793:"Vicente Marcano (in Spanish) Quote from Google translate: "New theory about the phenomenon of fermentation": "See also the bromeliad (for Annana Bromelia L.) pineapple, which is responsible for many phenomena of fermentation of the fruit. This finding, while not making Marcano, was actually made by him, as later confirmed by Dr. RH Chittenden, of Yale University, who argues that "the bromeliad was discovered by a Venezuelan scholar named Vicente Marcano.""
699:
While there have been studies which positively correlated the use of bromelain with reduction of symptom severity in osteoarthritis, "he majority of the studies have methodological issues that make it difficult to draw definite conclusions", as none definitively established efficacy, recommended
695:
Bromelain has not been scientifically proven to be effective in treating any other diseases and it has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration for the treatment of any disorder. In the United States, the passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA, 1994)
594:
After an hour at 50 °C (122 °F), 83% of the enzyme remains, while at 40 °C (104 °F), practically 100% remains. The proteolytic activity of concentrated bromelain solutions remains relatively stable for at least 1 week at room temperature, and multiple freeze-thaw cycles or
526:
Pineapples have a long tradition as a medicinal plant among the natives of South and
Central America. The first isolation of bromelain was recorded by the Venezuelan chemist Vicente Marcano in 1891 by
1051:
Walker AF, Bundy R, Hicks SM, Middleton RW (2002). "Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dose-dependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults".
582:
from the peel, stem, leaves or waste of the pineapple plant after processing the fruit for juice or other purposes. The starting material is blended and pressed through a filter to obtain a
761:
442:
259:
538:
and Frank
Sherman Meara, investigated the matter more completely, and called it 'bromelin'. Later, the term 'bromelain' was introduced and originally applied to any
631:
in the cooking process. Some prepared meat products, such as meatballs and commercially available marinades, include pineapple and/or pineapple-derived ingredients.
461:
278:
1377:
478:
Bromelain extract is a mixture of protein-digesting (proteolytic) enzymes and several other substances in smaller quantities. The proteolytic enzymes are
930:
768:
962:
Hale, Laura P.; Greer, Paula K.; Trinh, Chau T.; James, Cindy L. (2005). "Proteinase activity and stability of natural bromelain preparations".
673:
1744:
454:
271:
1370:
707:, and papain) has been investigated in Europe to evaluate the efficacy in breast, colorectal, and plasmacytoma cancer patients.
527:
421:
238:
397:
214:
1900:
586:
liquid containing the soluble bromelain enzyme. Further processing includes purification and concentration of the enzyme.
2028:
1528:
1523:
1363:
1236:
Guo, R.; Canter, P.H.; Ernst, E. (2006), "Herbal medicines for the treatment of rhinosinusitis: A systematic review",
628:
1086:
Hale LP, Greer PK, Trinh CT, James CL (2005). "Proteinase activity and stability of natural bromelain preparations".
1885:
2001:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1949:
1936:
1923:
1397:
634:
Although the quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, specific
415:
232:
79:
1895:
1849:
1792:
1394:
1349:
667:
531:
512:
500:
308:
125:
402:
219:
1797:
1588:
647:
1176:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 20 April 2016
635:
579:
558:
sp.), but the stem is the most common commercial source, presumably because usable quantities are readily
466:
283:
696:
allows the sale of bromelain-containing dietary supplements even though efficacy has not been confirmed.
390:
207:
2033:
1818:
1737:
945:
75:
1890:
762:"European Public Assessment Report: NexoBrid, concentrate of proteolytic enzymes enriched in bromelain"
703:
Systemic enzyme therapy (consisting of combinations of proteolytic enzymes such as bromelain, trypsin,
67:, or it may refer to a combination of those enzymes along with other compounds produced in an extract.
142:
325:
418:
235:
1854:
1681:
342:
320:
159:
137:
1280:"Efficacy of Extrinsic Stain Removal by Novel Dentifrice Containing Papain and Bromelain Extracts"
2023:
1787:
1261:
875:
83:
1390:
1311:
1253:
1218:
1152:
1103:
1068:
1033:
979:
867:
807:
535:
409:
226:
45:, although it exists in all parts of the fresh plant and fruit. The extract has a history of
1833:
1828:
1802:
1730:
1701:
1593:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1355:
1301:
1291:
1245:
1208:
1142:
1134:
1095:
1060:
1023:
1015:
971:
911:
859:
378:
195:
1548:
1340:
1336:
1880:
1864:
1777:
812:): together with some observations on the composition and proteolytic action of the juice"
711:
508:
354:
171:
50:
931:"Effect of Temperature on the Stability of Fruit Bromelain from Smooth Cayenne Pineapple"
678:
A concentrate of proteolytic enzymes enriched in bromelain is approved in Europe for the
313:
130:
1918:
1859:
1306:
1279:
1197:"Proteolytic enzyme therapy in evidence-based complementary oncology: fact of fiction?"
1028:
1003:
734:
715:
496:
437:
254:
1345:
1147:
1122:
2017:
1823:
1782:
899:
847:
97:
71:
46:
1265:
1772:
1640:
1636:
792:
704:
543:
64:
1249:
879:
623:
Cooked or canned pineapple does not have a tenderizing effect, as the enzymes are
74:
and research models for its possible efficacy against diseases, the only approved
1099:
975:
1996:
1931:
1767:
1711:
1706:
1676:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
719:
679:
613:
583:
1064:
1691:
1505:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1019:
1004:"Efficacy of reverse micellar extracted fruit bromelain in meat tenderization"
915:
863:
848:"Bromelain: an overview of industrial application and purification strategies"
489:
486:
479:
38:
1296:
1213:
1196:
725:
Bromelain is also claimed as a tooth plaque removal enhancer in toothpastes.
1970:
1944:
1696:
1603:
1558:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
655:
42:
1315:
1257:
1222:
1156:
1123:"Bromelain as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis: a Review of Clinical Studies"
1107:
1072:
1037:
983:
871:
1138:
570:
Produced mainly in parts of the world where pineapples are grown, such as
1686:
1386:
1173:
700:
dosage, long term safety, or adverse interaction with other medications.
688:
651:
624:
617:
575:
571:
539:
515:
503:
483:
366:
183:
88:
57:
1515:
1406:
559:
385:
202:
17:
1983:
1753:
1563:
1495:
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1332:
739:
643:
609:
449:
361:
349:
337:
266:
178:
166:
154:
60:
34:
1335:
online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: Stem
Bromelain:
595:
exposure to the digestive enzyme trypsin have little effect on it.
1957:
1538:
616:. Bromelain is sold in a powdered form, which is combined with a
612:, bromelain is one of the most popular proteases to use for meat
683:
639:
373:
190:
101:
93:
1726:
1359:
900:"Pineapple wastes: A potential source for bromelain extraction"
846:
Arshad ZI, Amid A, Yusof F, Jaswir I, Ahmad K, Loke SP (2014).
806:
Chittenden, R H; Elliott P Joslin; Frank
Sherman Meara (1892).
96:. There is no other established application for bromelain as a
816:
Transactions of the
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
1121:
Brien S, Lewith G, Walker A, Hicks SM, Middleton D (2004).
1722:
808:"On the ferments contained in the juice of the pineapple (
767:. European Medicines Agency. December 2012. Archived from
554:
Bromelain is present in all parts of the pineapple plant (
1002:
Chaurasiya RS, Sakhare PZ, Bhaskar N, Hebbar HU (2015).
492:
is required for function. The two main enzymes are:
1909:
1873:
1842:
1811:
1760:
1669:
1602:
1514:
1483:
1405:
460:
448:
436:
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408:
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372:
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253:
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225:
213:
201:
189:
177:
165:
153:
148:
136:
124:
119:
114:
49:use. As a culinary ingredient, it may be used as a
1278:Chakravarthy, P.K.; Acharya, S. (October 2012).
56:The term "bromelain" may refer to either of two
620:, or directly sprinkled on the uncooked meat.
1738:
1371:
795:. Pioneers of Venezuela, PDVSA-Intevep. 1997.
642:and industrial processing, including uses in
8:
898:Ketnawaa S, Chaiwutb P, Rawdkuen S (2012).
1745:
1731:
1723:
1378:
1364:
1356:
756:
754:
428:
245:
92:used to remove dead tissue in severe skin
1348:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1305:
1295:
1212:
1146:
1027:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
482:proteases; a free sulfhydryl group of a
78:for bromelain was issued in 2012 by the
63:extracted from the plants of the family
27:Class of enzymes derived from pineapples
750:
1168:
1166:
997:
995:
993:
294:
111:
929:Jutamongkon R, Charoenrein S (2010).
893:
891:
889:
7:
1238:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
674:Proteases (medical and related uses)
638:can yield sufficient quantities for
562:after the fruit has been harvested.
542:from any member of the plant family
682:(removal of dead tissue) of severe
1127:Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
938:Kasetsart Journal: Natural Science
25:
710:Bromelain may be effective as an
530:the fruit of pineapple. In 1892,
964:International Immunopharmacology
70:Although tested in a variety of
904:Food and Bioproducts Processing
714:in relieving symptoms of acute
604:Meat tenderizing and other uses
1:
1250:10.1016/j.otohns.2006.06.1254
718:in patients not treated with
1284:Journal of Young Pharmacists
1100:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.12.007
976:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.12.007
686:wounds under the trade name
2050:
1065:10.1078/094471102321621269
671:
665:
1901:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
1020:10.1007/s13197-014-1454-z
916:10.1016/j.fbp.2011.12.006
864:10.1007/s00253-014-5889-y
852:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
427:
244:
80:European Medicines Agency
37:extract derived from the
1793:Diffusion-limited enzyme
1350:Medical Subject Headings
1297:10.4103/0975-1483.104368
1214:10.1177/1534735408327251
668:Bromelain (pharmacology)
532:Russell Henry Chittenden
944:: 943–8. Archived from
662:Potential medical uses
1886:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
1819:Allosteric regulation
590:Temperature stability
1896:Lineweaver–Burk plot
76:clinical application
2029:Dietary supplements
1682:Cancer procoagulant
1139:10.1093/ecam/neh035
1088:Int Immunopharmacol
1855:Enzyme superfamily
1788:Enzyme promiscuity
1391:cysteine proteases
1339:, Fruit Bromelain:
1201:Integr Cancer Ther
1008:J Food Sci Technol
108:Extract components
84:topical medication
2011:
2010:
1720:
1719:
536:Elliott P. Joslin
476:
475:
472:
471:
391:metabolic pathway
293:
292:
289:
288:
208:metabolic pathway
16:(Redirected from
2041:
1891:Hanes–Woolf plot
1834:Enzyme activator
1829:Enzyme inhibitor
1803:Enzyme catalysis
1747:
1740:
1733:
1724:
1702:3C-like protease
1380:
1373:
1366:
1357:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1195:Beuth J (2008).
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
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1160:
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1112:
1111:
1083:
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999:
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295:
246:
112:
21:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
1919:Oxidoreductases
1905:
1881:Enzyme kinetics
1869:
1865:List of enzymes
1838:
1807:
1778:Catalytic triad
1756:
1751:
1721:
1716:
1665:
1598:
1510:
1479:
1401:
1384:
1328:
1323:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1001:
1000:
991:
961:
960:
956:
948:
933:
928:
927:
923:
897:
896:
887:
858:(17): 7283–97.
845:
844:
827:
810:Ananassa sativa
805:
804:
800:
791:
790:
786:
777:
775:
771:
764:
760:
759:
752:
748:
731:
712:adjunct therapy
676:
670:
664:
658:manufacturing.
606:
601:
592:
578:, bromelain is
568:
552:
524:
509:Fruit bromelain
298:Fruit bromelain
110:
51:meat tenderizer
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1992:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1940:
1927:
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1911:
1907:
1906:
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1883:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
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1857:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1843:Classification
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1608:
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1600:
1599:
1597:
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1571:
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1551:
1546:
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1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
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1511:
1509:
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1503:
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1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
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1385:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1327:
1326:External links
1324:
1322:
1321:
1290:(4): 245–249.
1270:
1244:(4): 496–506,
1228:
1207:(4): 311–316.
1187:
1162:
1113:
1078:
1043:
1014:(6): 3870–80.
989:
954:
951:on 2014-11-29.
921:
885:
825:
798:
784:
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
737:
735:Phytochemicals
730:
727:
716:rhinosinusitis
666:Main article:
663:
660:
650:of cut fruit,
605:
602:
600:
597:
591:
588:
567:
564:
551:
548:
534:, assisted by
523:
520:
519:
518:
506:
497:Stem bromelain
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115:Stem bromelain
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10:
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3:
2:
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1860:Enzyme family
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1824:Cooperativity
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1783:Oxyanion hole
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1519:
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1513:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:Fruit-derived
1482:
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1473:
1471:
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1351:
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1325:
1317:
1313:
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1303:
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1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:(4): 783–93.
1093:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:Phytomedicine
1047:
1044:
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1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
996:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
970:(4): 783–93.
969:
965:
958:
955:
947:
943:
939:
932:
925:
922:
917:
913:
910:(3): 385–91.
909:
905:
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649:
648:anti-browning
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637:
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589:
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581:
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549:
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541:
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367:NiceZyme view
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98:nutraceutical
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72:folk medicine
68:
66:
62:
59:
54:
52:
48:
47:folk medicine
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2034:Bromeliaceae
1997:Translocases
1994:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1932:Transferases
1929:
1916:
1773:Binding site
1500:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1133:(3): 251–7.
1130:
1126:
1116:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1059:(8): 681–6.
1056:
1052:
1046:
1011:
1007:
967:
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946:the original
941:
937:
924:
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903:
855:
851:
819:
815:
809:
801:
787:
776:. Retrieved
769:the original
724:
709:
705:chymotrypsin
702:
698:
694:
687:
677:
633:
622:
607:
593:
569:
555:
553:
544:Bromeliaceae
525:
477:
355:BRENDA entry
172:BRENDA entry
87:
69:
65:Bromeliaceae
55:
30:
29:
1768:Active site
1712:Gingipain K
1707:Gingipain R
1677:Clostripain
1174:"Bromelain"
720:antibiotics
680:debridement
625:heat-labile
614:tenderizing
608:Along with
584:supernatant
560:extractable
343:IntEnz view
303:Identifiers
160:IntEnz view
143:37189-34-7
120:Identifiers
2018:Categories
1971:Isomerases
1945:Hydrolases
1812:Regulation
1692:Autophagin
1506:Actinidain
1475:Caspase 14
1470:Caspase 13
1465:Caspase 12
1460:Caspase 10
1346:Bromelains
822:: 281–308.
778:2015-03-28
746:References
672:See also:
636:extraction
566:Production
528:fermenting
490:side chain
487:amino acid
480:sulfhydryl
412:structures
379:KEGG entry
326:9001-00-7
229:structures
196:KEGG entry
43:pineapples
2024:EC 3.4.22
1850:EC number
1697:Cruzipain
1604:Cathepsin
1501:Bromelain
1455:Caspase 9
1450:Caspase 8
1445:Caspase 7
1440:Caspase 6
1435:Caspase 5
1430:Caspase 4
1425:Caspase 3
1420:Caspase 2
1415:Caspase 1
1387:Proteases
656:cosmetics
629:denatured
580:extracted
516:3.4.22.33
504:3.4.22.32
332:Databases
314:3.4.22.33
149:Databases
131:3.4.22.32
31:Bromelain
1874:Kinetics
1798:Cofactor
1761:Activity
1687:Separase
1316:23493413
1266:42625009
1258:17011407
1223:19116226
1180:24 April
1157:15841258
1108:15710346
1073:12587686
1038:26028772
984:15710346
872:24965557
729:See also
689:NexoBrid
652:textiles
640:domestic
618:marinade
576:Malaysia
572:Thailand
540:protease
484:cysteine
467:proteins
455:articles
443:articles
416:RCSB PDB
284:proteins
272:articles
260:articles
233:RCSB PDB
89:NexoBrid
58:protease
1984:Ligases
1754:Enzymes
1516:Calpain
1407:Caspase
1341:C01.028
1337:C01.005
1307:3573376
1029:4444899
550:Sources
522:History
403:profile
386:MetaCyc
321:CAS no.
220:profile
203:MetaCyc
138:CAS no.
86:called
61:enzymes
18:Ananase
1958:Lyases
1594:CAPNS2
1589:CAPNS1
1584:CAPN14
1579:CAPN13
1574:CAPN12
1569:CAPN11
1564:CAPN10
1496:Ficain
1491:Papain
1398:3.4.22
1352:(MeSH)
1333:MEROPS
1314:
1304:
1264:
1256:
1221:
1155:
1148:538506
1145:
1106:
1071:
1036:
1026:
982:
880:824024
878:
870:
740:Papain
644:baking
610:papain
556:Ananas
450:PubMed
432:Search
422:PDBsum
362:ExPASy
350:BRENDA
338:IntEnz
309:EC no.
267:PubMed
249:Search
239:PDBsum
179:ExPASy
167:BRENDA
155:IntEnz
126:EC no.
82:for a
35:enzyme
33:is an
1910:Types
1670:Other
1559:CAPN9
1554:CAPN8
1549:CAPN7
1544:CAPN6
1539:CAPN5
1534:CAPN3
1529:CAPN2
1524:CAPN1
1262:S2CID
949:(PDF)
934:(PDF)
876:S2CID
772:(PDF)
765:(PDF)
398:PRIAM
215:PRIAM
94:burns
39:stems
2002:list
1995:EC7
1989:list
1982:EC6
1976:list
1969:EC5
1963:list
1956:EC4
1950:list
1943:EC3
1937:list
1930:EC2
1924:list
1917:EC1
1331:The
1312:PMID
1254:PMID
1219:PMID
1182:2016
1153:PMID
1104:PMID
1069:PMID
1034:PMID
980:PMID
868:PMID
684:burn
654:and
627:and
599:Uses
462:NCBI
419:PDBe
374:KEGG
279:NCBI
236:PDBe
191:KEGG
102:drug
1302:PMC
1292:doi
1246:doi
1242:135
1209:doi
1143:PMC
1135:doi
1096:doi
1061:doi
1024:PMC
1016:doi
972:doi
912:doi
860:doi
574:or
438:PMC
410:PDB
255:PMC
227:PDB
100:or
41:of
2020::
1641:L2
1637:L1
1395:EC
1389::
1310:.
1300:.
1286:.
1282:.
1260:,
1252:,
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1203:.
1199:.
1165:^
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1129:.
1125:.
1102:.
1090:.
1067:.
1055:.
1032:.
1022:.
1012:52
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1006:.
992:^
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966:.
942:44
940:.
936:.
908:90
906:.
902:.
888:^
874:.
866:.
856:98
854:.
850:.
828:^
818:.
814:.
753:^
722:.
692:.
646:,
546:.
513:EC
511:–
501:EC
499:–
104:.
53:.
2004:)
2000:(
1991:)
1987:(
1978:)
1974:(
1965:)
1961:(
1952:)
1948:(
1939:)
1935:(
1926:)
1922:(
1746:e
1739:t
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1661:Z
1656:W
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1627:H
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1205:7
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1131:1
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1063::
1057:9
1040:.
1018::
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968:5
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882:.
862::
820:8
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20:)
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