593:

The fact that most of the population depended on self-sufficiency (the peasants) or on their own rents (nobles and clerics) meant that trade was, in reality, a somewhat marginal activity. Other vaguely pre-capitalist institutions, such as the

2354:, summoned sporadically for a limited campaign and then disbanded, which limited the power of the feudal monarchy to its ability to maintain the loyalty of its vassals, who were also to be rewarded with the conquered lands, was overcome. The 995:

is constructed precisely as a consequence (sometimes in spite of them) of the prolonged existence in time of the institutions of the Ancient Regime, some unitary, others common and others plural in their territorial configuration. When the

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in the Catholic Monarchy was an institution distinct but not separate from the civil power, which served and used it at the same time: the achievement of the "religious maximum" at the end of the fifteenth century, which justified the

2957:. Even the non-privileged who reached a comfortable economic position found it more interesting than the investment of capital, to imitate these strategies of nobiliary origin (what has been called the "betrayal of the bourgeoisie"). 2817:, does not deny its usefulness for internal social control, and has sometimes been explained as the result of a class struggle masked as an ethno-religious conflict. The European policy of the Habsburgs, and Philip II's statement " 1275:(entity dialectically opposed to the king), with legislative and fiscal functions; stronger in Aragon, where they maintained their structure in three arms (four in the kingdom of Aragon, with the nobility divided into rich men and 921:

The territorial conformation of the Hispanic Monarchy in such a wide range of territories allows us to speak separately of the American institutions, those of the European territories on the other side of the Pyrenees (especially

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mountains where the original lands of the noble houses were sought, but where there were no large domains and the greater equality of conditions allowed the myth of universal nobility to be born- and the south -dominated by the

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for international relations. The Chamber of Castile, a reduced commission of the council, but separate from it, was in charge of advising the king, as a secret and reserved office, in the administration of the royal grace or

1279:), weaker in Castile, where they ceased to convene the privileged estates. They lost importance precisely in the XVIII century, when those of both crowns were summoned jointly, but they would only meet for succession issues. 1107:, wastelands) against which they behaved as a true "collective lordship", in a similar way to how nobility and clergy were forming their own lordships. The condition of the peasants, therefore, was not radically different in 549:, which were extended to all types of institutions after the anti-conversion revolt of Pedro Sarmiento in Toledo (1449). This legal discrimination was maintained as a decisive factor of social cohesion even more so after the 1035:, precedent of the provincial governor), the lower level of territorial organization presented in Spain an extraordinary vitality: the municipal institution, inherited from the Roman municipality and reinforced with the 1598:

or the Bank of St. Charles arrived later, at the end of the Ancien Régime, although they had earlier precedents in traditional figures that were able to adapt to the expansive situation of the 18th century, such as the

1740:, who also contributed to the Expedient of the Agrarian Law, another project born of the Enlightenment restlessness that emerges from some positions of the administration, in this case of the Intendant of Extremadura. 2854:

in 1526). The political control of the clergy went beyond simple collaboration: the appointment of bishops obtained through the right of presentation, participation in ecclesiastical revenues (the royal third of the

2396:) and will play a more protocol role from the 17th century onwards. When the military function of the nobility was already an inoffensive memory, in the times of Philip II, it was again considered to be part of the 2458:, an extension of the medieval cavalcades, and which in practice were political-military subcontracts to a particular of the rights that the monarchy was obsessively concerned with maintaining and justifying (the 2833:

much more than a simple embassy (he extracted notable revenues and exercised great political as well as religious influence). On the other hand, the interference of the hegemonic power -Spain- in Rome -center of

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of Mallorca. The litigious and interpretative activity of this legislation produced an inexhaustible source of work for the jurists of the Crown of Aragon throughout the Ancien Régime, and up to the present day.

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when it was most necessary, which allowed him to significantly increase his own political and territorial power. The Mendozas maintained their prominence in the following reigns, within the so-called humanist,

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were committees assembled for a monographic matter (although the local government institutions of the territories of the Cantabrian area (Galicia, Asturias and the Basque Provinces) were also called juntas.

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in education were significant from the 17th century onwards. The former earned them many enemies, both among the other religious orders and among the enlightened, as was demonstrated on the occasion of the

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that, with some innovations, but above all through the adaptation and transformation of the political, social and economic institutions and practices pre-existing in the different Christian kingdoms of the

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who carried out the daily management of affairs had always been essential, and led to the formation of a class of scholars that allowed social ascent from non-privileged positions (or more commonly the

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In the absence of powerful intermediate levels of territorial organization (they existed, but in a discontinuous manner, and sometimes without competencies or resources that would make them decisive:

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was the most important organizational challenge to which any empire had ever been subjected – the Spanish and Portuguese were the world's first oceanic empires – and the success of its protection by

1217:, as the direct representative of the king in the municipality. In smaller municipalities, the posts were usually held by a mayor representing the common state and a mayor representing the nobility. 1767:, because it was composed of multiple bodies that divided the government of such a complex monarchy thematically and territorially. There were thematic and territorial councils: Treasury, Orders, 674:, which lasted sixty years (1580–1640), was also attempted to consolidate in the same way (not without misgivings; hence the Portuguese saying about Spain: "neither good wind nor good marriage"). 2880:, a real power in the Court for his capacity of access to the person of the king (sometimes considered little less than a favourite), and that it was customary to appoint among the members of a 3484:) was extraordinarily effective. Its political role sometimes escaped from the usual subjection to the civil power that used to instrumentalize it and even put the latter in trouble (trials of 3099:

convoked by the Bishop of Segovia Juan Arias Dávila in 1472 (which gave rise to the first book printed in Spain, the Synodal of Aguilafuente), or the more general Council of Aranda convoked by

1416:) although the resistance encountered made its application in Castile unviable, in what can be seen as an inverse situation to that of the Count-Duke's Union de Armas of the previous century. 2451:

of the lands to be discovered, but the recovery for the monarchy of the effective management of those functions was a matter of a few years. Similar procedures were used with the so-called

1724: 726: 2560:. The night patrols sought, more than to avoid them, to make present the existence of a vigilance. Crimes in unpopulated areas were much more difficult to prevent and more punished. The 153:

consequence of how the institutions responded to the economic and social dynamics, but they would not present themselves in their contemporary aspect until the end of the Ancien Régime.

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whose social function was much more important than the educational, while the scientific function was practically absent, beyond Law and Theology. Of great importance was the so-called

2771:, to whom the Visigothic saint from Toledo dedicated his writings. The special devotion to the Virgin was (and still is) a distinctive feature of Spanish popular religiosity, which the 2790:) and did not take hold. On the other hand, observe the tools of the desk. The condition of intellectual implied the previous condition of clergyman during almost all the Middle Ages. 2342:

The basic instrument of the authoritarian monarchy was the permanent and professional army, made up of soldiers of any nationality (some merely mercenaries and others who sought their

1461:(also present in Castile), presided over long-distance trade, which, with the colonization of America, it became vital to control. This function was monopolistically entrusted to the 2915:

As for the rest of the administration, the clergy (who remained, as in the Middle Ages, the most educated segment of the population) was used extensively: from the presidency of the

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that the Pope granted to the monarchs. The American institutions were based on the Castilian ones, although reinterpreted and adapted to their ultraperipheral situation (municipal

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in Habsburg Spain. The life of the Universities was dominated by the confrontations between the different residential colleges, linked to different religious orders, especially

3108: 3107:, known as the third king of Spain, from legitimizing his sons (the "beautiful little sins of the cardinal", according to Isabella the Catholic); or that the succession of the 908:(in which the peasants dispossessed their lords), in Spain this did not mean the loss of property or the ruin of his house, which remains part of the aristocracy to this day. 1308:

designed the system, but it was really based on headship by the cities, for their benefit and against the territory they administered, and its actual collection – based on

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was the symbol of the exercise of jurisdiction, and its presence at the entrance to the towns indicated this, as well as being used to carry out the penalties of death or

1641:(founded with privileges in 1497, and with special jurisdiction since 1599, including a conservator judge to defend them). The Royal Manufactures, as an adaptation of the 1185:

The involvement of the royal authority in municipal control became stronger at the end of the Middle Ages, as the monarchy became more authoritarian, especially after the

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and mayors were true judges, as well as legislators and executive power at the local level (the separation of powers was inconceivable, both at high and low levels); and

520:... which, if they could not be supported with those, did not hide their economic decadence. Geographically, there was also a gap between the north of the peninsula -the 3117:

who must be distinguished with ordinal numbers. This would be the most scandalous case, so that there were those who mocked insinuating that it had been instituted as a

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in the transition from the 15th to the 16th century was decisive for the Spanish Church to become a disciplined mechanism, little accessible to the innovations of the

372:. This, in fact, had united almost all the peninsular Christian territories at the beginning of the 11th century, to later disintegrate them with the inheritance of 3432: 2598:, such as territorial deployment with a preferably rural vocation. Curiously, the only security corps in existence today that derives from the Ancien Régime is the 771: 1838: 482:, raised to power by the high nobility who were zealous to avoid the same concentration of power, which would also be implanted in Aragon as a consequence of the 4432: 2556:. The social ideal of expeditious justice was reactivated with each episode of delinquency that struck the imagination, especially crimes that altered the urban 1942:, as in any court. The Spanish taste for writing down every administrative act produced such an extensive volume of documentation that it has been exploited by 755: 85:

to the Liberal Revolution (from the last third of the 15th century to the first third of the 18th century) and which was characterized by the features of the

2102:(which had the Royal Council of Navarre as a judicial institution) was always less permissive for the royal power, and did not disappear completely with the 1902:, which had judicial functions. Traditionally it has been proclaimed with undisguised pride that in Spain the administration of justice did not come to have 1871: 1847: 1645:, were the work of the Bourbons, but there was also an earlier interest in the control of strategic industries (armament factories and the Royal Shipyards). 741:, which he headed through the House of Infantado. He knew how to maneuver skillfully in the struggles between noble factions, opposing both the privation of 3851: 917:

Spain divided as Geographers usually do, from the Geographical Atlas of the Kingdom of Spain and Adjacent Islands with a brief description of its Provinces.

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institutions: notably, and transcendental in the external perception of the Hispanic Monarchy, the person of the king and his military power; inwardly, the

2418:

between Italy and Flanders allowed the Hispanic Monarchy to use them to the benefit of its policy of defending Catholicism and Habsburg hegemony until the

2330: 1368: 430: 418: 2933:

A perfect society, according to its own theology (political Augustinianism), the Church was inextricably united as an institution with the society of the

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on 24 December 1721, with a rather inautonomist purpose: to maintain public order in substitution of the somatén and to put an end to the strongholds of

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of the kingdoms of the crown of Aragon, which did not admit the king's capacity to order the presence of troops at will -which was at the origin of the

2481:) was captured among hundreds. The protection of the coasts on both sides of the Atlantic, of an inabarcable extension, against the maritime powers and 1424: 864:(Valencian house with Grandeeship) and courtier of Charles V, who took him to his campaigns, married him to a Portuguese aristocrat and appointed him 3683:

were those that had been capitals of kingdoms, in addition to some localities that for one reason or another achieved and maintained that privilege.

782:) belongs to a nobility whose highest aspiration is to figure in the best position in the service of an undisputed monarchy. Outstanding general of 1563:(House of Pounds) in Medina del Campo, where the official weights and measures were kept to guarantee the commercial exchanges in its famous fairs. 1156: 2651:(1640)-. Similar peculiarities were maintained in the Basque and Navarrese foral territories. Also in the 18th century, while the program of the 1413: 742: 2876:

Proof of the deep religiosity that is supposed to the Catholic Monarch was the extreme importance that was granted to the election of the royal

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as in France, but in any case for a large part of the territory it fell under the manorial jurisdiction (which could be sold, with the manors).

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dynamic of feudalism, with all the limitations that this expression has in the Iberian Peninsula. The European influence that arrived with the

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The proverbial relaxation of customs and poor formation of the late medieval clergy were the object of energetic reform programs: such as the

900:(1814), the swan song of the Europe of the Old Regime where Spain no longer had any relevant role. He was the last of his lineage to exercise 4384: 4207: 4180: 4091: 4021: 3888: 3861: 3834: 3794: 3731: 3704: 2452: 1729: 1722:, internal customs and fiscal atomization). This period will be presided over by the Enlightenment project and the diffusion of the model of 849: 426: 133: 4038: 3283:, with derivations to the later political careers of the university students. The attempts at reform produced by the Enlightenment critics ( 173:

were attached by bonds of belonging: territorial communities in the style of the house or the village; intermediate communities such as the

3130: 2263: 2052:. During the Modern Age other audiences were created (without title of chancillerías and subject to the jurisdiction of these) of Galicia, 1465:

in Seville. A similar institution was even envisaged, which would have operated in La Coruña, to control the expected spice trade with the

807: 4495: 3039:, Extremadura and Murcia where pastoral care was very deficient. Simultaneously, there was an abundance of unedifying figures such as the 1499:. These relegated the control of the operation of the vile and mechanical trades to intermediate corporations that were self-managed: the 806:

painted him as a negative stereotype of the Spanish nobleman. Disgraced by a family marital affair, he returned to lead the armies in the

442: 4546: 4679: 4619: 3157:, which had much to do with the resistance to modernization in the religious orders. During the 16th century, a reformist movement of a 2859:, a tax more important than any of the civil ones) and, already in the 18th century, pressure on their properties (the so-called "first 2095: 940: 623: 4223: 3653: 3389:

was established in the time of Charles V, although it did not become a centralized institution, maintaining local colleges such as the

1246:(who warned the kings "We make you King if you comply with our Fueros and enforce them, otherwise not"), in addition to having its own 1043:

during the Middle Ages. The early medieval repopulation process had granted an original freedom unparalleled in other parts of Europe (

4170: 3193: 3079: 3063:

were also similarly implanted throughout the territory, but subdivided into a large number of religious orders of various types, with

2403: 1458: 589: 536: 4659: 4709: 4689: 4669: 4649: 4629: 4609: 4578: 4557: 4536: 4516: 4453: 3856:. Colección de Ciencias, Humanidades e Ingeniería (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos. 3197: 1661:. In addition to the allegorical religious reading, it illustrates the dominance of sheep farming in Spain during the Ancien Régime. 279:

people with administrative positions; and the bourgeoisie of business). The degree of integration of various persecuted minorities (

3071:(dangerously taxing the local economy, as the municipalities complained, frequently requesting the limitation of new foundations). 2976: 1694:

This option is clearly seen in the protection of cattle raising over agriculture, which has been understood by historiography as a

4278: 3476:) can really be considered as a shaping of the national personality, an extreme on which the anti-Spanish propaganda known as the 1333:

were a chronic burden, which undermined the monarchy's credit and led it to periodic bankruptcies. These revenues were mainly the

943:) from the beginning of the 18th century, due on the one hand to the traumatic clarification brought about by the separation from 3304: 3146: 2829:

over the Church within its borders always presided over its relationship with both the local church and the Pope, who had in the

1852: 1669:. Primary food production depended on an agriculture subjected to traditional processes sanctioned by custom and the uses of the 1479: 3480:

insisted. Its territorial implantation, with courts in strategically chosen cities and above all with a network of informants (

2919:, which was systematically entrusted to a bishop, to the requests for statistical information addressed to the parish priests. 2355: 2107: 1972: 1880: 1876: 1683: 4139: 3121:, perhaps inheritable by females. To avoid canonical inconveniences, a brief interregnum of a nephew of the Valencian pope of 4357: 4309: 3527: 2617: 2582:-including that of the rural nobles- did not disappear, and the mechanisms to combat it did not reach the mountainous areas - 1186: 615: 487: 4013:

The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars

2983:, by Juan Rodríguez de Segovia (1484). He appears praying, supported by four bishops wearing the insignia of his condition: 1586:), stimulated by especially favorable social conditions, as evidenced by the appearance of a dynamic local institution: the 642:, whose conception of power was based on respect for local peculiarities (not without conflicts, such as the Revolts of the 4684:(in Spanish), vol. 12: La corona de Aragón, plenitud y crisis: de Pedro el Grande a Juan II, 1276–1479, Historia 16, 2197:

gave the Crown of Castile greater powers to the king, in a process of construction of the authoritarian monarchy in which

1475: 1392: 1196: 1171: 1067:

of the first moments, in which all the neighbors participated, were substituted by powerful corporations, the councils or

783: 698: 651: 3974: 1242:) acted as an effective counterweight to the increase in royal power; or in Aragon, where they were presided over by the 631: 117:, clergy and corporations of very different types were organized in a way that was not very different in each kingdom. A 3284: 3141:, although in this case the scandal could not include any reproach to his sexual morals, since the son had had him as a 3104: 3100: 3043:

who accumulated the incomes of various benefices, the chaplains who sang mass with few or no assistants (apart from the

2980: 2544:

Internal public order was in the hands of the local justices: manorial or urban, and their dispersion was the norm. The

2435:, which in the Middle Ages was in charge of the Navy of Castile, and which ended up being linked to a noble family (the 1883:

and Martín de Gaztelu, among those of Carlos V; Mateo Vázquez de Leca, Antonio Pérez and Juan de Idiáquez of Felipe II.

1860: 1752: 1737: 1687:) that did not hide its preference for maintaining the privileged status of the nobility and clergy (legislation on the 984: 976: 550: 1001:

was clearly a revolutionary rupture. Another thing would be to elucidate the pre-existence of a national character or "

584: 3422:, fortifications and squadrons. From the 18th century onwards, the French model was imitated with the creation of the 3169:

were involved with no little confrontation; and, with a European perspective, the founding of the Society of Jesus by

2942: 2851: 2463: 1951: 1772: 1500: 1095: 229: 212: 2714:, a series of institutions were founded that would have great projection in the Contemporary Age, some symbolic: the 2397: 1299:

Real Casa de la Aduana (18th century), on Calle de Alcalá in Madrid, current headquarters of the Ministry of Finance.

4197: 3326: 3314: 3288: 3272: 2143:

in the different Christian peninsular kingdoms were very different, although the memory of Visigothic legislation (

2049: 1846:

With the reforms of Philip V, the councils declined (with the exception of the Council of Castile), and it was the

795: 647: 627: 611: 434: 82: 1141: 3113: 2440: 2242: 1132: 865: 554: 357: 3180: 2178:, which maintained pacitist formulations typical of the Aragonese crown. Similar principles were applied in the 1999:

was at each moment found in these institutions the catalyst that accelerated or slowed down the rhythm that the

1816:

The king's personal work at the head of such a vast complex could be undertaken by a vocational bureaucrat like

309:

Miguel Artola, Aristocracia, poder y riqueza en la España moderna: la Casa de Osuna, siglos XV-XIX, Prólogo.

3221: 3074: 2119: 1792: 1748: 1665:

It was the countryside, agricultural activities, which constituted the overwhelming majority of the economy in

1445:, founders of economic science) was very pronounced. In the Crown of Aragon, medieval institutions such as the 1237: 3310: 3268:). In the 18th century, within a shameful intellectual decadence that allowed eccentricities such as those of 2720:(which would become the anthem of Spain) and the red and yellow banner (which replaced the white one with the 2335: 1658: 500:, whose social prestige, when it could not be sustained by the control of lands, was sought with all kinds of 247:

and the clergy were the privileged estates. From the 16th century onwards, the nobility tended to become more

2517:...) were the instruments of control of the other space of geostrategic interest, in which the enemy was the 1820:, who spent half his life among papers (hence his nickname of "paper king"), or entrusted to the figure of a 236:

was meaningless, since there was no effective differentiation between public and private in the pre-state or

3365: 3225: 3217: 3185: 2950: 2835: 2794:

culture became more and more autonomous from the Renaissance onwards, but throughout the Ancien Régime, low

2644: 2643:. However, before these figures could be implemented, it was necessary to wait for the disappearance of the 1653: 1541: 1515:

way (against intrusion, foreign competition or even economic and fiscal political interference, acting as a

1495:

In a narrower way, it was the municipal institutions that controlled the crafts and local commerce, through

1059:, where the status of peasant was equated to that of nobleman if he defended his own land with a war horse ( 643: 137: 65: 1833: 733:. He could cross Spain from North to South sleeping every night in a castle of the wide family network (of 4326: 3542: 3356: 3292: 3145:

before being baptized (no doubt sincerely, but coinciding with the terrible pogroms of 1390). The role of

2587: 2467: 1811: 1802: 1666: 1405: 1358: 603: 475: 373: 237: 4054: 1404:

that guaranteed the Catalan peasant the continuity of his agricultural exploitation, and the survival of

1363:, etc.) made the system inefficient and unfair, which led to some failed attempts at reform, such as the 3004: 2922: 2776: 2768: 2664: 2478: 2237: 2175: 1891: 1437:

Economic life depended only very partially on high-level political decisions, despite the fact that the

1213: 1195:, who had become venal and in practice hereditary positions in the families of what can be called urban 4437:(in Spanish), vol. 9: Crisis del antiguo régimen: de Carlos IV a Isabel II, Información y Revistas 3588:"Tantas personas como estados: Por una antropologia politica de la historia europea. Bartolome Clavero" 3485: 3209: 2756: 2675: 1243: 889: 3626: 2850:

in 1527), passing through the punctual alliances in favor (Holy League of 1511 and 1571), or against (

926:

and Italy) and those of the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, which are the subject of this article.

3477: 3473: 3381:

As for scientific institutions, apart from the classic organization of the medical profession in the

3369: 3300: 3245: 3138: 2954: 2934: 2860: 2830: 2707: 2660: 2624: 2600: 2537: 2444: 2436: 2385: 2233: 2103: 1947: 1856: 1674: 1454: 1412:(inheritor) the full conservation of the family patrimony) was a model of the Enlightenment reforms ( 1380: 1376: 1372: 1225: 948: 869: 803: 521: 461: 264: 228:

paternalism: they had to guarantee the survival of individuals while maintaining social relations of

94: 4724:(in Spanish), vol. 5: La Baja edad media: crisis y renovación en los siglos XIV-XV, Historia 16 3347:(1766). There were also secular teaching institutions, linked to the town councils and entrusted to 2153:

and Leon) and to reject it (County of Castile, which was born burning its copies and preferring the

32: 3908: 3517: 3448: 3360: 3233: 2847: 2808: 2798:

and the ideological predominance of the Church continued to make this identification largely valid.

2772: 2659:, a structure was created in three maritime departments: the Mediterranean or Levant, based in the 2656: 2591: 2407: 2251: 2171: 2150: 1791:

was responsible for most of the domestic policy, especially from the 18th century onwards, and the

1780: 1768: 1764: 992: 988: 799: 599: 539:

and the great noble estates-. For the non-privileged, there remained the perception of pride as an

483: 479: 407: 385: 350: 338: 129: 110: 2325: 1648: 4483: 4420: 3497: 3213: 3170: 3027:

and major churches of the important localities reproduced this collegiate institution. The local

2984: 2916: 2780: 2613: 2553: 2432: 2267: 2194: 2170:

In Catalonia there was a very important legislative activity in the Middle Ages, compiled in the

2158: 2099: 1964: 1899: 1864: 1817: 1788: 1579: 1529: 1388: 1276: 936: 897: 787: 750: 746: 655: 545: 491: 438: 398: 369: 346: 4083:

Guerra y milicia en la España del X Conde de Aranda : actas IV Congreso de Historia Militar

3813:, in Medina del Campo, with documentation on its history and that of the textile and wool trade. 3783:"Fuentes para el estudio del consumo y del comercio alimentario en Madrid en el Antiguo Régimen" 3368:, which sought to restrict the influence of the religious, triumphant again with the subsequent 3162: 2380:

of previous times) and will represent the decisive advantage against the French monarchy in the

1930:

The royal estate was judicially administered with a structure that began in the municipalities.

1915: 997: 422: 377: 342: 1954:. Similar accumulations of administrative acts of the town councils and parishes allow Spanish 983:

and the concept of national unity (of liberal origin) should not be used strictly prior to the

860:). He contrasts, but does not deny the way of life of the high nobility: in the century he was 4705: 4685: 4665: 4645: 4625: 4605: 4574: 4532: 4512: 4449: 4380: 4353: 4203: 4176: 4120: 4087: 4017: 3930: 3922: 3884: 3857: 3830: 3790: 3782: 3727: 3700: 3634: 3607: 3510: 3237: 3205: 3166: 3126: 3024: 3020: 2864: 2721: 2668: 2640: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2041: 2000: 1784: 1295: 1262: 1079: 972: 905: 861: 682: 639: 505: 403: 365: 314: 90: 70: 4253: 3307:

in Madrid marked the beginning of a university renovation in the middle of the 19th century.

3228:, as opposed to the rest of the convents and schools-universities, which came to be known as 3035:, very dense in the north of Spain and very dispersed in the south, with areas in Andalusia, 3007:(Toledo) was designated, whose primacy was disputed by Tarragona and Braga, and a network of 2081:. Once the Court was established, the jurisdictional conflicts were mainly with the Villa de 449:

of the monarchy was added) were used to justify the social predominance of the nobility (the

263:, although it was also a hierarchical group with different degrees within its structure. The 165:("society of modern Spain" in the sense of the Modern Age or Ancien Régime) was a network of 4475: 4412: 4231: 3747: 3661: 3599: 3557: 3489: 3344: 3257: 3201: 2996: 2963: 2926: 2897: 2655:

rebuilt a navy capable of maintaining itself in the arms race with France and England until

2419: 2393: 2179: 2044:, and which became two stable institutions that divided the territory (with a border on the 2037: 2004: 1996: 1886: 1776: 1575: 1571: 1504: 1429: 1338: 1254: 1228:

as of an ennobled urban patriciate, more so in Castile than in Catalonia, where the city of

1068: 956: 857: 738: 678: 635: 575: 469: 433:, Grandee of Spain and favourite. Other courtiers attend. Looking out from a balcony of the 361: 86: 74: 4601:

Curso de historia de las instituciones españolas: de los orígenes al final de la edad media

4108: 3923:"Las Audiencias reales en la Corona de Aragón: de la unidad medieval al pluralismo moderno" 3587: 3439: 598:(1800–1801). In this collective portrait appear the last generations of absolute monarchs ( 322:

The apex of the institutional system was the monarchy, justified from the beginning of the

4699: 4599: 4526: 4506: 4144:

Página Oficial de la Comisión para la Causa de Canonización de la Reina Isabel La Católica

3824: 3721: 3694: 3457: 3253: 3241: 3122: 3060: 2893: 2881: 2803: 2562: 2411: 2145: 1988: 1718: 1496: 1348: 1322: 1128: 1064: 952: 571: 465: 454: 4551:(in Spanish), vol. 7: Esplendor y decadencia: de Felipe III a Carlos II, Historia 16 4443: 4081: 3261: 2648: 2362:

was a very useful technological innovation for this purpose: the noble castles and urban

730: 2730:

Reales Ordenanzas para el Régimen, Disciplina, Subordinación y Servicio de sus Exércitos

2010: 1898:

The social role of these and other officials was somewhat similar to that of the French

935:

The latter can be understood as an institutional unity (with the clear exception of the

563:, a condition from which neither the highest noble houses nor the king himself escaped ( 4286: 3453: 3382: 3318: 3134: 3111:

fell first to the nephew of the previous archbishop and then to his son, linking three

3032: 3016: 2843: 2839: 2745: 2518: 2431:

The same thing that happened with the position of Constable occurred with the title of

2370:

was the field of experimentation of this new mechanism, which will receive the name of

2363: 2344: 2271: 2228: 2140: 2089: 2060: 2019: 2003:

were imprinting on their particular transition from feudalism to capitalism during the

1984: 1695: 1630: 1626: 1595: 1516: 1466: 1450: 1258: 930: 893: 791: 690: 686: 659: 595: 490:

had been decisive in producing a clear separation between the high and low nobility of

4468:

Revista de Historia Economica - Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History

2949:, that is to say, they are linked to that end and could not be sold until they became 638:), was followed by the addition of vast territories in Europe with the arrival of the 4732: 4531:(in Spanish), vol. 6: La Forja del imperio: Carlos V y Felipe II., Historia 16, 4487: 4424: 3506: 3469: 3444: 3398:) and, above all, to armaments and navigation through the commercial monopoly of the 3338:

by the jesuits, as a mechanism for recruiting the elites, and the involvement of the

2910:

Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, "Sociedad y estado en el siglo XVIII español" (1976), p. 17.

2725: 2583: 2578:), which came to be controlled by the monarchy in the time of the Catholic Monarchs. 2389: 2302: 2154: 1992: 1980: 1955: 1512: 1364: 1314: 811: 671: 663: 579: 560: 540: 290: 280: 260: 216: 4562:(in Spanish), vol. 8: El reformismo borbónico: la España del XVIII, Historia 16 2040:

was exercised by his own audience, itinerant like himself along with the papers and

2036:), created by delegation of the jurisdictional competence of the king, which in the 4147: 3296: 3265: 3216:) and the Universities (among which those that came to be known as the major ones: 3174: 3096: 3056: 3044: 2889: 2733: 2687: 2415: 2381: 2215: 2111: 1903: 1486: 1438: 1036: 987:

of 1812, already in the New Regime. It is not the object of this article to define

775: 517: 513: 389: 188: 148:

merged into a network of family alliances. But others were markedly different: the

125: 3472:

in Flanders through its implantation were one of the causes of the success of its

2528: 1618: 712:

Ignacio Atienza, "La nobleza en el Antiguo Régimen. Conclusión" (1987). 65–66.

410:, León and Castile). The same justifying procedures (to which the very existence 4639: 4374: 4011: 3878: 3765: 2740:(1770), an evolution of the already existing one, derived from the system of the 1800:, a legal concept proper to the power exercised by kings by their mere will. The 453:

or feudal defenders), who with the high clergy formed a single ruling class: the

3249: 3150: 2885: 2716: 2632: 2475: 2448: 2367: 2307: 2297: 2206: 2033: 1910: 1760: 1713: 1401: 1334: 1330: 1112: 1040: 901: 853: 619: 324: 272: 248: 174: 145: 121: 3948: 4638:

Fernández de Pinedo, Emiliano; Gil Novales, Alberto; Dérozier, Albert (1980),

4479: 4416: 3985: 3395: 3275:

from Salamanca, the main confrontation took place between the groups known as

3028: 2791: 2786: 2775:

managed to channel and integrate: even polemical theological definitions (the

2760: 2628: 2579: 2533: 2486: 2214:

basis), in conflict with the traditional fueros, granted locally to encourage

2163: 2025: 1995:(a Spanish invention soon imitated in Europe). The stage in which the Spanish 1642: 1508: 1490: 1470: 1442: 1177: 1014: 979:

in 1592). In any case, and in spite of being used at the time, the expression

913: 531: 381: 193: 170: 102: 78: 4327:"Universidades mayores y menores: Una polémica en la Cataluña del siglo XVII" 4124: 3934: 3767:

Las dos Españas: burguesia y nobleza, los origenes del precapitalismo español

3638: 3611: 3192:

Two institutions directly linked to the Church were of great importance: the

1063:). With the passing of the centuries and the distancing of the frontier, the 856:

with the Jesuit habit that he took in his maturity (he became General of the

380:, who were at odds with each other as they expanded territorially throughout 3464: 3158: 3084: 3064: 3036: 2877: 2699: 2695: 2636: 2605: 2494: 2447:

and his descendants the title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea together with the

2359: 2293: 2211: 2198: 2114:. At present it still survives (to a different degree in each territory) as 2088:

For the Crown of Aragon, the judicial plant also included the figure of the

1943: 1828: 1821: 1670: 1229: 1200: 1032: 1031:... until the Bourbon reforms introduced the network of army and provincial 960: 694: 353: 329: 204: 166: 118: 98: 37:

Symbols used by the institutions during the last years of the Ancien Régime.

4411:(in Spanish), 5: El Antiguo Régimen: Los Borbones (4), Alfaguara: 931–933, 3826:

Historia de la Real Junta Particular de Comercio de Barcelona (1758 a 1847)

2485:

was also effective seen in perspective, in spite of the punctual failures (

1162: 4590:

Historia de España: El Antiguo Régimen: Los Reyes Católicos y los Austrias

2474:

was proven by the fact that only one of the convoys (that of 1628, by the

1391:

after the revolt of Antonio Perez), as a consequence of its defeat in the

4254:"Church, Politics, and Society in Spain, 1750–1874 — William J. Callahan" 3339: 3040: 2946: 2871: 2822: 2795: 2764: 2683: 2679: 2502: 2490: 2270:) for which a peculiar support of jurists and theologians was requested ( 2077:

in its territories, as an emanation of the royal power) in the so-called

2053: 1968: 1733: 1709: 1353: 1343: 1147: 1108: 1026: 1020: 968: 964: 944: 923: 734: 525: 474:

The formation of the authoritarian monarchy culminated with the powerful

276: 244: 208: 199: 141: 114: 1673:, in charge of peasants whose social situation sometimes led to revolt ( 896:. He followed the family tradition of diplomatic service, attending the 113:. Others were common, such as those inherent to the estamental society: 3787:

Primeras Jornadas sobre fuentes documentales para la historia de Madrid

3502: 3154: 3118: 3068: 3048: 3012: 3008: 2945:

for their eternal salvation. The lands of the Church themselves are of

2813: 2691: 2590:, who used it as an agency of political repression, and later even the 2567: 2549: 2522: 2510: 2471: 2377: 2029: 1976: 1935: 1688: 1622: 1609: 1525: 1232:

had a fundamental weight and from 1359 the permanent deputation of the

1190: 1100: 667: 284: 268: 224: 3576:

counselor of the Aragonese Inquisition, which was widely disseminated.

2094:. The legislation of the territories of this crown, as well as in the 1555: 1337:

of American metals (which altered the economy of Europe producing the

77:, presided over the historical period that broadly coincides with the 4172:

Historia de España: la frustración de un imperio. (1476–1714). Tomo V

3975:"Número monográfico sobre Notarios y juristas de la Corona de Aragón" 3627:"Los derechos fundamentales y la Constitución a los veinticinco años" 3299:'s Bullfighting School) their state was definitely catastrophic. The 3052: 2988: 2971: 2498: 2482: 2426: 2371: 2350: 2201: 2082: 1939: 1923: 1521: 1446: 1220:

The most important municipalities were the cities with a vote in the

1204: 1104: 975:

had seen its charters very limited as a consequence of the revolt of

779: 497: 393: 252: 4311:

Erasmo y España: estudios sobre la historia espiritual del siglo XVI

1189:. Finally, a sort of "distribution of roles" took place between the 267:

was the most heterogeneous and numerous. It ranged from the poorest

3603: 3103:

in 1473; which did not prevent his successor in the see of Toledo,

2388:– since 1382 the head of the armies, replacing the old position of 1639:

Cabaña Real de Carreteros, trajineros, cabañiles and their derramas

1395:, which gave the opportunity to establish a tax system practically 1055:), and more than in any other kingdom in the Castilian frontier or 681:(curiously, of Navarrese origin) will impose the French customs of 3509:

was the closest thing that could be reached to the formation of a

3438: 3348: 3309: 3179: 3142: 3092: 3073: 2992: 2975: 2938: 2921: 2856: 2755: 2527: 2506: 2324: 2134: 2045: 2009: 1960: 1914: 1885: 1832: 1747: 1700: 1647: 1554: 1469:, but the cession of these islands to Portugal frustrated it. The 1423: 1318: 1294: 1290:

Miguel Artola, "La Hacienda del Antiguo Régimen" (1982) 13–16.

1250:

since 1364. A similar institution existed in Valencia since 1418.

1085: 1072: 1048: 912: 583: 412: 313: 179: 4701:

Castilla se abre al Atlántico. De Alfonso X a los Reyes Católicos

4641:

Centralismo, ilustración y agonía del Antiguo Régimen (1715-1833)

4352:(in Spanish). Vol. 5: Diccionario Temático. Spain: Alianza. 3949:"Los manuales, tratados y cursos de Historia del Derecho español" 3789:(in Spanish). Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural: 279–288. 3059:

for the sole purpose of acquiring ecclesiastical privileges. The

3031:

and parishes closed the institutional base of the network of the

2732:, of 22 October 1768) and the extensive regulation of compulsory 2254:, the process continued with successive reformulations (from the 2678:, was a scientific institution of the first order. Mathematics, 2514: 1567: 1387:

with Castile (Aragon had already lost its fueros in the time of

4169:

Flem, Jean-Paul Le; Pérez, Joseph; Pelorson, Jean-Marc (1982).

3810: 2941:. The testamentary mandates oblige them to perform most of the 2574:

managed by the Castilian town councils (similar to the Catalan

2226:). This process began in the late Middle Ages with the code of 559:(1609), maintaining as a useful scapegoat the existence of the 187:, of very different extension); political communities or broad 3982:

Revista de Estudios Histórico-Jurídicos de la Corona de Aragón

1704:

in Castile and similar institutions in the kingdom of Aragon (

1681:

in Catalonia), with the monarchy playing an arbitration role (

1347:, a theoretically universal indirect tax. The multiplicity of 1115:: neither in the former was freedom nor in the latter slavery. 2056:, Extremadura and Seville, in addition to the American ones. 1441:

orientation of the monarchy's economic policy (judged by the

868:. His famous vocation came to him in the truculent burial of 259:

estate, since individuals could join without regard to their

3631:

FORO. Revista de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Nueva Época

2348:

in the profession of arms). The medieval concept of feudal

1763:

was based on the system of Councils, which has been called

658:). The unitary conception of the peninsular domains allows 437:, political capital of the Hispanic Monarchy, the monarchs 1005:", as it was understood in that famous essayistic debate. 4698:

Valdeón Baruque, Julio; Salvador Miguel, Nicasio (1995),

4618:

Avilés Fernández, Miguel; Espadas Burgos, Manuel (1987),

3153:, although it did suffer the heartbreaking debate around 2846:, preceptor of Charles V, were imposed) to the invasion ( 1532:

of regional dimension; and with institutions such as the

2674:

The Royal Artillery School of Segovia, installed in the

2623:

Just as it is impossible to find in the Ancien Régime a

406:

that would end up being linked to the western kingdoms (

4678:

Salrach i Marés, Josep Maria; Espalader, Anton (1996),

3770:(in Spanish). Zero: Distribuidor exclusivo:ZYX, Madrid. 2122:

matters, and even in the conformation of the so-called

89:

in Western Europe: a strong monarchy (authoritarian or

3853:

El sistema de transportes en España : 1750 – 1850

2282:

of the Conquest depended on the interpretation of the

2018:

For the Crown of Castile, the highest courts were the

758:, romanist or papist faction -opposed to the Albists-. 255:, in the vicinity of the Court. The clergy was a more 4508:

Instituciones y sociedad en la España de los Austrias

3295:

closed universities (at the same time that he opened

2819:

I would rather lose my states than rule over heretics

2439:

family, since 1405) and ended up being honorary. The

1698:

between lords (ranchers) and peasants (farmers). The

1528:. Municipal ordinances also controlled trade through 1351:

and other taxes (ordinary and extraordinary service,

1099:

and villages) and more unpopulated lands (mountains,

4376:

El proceso de Macanaz: Historia de un empapelamiento

3625:

Baquer, Lorenzo Martín-retortillo (1 January 2004).

3129:) was inserted. The same thing also happened in the 3015:

that in practice gave the bishops, supported by the

2594:(1844), which inherited many characteristics of the 1991:

provided by the liturgy of the written word and the

1383:

had administratively unified Valencia and Catalonia

951:(1707 to 1716) which reduced the legislation of the 478:, originated in Castile in the person of a bastard, 388:

was already sufficiently established to use it as a

3953:

BYBLOS Revista de Historiografía Histórico-Jurídica

3513:in Spain in the first centuries of the Modern Age. 3244:position can be considered the main builder of the 2220:

Fuero de Sahagún, Fuero de Logroño, Fuero de Avilés

697:, after a civil war with a European dimension: the 219:, or the universities; religious communities; etc. 50: 42: 23: 4224:"Las clases populares en la Sevilla del siglo XVI" 3903:The title of one of the key works of arbitrism is 3880:Mayorazgo: propiedad feudal en Castilla, 1369–1836 2149:) remained a constant, both to justify the power ( 1544:, food trade and the agents of trade, such as the 402:and the Order of Cluny determined that it was the 356:in the Pyrenees: Condal Court of Barcelona, later 4086:(in Spanish). Departamento de Cultura y Turismo. 2728:); and others substantive: the Royal Ordinances ( 2392:– was linked to the Fernández de Velasco family ( 543:, which was legally expressed in the statutes of 2639:of the army and province, subject to the eleven 2366:would cease to be insurmountable obstacles. The 2222:) or more generically as estamental privileges ( 1511:and apprentice) and defend their interests in a 904:over the Cordovan town of his title. Unlike the 3260:(such as those that led to the imprisonment of 2902: 2224:Fuero Viejo de Castilla, Ordenamiento de Nájera 1282: 704: 614:(by marriage: Aragon and Castile, or conquest: 301: 275:(the bourgeoisie of the intelligentsia: mostly 4040:Bandolerísmo, santidad y otros temas españoles 3752:The American Treasury and the Price Revolution 2266:was the object of a special legislative care ( 1946:from all over the world, in a kind of reverse 1736:, Madrid, in both places with the presence of 1588:Real Junta Particular de Comercio de Barcelona 1083:" that granted them jurisdiction over a wide " 685:, not only in court protocol, but also in the 425:(1636–1637) depicts a riding lesson of Prince 1093:", composed of numerous rural nuclei (towns, 1009:The Municipality, the Courts and the Treasury 727:Íñigo López de Mendoza, Marquis of Santillana 211:and crowns; professional communities such as 8: 3351:teachers (some of them notable, such as the 3324:In secondary education, the creation of the 2838:- was constant: from the preparation of the 2752:The Church, the teaching and the Inquisition 1520:interests of the peripheral cities, such as 1211:(catalan for "honored citizens"...) and the 991:, but it is necessary to emphasize that the 874:I will not serve any more Lord that can die" 429:. In charge of him is the senior stableman: 4570:Sociedad y estado en el siglo XVIII español 3418:from 1552, and later a ship measurer and a 2927:Primatial Cathedral of Saint Mary of Toledo 2842:(in which sometimes candidates as clear as 1839:Real Audiencia y Chancillería de Valladolid 4109:"La ordenanza del reemplazo anual de 1770" 3521: 3488:, in the 16th century, and of Macanaz and 3377:History of science and technology in Spain 2767:, seeking inspiration in the image of the 2501:and the fortified presence in the African 2065:The Court had a special jurisdiction: the 2014:Decree of Nueva Planta of Catalonia, 1716. 848:No lesser lineage possessed the Valencian 565:Libro Verde de Aragón, Tizón de la Nobleza 4373:Gaite, Carmen Martín (15 December 2014). 4314:(in Spanish). Fondo de Cultura Económica. 770:A century later than that of Santillana, 62:Spanish institutions of the Ancien Régime 18:Spanish regime in the 15th–18th centuries 4661:La Frustración de un imperio (1476-1714) 4283:Leyendas de las Tierras Altas de Galicia 3883:(in Spanish). Siglo Veintiuno Editores. 3433:Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País 3315:Colegio Imperial de la Compañía de Jesús 2331:The Defence of Cádiz against the English 1725:Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País 693:and in the succession provisions of the 431:Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares 4080:Vicente, José Antonio Armillas (2002). 3568: 3426:. At the end of the Ancien Régime, the 2663:, and two for the Atlantic, the one in 1271:were the representative institution of 1117: 716: 318:Kingdoms of the Ancien Régime in Spain. 4598:García de Valdeavellano, Luis (1998), 4113:Hispania: Revista española de historia 2724:in the Navy and ended up becoming the 888:Carlos Gutiérrez de los Ríos, Duke of 140:rancher, with another of the House of 20: 4350:Enciclopedia de la Historia de España 3586:Amelang, James S. (1 December 1988). 3406:, which established the positions of 2376:(from 1534, from the captaincies and 7: 4497:Antiguo régimen y revolución liberal 4107:Villa, Fernando Puell de la (1995). 4010:Parker, Geoffrey (14 October 2004). 3927:Estudis: Revista de historia moderna 3829:(in Spanish). Editorial Alta Fulla. 3654:"Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa Online" 3495:The role of the Inquisition and the 2264:Spanish colonization of the Americas 1926:(today Ministry of Foreign Affairs). 1744:Bureaucracy, justice and legislation 293:) underwent different alternatives. 3699:(in Spanish). Alianza. p. 18. 3416:Chair of Navigation and Cosmography 1848:Secretariat of State and the Office 1478:(1728), later transformed into the 1224:, representatives not so much of a 947:(1640), and on the other hand, the 4445:Enciclopedia de Historia de España 4140:"La doctrina del máximo religioso" 4037:Marín, José Antonio Gómez (1972). 3200:and the private Orders of Aragon ( 3067:(mostly in rural areas) and urban 2032:(the latter being heir to that of 1983:, censuses...) that sought in the 959:(which was decisive above all for 590:Charles IV of Spain and His Family 97:and an economy in transition from 14: 4587:Ortiz Dominguez, Antonio (1988), 4567:Ortiz Dominguez, Antonio (1976), 4556:Ortiz Dominguez, Antonio (1981), 4545:Ortiz Dominguez, Antonio (1981), 4525:Ortiz Dominguez, Antonio (1981), 4505:Ortiz Dominguez, Antonio (1985), 4464:"La Hacienda del Antiguo Régimen" 4325:Escatín Sánchez, Eduardo (2003). 3391:Colegio de San Cosme y San Damián 2606:Autonomous Community of Catalonia 3781:Roca, Ángel Luis Alfaro (1990). 3291:) did not have any effect. When 2710:and under the government of the 2106:, nor with the abolition of the 2021:Reales Audiencias y Cancillerías 1920:Sala de Alcaldes de Casa y Corte 1540:, whose function was to control 1480:Royal Company of the Philippines 1170: 1155: 1140: 1120: 881: 841: 763: 719: 297:Monarchy, nobility and territory 31: 4718:Valdeón Baruque, Julio (1981), 4409:The Journal of Economic History 4196:Elliott, J. H. (25 July 2002). 4175:(in Spanish). Editorial Labor. 4138:Suárez Fernández, Luis (2008). 3696:La Hacienda del Antiguo Régimen 3693:Gallego, Miguel Artola (1982). 2867:made the control even greater. 2356:War of the Castilian Succession 1732:and with special projection to 1684:Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe 177:and the cities and their land ( 157:Society in Ancient Régime Spain 4016:. Cambridge University Press. 3921:Aparisi, Teresa Canet (2006). 3658:www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com 3528:Crisis of the Late Middle Ages 3430:of Segovia and the network of 2811:and the forced baptism of the 2462:and the reading of the famous 1580:depression in the 17th century 1127:Salón de Cent (for the former 1: 4739:Early modern history of Spain 3592:The Journal of Modern History 3353:Estudio de la Villa de Madrid 3336:Seminario de Nobles de Madrid 3327:Reales Estudios de San Isidro 2610:Escuadras de Paisanos Armados 2246:) and the Catholic Monarchs ( 1870:In any case, the work of the 1706:Casa de Ganaderos de Zaragoza 1476:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 1393:War of the Spanish Succession 1131:or Consejo de Ciento) of the 830:in the 16th century, and the 814:headed the imperial faction, 699:War of the Spanish Succession 610:The territorial union of the 376:among his descendants of the 163:sociedad de la España moderna 128:) was interchangeable with a 4704:(in Spanish), Temas de Hoy, 4285:(in Spanish). Archived from 4043:(in Spanish). M. Castellote. 3929:(in Spanish) (32): 133–174. 3823:Pablo, Ángel Ruiz y (1994). 3660:(in Spanish). Archived from 3161:nature took place, in which 3047:) in the noble palaces, the 2722:Burgundy cross of St. Andrew 1863:that will be typical of the 1753:Royal Chancellery of Granada 169:of diverse nature, to which 4658:Le Flem, Jean Paul (1982), 3877:Clavero, Bartolomé (1974). 3196:(such as the international 2746:Spanish War of Independence 2384:. The traditional title of 2318:The army, the navy and the 2236:, and was accentuated with 2210:("common law" with a Roman- 1952:General Archive of Simancas 1938:were justices, assisted by 1712:) and the obstacles to the 1605:Five Major Guilds of Madrid 1091:comunidad de villa y tierra 800:governor of the Netherlands 654:or the crisis of 1640 with 191:such as the provinces, the 185:comunidad de villa y tierra 4755: 4308:Bataillon, Marcel (1950). 3905:Suma de tratos y contratos 3537:15th century-19th century 3515: 3428:Real Colegio de Artillería 3374: 3273:Diego de Torres Villarroel 3023:, enormous authority. The 2969: 2869: 2627:such as that described by 2424: 2132: 2058: 1908: 1826: 1809: 1643:Colbertist economic policy 1484: 1252: 1187:crisis of the 14th century 928: 772:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo 569: 488:crisis of the 14th century 459: 337:in the Cantabrian nuclei: 328:as an inheritance of the 4480:10.1017/S0212610900012982 4431:Aróstegui, Julio (1982), 4417:10.1017/S0022050700098053 3539: 3532: 3524: 3051:who did not exercise any 2456:in the American territory 2441:Capitulations of Santa Fe 2399:Maestranzas de caballería 2118:, very important in some 1997:economic-social formation 1071:of cities or towns with " 993:Spanish national identity 384:. By then the concept of 358:principality of Catalonia 30: 4199:Imperial Spain 1469–1716 3850:Madrazo, Santos (1984). 3764:Madrazo, Santos (1969). 3723:Carlos V y sus banqueros 3534:Ancient Regime of Spain 3501:statutes in shaping the 3492:, in the 18th century). 3400:Universidad de Mareantes 3303:and the creation of the 2497:...). The Mediterranean 392:institution, within the 4621:Gran historia universal 4604:(in Spanish), Alianza, 4494:Artola, Miguel (1978), 4474:(1), Alianza: 196–198, 4462:Artola, Miguel (1982), 4448:(in Spanish), Alianza, 4442:Artola, Miguel (1988), 4379:(in Spanish). Siruela. 4348:Artola, Miguel (1988). 3726:(in Spanish). Crítica. 3720:Carande, Ramón (1990). 3366:Second Spanish Republic 3186:University of Salamanca 2836:international relations 2825:or predominance of the 2608:, which was created as 1607:or the corporations of 1408:, which guaranteed the 1321:and Portuguese) to the 902:jurisdictional dominion 25:Ancient Regime of Spain 4624:(in Spanish), Nájera, 4403:Anes, Gonzalo (1975), 4279:""El Hijo del Obispo"" 4055:"Historia de la PG-ME" 3984:. 2003. Archived from 3543:Enlightenment in Spain 3461: 3321: 3189: 3173:(all three were later 3131:Archidiocese of Burgos 3088: 3055:or those who received 3000: 2930: 2913: 2799: 2541: 2468:Spanish treasure fleet 2339: 2243:Ordenamiento de Alcalá 2048:) in the reign of the 2042:officials of the Court 2015: 1927: 1895: 1881:Francisco de los Cobos 1843: 1812:Junta (governing body) 1756: 1667:pre-industrial society 1662: 1564: 1434: 1385:without any difference 1369:Count-Duke of Olivares 1300: 1287: 1248:Diputación del General 1133:Barcelona City Council 918: 709: 607: 446: 319: 306: 4664:(in Spanish), Labor, 4644:(in Spanish), Labor, 4593:(in Spanish), Alianza 4573:(in Spanish), Ariel, 4511:(in Spanish), Ariel, 4228:Alma Mater Hispalense 4061:(in European Spanish) 3633:(in Spanish): 33–58. 3449:Plaza Mayor of Madrid 3442: 3383:Faculties of Medicine 3319:Instituto San Isidro. 3313: 3183: 3077: 2979: 2925: 2809:expulsion of the Jews 2759: 2649:uprising in Catalonia 2531: 2336:Francisco de Zurbarán 2328: 2260:Novísima Recopilación 2176:Catalan constitutions 2013: 1918: 1892:Isabella the Catholic 1889: 1836: 1751: 1659:Francisco de Zurbarán 1651: 1558: 1427: 1379:. Prior to this, the 1298: 985:Constitution of Cádiz 916: 689:configuration of the 587: 551:expulsion of the Jews 416: 345:and county and later 317: 134:Santa María de Huerta 4405:"Historia de España" 3799:– via Dialnet. 3564:Notes and references 3404:Casa de Contratación 3370:National Catholicism 3151:Lutheran reformation 3139:Alfonso de Cartagena 3135:Pablo de Santa Maria 2863:"). In America, the 2831:Apostolic nunciature 2661:Cartagena Naval Base 2653:Marquess of Ensenada 2625:separation of powers 2538:Province of Albacete 2445:Christopher Columbus 2386:Constable of Castile 2312:Real Acuerdo, juntas 2104:Nueva Planta decrees 1857:Council of Ministers 1633:), highlighting the 1497:municipal ordinances 1463:Casa de Contratación 1455:Consulate of the Sea 1381:Nueva Planta decrees 1377:Catastro of Ensenada 1360:regalías de aposento 1331:monetary alterations 949:Nueva Planta decrees 870:Isabella of Portugal 866:Viceroy of Catalonia 850:Saint Francis Borgia 836:in the 18th century. 462:Estates of the realm 374:Sancho III The Great 4500:(in Spanish), Ariel 4258:www.hup.harvard.edu 3811:Museo de las Ferias 3518:Spanish Inquisition 3361:Miguel de Cervantes 3357:Juan López de Hoyos 3234:School of Salamanca 3101:Archbishop Carrillo 3025:collegiate churches 2961:they also paid the 2773:Counter-Reformation 2604:, recovered by the 2252:early modern period 2172:Usages of Barcelona 2151:kingdom of Asturias 1414:Count of Campomanes 1061:Caballeros Villanos 808:Portuguese campaign 672:union with Portugal 484:Compromise of Caspe 480:Henry II of Castile 443:Isabella of Bourbon 386:hereditary monarchy 347:kingdom of Castilla 339:kingdom of Asturias 4721:Historia de España 4681:Historia de España 4559:Historia de España 4548:Historia de España 4528:Historia de España 4434:Historia de España 4289:on 19 October 2008 3746:Concept coined by 3652:SL, DiCom Medios. 3498:limpieza de sangre 3462: 3420:Chair of Artillery 3412:chief cosmographer 3322: 3305:Central University 3190: 3171:Ignatius of Loyola 3114:Alonsos de Fonseca 3109:seat of Compostela 3089: 3001: 2985:processional cross 2931: 2917:Council of Castile 2800: 2784:repressed nuclei ( 2641:Captaincy Generals 2618:Charles of Austria 2542: 2433:Admiral of Castile 2414:-. Control of the 2402:, which, like the 2340: 2268:Laws of the Indies 2256:Nueva Recopilación 2234:Alfonso X the Wise 2100:kingdom of Navarre 2016: 1987:of the notary the 1928: 1900:Nobles of the Robe 1896: 1865:Late modern period 1844: 1818:Philip II of Spain 1789:Council of Castile 1757: 1679:pagesos de remença 1663: 1565: 1459:Commerce Consulate 1435: 1402:emphyteutic census 1389:Philip II of Spain 1301: 1039:that followed the 937:Kingdom of Navarre 919: 898:Congress of Vienna 802:(1566), where the 751:John II of Castile 749:, supporting King 747:Infantes of Aragon 608: 546:limpieza de sangre 476:Trastámara dynasty 447: 399:Camino de Santiago 370:kingdom of Navarra 320: 95:estamental society 54:early 19th century 46:circa 15th century 4386:978-84-16280-17-9 4331:Revista Pedrables 4209:978-0-14-192557-8 4182:978-84-335-9431-0 4093:978-84-7753-962-9 4059:Mossos d'Esquadra 4023:978-0-521-54392-7 3991:on 7 October 2007 3890:978-84-323-0128-5 3863:978-84-7506-113-9 3836:978-84-7900-059-2 3796:978-84-451-0173-5 3733:978-84-7423-457-2 3706:978-84-206-8042-2 3549: 3548: 3540:Succeeded by 3511:national identity 3262:Fray Luis de León 3246:dominant ideology 3167:John of the Cross 3147:Cardinal Cisneros 3080:dioceses of Spain 3021:cathedral chapter 2865:Alexandrine Bulls 2844:Adrian of Utrecht 2601:Mossos d'Esquadra 2284:Alexandrine Bulls 2276:Valladolid debate 2159:Judges of Castile 2128:foral communities 2126:of the so-called 2124:historical rights 2050:Catholic Monarchs 2001:productive forces 1675:Irmandiño revolts 1570:such as those of 1453:, as well as the 1263:Corts Valencianes 1065:concejos abiertos 989:Spain as a nation 973:Kingdom of Aragon 906:French Revolution 826:- opposed to the 796:viceroy of Naples 792:governor of Milan 683:absolute monarchy 664:Hispanic Monarchy 612:Catholic Monarchs 435:Alcazar of Madrid 427:Balthasar Charles 404:House of Burgundy 366:kingdom of Aragon 271:to the incipient 83:Catholic Monarchs 71:Iberian Peninsula 58: 57: 4746: 4725: 4714: 4694: 4674: 4654: 4634: 4614: 4594: 4583: 4563: 4552: 4541: 4521: 4501: 4490: 4458: 4438: 4427: 4391: 4390: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4230:. Archived from 4220: 4214: 4213: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4150:on 16 March 2008 4146:. Archived from 4135: 4129: 4128: 4119:(189): 205–228. 4104: 4098: 4097: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3990: 3979: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3918: 3912: 3909:Tomás de Mercado 3901: 3895: 3894: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3820: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3761: 3755: 3748:Earl J. Hamilton 3744: 3738: 3737: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3664:on 13 March 2017 3649: 3643: 3642: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3525:Preceded by 3522: 3424:Reales Academias 3345:Esquilache riots 3332:Colegio Imperial 3242:neo-Aristotelian 3105:Cardinal Mendoza 2981:Cardinal Mendoza 2964:Voto de Santiago 2911: 2852:League of Cognac 2827:Catholic Monarch 2420:battle of Rocroi 2146:Liber Iudiciorum 2096:Basque provinces 2067:Sala de Alcaldes 2038:Late Middle Ages 1793:Council of State 1576:Price revolution 1572:Medina del Campo 1471:freedom of trade 1430:Lonja de la Seda 1367:designed by the 1339:Price revolution 1291: 1255:Cortes of Aragon 1209:iutadans honrats 1174: 1159: 1144: 1124: 981:kingdom of Spain 941:Basque provinces 885: 858:Society of Jesus 845: 767: 723: 713: 640:Habsburg dynasty 576:Crown of Castile 470:Spanish nobility 310: 75:Late Middle Ages 35: 21: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4729: 4728: 4717: 4712: 4697: 4692: 4677: 4672: 4657: 4652: 4637: 4632: 4617: 4612: 4597: 4586: 4581: 4566: 4555: 4544: 4539: 4524: 4519: 4504: 4493: 4461: 4456: 4441: 4430: 4402: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3809:Website of the 3808: 3804: 3797: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3530: 3520: 3486:Bishop Carranza 3379: 3289:Meléndez Valdés 3236:, which from a 3194:Military Orders 3184:Old Library in 3163:Teresa of Jesus 3061:clerics regular 3049:tonsured clergy 3029:archpriestships 2995:, and priestly 2974: 2912: 2909: 2882:religious order 2874: 2754: 2742:Santa Hermandad 2712:Count of Aranda 2706:In the time of 2667:and the one in 2596:Santa Hermandad 2563:Santa Hermandad 2429: 2404:Military orders 2323: 2320:Santa Hermandad 2157:applied by the 2137: 2091:Real Audicencia 2063: 1985:public registry 1913: 1831: 1814: 1746: 1719:Pacte de Famine 1621:and Etreros in 1493: 1422: 1293: 1289: 1265: 1207:or bourgeois, c 1181: 1175: 1166: 1160: 1151: 1145: 1136: 1129:Consell de Cent 1125: 1016:adelantamientos 1011: 998:Cortes de Cádiz 953:Crown of Aragon 933: 909: 886: 877: 846: 837: 768: 759: 737:origin) of the 724: 715: 711: 679:Bourbon dynasty 582: 572:Crown of Aragon 553:(1492) and the 537:military orders 472: 466:Privilege (law) 378:Jiménez dynasty 343:kingdom of León 312: 308: 299: 217:confraternities 159: 38: 26: 19: 12: 11: 5: 4752: 4750: 4742: 4741: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4715: 4710: 4695: 4690: 4675: 4670: 4655: 4650: 4635: 4630: 4615: 4610: 4595: 4584: 4579: 4564: 4553: 4542: 4537: 4522: 4517: 4502: 4491: 4470:(in Spanish), 4459: 4454: 4439: 4428: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4385: 4365: 4358: 4340: 4333:(in Spanish). 4317: 4300: 4270: 4245: 4234:on 2 June 2007 4215: 4208: 4202:. Penguin UK. 4188: 4181: 4161: 4130: 4115:(in Spanish). 4099: 4092: 4072: 4046: 4029: 4022: 4002: 3966: 3940: 3913: 3896: 3889: 3869: 3862: 3842: 3835: 3815: 3802: 3795: 3773: 3756: 3739: 3732: 3712: 3705: 3685: 3675: 3644: 3617: 3604:10.1086/600444 3598:(4): 734–735. 3578: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3538: 3531: 3526: 3454:Francisco Rizi 3238:neo-scholastic 3198:Order of Malta 3033:secular clergy 2951:national goods 2907: 2884:(successively 2753: 2750: 2519:Ottoman Empire 2460:justos títulos 2368:War of Granada 2345:cursus honorum 2322: 2316: 2303:corregimientos 2280:justos títulos 2272:Laws of Burgos 2229:Siete Partidas 2161:, through the 2141:sources of law 2133:Main article: 2079:casos de corte 2061:Real Audiencia 2059:Main article: 1989:legal security 1877:lower nobility 1745: 1742: 1730:Basque Country 1728:, born in the 1696:class struggle 1625:, and that of 1596:Mount of piety 1538:Fiel almotacén 1517:pressure group 1467:Maluku Islands 1451:Taula de canvi 1421: 1418: 1375:linked to the 1281: 1259:Catalan Courts 1183: 1182: 1176: 1169: 1167: 1161: 1154: 1152: 1146: 1139: 1137: 1126: 1119: 1080:cartas pueblas 1010: 1007: 931:Spanish Empire 911: 910: 887: 880: 878: 862:Duke of Gandía 847: 840: 838: 769: 762: 760: 743:Álvaro de Luna 739:Mendoza family 725: 718: 703: 660:historiography 616:Canary Islands 300: 298: 295: 281:Judeo-converts 238:pre-industrial 215:, fishermen's 158: 155: 66:superstructure 56: 55: 52: 51:Date dissolved 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4751: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4723: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4711:9788476792889 4707: 4703: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4691:9788476620410 4687: 4683: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4671:9788433594310 4667: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4651:9788433594204 4647: 4643: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4631:9788476620410 4627: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4611:9788420681757 4607: 4603: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4580:9788434465091 4576: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4543: 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3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2987:, cardinal's 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2918: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2781:Assumptionist 2778: 2777:Conceptionist 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761:St. Ildefonso 2758: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2726:flag of Spain 2723: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2645:particularism 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588:Ferdinand VII 2585: 2584:Sierra Morena 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2394:Duke of Frías 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2308:viceroyalties 2305: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2292:, audiences, 2291: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2278:), since the 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2248:Leyes de Toro 2245: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2155:customary law 2152: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2005:Ancien Régime 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993:stamped paper 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1956:local history 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1904:venal offices 1901: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671:feudal regime 1668: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1591: 1590:(1758–1847). 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1562: 1561:Casa del Peso 1557: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1513:protectionist 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1420:Economic life 1419: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365:Union of Arms 1362: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199:or municipal 1198: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1179: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1069:town councils 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1003:Ser de España 999: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 977:Antonio Perez 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 932: 927: 925: 915: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 884: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 852:, painted by 851: 844: 839: 835: 834: 829: 825: 824:castellanista 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 766: 761: 757: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 722: 717: 714: 708: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 677:Finally, the 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 605: 604:Ferdinand VII 601: 597: 593: 591: 586: 581: 580:Old Christian 577: 573: 568: 566: 562: 561:New Christian 558: 557: 552: 548: 547: 542: 541:Old Christian 538: 534: 533: 527: 523: 519: 518:coats of arms 515: 514:kings of arms 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 494: 489: 485: 481: 477: 471: 467: 463: 458: 456: 452: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 411: 409: 405: 401: 400: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 333: 332: 327: 326: 316: 311: 305: 296: 294: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 261:social status 258: 254: 251:and moved to 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 230:subordination 226: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 201: 196: 195: 190: 189:jurisdictions 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 168: 164: 156: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120: 116: 112: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 87:Ancien Régime 84: 80: 76: 72: 67: 63: 53: 49: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 16: 4720: 4700: 4680: 4660: 4640: 4620: 4600: 4589: 4569: 4558: 4547: 4527: 4507: 4496: 4471: 4467: 4444: 4433: 4408: 4397:Bibliography 4375: 4368: 4349: 4343: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4310: 4303: 4291:. 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Retrieved 3662:the original 3657: 3647: 3630: 3620: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3571: 3533: 3496: 3494: 3481: 3478:Black Legend 3463: 3458:Prado Museum 3443: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3352: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3301:confiscation 3297:Pedro Romero 3280: 3276: 3269: 3229: 3204:), Castile ( 3191: 3143:Jewish rabbi 3137:and his son 3127:Alexander VI 3112: 3097:Aguilafuente 3090: 3057:minor orders 3009:archdioceses 3002: 2962: 2959: 2955:confiscation 2932: 2914: 2903: 2890:Hieronymites 2875: 2861:confiscation 2848:sack of Rome 2826: 2818: 2812: 2801: 2785: 2779:vow and the 2741: 2737: 2734:conscription 2729: 2715: 2705: 2688:trigonometry 2673: 2622: 2609: 2599: 2595: 2575: 2572:cuadrilleros 2571: 2561: 2557: 2554:public shame 2545: 2543: 2459: 2453: 2430: 2416:Spanish Road 2398: 2382:Italian Wars 2378:colonelships 2372: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2329: 2319: 2311: 2301: 2298:governorates 2288: 2279: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2241: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2216:repopulation 2205: 2195:codification 2193:Legislative 2192: 2186: 2180: 2169: 2162: 2144: 2138: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2112:Carlist Wars 2108:foral regime 2090: 2087: 2078: 2075:Chancillería 2074: 2070: 2066: 2064: 2020: 2017: 1931: 1929: 1919: 1897: 1869: 1845: 1837: 1815: 1801: 1797: 1765:polysynodial 1759:The central 1758: 1723: 1717: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1682: 1678: 1677:in Galicia, 1664: 1652: 1638: 1634: 1614: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1566: 1560: 1549: 1545: 1537: 1533: 1501:corporations 1494: 1487:Mercantilism 1462: 1439:mercantilist 1436: 1433:in Valencia. 1428: 1409: 1396: 1384: 1359: 1352: 1342: 1326: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1288: 1283: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1247: 1238: 1233: 1226:third estate 1221: 1219: 1212: 1208: 1191: 1184: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1073: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1037:repopulation 1027: 1021: 1015: 1012: 1002: 980: 971:, since the 934: 920: 890:Fernán Núñez 873: 833:ensenadistas 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 810:(1580). The 804:black legend 778:(painted by 776:Duke of Alba 731:Jorge Inglés 710: 705: 676: 662:to speak of 648:Brotherhoods 636:North Africa 609: 588: 564: 555: 544: 530: 509: 501: 492: 473: 450: 448: 397: 349:; or of the 334: 330: 323: 321: 307: 302: 285: 265:common state 256: 242: 233: 221: 213:corporations 205:intendancies 198: 192: 184: 178: 162: 160: 149: 107: 61: 59: 15: 3452:(1683), by 3408:chief pilot 3266:Augustinian 3250:Franciscans 3078:Map of the 3065:monasteries 3041:beneficiary 3005:primate see 2991:, bishop's 2886:Franciscans 2736:by drawing 2717:Marcha Real 2708:Charles III 2633:Montesquieu 2616:supporting 2592:Civil Guard 2532:Pillory of 2464:Requirement 2449:viceroyalty 2334:(1634), by 2294:captaincies 2207:jus commune 2204:introduced 2183:of Valencia 2174:and in the 2046:Tagus river 2034:Ciudad Real 1948:brain drain 1911:Manorialism 1872:Secretaries 1787:, etc. The 1783:, Navarre, 1769:Inquisition 1761:bureaucracy 1714:free market 1627:Maragatería 1335:quinto real 1323:public debt 1273:the kingdom 1239:Generalitat 1057:Extremadura 955:to that of 854:Alonso Cano 812:Alba family 798:(1556) and 532:encomiendas 510:ejecutorías 390:patrimonial 351:Carolingian 325:reconquista 273:bourgeoisie 194:adelantados 171:individuals 167:communities 146:aristocracy 124:monastery ( 111:Inquisition 81:: from the 43:Date formed 4359:8420652407 4337:: 187–202. 3516:See also: 3482:familiares 3465:Dissidence 3445:Auto-da-fé 3436:appeared. 3375:See also: 3285:Jovellanos 3281:manteístas 3254:Dominicans 3222:Valladolid 2970:See also: 2894:Dominicans 2870:See also: 2787:Alumbrados 2580:Brigandage 2534:El Bonillo 2487:Pernambuco 2425:See also: 2250:). In the 2238:Alfonso XI 2187:Franquesas 2110:after the 2026:Valladolid 1969:properties 1944:hispanists 1909:See also: 1853:ministries 1827:See also: 1810:See also: 1771:, Indies, 1738:Jovellanos 1635:carretería 1550:tablajeros 1509:journeyman 1491:Arbitrista 1485:See also: 1443:arbitrists 1373:Single Tax 1341:) and the 1253:See also: 1214:corregidor 1203:(ennobled 1197:patricians 1180:City Hall. 1165:City Hall. 1150:City Hall. 1041:reconquest 1033:intendants 1028:merindades 929:See also: 820:hispanista 687:centralist 600:Charles IV 570:See also: 522:Cantabrian 460:See also: 455:privileged 451:bellatores 382:Al-Andalus 364:and later 331:Visigothic 122:Cistercian 103:capitalism 79:Modern Age 4488:154593345 4425:154586629 4125:0018-2141 3935:0210-9093 3639:2255-5285 3612:0022-2801 3218:Salamanca 3214:Calatrava 3210:Alcántara 3175:canonized 3085:La Franja 3045:altar boy 3037:La Mancha 2878:confessor 2840:conclaves 2700:artillery 2696:chemistry 2657:Trafalgar 2637:intendant 2614:miquelets 2503:presidios 2495:Gibraltar 2479:Piet Hein 2454:conquests 2360:artillery 2212:canonical 2120:civil law 2116:foral law 2071:Audiencia 1981:mortgages 1979:, sales, 1932:Regidores 1861:President 1829:Favourite 1822:favourite 1654:Agnus Dei 1619:Sangarcía 1546:obligados 1406:civil law 1349:royalties 1329:) and to 1230:Barcelona 1201:oligarchy 1192:regidores 1053:behetrías 1022:veguerías 961:Catalonia 828:ebolistas 790:, he was 788:Philip II 784:Charles V 695:Salic law 656:Philip IV 652:Charles V 644:Comuneros 502:probanzas 439:Philip IV 423:Velázquez 354:feudalism 240:society. 200:veguerías 130:Castilian 99:feudalism 64:were the 4733:Category 4293:19 April 4263:20 April 4238:19 April 4154:19 April 4065:19 April 3995:19 April 3959:19 April 3668:19 April 3552:See also 3402:and the 3359:, where 3340:Piarists 3317:, today 3277:golillas 3270:Piscator 3206:Santiago 3159:mystical 3155:Erasmism 3069:convents 3013:dioceses 2947:mortmain 2908:— 2872:Regalism 2823:regalism 2814:moriscos 2796:literacy 2765:El Greco 2684:geometry 2680:calculus 2525:piracy. 2476:Dutchman 2472:galleons 2443:granted 2437:Enríquez 2289:cabildos 2185:and the 2098:and the 2054:Asturias 1977:majorats 1940:notaries 1936:bailiffs 1890:Will of 1781:Portugal 1773:Flanders 1734:Asturias 1710:mortmain 1615:arrieros 1610:arrieros 1584:Indianas 1482:(1785). 1449:and the 1371:and the 1354:millones 1344:alcabala 1277:hidalgos 1244:Justicia 1148:Pamplona 1101:pastures 1045:presuras 969:Mallorca 965:Valencia 945:Portugal 939:and the 924:Flanders 794:(1555), 774:, third 745:and the 646:and the 556:Moriscos 526:Pyrenean 493:hidalgos 419:painting 408:Portugal 335:Hispania 286:moriscos 277:literate 269:peasants 245:nobility 209:kingdoms 142:Zaragoza 115:nobility 91:absolute 3911:(1569). 3505:of the 3503:mindset 3490:Olavide 3447:in the 3396:Almadén 3355:run by 3258:Jesuits 3202:Montesa 3119:Majorat 3019:of the 2953:in the 2939:dowries 2935:estates 2898:Jesuits 2792:Secular 2738:quintas 2692:physics 2676:Alcazar 2576:somatén 2568:militia 2550:pillory 2511:Melilla 2499:galleys 2466:). 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