524:, which began construction in September 1861, was completed on October 22, and fully armed and staffed by December 25. Fort Stanton was built on "Garfield Heights" (now Fort Stanton Park), and a military road (now Morris Road SE, Erie Street SE, Fort Place SE, Bruce Place SE, and Ainger Place SE) constructed from Monroe Street to provide better access to the river and Navy Yard Bridge (11th Street Bridges) and to link Fort Stanton with its subsidiary batteries, Fort Ricketts and Fort Snyder, and nearby Fort Wagner (now the site of Stanton Elementary School). The area was officially named Uniontown in 1865, but there was so much confusion between the village and
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before, and Fox and Van Hook were business partners in the Union Land
Association. Naming the area Uniontown, the development became Washington's first "suburban" community. Van Hook (the lead developer) renamed streets in the area after former presidents: Upper Marlborough Road was now called "Harrison Street," and Piscataway Road, now known as "Monroe Street". The area between Monroe Street and the Anacostia River was known as the Duvall subdivision, and Duvall's Tavern (a well-known
338:) gave the area its more etymologically correct name, "Anacostine," from which the modern name of Anacostia is derived. The name means "trading village." The Nacochtank villages which dotted the south side of the Anacostia River were busy trading sites for Native Americans in the region. War and disease decimated the Nacochtank. During the last 25 years of the 17th century, the tribe ceased to exist as a functional unit, and its few remaining members merged with other local
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603:). Businessman Arthur Randle purchased the John Jay Knox farm south of St. Elizabeths Asylum and established the new subdivision of Congress Heights in 1890. He purchased undeveloped land south of Pennsylvania Avenue SE and created another new subdivision, Randle Highlands Uniontown/Anacostia, Barry Farm, Congress Heights, and Randle Highlands remained isolated from one another, and most of the land between them was undeveloped until
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allowed homeowners in the historic district to claim a tax credit of 50 percent of the cost of renovating their home (up to a limit of $ 25,000 over five years). Five years later, the D.C. Historic
Preservation Office provided $ 300,000 in $ 35,000 individual grants to Anacostia residents to help them restore, renovate, and rehabilitate their homes. In 2008, the city increased the budget for the grant program to $ 900,000.
580:(now Ketcham Elementary School) was built in 1907, and water and sewage service installed between 1904 and 1920. Nonetheless, water and sewage service in the area remained spotty, and some homes drew water from public standpipes as late as the 1960s. The Commissioners of the District of Columbia changed the street names in Anacostia to conform to those in the city of Washington in 1908. In 1920, local African-American
607:. The oppressive need for housing during the war, brought by a massive influx of federal workers to the capital, led to extensive development of the region and the linking of the area encompassed by the Anacostia Historic District with other parts of Southeast D.C. Only 16 percent of the homes in Southeast Washington below Pennsylvania Avenue SE were built before 1940, but 38 percent were built after 1950.
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479:", a lavish mansion on Jefferson Street near the Fox Mansion. Dr. Arthur Christie, a wealthy Englishman, purchased 50 acres (20.25 hectares) of land on the north side of Harrison Street and named his estate Fairlawn. Lewin Talburtt built a spectacular 21-room mansion, "Mont View," on what is now Mount View Place SE; his son, George Washington Talburtt, lived there for many years (although it is an
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service reached the area in 1875, 13 years after the rest of the city had achieved service, and electric streetcars arrived in 1895. St. Teresa's
Catholic Church was built at 1244 V Street SE in 1879, and Emanuel Episcopal Church (now Delaware Avenue Baptist Church) at 1301 V Street SE was erected in
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Little rioting had occurred in
Anacostia. There were isolated reports of looting and rock-throwing, and two stores burned—relatively minor incidents compared to the tens of city blocks burned and hundreds of stores looted in the rest of the city. See: Asher, Robert L. and Weil, Martin. "City's Diary
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Developers John Dobler, John Fox, and John W. Van Hook purchased the 240-acre (97.2-hectare) area known as
Anacostia from Enoch Tucker on June 5, 1854, for $ 19,000 and immediately subdivided the property into lots for houses. Fox had built a mansion on Jefferson Street (now W Street SE) some years
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Several new subdivisions were built in the late 19th century, expanding the
Anacostia Historic District. Among these were Griswold's (1881), Green's (1881, carved from the former George Barber farm), Griswold's II (1886), Avalon (1887), Avalon Terrace (1889), Anacostia Addition (1890, created from
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to the area, and the construction of moderate-income rowhouses. In 1992, the city began replacing concrete sidewalks in the
Anacostia Historic District with red brick to restore the sidewalks to their original condition. In 2002, the city adopted the Historic Housing Tax Credit Act of 2002, which
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Griswold's subdivision, built in three stages between 1881 and 1894, is bounded by Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE, W Street SE, Fort
Stanton Park, Hunter Place SE, Howard Road SE, Talbert Terrace SE, and Talbert Street SE. See: Gilmore, and Harrison, "A Catalog of Suburban Subdivisions of the
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The first house erected in the new subdivision was a two-story brick building on
Harrison Street (on the southwest corner of Harrison and Monroe Streets), and next to it on Monroe Street (on the site of the former Enoch Tucker farmhouse) rose a brick structure which held George F. Pyle's grocery
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along the banks of the
Anacostia. The bridges shifted currents and slowed the river's flow, and within a decade, extensive flats had built up along the shore. In 1820, the town of Good Hope, D.C., was founded around a tavern located near the current intersection of Good Hope Road SE and Alabama
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dramatically changed the area in the 1960s and 1970s. The Anacostia neighborhood, 82.4 percent white in 1950, was only 67.7 percent white in 1960 and 86 percent black by 1970. The influx of large numbers of low-income African Americans, coupled with the economic dislocations caused by the
1472:
Record Group 328, Records of the National Park Service, National Archives, General Records, Planting Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2, T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7,
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granted ownership of the majority of the area on the south bank of the Anacostia River to George Thompson. Slightly inland, Lord Baltimore granted another large tract (known as Chichester) to John Meeks in 1664. "Anacostia Fort" was built on the heights at the present-day neighborhood of
434:). Businesses began to construct buildings along Upper Marlborough Road (called Good Hope Road SE today) toward the village of Good Hope, forming the Anacostia Business District. In the late 1820s or early 1830s, Marbury sold his land to Enoch Tucker, who rented out part of the land to
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in Washington in the 1980s, the Anacostia neighborhood became synonymous with crime and violence and had one of the highest crime rates in the District of Columbia (albeit not in all crimes)—leading to further deterioration in the condition of the buildings in the area.
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471:. The main street in the 17-block subdivision (bordered by Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE, Good Hope Road SE, 16th Street SE, and W Street SE) was 14th Street SE, which had a central market and a 40-foot (12.2 meter) wide boulevard running down the center of it.
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in 1978. "The architectural character of the Anacostia area is unique in Washington. Nowhere else in the District of Columbia does there exist such a collection of late-19th and early-20th century small-scale frame and brick working-class housing."
528:, that the name of the area reverted to Anacostia on April 22, 1866. Fort Stanton closed in April 1866, and the land it occupied was turned back over to private ownership. The structures of the fort itself remained, falling into decay.
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the Otterback farm), Bryan Place (1892, part of the former Talburtt estate), and Griswold's III (1894). These subdivisions retained the architectural styles of the original Uniontown development and are considered extensions of it.
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style). Cottage-style buildings tend to have been built earlier, with Italianate structures more popular after 1870. Queen Anne–style homes tend to be clustered in Griswold's subdivision. Many of the homes feature large
425:, this bridge was designed to permit easy access to Anacostia so that housing could be constructed on the eastern shore of the Anacostia River. Before the construction of this bridge and others upstream, there were no
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created the need to provide housing for the many new employees working there. Still, little land was available for new construction in the area, and housing prices were high. Consequently, in 1818, the privately owned
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at this intersection led to concerns that the Metro station would destroy the character of historic Anacostia, and after pressure from the federal government Metro moved the site of the station to Howard Road SE.
599:, purchased John Barry's farm immediately southwest of Uniontown/Anacostia, subdivided the property, and sold small lots at rock-bottom prices to formerly enslaved people (establishing the neighborhood of
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The area became part of the District of Columbia in 1791. Congress passed the Residence Act of 1790 to establish a federally-owned district in which would be built the new national capital, and
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825:"Anacostia Historic District - National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form." National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. October 10, 1978.
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Efforts have been made to improve the physical and economic conditions in the Historic District. The area's designation as a historic district has been used to prevent the
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520:, Northern military leaders realized Washington, D.C., was relatively undefended and quickly began building a ring of forts around the city. The first of these forts was
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Buildings within the Anacostia Historic District are generally two-story brick and wood-frame structures. The houses are primarily wood-frame construction, mostly in the
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hindered building and few houses were constructed. The Civil War itself brought many changes to the area encompassed by the Anacostia Historic District. After the
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The Anacostia Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. After the 1990 census required the District government to
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Van Hook had hoped to attract Navy Yard workers to buy and build in the Uniontown development. But although most of the lots had sold by 1860, the
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217:, comprising approximately 20 squares and about 550 buildings built between 1854 and 1930. The Anacostia Historic District was added to the
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Looking north on Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE (formerly Piscataway Road and Nicholls Avenue SE) in the Anacostia Historic District.
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constructed Our Lady of Perpetual Help church on land formerly owned by physician J.C. Norwood. The Fort Stanton site was purchased by
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case, purchased much of the land that is now the Anacostia Historic District some time in the late 18th century or early 19th century.
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721:"Anacostia Historic District." National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. No date.
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purchased most of what is now the Anacostia Historic District from the federal government. Although Greenleaf was bankrupted in the
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Randle Highlands is bordered by Minnesota Avenue SE and Pennsylvania Avenue SE on the north, Naylor Road SE on the southwest, and
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and built his home near the intersection of Upper Marlborough Road and Piscataway Road (now Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE). A
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139:
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619:
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231:
1375:
Gilmore, Matthew B. and Harrison, Michael R. "A Catalog of Suburban Subdivisions of the District of Columbia, 1854-1902."
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Humphrey, Robert L. and Chambers, Mary Elizabeth. "Ancient Washington: American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley."
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the borders of its electoral districts (wards), a proposal was made to split the Anacostia Historic District between
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was established in the area and named Good Hope Station. In 1849, the post office's name was changed to Anacostia.
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The first permanent modern settlement of size in the Anacostia Historic District came in 1820. The growth of the
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picked the current site in 1791 (a choice ratified by Congress later that year). In 1795, real estate speculator
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1731:
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392:, a few homes dotted the shores of the eastern bank of Anacostia River in what is now the historic district.
1751:"Anacostia Historic District" at the Washington, D.C., National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary
1068:
A History of the National Capital from Its Foundation Through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act.
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D.C. Historic Preservation Office. Office of Planning, District of Columbia. Washington, D.C.: March 2007.
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in 1877, who defied the whites-only covenant governing the subdivision in buying the property. The 1880
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were the first settlers to inhabit the area now known as Anacostia, living and fishing along the
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Worthy of the Nation: Washington, DC, From L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission.
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to the intersection of Good Hope Road SE and Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE. The site of the
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Sanchez, Rene. "Old Anacostia Neighborhood Savors an Unexpected Taste of Political Power."
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vessel may have brought European explorers to the Anacostia River around 1550. See: Bryan,
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Between Justice and Beauty: Race, Planning, and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington.
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Uniontown in 1865, showing Fort Stanton, Barry Farm, and St. Elizabeths Lunatic Asylum.
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1770:"Anacostia Historic District." Most Endangered Places for 2005. DC Preservation League
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1891 to replace an 1869 church whose foundation had cracked. The 11th Precinct of the
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The Unintended Consequences: Family and Community, the Victims of Isolated Poverty.
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1805:
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
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The Little Black Book of Washington, DC: The Essential Guide to America's Capital.
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There is some evidence that Smith was not the first European to visit the area. A
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966:
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to visit the region in 1612, naming the river the "Nacotchtank". Henry Fleet (an
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Maple View Place SE between High Street SE and Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE.
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Burr, Charles R. "A Brief History of Anacostia, Its Name, Origin, and Progress."
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304:
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Marion Barry Ave SE from Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE to Fendall Street SE;
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Sisler, Peter F. "Decades of Frustrating Debate Kept Green Line Sidetracked."
1766:(published by the Office of Planning, Government of the District of Columbia)
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1277:
Old Anacostia, Washington, D.C.: A Study of Community Preservation Resources.
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15th Street SE from V Street SE, along the eastern and southern sides of the
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explorer kidnapped for five years by the Nacotchtank beginning in 1621) and
618:, led many businesses to leave the Anacostia business district. During the
535:, and Van Hook was forced to sell Cedar Hill. The mansion was purchased by
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Plumb, Tierney. "Anacostia Historic District Gets $ 900,000 in Grants."
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Johnson, Jenna. "In Anacostia, Giving New Life to Worn Historic Area."
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455:) stood there. Half the lots sold within two months of the first sale.
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1293:
Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington.
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319:
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Mansfield, Virginia. "City Slow to Regulate Fast Food Restaurants."
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Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence.
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District of Columbia Interments, January 1, 1855, to July 31, 1874.
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Crew, Harvey W.; Webb, William Bensing; and Wooldridge, John.
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High Street SE from 14th Street SE to Maple View Place SE; and
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Roughly bounded by Marion Barry Ave SE., 16th St., Mapleview,
1571:
Labbé-DeBose, Theola. "Homicide Increases East of Anacostia."
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Wheeler, Linda. "Anacostia Hopes Lifeline Is Colored Green."
1040:
Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C.
1256:
3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Books, 2008.
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Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.
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corporation from moving into the area, the relocation of a
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architectural styles (although there are some homes in the
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Burgess, John. "Metro to Halt Start of Leg To Rosecroft."
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Rountree, Helen C.; Clark, Wayne E.; and Mountford, Kent.
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shows that about 15 percent of Uniontown's residents were
421:" was built over the Anacostia River at 11th Street SE. A
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European settlement first occurred in the area in 1662 at
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Fendall Street SE from Marion Barry Ave SE to V Street SE;
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Bruske, Ed. "Moving of Homeless to Anacostia Protested."
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Gutheim, Frederick Albert and Lee, Antoinette Josephine.
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Benedetto, Robert; Donovan, Jane; and Du Vall, Kathleen.
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Kober, George M. "The Health of the City of Washington."
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V Street SE between Fendall Street SE and 15th Street SE;
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2d ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
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Cantwell, Thomas J. "Anacostia: Strength in Adversity."
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Reprint ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995.
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Donovan, Carrie. "9 Sites On List Of Places In Peril."
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The area also saw some civic improvements. Horse-drawn
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On This Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C.
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Evelyn, Douglas E.; Dickson, Paul; and Ackerman, S.J.
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prohibited the sale or lease of property to anyone of
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School of Architecture, University of Maryland. 1975.
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Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren Publishing House, 1892.
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Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania, 1955.
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Charlotte, Va.: University of Virginia Press, 2007.
16:
Historic district in Washington, D.C., United States
1459:October 4, 1920; "Fort Sites Eyed for Future Use."
1295:Rev. ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2008.
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1753:(Web site maintained by the National Park Service)
1692:Henderson, Nell. "Face Lift Begins in Southeast."
1098:Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002.
1082:Centennial History of the City of Washington, D.C.
234:SE between Marion Barry Ave SE and Morris Road SE;
1795:Carpenter Gothic architecture in Washington, D.C.
1705:"D.C. Gives Credit to Owners of Historic Homes."
1679:Armstrong, Janice. "Town House Project Opposed."
1236:3rd rev. ed. Sterling, Va.: Capital Books, 2008.
1514:Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2004.
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616:1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination riots
597:Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands
576:was established in 1901 to patrol the area, the
531:The Union Land Association went bankrupt in the
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430:Avenue SE (forming the current neighborhood of
400:merchant who later was a party in the landmark
353:just to the west of the modern neighborhood of
1561:White Plains, N.Y.: Peter Pauper Press, 2007.
1627:Vesey, Tom. "Green Line War Heats Up Again."
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225:The historic district is roughly bounded by:
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1785:African-American history of Washington, D.C.
1342:New York: Oxford University Press US, 2005.
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998:Williams, Brett. "A River Runs Through Us."
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1815:Queen Anne architecture in Washington, D.C.
1810:Italianate architecture in Washington, D.C.
1614:Feaver, Douglas. "Metro Choices Detailed."
1484:Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard.
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970:Records of the Columbia Historical Society.
905:John Smith's Chesapeake Voyages, 1607-1609.
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860:"Boundaries: Anacostia Historic District."
559:Delaware Baptist Church, 13th and V Streets
1486:New York: Fordham University Press, 1999.
1425:December 8, 1878; "Laid By Bishop Paret."
1213:New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.
766:
764:
659:7 and Ward 8. This proposal was defeated.
493:there). The first church in the area, the
67:
639:was originally designed to pass over the
357:), and at St. Elizabeth (now the site of
248:Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
38:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
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1254:National Geographic Traveler Washington.
1153:Westminster, Md.: Heritage Books, 2007.
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475:store. In 1855, Van Hook himself built "
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1557:Edleson, Harriet and Lindroth, David.
1429:October 8, 1891; "Church of Emanuel."
1340:Landmarks of African American History.
1145:
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1070:New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914.
689:"National Register Information System"
588:(NCPC) for $ 56,000 in 1926. In 1867,
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987:A History of the National Capital...,
627:Recent actions regarding the district
7:
1757:Anacostia Historic District brochure
1544:of Violence Goes On Without Letup."
1326:McClatchy, J.D. and Lennard, Erica.
1252:Thompson, John and Nowitz, Richard.
1211:Historical Dictionary of Washington.
1115:Croggon, James. "Old 'Burnt Bridge'"
694:National Register of Historic Places
219:National Register of Historic Places
100:Show map of the District of Columbia
1800:Ethnic enclaves in Washington, D.C.
1496:A History of the Freedmen's Bureau.
874:District of Columbia, 1854-1902,"
14:
497:"Ryan's Chapel," opened in 1862.
351:the city's sewage treatment plant
595:, commissioner in charge of the
586:National Capital Park Commission
140:Washington, District of Columbia
116:
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91:
84:
56:D.C. Inventory of Historic Sites
1330:New York: Vendome Press, 2004.
574:Metropolitan Police Department
377:sometime in the 18th century.
364:) and Giesborough (now called
232:Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue
171:
1:
1379:14:2 (Fall/Winter 2002/2003).
125:Show map of the United States
1735:Washington Business Journal.
840:Anacostia Historic District.
73:Houses at 13th and W Streets
19:United States historic place
1455:"Lays Church Cornerstone."
1442:"Changes in Street Names."
1408:"Corner-Stone to be Laid."
741:"A New Historic District."
207:Anacostia Historic District
30:Anacostia Historic District
1831:
1135:Charities and the Commons.
1328:American Writers at Home.
1066:Bryan, Wilhelmus Bogart.
631:The southern part of the
170:NRHP reference
165:Italianate, Cottage style
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66:
62:
53:
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35:
28:
24:
1338:; Horton, James Oliver.
1000:American Anthropologist.
518:First Battle of Bull Run
162:Architectural style
526:Uniontown, Pennsylvania
359:St. Elizabeths Hospital
291:History of the district
1350:; McFeely, William S.
1291:Cooling, B. Franklin.
878:Fall/Winter 2002/2003.
560:
505:
419:Upper Navy Yard Bridge
300:
47:U.S. Historic district
1494:; Bentley, George R.
1313:Army and Navy Journal
1275:Senkevitch, Anatole.
1149:Pippenger, Wesley E.
699:National Park Service
558:
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457:Restrictive covenants
298:
196:Designated DCIHS
149:83 acres (34 ha)
1421:"'Emanuel' Church."
851:Accessed 2009-12-26.
723:Accessed 2009-12-26.
414:Washington Navy Yard
368:) in 1663. In 1663,
362:psychiatric hospital
336:Province of Maryland
272:Washington Row House
1482:Carpenter, John A.
1377:Washington History.
1352:Frederick Douglass.
876:Washington History,
641:11th Street Bridges
1762:2010-01-08 at the
1592:December 27, 1991.
1176:Gillette, Howard.
1002:103:2 (June 2001).
864:November 29, 2003.
847:2010-01-08 at the
774:December 24, 1991.
593:Oliver Otis Howard
561:
537:Frederick Douglass
506:
487:composed the song
403:Marbury v. Madison
390:Panic of 1796–1797
301:
250:to High Street SE;
1696:October 29, 1992.
1618:October 18, 1977.
1590:Washington Times.
645:Anacostia Station
551:Later development
490:Home! Sweet Home!
485:John Howard Payne
382:George Washington
349:(now the site of
211:historic district
203:
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199:November 27, 1973
183:Significant dates
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1720:Washington Post.
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1707:Washington Post.
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1694:Washington Post.
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1681:Washington Post.
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1670:October 1, 1985.
1668:Washington Post.
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1655:Washington Post.
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1642:Washington Post.
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582:Roman Catholics
553:
461:African descent
448:
394:William Marbury
386:James Greenleaf
328:Leonard Calvert
312:Anacostia River
293:
213:in the city of
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507:
495:Episcopalian
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473:
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396:, a wealthy
379:
344:
302:
261:
224:
206:
204:
483:story that
440:post office
423:toll bridge
347:Blue Plains
305:Nacotchtank
1779:Categories
1042:1973/1974.
675:References
664:McDonald's
653:redistrict
637:Green Line
601:Barry Farm
481:apocryphal
477:Cedar Hill
398:Georgetown
366:Barry Farm
340:Piscataway
316:John Smith
314:. Captain
276:Queen Anne
264:Italianate
1790:Anacostia
569:streetcar
514:Civil War
465:Mulattoes
446:Uniontown
432:Good Hope
1760:Archived
845:Archived
512:and the
427:mudflats
355:Bellevue
342:tribes.
332:Governor
320:European
177:78003050
135:Location
983:Spanish
375:Skyland
334:of the
330:(later
324:English
285:porches
268:Cottage
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1217:
1184:
1157:
1102:
911:
541:census
270:, and
1473:1947.
972:1920.
891:1977.
469:Irish
467:, or
281:lawns
209:is a
154:Built
1563:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1100:ISBN
909:ISBN
657:Ward
303:The
205:The
157:1854
146:Area
635:'s
453:bar
172:No.
1781::
1581:^
1569:;
1503:^
1366:^
1284:^
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707:^
697:.
691:.
547:.
463:,
287:.
266:,
1315:,
1122:.
417:"
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