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104:
35:
348:
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143:). In the last centuries and today the instruments designated under the designation veena of which there are several kinds, have tended to be mostly instruments of the lute or cithar type, and recently the word was even applied to modified Western guitars. But the early veenas could be plucked string instruments of any type.
171:
have preserved paintings dating from the
Mesolithic (older than 5000 BC) to historical times. In addition to numerous depictions of animals, there are scenes from the "late Bronze Age and Iron Age" of ritual dances with harpists and standing drummers. According to the descriptions in the Vedas, the
739:
According to experts, the "harp" is a kind of traditional Khmer instrument from native to India. " Harp "has existed in
Cambodia since the 7th century and disappeared in the late 12th century or early in the 13th century, according to Keo Sorunwy, professor of the Faculty of Education, Trei Royal
513:
plate VII, figures 5, 6 and 7... Then, in the late Bronze Age and Iron Age (2nd-1st mill. B.C.) the attention of the painters shifted from imaginary images to ritual participants...development of musical culture is confirmed by the appearance of different musical instruments...the bowed harp and
183:). In the first centuries A.D., stick zithers and long-necked lutes appeared under the name vina, while towards the end of the 1st millennium the bowed harp disappeared from India. They have only survived on the fringes of Indian cultural influence. Two examples: the
235:(7-string veenaa) seem to coincide generally with the type of instrument represented on the coin. In the Nāṭyaśāstra this 7-string veena (played with the fingers, as opposed to the 9-string vipanchi played with a plectrum) is called a citra.
797:
The
Natyasastra (Vol. 2): A treatise on Hindu dramaturgy and histrionics (Chapters 28-36) (translated by Manomohan Ghosh), 1961, Calcutta, Asiatic Society of Bengal (Biblioteca Indica); reprint: Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, 2016,
726:
242:
holding such an instrument on his gold coins testifies of the popularity of the instrument, and also of the interest in music and the arts of a king who was also one of the greatest military conquerors in Indian history.
266:
at an early period (by the 8th century CE and possibly as early as 500 CE, where, while instruments of this type have disappeared from India itself, it is still played, generally with 15 strings, under the name of
304:
207:
Coin ca. 335-380 CE. (Front side) Samudragupta seated left on a low couch or throne, playing veena set on his knees. (Reverse side) Lakshmi seated left on wicker stool, holding diadem and cornucopia.
224:
425:
Gold coin.; Samudragupta, seated on a high back couch, facing to the left, wearing a waistcloth, ear rings and necklace. Has halo around head. Holds a lyre/vina in his lap which he plays.
408:, a chordophone with 21 strings...is mentioned...does not make it clear whether this was a board zither or even whether the author had actually seen one...may have been a...harp-vīnā...
231:'s gold coins It is not possible to tell exactly the number of strings of the instrument on the coin, but descriptions in early literary sources of an ancient instrument called the
159:, India, date uncertain, possibly 2nd millennium B.C. - 1st millennium B.C.. Bronze Age harper playing a bow harp; the resonator for the harp is the box on its end.
129:
has designated in the course of Indian history a variety of instruments of various types, as it is a generic term for all kinds of string instruments, just as the
347:
373:
637:...yazh resembles this old vina... however it is the Burmese harp which seems to have been handed down in almost unchanged form since ancient times
586:"The fact that the king wanted to publicize an image of himself as a musician is remarkable and a window into the value system of the Gupta state"
103:
374:"How the Ancient Indian Vīṇā Travelled to Other Asian Countries: A Reconstruction through Scriptures, Sculptures, Paintings and Living Traditions"
661:
172:
same instrumentation as in Choga Mish—bowed harp, flute, drum and song—was used in the 1st millennium B.C.in ancient India to accompany dancers.
628:
437:
326:
821:
211:
One of early veenas used in India from early times, until the Gupta period and later (this is probably the instrument referred to as
775:
763:
482:
227:. It was played with the strings being kept parallel to the body of the player, with both hands plucking the strings, as shown on
34:
501:
Meshkeris, Veronika (2000). "Musical
Phenomena of Convergency in Eurasian Rock Art". In Ellen Hickmann; Ricardo Eichmann (eds.).
474:
Sarasvatī, Riverine
Goddess of Knowledge: From the Manuscript-carrying Vīṇā-player to the Weapon-wielding Defender of the Dharma
811:
295:
284:. The instrument appeared in Hindu religious art in Khmer temples dating back between the 7th and 13th centuries A.D.
256:
502:
554:
Nāṭyaśāstra, XXVIII, 4-5 (the veena is also used and described in other shlokas which follow 4-5 in chapter XXVIII)
203:
528:
787:
168:
28:
816:
179:(before 6th century B.C.), according to which the harp was said to have had "a hundred strings" (called
107:
Carved decoration from a hand-mirror's handle, depicting a woman playing the vina, 6th–7th century.
651:
a similar instrument is played in
Thailand. A photograph of the Thai harp is shown on that site.
771:
624:
478:
472:
405:
702:
420:
683:
151:
164:
130:
805:
216:
591:
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334:
239:
228:
84:
59:
618:
338:
330:
47:
594:
and description of the gold coins minted during
Samudragupta's reign (Web page)
251:
281:
188:
184:
87:
from the mid-300s CE. The instrument was also illustrated in the oldest known
175:
The most common
Sanskrit term for bowed harps was vina. Literary evidence is
504:
Studien zur
Musikarchäologie I. Saiteninstrumente im archäologischen Kontext
438:"The Gupta Empire: A Time of Great Prosperity and Achievement in the Elites"
176:
156:
88:
95:
archaeological sites dated to 200 BCE, where she holds a harp-style veena.
544:. Leipzig: Werner Bachmann. VEB German Music Publishers. pp. 22, 39.
511:, Berlin). Rahden/Westphalia: Verlag Marie Leidorf. pp. 74, 75, 83.
112:
92:
784:, Northern Illinois University Center For Southeast Asian Studies, 2000
126:
219:
dealing with instrumental music) was an instrument of the type of the
19:
This article is about the Indian harp. For the modern instrument, see
794:, Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan, 2008, 696 pp.
329:, from Bangladesh, 10th - 12th century C.E. This was a one-string
269:
263:
250:
150:
117:
102:
51:
20:
220:
135:
55:
24:
648:
372:
Piyal
Bhattacharya; Shreetama Chowdhury (January–March 2021).
195:
has become rare in its retreat in north-eastern Afghanistan.
782:
The Burmese Harp: Its Classical Music, Tunings, and Modes
62:. Names of specific forms of the arched harp include the
507:. Orient-Archäologie, Band 6 (Orient Department of the
262:
From India this type of instrument was introduced into
38:
Plaque with a Dancer and a Vina Player 1st century B.C.
280:
The Cambodians have recreated their ancient harp, the
759:, The Galpin Society Journal, vol. 20, pp. 17–23
607:, The Galpin Society Journal, vol. 20, pp. 17–23
757:
The Migration of the Arched Harp from India to Burma
605:
The Migration of the Arched Harp from India to Burma
387:(1). Vivekananda International Foundation: 50–53.
83:The instrument is attested on a gold coin of the
80:a harp or possibly board zither with 21 strings.
400:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
768:The Garland handbook of Southeast Asian music
8:
50:, not to be confused with the modern Indian
255:7th century Khmer depiction of harp (pin).
620:Reappraising Gupta History: For S.R. Goyal
565:"The Coin Galleries: Gupta: Samudragupta"
514:hourglass drum (Plate VII, 5-7, India)...
456:"The Coin Galleries: Gupta: Samudragupta"
398:Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1984). "Surmandal".
353:Sketch of Pawaya lute, 4th-5th century AD
202:
33:
707:. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Phnom Penh Post
496:
494:
364:
291:
163:Located in the central Indian state of
7:
477:. BRILL Academic. pp. 227–229.
187:is best known in Myanmar, while the
125:) which is attested already in the
729:. Women's Media Center of Cambodia
325:A medieval form of the veena, the
14:
623:. Aditya Prakashan. p. 237.
536:] (in German). Vol. 2.8
337:, possibly related to the modern
617:Śrīrāma Goyala (1 August 1992).
346:
318:
303:
294:
701:Koam Chanrasmey (8 July 2013).
509:German Archaeological Institute
273:(known in the West also as the
1:
666:Pictures Existing instruments
155:Rock painting at Nimbu bhoj,
23:. For the Tamil version, see
684:"The living sound of Angkor"
442:5000 years of Indian History
91:-like relief carvings, from
257:National Museum of Cambodia
838:
822:Indian musical instruments
682:Rosa Ellen (10 May 2013).
529:Musikgeschichte in Bildern
223:and more precisely of the
74:with nine strings and the
18:
792:The Wonder That Was India
534:Music history in pictures
526:Kaufmann, Walter (1981).
471:Catherine Ludvík (2007).
402:. p. 477. Volume 3.
740:University of Fine Arts.
99:Generic meaning of veena
68:with seven strings, the
27:. For other veenas, see
788:Arthur Llewellyn Basham
169:rock caves of Bhimbetka
812:Ancient Indian culture
727:"Cambodian folk Music"
647:According to the site
577:Nāṭyaśāstra, XXIX, 120
423:. The British Museum.
259:
238:The depiction of king
208:
160:
108:
39:
29:veena (disambiguation)
780:Muriel C. Williamson
704:Angkorian harp reborn
254:
206:
154:
106:
37:
762:Terry E. Miller and
421:"Coin, Samudragupta"
215:in a chapter of the
770:. Routledge, 2008.
233:saptatantree veenaa
54:which is a type of
46:is an early Indian
688:The Phnom Pen Post
538:Music of Antiquity
444:. 17 October 2016.
260:
209:
161:
109:
40:
16:Musical instrument
630:978-81-85179-78-0
458:. CoinIndia.com.
381:National Security
147:Prehistoric veena
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77:mattakokila vīṇā
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44:ancient veena
36:
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817:Arched harps
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750:Bibliography
738:
731:. Retrieved
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709:. Retrieved
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670:Harp History
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335:stick zither
327:ālāpiṇī vīṇā
311:
279:
275:Burmese harp
274:
268:
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240:Samudragupta
237:
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229:Samudragupta
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85:Gupta Empire
82:
76:
75:
70:
69:
64:
63:
60:stick zither
43:
41:
662:Iconography
339:rudra veena
331:tube zither
310:Harp-style
247:Descendants
225:arched harp
217:Nāṭyaśāstra
65:chitra vīṇā
48:arched harp
806:Categories
733:27 October
711:27 October
588:Coin India
359:References
189:Kafir harp
185:saung gauk
181:satatantri
177:Brahmanas
157:Pachmarhi
89:Saraswati
798:Varanasi
113:Sanskrit
93:Buddhist
668:on the
592:Catalog
288:Gallery
127:Rigveda
774:
627:
481:
213:veenaa
167:, the
139:(யாழ்
121:(वीणा
590:site
532:[
404:in...
377:(PDF)
270:saung
264:Burma
133:word
131:Tamil
118:veena
115:word
52:veena
21:veena
772:ISBN
735:2018
713:2018
625:ISBN
479:ISBN
312:vina
221:harp
193:waji
141:yaaḻ
136:yazh
123:vīṇā
111:The
56:lute
42:The
25:Yazh
333:or
282:pin
277:).
191:or
58:or
808::
790:,
766:.
737:.
686:.
664::
635:-
540:,
493:^
440:.
383:.
379:.
715:.
690:.
633:.
487:.
385:4
341:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
