995:. Residency programs are typically five years long, consisting of 1.5 years of general medicine training followed by 3.5 years of anesthesia specific training. Canada, like the United States, uses a competency-based curriculum along with an evaluation method called "Entrustable Professional Activities" or "EPA" in which a resident is assessed based on their ability to perform certain tasks that are specific to the field of anesthesiology. Upon completion of a residency program, the candidate is required to pass a comprehensive objective examination consisting of a written component (two three-hour papers: one featuring 'multiple choice' questions, and the other featuring 'short-answer' questions) and an oral component (a two-hour session relating to topics on the clinical aspects of anesthesiology). The examination of a patient is not required. Upon completion of training, the anaesthesia graduate is then entitled to become a "Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Canada" and to use the post-nominal letters "FRCPC".
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programs can take place at training centers in university hospitals. These training centers are accredited by the
Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA), or other referral hospitals accredited by the Ministry of Health. Most of the residents are trained in different areas, including ICU, pain management, and anesthesiology sub-specialties, including transplants and pediatrics. Residents may elect to pursue further specialization via a fellowship post-residency, but this is optional and only offered at few training centers. In order to be a certified anesthesiologist in Brazil, the residents must undergo exams (conducted by the SBA) throughout the residency program and at the end of the program. In order to be an instructor of a residency program certified by the SBA, the anesthesiologists must have the superior title in anaesthesia, in which the specialist undergoes a multiple choice test followed by an oral examination conducted by a board assigned by the national society.
1129:(Medicine Faculty Examination Board), and a chief physician who represents the health care ministry of the government of Guatemala. The examination includes a written section, an oral section, and a special examination of skills and knowledge relating to anaesthetic instruments, emergency treatment, pre-operative care, post-operative care, intensive care units, and pain medicine. After passing the examination, the college of medicine of Guatemala, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala and the health care ministry of the government of Guatemala grants the candidate a special license to practice anaesthesia as well as a diploma issued by the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala granting the degree of physician with specialization in anaesthesia. Anaesthetists in Guatemala are also subject to yearly examinations and mandatory participation in yearly seminars on the latest developments in anaesthetic practice.
630:
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642:, albeit with mixed results. On October 16, 1846, a day that would thereafter be referred to as "Ether Day", in the Bullfinch Auditorium at Massachusetts General Hospital, which would later be nicknamed the "Ether Dome", New England Dentist William Morton successfully demonstrated the use of diethyl ether using an inhaler of his own design to induce general anesthesia for a patient undergoing removal of a neck tumor. Reportedly, following the quick procedure, operating surgeon John Warren affirmed to the audience that had gathered to watch the exhibition, "Gentlemen, this is no humbug!", although this report has been disputed.
1011:), German physicians who want to become anaesthesiologists must undergo five years of additional training as outlined by the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, or DGAI). This specialist training consists of anaesthesiology, emergency medicine, intensive care and pain medicine, and also palliative care medicine. Similar to many other countries, the training includes rotations serving in the operation theatres to perform anaesthesia on a variety of patients being treated by various surgical subspecialties (e.g.
1159:. In the Nordic countries, anesthesiology is the medical specialty that is engaged in the fields of anesthesia, intensive care medicine, pain control medicine, pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency medicine. Medical school graduates must complete a twelve-month internship, followed by a five-year residency program. SSAI currently hosts six training programs for anesthesiologists in the Nordics. These are Intensive care, Pediatric anesthesiology and intensive care, Advanced pain medicine, Critical care medicine, Critical emergency medicine, and Advanced obstetric anesthesiology.
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1260:. Specialist training takes at least seven years. On completion of specialist training, physicians are awarded CCT and are eligible for entry on the GMC Specialist register and are also able to work as consultant anaesthetist. A new consultant in anaesthetics must have completed a minimum of 14 years of training (including: five to six years of medical school training, two years of foundation training, and seven years of anaesthesia training).
59:
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procedures and vital function support in the controlled setting of the operating room, while then applying those skills in the more dangerous setting of the critically ill patient. In other countries, intensive care medicine has evolved further to become a separate medical specialty in its own right, or has become a "supra-specialty" which may be practiced by doctors from various base specialties such as anesthesiology,
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1328:. Both Boards are recognized by the major insurance underwriters in the U.S. as well as by all branches of the U.S. Uniformed Services. Board certification by the ABA involves both a written and an oral examination. AOBA certification requires the same exams, in addition to a practical examination with examining physicians observing the applicant actually administering anesthetics in the operating room.
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1240:. Following the completion of medical school training, doctors enter a two-year foundation program that consists of at least six, four-month rotations in various medical specialties. It is mandatory for all physicians to complete a minimum of three months of general medicine and general surgery training during this time. Following the foundation program, physicians compete for specialist training.
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wishing to hold dual accreditation in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine may enter anaesthesia training via the Acute Care Common Stem (ACCS) program which lasts four years and consists of experience in anaesthesia, emergency medicine, acute medicine and intensive care. Trainees in anaesthesia are called
Specialty Registrars (StR) or Specialist Registrars (SpR).
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experimental area with non-specialist practitioners using novel, untested drugs and techniques into what is now a highly refined, safe and effective field of medicine. In some countries anesthesiologists comprise the largest single cohort of doctors in hospitals, and their role can extend far beyond the traditional role of anesthesia care in the
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approved program (for a total of four years) for board certification eligibility in the specialty of anesthesiology. Anesthesiology residents face multiple examinations during their residency, including exams encompassing physiology, pathophysiology, pharmacology, and other medical sciences addressed
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Those wishing for dual accreditation (in
Intensive care and anaesthesia) are required to undergo approximately an additional year of training and also complete the fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM). Pain specialists give the Fellowship of the Faculty of Pain Medicine of the
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to denote the medically induced state of amnesia, insensibility, and stupor that enabled physicians to operate with minimal pain or trauma to the patient. The original term had simply been "etherization" because at the time this was the only agent discovered that was capable of inducing such a state.
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Throughout human history, efforts have been made by almost every civilization to mitigate pain associated with surgical procedures, ranging from techniques such as acupuncture or phlebotomy to administration of substances such as mandrake, opium, or alcohol. However, by the mid-nineteenth century the
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The training program in the United
Kingdom currently consists of three years of core training and four years of higher training. Before the end of core training, all trainees must have passed the primary examination for the diploma of Fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA). Trainees
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In Brazil, anesthesiology training is overseen by the
National Commission for Medical Residency (CNRM) and the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA). Approximately 650 physicians are admitted yearly to a three-year specialization program with a duty hour limit of 60 hours per week. The residency
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which can range from four to nine years. Anesthesiologists in training spend this time gaining experience in various different subspecialties of anesthesiology and undertake various advanced postgraduate examinations and skill assessments. These lead to the award of a specialist qualification at the
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Residency training in the U.S. encompasses the full scope of perioperative medicine, including pre-operative medical evaluation, management of pre-existing disease in the surgical patient, intraoperative life support, intraoperative pain control, intraoperative ventilation, post-operative recovery,
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The
Certificate of Completion of Training (CCT) in anaesthesia is divided into three levels: Basic, intermediate and advanced. During this time, physicians learn anaesthesia as applicable to all surgical specialties. The curriculum focuses on a modular format, with trainees primarily working in one
1137:
To be qualified as an anesthesiologist in Hong Kong, medical practitioners must undergo a minimum of six years of postgraduate training and pass three professional examinations. Upon completion of training, the
Fellowship of Hong Kong College of Anesthesiologists and subsequently the Fellowship of
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In the final written examination, there are many questions of clinical scenarios (including interpretation of radiological exams, EKGs and other special investigations). There are also two cases of real patients with complex medical conditions – for clinical examination and a following discussion.
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as well as a broad general knowledge of all areas of medicine and surgery in all ages of patients, with a particular focus on those aspects which may impact on a surgical procedure. In recent decades, the role of anesthesiologists has broadened to focus not just on administering anesthetics during
1331:
There are several non-physician anesthesia providers practicing in the United States. These include certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), anesthesiologist assistants (AAs), and dental anesthesiologists. CRNAs are the only type of non-physician anesthesia provider that have successfully
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and the New
Zealand Society of Anaesthetists. The ANZCA-approved training course encompasses an initial two-year long Pre-vocational Medical Education and Training (PMET), which may include up to 12 months training in anaesthesia or ICU medicine, plus at least five years of supervised clinical
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exist internationally: in the Anglo-American model, the patient is rapidly transported by non-physician providers to definitive care such as an emergency department in a hospital. Conversely, the Franco-German approach has a physician, often an anesthesiologist, come to the patient and provide
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In the
Netherlands, anaesthesiologists must complete medical school training, which takes six years. After successfully completing medical school training, they start a five-year residency training in anaesthesiology. In their fifth year they can choose to spend the year doing research, or to
392:
of anesthesiology, and anesthesiologists often rotate between duties in the operating room and the intensive care unit. This allows continuity of care when patients are admitted to the ICU after their surgery, and it also means that anesthesiologists can maintain their expertise at invasive
278:
The core element of the specialty is the prevention and mitigation of pain and distress using various anesthetic agents, as well as the monitoring and maintenance of a patient's vital functions throughout the perioperative period. Since the 19th century, anesthesiology has developed from an
695:
Over the next one hundred-plus years the specialty of anesthesiology developed rapidly as further scientific advancements meant that physicians' means of controlling peri-operative pain and monitoring patients' vital functions grew more sophisticated. With the isolation of
1223:
A medical doctor can enter training as a resident in anesthesiology and intensive care after obtaining a license to practice medicine, following an 18–24 month internship. The residency program then lasts at least five years, not including the internship. See also
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medications to produce a loss of sensation in patients, making it possible to carry out procedures that would otherwise cause intolerable pain or be technically unfeasible. Safe anesthesia requires in-depth knowledge of various invasive and non-invasive
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allowed the anesthesiologist to completely paralyze the patient pharmacologically and breathe for him or her via mechanical ventilation. With these new tools, the anesthetist could intensively manage the patient's physiology, bringing about
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lobbied for the ability to provide all types of anesthesia for any surgery or procedure independently in some states. AAs must work under the supervision of an anesthesiologist, and dental anesthesiologists are limited to dental cases.
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in medical school, along with multiple anesthesia knowledge tests which assess progress during residency. Successful completion of both a written and oral board exam after completion of residency is required for board certification.
1146:
In Italy, a medical school graduate must complete an accredited five-year residency in anesthesiology. Anesthesia training is overseen by the
Italian Society of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation, and Intensive Care (SIAARTI).
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who has completed a nationally recognized specialist anesthesia training program. The length and format of anesthesiology training programs varies from country to country, as noted below. A candidate must first have completed
700:
in the mid-nineteenth century there began to be drugs available for local anesthesia. By the end of the nineteenth century, the number of pharmacological options had increased and had begun to be applied both peripherally and
954:
training at approved training sites. Trainees must pass both the primary and final examinations which consist of both written (multiple choice questions and short-answer questions) and, if successful in the written exams,
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intensive care medicine, and chronic and acute pain management. After residency, many anesthesiologists complete an additional fellowship year of sub-specialty training in areas such as pain management, sleep medicine,
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1138:
Hong Kong Academy of Medicine is awarded. Practicing anesthesiologists are required to register in the Specialist register of the Medical Council of Hong Kong and hence are under the regulation of the Medical Council.
2413:
605:, as well as the majority of their member societies. It is the also the most commonly used spelling found in the titles of medical journals. In fact, many countries, such as Ireland and Hong Kong, which formerly used
974:) course. On completion of training, the trainees are awarded the Diploma of Fellowship and are entitled to use the qualification of FANZCA – Fellow of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists.
3181:
Isaak RS, Chen F, Martinelli SM, Arora H, Zvara DA, Hobbs G, Stiegler MP (June 2018). "Validity of Simulation-Based Assessment for Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestone Achievement".
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and pain management. Trainees also have to complete an advanced project, such as a research publication or paper. They also undergo an EMAC (Effective Management of Anaesthetic Crises) or EMST (
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1252:, ENT, maxillofacial, pain medicine, intensive care, and trauma. Traditionally (before the advent of the foundation program), trainees entered anaesthesia from other specialties, such as
551:
Various names and spellings are used to describe this specialty and the individuals who practice it in different parts of the world. In North America, the specialty is referred to as
4078:
1122:
In Guatemala, a student with a medical degree must complete a residency of six years. This consists of five years in residency and one year of practice with an expert anaesthetist.
3034:
Further training regulations for doctors in Bavaria dated April 24, 2004 i. i.e. Version of the resolutions of October 14, 2007 Section C, 24. Emergency medicine, as of 01/01/2008
1814:
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specialize in a certain area, including general anaesthesiology, critical care medicine, pain and palliative medicine, paediatric anaesthesiology, cardiothoracic anaesthesiology,
923:
In Argentina, specialized training in the field of anesthesiology is overseen by the Argentine Federation of Associations of Anaesthesia, Analgesia and Reanimation (in Spanish,
364:
arose in the 1950s and 1960s, with anesthesiologists taking organ support techniques that had traditionally been used only for short periods during surgical procedures (such as
2118:
Haridas RP (March 2016). ""Gentlemen! This Is No Humbug": Did John Collins Warren, M.D., Proclaim These Words on October 16, 1846, at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston?".
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1324:(AOBA). Osteopathic physician anesthesiologists can be certified by the ABA. The ABA is a member of the American Board of Medical Specialties, while the AOBA falls under the
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992:
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composed of senior clinicians that are immediately summoned when a patient's heart stops beating, or when they deteriorate acutely while in hospital. Different models for
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In Sweden one speciality entails both anesthesiology and intensive care, i.e. one cannot become and anesthetist without also becoming an intensivist and vice versa. The
683:, "sensation" to describe the insensibility that accompanied the narcotic-like effect produced by the mandrake plant. However, following Morton's successful exhibition,
444:, as well as safe transfer of critically ill patients from one part of a hospital to another, or between healthcare facilities. Anesthesiologists commonly form part of
846:
A typical anesthesia machine, which an anesthesiologist can use to store equipment, administer inhalational anesthetics, and properly ventilate an anesthetized patient
503:
or international missions to retrieve citizens injured abroad. Ambulance services employ units staffed by anesthesiologists that can be called out to provide advanced
428:
from the operating room, and allowing continuity of care when patients are brought for surgery or intensive care. This branch of anesthesiology is collectively termed
2764:
3030:
Weiterbildungsordnung für die Ärzte Bayerns vom 24. April 2004 i. d. Fassung der Beschlüsse vom 14. Oktober 2007 Abschnitt C, 24. Notfallmedizin, Stand 01.01.2008
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1999:
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1155:
In Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, anesthesiologists' training is supervised by the respective national societies of anesthesiology as well as the
1031:
units. Many German anaesthesiologists choose to complete an additional curriculum in emergency medicine, which once completed, enables them to be referred to as
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1321:
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This is a recreation of the ether inhaler apparatus used by William Morton, a Boston-based dentist, on October 16, 1846, at Massachusetts General Hospital.
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the surgical procedure itself, but also beforehand in order to identify high-risk patients and optimize their fitness, during the procedure to maintain
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is most commonly used in written English, and a physician practicing in the field is termed an anaesthesiologist. This is the spelling adopted by the
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2229:"World Health Organization-World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WHO-WFSA) International Standards for a Safe Practice of Anesthesia"
1306:
424:, and caring for other patients outside the operating theatre who have critical emergencies that pose an immediate threat to life, again reflecting
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629:
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The role of anesthesiologists in ensuring adequate pain relief for patients in the immediate postoperative period as well as their expertise in
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epidemic during which many patients required prolonged artificial ventilation. In many countries, intensive care medicine is considered to be a
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2080:
2024:
1975:
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study and administration of anesthesia had become far more complex as physicians began experimenting with compounds such as chloroform and
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602:
575:(AAs). In other countries – such as United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa – the medical specialty is referred to as
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1503:
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regulates specialization for medical doctors in the country and defines the speciality of anesthesiology and intensive care as being:
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The course has a program of 12 modules such as obstetric anaesthesia, pediatric anaesthesia, cardiothoracic and vascular anaesthesia,
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techniques that are used to control patients' vital functions while under the effects of anaesthetic drugs; these include advanced
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Many procedures or diagnostic tests do not require "general anesthesia" and can be performed using various forms of sedation or
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1715:
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Following medical school training, anesthesiology residency programs in the United States require successful completion of an
372:, who might require vital function support for extended periods until the effects of the illness could be reversed. The first
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This painting by Robert C. Hinckley depicts the first successful public demonstration of using ether to induce anesthesia.
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2772:
2285:"Comparing Anesthesiology Residency Training Structure and Requirements in Seven Different Countries on Three Continents"
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end of their training indicating that they are an expert in the field and may be licensed to practice independently.
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of the surgery itself so as to improve safety, and afterwards to promote and enhance recovery. This has been termed "
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Effective practice of anesthesiology requires several areas of knowledge by the practitioner, some of which are:
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stabilizing care in the field. The patient is then triaged directly to the appropriate department of a hospital.
291:, transporting critically ill patients between facilities, management of hospice and palliative care units, and
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267:. In some countries, the terms are synonymous, while in other countries, they refer to different positions and
31:
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833:, and knowledge of anesthesia regarding how it affects certain age groups (neonates, pediatrics, geriatrics)
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2688:"Competency-based anesthesiology teaching: comparison of programs in Brazil, Canada and the United States"
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After residency, students take a board examination conducted by the college of medicine of Guatemala, the
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Anesthesiologists often perform interhospital transfers of critically ill patients, both on short range
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35:
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is used only to refer to a physician practicing in the field; non-physicians use other titles such as
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as a subspecialty in its own right. The field comprises individualized strategies for all forms of
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2163:"The etymology and use of the word 'anaesthesia' Oliver Wendell Holmes' letter to W. T. G. Morton"
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2013:
Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, Cahalan MK, Stock MC, Ortega RA, Sharar SR, Holt NF (2017).
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to reduce labor pain while permitting the mother to be awake and active in labor and delivery.
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In the United States, anesthesiologists may also perform non-surgical pain management (termed
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3227:"Fellowships Represent a Logical Target for Cultivating Research in Academic Anesthesiology"
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2336:"The role of Argentine Federation of Associations of Anaesthesia, Analgesia and Reanimation"
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Historically anesthesia providers were almost solely utilized during surgery to administer
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Gelb AW, Morriss WW, Johnson W, Merry AF, Abayadeera A, Belîi N, et al. (June 2018).
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The majority of anesthesiologists in the United States are board-certified, either by the
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The doctors' specialization service: regulations and general advice; goal descriptions
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International standards for the safe practice of anesthesia, jointly endorsed by the
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1016:
854:, which can be performed to induce analgesia in a region of the body. For example,
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1813:
Gellerfors, Mikael; Gryth, Dan; Lossius, Hans Morten; Linde, Joacim (2016-03-23).
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2636:"The anesthesiologist thoughts on medical residency in anesthesiology in Brazil"
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17:
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1985:
945:; note the extra "a" (or diphthong). Specialist training is supervised by the
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1767:[Last Night Swedish Help Took Off—With Intensive Care Capabilities].
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4607:
4602:
4466:
4444:
4319:
4283:
2599:
1817:[Rapid Development in Prehospital Physician Manned Intensive Care].
1040:
955:
764:
as well as numerous other drugs used in association with anesthetics (e.g.,
730:
556:
473:
406:
248:
63:
An anesthesiologist controlling a patient's airway while inducing anesthesia
3252:
3203:
3007:
2974:"Differences in training among prehospital emergency physicians in Germany"
2958:
2721:
2669:
2615:
2441:. Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. 2017. Archived from
2361:
2320:
2254:
2188:
2139:
2070:
1965:
1623:
567:
is used to refer to non-physician providers of anesthesia services such as
2352:
2335:
2014:
1533:
1447:"WFSA Position Statement on Anaesthesiology and Universal Health Coverage"
926:
Federación Argentina de Asociaciones de Anestesia, Analgesia y Reanimación
4371:
4148:
3685:
3384:
1253:
583:, with the "ae" diphthong. Contrary to the terminology in North America,
499:
or ground based missions, as well as longer range national transports to
200:
146:
2414:"Anestesiología | Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas | Universidad Austral"
2402:(in Spanish). Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. 2014.
2301:
2069:
Butterworth IV JF, Mackey DC, Wasnick JD, Morgan GE, Mikhail MS (2018).
4850:
4310:
4278:
4171:
3087:
2573:
1094: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1020:
910:, before embarking on a program of postgraduate specialist training or
734:
726:
714:, which, in many countries, is intimately connected to anesthesiology.
697:
523:
capabilities outside the hospital. Anesthesiologists often (along with
402:
228:
937:
In Australia and New Zealand, the medical specialty is referred to as
657:
was first used by the Greek philosopher Dioscorides, derived from the
303:
As a specialty, the core element of anesthesiology is the practice of
3315:
2598:
Yoshimura T, Mizuno J, Yunokawa S, Morita S, Davies M (August 2009).
1452:. World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists. Archived from
991:
In Canada, training is supervised by 17 universities approved by the
204:
182:
3225:
Eloy JD, Amin MD, Pashkova AA, Svider PF, Mauro KM, Eloy JA (2017).
2972:
Bollinger M, Mathee C, Shapeton AD, Thal SC, Russo SG (April 2022).
2738:. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Archived from
2925:"The current state of hospital-based emergency medicine in Germany"
1392:. European Society of Anaesthesiology. 12 June 2010. Archived from
1157:
Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine
336:. Anesthesiologists are expected to have expert knowledge of human
3320:
1289:
1271:
1248:
special area during one module, for example: cardiac anaesthesia,
1039:. In pre-clinical settings the emergency physician is assisted by
841:
644:
628:
385:
27:
Medical specialty concerned with anesthesia and perioperative care
1867:""Anesthesia" or "Anaesthesia"—What's the difference? | Sapling"
873:) and provide care for patients in intensive care units (termed
722:
516:
4121:
3334:
1891:"Anesthetist vs. Anesthesiologist: Definitions and Differences"
1175:" characterized by a cross-professional approach and entailing
4034:
American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
2464:
1815:"Snabb utveckling inom prehospital läkarbemannad intensivvård"
1063:
540:
2572:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA).
2541:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA).
2486:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA).
2383:(in Spanish). Ministerio de Salud Argentino. 2021. p. 1.
929:
or FAAAAR). Residency programs are four to five years long.
673:
662:
2283:
Yamamoto S, Tanaka P, Madsen MV, Macario A (February 2017).
559:), and a physician of that specialty is therefore called an
4117:
1390:"Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology"
3998:
Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
3845:
Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain
1196:
urgent care of patients with serious diseases and injuries
1003:
In Germany, after earning the right to practice medicine (
4049:
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
1765:"I natt lyfte svensk hjälp – med plants för intensivvård"
1035:, an emergency physician working pre-clinically with the
1694:[Physician Manned Prehospital Units in Sweden].
3147:(in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Sverige. p. 521.
1361:. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Archived from
687:
sent a letter to Morton in which he first to suggested
4079:
European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
3136:
Läkarnas specialiseringstjänstgöring, Målbeskrivningar
1288:
plus three years of advanced residency training at an
1264:
Royal College of Anaesthetists (FFPMRCA) examination.
829:) to assess the risk of anesthesia to adequately have
2600:"[Anaesthesia training program in Australia]"
1305:, regional anesthesiology/ambulatory anesthesiology,
1236:
In the United Kingdom, training is supervised by the
1027:
procedures), followed by a rotation through various
949:(ANZCA), while anaesthetists are represented by the
4808:
4746:
4507:
4435:
4390:
4299:
4170:
4155:
4064:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
4021:
3985:
3934:
3888:
3822:
3754:
3673:
3637:
3584:
3523:
3372:
2377:
PROGRAMA DE RESIDENCIA RESIDENCIA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA
947:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
891:
World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists
599:
World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists
192:
157:
152:
140:
128:
123:
104:
84:
68:
3231:The Journal of Education in Perioperative Medicine
2794:"Fellowship and Areas of Focused Competence (AFC)"
1672:Akademiska sjukhuset (Uppsala University Hospital)
993:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
2686:Vinagre R, Tanaka P, Tardelli MA (3 March 2021).
1506:. Royal College of Anaesthetists. Archived from
1484:. National Institute of General Medical Sciences
368:) and applying these therapies to patients with
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
1692:"Läkarbemannade prehospitala enheter i Sverige"
1173:
721:in which a person is placed in a pharmacologic
2072:Morgan & Mikhail's clinical anesthesiology
4133:
3346:
3088:"Press release on sedation for minor surgery"
2765:"Format of the Examination in Anesthesiology"
2604:Masui. The Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology
924:
8:
3726:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
3323:— the Anesthesiology Wiki (presented by the
3271:American Osteopathic Board of Anesthesiology
1322:American Osteopathic Board of Anesthesiology
535:to provide anesthesia and intensive care to
492:, and specialized pharmacological regimens.
118:
45:
2929:International Journal of Emergency Medicine
2923:Bey TA, Hahn SA, Moecke H (December 2008).
1744:Svensk luftambulans (Swedish Air Ambulance)
1670:[Competent Staff That Save Lives].
1280:being used for anesthesia resident training
862:is commonly performed on the mother during
729:without the individual responding to pain (
486:transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
295:programs to optimize patients for surgery.
251:specialized in anesthesiology is called an
4422:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
4167:
4140:
4126:
4118:
4029:American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
3353:
3339:
3331:
2465:"Anaesthetics National Recruitment Office"
2103:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2047:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1998:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1648:. Johns Hopkins Medicine. 26 November 2019
1579:
1577:
1566:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
227:care of patients before, during and after
57:
4763:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
4074:International Anesthesia Research Society
3681:ASA physical status classification system
3325:International Anesthesia Research Society
3267:"Primary Certification In Anesthesiology"
3242:
2997:
2948:
2711:
2659:
2351:
2310:
2300:
2244:
2178:
1792:[The Injured Officer to Sweden].
1110:Learn how and when to remove this message
328:monitors, and diagnostic techniques like
271:is only used for non-physicians, such as
178:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3426:Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
3305:) is being considered for deletion. See
2904:[Specialist in anesthesiology].
1276:Photo of prebriefing for mixed modality
4059:Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
1341:
569:certified registered nurse anesthetists
2872:
2870:
2759:
2757:
2681:
2679:
2096:
2040:
1991:
1559:
1538:(Seventh ed.). Philadelphia, PA.
1127:Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala
117:
44:
4039:American Society of Anesthesiologists
2634:Castedo JS, Carvalho VH (July 2022).
2629:
2627:
2625:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2536:
2534:
2207:Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2019:(Eighth ed.). Philadelphia, PA.
1959:
1957:
1955:
1847:Försvarsmakten (Swedish Armed Forces)
1794:Försvarsmakten (Swedish Armed Forces)
1742:[Medical Department at SLA].
1476:
1474:
1441:
1439:
1413:
1411:
1187:diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
283:, including fields such as providing
7:
4901:
4662:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
4044:Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
1970:(Sixth ed.). Philadelphia, PA.
1718:[Intensive Care Ambulance].
1527:
1525:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1092:adding citations to reliable sources
412:Anesthesiologists have key roles in
307:. This comprises the use of various
4911:
4069:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
3977:Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)
3880:Postoperative residual curarization
2692:Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
2640:Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
1668:"Kompetent personal som räddar liv"
1169:Swedish Board of Health and Welfare
951:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
603:European Society of Anaesthesiology
4798:Medical Scientist Training Program
3957:Operating department practitioners
2910:Bavarian State Medical Association
1185:anesthesia and pain relief during
38:. For the song "Anesthetist", see
25:
3967:Certified anesthesia technologist
3875:Postoperative nausea and vomiting
3390:Procedural sedation and analgesia
3309:to help reach a consensus. ›
3036:] (in German). Archived from
2856:] (in German). Archived from
2842:"Persönliche Leistungserbringung"
2736:"Accredited residency programs –"
2340:Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy
972:Early Management of Severe Trauma
752:of commonly used drugs including
733:) during surgery or remembering (
478:pain management during childbirth
4930:
4920:
4910:
4900:
4891:
4890:
4101:
4092:
4091:
3508:Transverse abdominis plane block
1790:"Skadade officeren till Sverige"
1740:"Medicinska avdelningen vid SLA"
1587:. Royal College of Anaesthetists
1482:"Science Education – Anesthesia"
1326:American Osteopathic Association
1318:American Board of Anesthesiology
1068:
705:. Then in the twentieth century
264:
4931:
4102:
4008:History of neuraxial anesthesia
3962:Certified anesthesia technician
3784:Double-lumen endobronchial tube
3645:Blood–gas partition coefficient
3478:Intravenous regional anesthesia
2844:[Personal performance]
1079:needs additional citations for
817:Other areas of medicine (e.g.,
563:. In these countries, the term
434:pre-hospital emergency medicine
285:pre-hospital emergency medicine
4788:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
4222:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
4054:Royal College of Anaesthetists
4013:History of tracheal intubation
3660:Minimum alveolar concentration
3597:Anesthesia provision in the US
2902:"Facharzt für Anästhesiologie"
2167:Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
1606:Wilkinson DJ (27 March 1999).
1532:Pardo Jr M, Miller RD (2018).
1238:Royal College of Anaesthetists
1056:or obstetric anaesthesiology.
725:. This is performed to permit
484:technological methods such as
468:has led to the development of
172:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
30:For the medical journals, see
1:
4003:History of general anesthesia
3515:Total intravenous anaesthesia
3463:Inferior alveolar nerve block
3409:Continuous wound infiltration
3024:[Emergency medicine]
2978:Notfall & Rettungsmedizin
1763:Hamadé, Kassem (2009-11-12).
1299:cardiothoracic anesthesiology
593:. At this time, the spelling
366:positive pressure ventilation
4768:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
4535:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3566:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
3196:10.1097/SIH.0000000000000285
2246:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002927
2132:10.1097/aln.0000000000000944
2075:(Sixth ed.). New York.
1964:Keech BM, Laterza R (2021).
1301:, pediatric anesthesiology,
1226:Residency (medicine), Sweden
810:Anatomical knowledge of the
797:cortical stimulation mapping
432:, and includes provision of
324:, invasive and non-invasive
3901:Critical emergency medicine
2906:Bayerische Landesärztekamme
2704:10.1016/j.bjane.2020.12.026
2652:10.1016/j.bjane.2022.06.011
2574:"ANZCA and FPM CPD Program"
1608:"Career Focus: Anaesthesia"
1585:"What do Anaesthetists do?"
573:anesthesiologist assistants
430:critical emergency medicine
241:critical emergency medicine
98:Critical emergency medicine
4973:
3947:Anesthesiologist assistant
3809:Relative analgesia machine
2990:10.1007/s10049-022-01021-z
2854:German Medical Association
2467:. Health Education England
2334:Pietrzyk WS (2016-03-11).
2180:10.1177/0310057X1604401S07
1845:[Medical Doctor].
674:
663:
442:emergency medical services
29:
4886:
4087:
3855:Local anesthetic toxicity
3133:Socialstyrelsen (2015).
2941:10.1007/s12245-008-0076-5
2513:"Anesthesiology Training"
1939:"About the ESAIC | ESAIC"
1258:accidents and emergencies
1037:emergency medical service
968:neurosurgical anaesthesia
933:Australia and New Zealand
906:training to be awarded a
887:World Health Organization
754:inhalational anaesthetics
685:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
613:have now transitioned to
223:concerned with the total
56:
4722:Transplantation medicine
4613:Clinical neurophysiology
4530:Obstetric anesthesiology
4450:Interventional radiology
4210:Digestive system surgery
3870:Postanesthetic shivering
3736:Neuromuscular monitoring
3627:Rapid sequence induction
3556:Inhalational anesthetics
3307:templates for discussion
3184:Simulation in Healthcare
2488:"Education and Training"
2420:(in Spanish). 2011-12-31
2233:Anesthesia and Analgesia
2161:Haridas RP (July 2016).
1504:"Who are anaesthetists?"
1359:"What is Anesthesiology"
1307:obstetric anesthesiology
793:neuromuscular monitoring
265:depending on the country
32:Anesthesiology (journal)
4593:Intensive care medicine
4567:Mass gathering medicine
4412:Maternal–fetal medicine
3921:Oral sedation dentistry
3911:Intensive care medicine
3865:Perioperative mortality
3721:Guedel's classification
3468:Intercostal nerve block
3090:. Sahk.hk. 1 March 2006
2203:"History of Anesthesia"
1771:(in Swedish). Stockholm
1716:"Intensivvårdsambulans"
856:epidural administration
490:spinal cord stimulators
384:in 1953, prompted by a
362:intensive care medicine
237:intensive care medicine
90:Intensive care medicine
4185:Cardiothoracic surgery
3972:Anaesthetic technician
3860:Malignant hyperthermia
1624:10.1136/bmj.318.7187.2
1311:critical care medicine
1281:
1221:
1180:perioperative medicine
1008:
925:
875:critical care medicine
847:
814:for nerve blocks, etc.
806:Mechanical ventilation
781:electroencephalography
712:critical care medicine
707:neuromuscular blockade
650:
634:
533:military medical teams
355:perioperative medicine
78:perioperative medicine
4836:Personalized medicine
4695:Reproductive medicine
4620:Occupational medicine
4574:Evolutionary medicine
3794:Laryngeal mask airway
3638:Scientific principles
3607:Dogliotti's principle
3483:Occipital nerve block
3448:Brachial plexus block
2822:TheFreeDictionary.com
2353:10.5603/AIT.2016.0012
1915:"Archives: Societies"
1275:
845:
648:
632:
351:situational awareness
36:Anaesthesia (journal)
4856:Traditional medicine
4816:Alternative medicine
4683:Addiction psychiatry
4497:Transfusion medicine
4492:Medical microbiology
4407:Gynecologic oncology
4259:Reproductive surgery
3840:Drug-induced amnesia
3835:Anesthesia awareness
3769:Anesthetic vaporizer
3746:Thyromental distance
3650:Concentration effect
3524:Pharmacologic agents
3493:Pudendal nerve block
3169:link to Google Books
2863:on 12 November 2013.
2742:on 16 September 2019
1535:Basics of anesthesia
1151:The Nordic countries
1088:improve this article
1054:neuroanaesthesiology
450:rapid response teams
289:intensive care units
4878:History of medicine
4861:Veterinary medicine
4668:Preventive medicine
4520:Adolescent medicine
4362:Infectious diseases
3764:Anaesthetic machine
3622:Tracheal intubation
3612:Intravenous therapy
3551:General anesthetics
3503:Sciatic nerve block
3458:Femoral nerve block
3453:Fascia iliaca block
3431:Epidural anesthesia
3397:Twilight anesthesia
2798:Faculty of Medicine
2769:www.royalcollege.ca
2543:"Anaesthesia Exams"
2445:on 2 September 2018
2439:"What's in a name?"
2302:10.7759/cureus.1060
2016:Clinical anesthesia
1895:Indeed Career Guide
1459:on 12 December 2020
1396:on 2 September 2018
1303:neuroanesthesiology
897:as a graduate of a
852:regional anesthesia
777:electrocardiography
758:topical anesthetics
590:physician assistant
555:(omitting the "ae"
529:orthopedic surgeons
462:regional anesthesia
426:transferable skills
374:intensive care unit
120:
53:
4826:Molecular oncology
4783:Doctor of Medicine
4773:Master of Medicine
4690:Radiation oncology
4562:Emergency medicine
4515:Addiction medicine
4482:Clinical chemistry
4477:Clinical pathology
4269:Transplant surgery
4227:Orthopedic surgery
4205:Colorectal surgery
3850:Emergence delirium
3830:Allergic reactions
3706:Entropy monitoring
3488:Paracervical block
3473:Interpleural block
3436:Spinal anaesthesia
3421:Neuraxial blockade
2984:(Suppl 2): 23–30.
2912:] (in German).
2418:www.austral.edu.ar
1967:Anesthesia secrets
1419:"Anesthesiologist"
1282:
848:
789:entropy monitoring
719:general anesthesia
651:
635:
531:) make up part of
501:specialized centra
454:emergency medicine
395:emergency medicine
273:nurse anesthetists
166:Doctor of Medicine
159:Education required
4944:
4943:
4778:Master of Surgery
4742:
4741:
4727:Tropical medicine
4673:Prison healthcare
4588:Hospital medicine
4552:Disaster medicine
4542:Aviation medicine
4357:Hospital medicine
4264:Surgical oncology
4249:Pediatric surgery
4243:
4190:Endocrine surgery
4115:
4114:
3952:Nurse anesthetist
3779:Bronchial blocker
3774:Arterial catheter
3665:Second gas effect
3592:Airway management
3561:Local anesthetics
3498:Retrobulbar block
2850:Bundesärztekammer
2082:978-1-259-83443-1
2026:978-1-4963-3701-6
1977:978-0-323-64016-9
1545:978-0-323-40115-9
1210:disaster medicine
1120:
1119:
1112:
956:oral examinations
619:anaesthesiologist
509:blood transfusion
505:airway management
422:airway management
322:airway management
257:anaesthesiologist
231:. It encompasses
221:medical specialty
210:
209:
116:
115:
110:Anaesthesiologist
16:(Redirected from
4964:
4934:
4933:
4924:
4914:
4913:
4904:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4598:Medical genetics
4583:General practice
4460:Nuclear medicine
4335:Gastroenterology
4291:Vascular surgery
4241:
4168:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4119:
4105:
4104:
4095:
4094:
3942:Anesthesiologist
3731:Mallampati score
3691:Bispectral index
3531:Anticholinergics
3355:
3348:
3341:
3332:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3146:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3114:www.intensiva.it
3106:
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3095:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3042:
3027:
3022:"Notfallmedizin"
3018:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2969:
2963:
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2914:
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2829:
2828:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2771:. Archived from
2761:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2631:
2620:
2619:
2610:(8): 1042–1044.
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2569:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2519:. 17 August 2017
2517:News-Medical.net
2509:
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2355:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2248:
2239:(6): 2047–2055.
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2173:(Suppl): 38–44.
2158:
2152:
2151:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2038:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1989:
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1950:
1949:
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1642:
1636:
1635:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1557:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1510:on 13 April 2019
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1355:
1250:neuroanaesthesia
1202:prehospital care
1115:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1072:
1064:
928:
895:anesthesiologist
860:local anesthetic
831:informed consent
785:electromyography
677:
676:
666:
665:
561:anesthesiologist
525:general surgeons
399:general medicine
378:Bjørn Aage Ibsen
334:echocardiography
253:anesthesiologist
142:Activity sectors
121:
108:Anesthesiologist
61:
54:
21:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4882:
4871:Chief physician
4804:
4749:
4738:
4732:Travel medicine
4717:Sports medicine
4700:Sexual medicine
4640:Palliative care
4635:Pain management
4579:Family medicine
4557:Diving medicine
4503:
4431:
4393:
4386:
4302:
4295:
4254:Plastic surgery
4200:General surgery
4180:Cardiac surgery
4161:
4159:
4151:
4146:
4116:
4111:
4083:
4017:
3981:
3930:
3884:
3818:
3750:
3696:Body mass index
3669:
3633:
3580:
3546:Benzodiazepines
3519:
3368:
3359:
3310:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3155:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3015:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2860:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2282:
2281:
2270:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2095:
2083:
2068:
2067:
2056:
2039:
2027:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1990:
1978:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1558:
1546:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1423:Merriam Webster
1417:
1416:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1343:
1338:
1270:
1234:
1216:pain management
1192:intensive care,
1165:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1116:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1085:
1073:
1062:
1049:
1013:general surgery
1001:
989:
980:
935:
921:
883:
840:
801:neuromorphology
743:
737:) the surgery.
627:
615:anaesthesiology
595:anaesthesiology
549:
541:armed conflicts
539:victims during
482:neuromodulatory
360:The concept of
342:medical physics
330:ultrasonography
301:
293:prehabilitation
217:anaesthesiology
197:
195:
160:
143:
131:
130:Occupation type
111:
109:
96:
92:
64:
51:
49:
48:Anaesthesiology
47:
43:
28:
23:
22:
18:Anaesthesiology
15:
12:
11:
5:
4970:
4968:
4960:
4959:
4957:Anesthesiology
4949:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4928:
4918:
4908:
4898:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4809:Related topics
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4758:Medical school
4754:
4752:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4712:Sleep medicine
4709:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4525:Anesthesiology
4522:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4455:Neuroradiology
4452:
4441:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4392:Obstetrics and
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4276:
4274:Trauma surgery
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4237:Otolaryngology
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4165:
4163:subspecialties
4153:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4122:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4099:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3896:Cardiothoracic
3892:
3890:
3889:Subspecialties
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3804:Magill forceps
3801:
3799:Laryngeal tube
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3711:Fick principle
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3541:Butyrophenones
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3366:anesthesiology
3360:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3321:OpenAnesthesia
3318:
3312:Anesthesiology
3294:
3290:
3289:External links
3287:
3284:
3283:
3258:
3217:
3190:(3): 201–210.
3173:
3153:
3125:
3101:
3079:
3054:
3043:on 12 May 2011
3013:
2964:
2935:(4): 273–277.
2915:
2893:
2866:
2833:
2809:
2785:
2753:
2727:
2698:(2): 162–170.
2675:
2646:(1): 115–116.
2621:
2590:
2559:
2530:
2504:
2478:
2456:
2430:
2405:
2396:Anestesiología
2386:
2367:
2326:
2268:
2219:
2194:
2153:
2126:(3): 553–560.
2120:Anesthesiology
2110:
2081:
2054:
2025:
2005:
1976:
1951:
1930:
1906:
1882:
1858:
1834:
1821:(in Swedish).
1819:Läkartidningen
1805:
1781:
1755:
1731:
1707:
1683:
1659:
1637:
1598:
1573:
1544:
1521:
1495:
1470:
1435:
1407:
1376:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1269:
1266:
1233:
1232:United Kingdom
1230:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1164:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1076:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1048:
1045:
1029:intensive-care
1000:
997:
988:
985:
979:
976:
934:
931:
920:
917:
908:medical degree
904:medical school
899:medical school
882:
879:
839:
836:
835:
834:
815:
812:nervous system
808:
803:
773:
770:glycopyrrolate
742:
741:Investigations
739:
626:
623:
553:anesthesiology
548:
545:
446:cardiac arrest
376:was opened by
300:
297:
281:operating room
213:Anesthesiology
208:
207:
198:
193:
190:
189:
188:
187:
180:(MBBS, MBCHB,
175:
169:
161:
158:
155:
154:
150:
149:
144:
141:
138:
137:
132:
129:
126:
125:
119:Anesthesiology
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
86:
82:
81:
70:
66:
65:
62:
46:Anesthesiology
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4969:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4937:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4907:
4899:
4897:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4841:Public health
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:Allied health
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:Oral medicine
4628:
4626:
4625:Ophthalmology
4623:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Cytopathology
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4427:Urogynecology
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Endocrinology
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4108:
4100:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:Organizations
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3926:Pain medicine
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:Complications
3821:
3815:
3814:Tracheal tube
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:Goldman index
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
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2100:
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2065:
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2059:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1920:
1916:
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1395:
1391:
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1383:
1381:
1377:
1365:on 2016-12-21
1364:
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1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1327:
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1320:(ABA) or the
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1268:United States
1267:
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1132:
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1128:
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1103:
1093:
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1083:
1082:
1077:This section
1075:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:gynecological
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
998:
996:
994:
986:
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977:
975:
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969:
963:
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952:
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940:
932:
930:
927:
918:
916:
913:
909:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
880:
878:
876:
872:
871:pain medicine
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
844:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
813:
809:
807:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:
747:
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740:
738:
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724:
720:
715:
713:
708:
704:
699:
693:
690:
686:
682:
681:
671:
670:
660:
659:Ancient Greek
656:
647:
643:
641:
640:nitrous oxide
631:
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
488:or implanted
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:pain medicine
467:
463:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:air ambulance
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:resuscitation
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:organ failure
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:organ support
314:
310:
306:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:pain medicine
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:perioperative
222:
218:
214:
206:
202:
199:
191:
185:
184:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
162:
156:
151:
148:
145:
139:
136:
133:
127:
122:
107:
103:
100:
99:
95:
94:Pain medicine
91:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
55:
41:
40:Enter Shikari
37:
33:
19:
4846:Rural health
4831:Nanomedicine
4524:
4382:Rheumatology
4313: /
4232:Hand surgery
4217:Neurosurgery
3789:Gas cylinder
3674:Measurements
3617:Laryngoscopy
3602:Bronchoscopy
3365:
3300:
3274:. Retrieved
3270:
3261:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3117:. Retrieved
3113:
3104:
3092:. Retrieved
3082:
3071:. Retrieved
3069:. 2020-05-02
3066:
3057:
3045:. Retrieved
3038:the original
3033:
3029:
3016:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2909:
2905:
2896:
2885:. Retrieved
2881:
2858:the original
2853:
2849:
2836:
2825:. Retrieved
2821:
2812:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:
2788:
2777:. Retrieved
2773:the original
2768:
2746:21 September
2744:. Retrieved
2740:the original
2730:
2695:
2691:
2643:
2639:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2578:ANZCA.edu.au
2577:
2550:. Retrieved
2546:
2521:. Retrieved
2516:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2491:
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:the original
2433:
2422:. Retrieved
2417:
2408:
2395:
2389:
2376:
2370:
2346:(1): 64–66.
2343:
2339:
2329:
2295:(2): e1060.
2292:
2288:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2071:
2015:
2008:
1966:
1943:. Retrieved
1941:. 2021-02-17
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:
1909:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1874:. Retrieved
1870:
1861:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:
1837:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:
1818:
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
1773:. Retrieved
1768:
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:
1734:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:
1710:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1652:11 September
1650:. Retrieved
1646:"Anesthesia"
1640:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1534:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:the original
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1461:. Retrieved
1454:the original
1426:. Retrieved
1422:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:the original
1367:. Retrieved
1363:the original
1330:
1315:
1295:
1283:
1262:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1222:
1174:
1166:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1106:
1097:
1086:Please help
1081:verification
1078:
1050:
1017:neurosurgery
1002:
990:
981:
964:
959:
943:anaesthetics
942:
938:
936:
922:
894:
884:
868:
849:
762:vasopressors
750:Pharmacology
744:
716:
694:
688:
678:
667:
654:
652:
636:
618:
614:
611:anaesthetist
610:
606:
594:
588:
585:anaesthetist
584:
581:anaesthetics
580:
576:
571:(CRNAs) and
565:anesthestist
564:
560:
552:
550:
494:
476:, including
466:nerve blocks
459:
414:major trauma
411:
390:subspecialty
359:
346:pharmacology
302:
277:
268:
261:anaesthetist
260:
256:
252:
216:
212:
211:
181:
112:Anaesthetist
88:
85:Subdivisions
72:
52:Anaesthetics
4916:Wikiproject
4705:Venereology
4650:Neonatology
4547:Dermatology
4402:Gynaecology
4394:gynaecology
4377:Pulmonology
4195:Eye surgery
4157:Specialties
3993:ACE mixture
3935:Professions
3756:Instruments
3701:Capnography
3655:Fink effect
3536:Antiemetics
3443:Nerve block
3295:‹ The
3237:(3): E607.
3063:"Guatemala"
2882:www.dgai.de
2471:1 September
2449:1 September
1618:: S2-7187.
1514:3 September
1488:3 September
1463:3 September
1428:3 September
1400:1 September
1286:intern year
1047:Netherlands
1019:, invasive
1009:Approbation
939:anaesthesia
823:pulmonology
766:ondansetron
703:neuraxially
655:Anaesthesia
607:anaesthesia
577:anaesthesia
547:Terminology
513:thoracotomy
436:as part of
326:hemodynamic
269:anesthetist
153:Description
50:Anaesthesia
4678:Psychiatry
4664:(PM&R)
4657:Phlebology
4645:Pediatrics
4472:Anatomical
4437:Diagnostic
4417:Obstetrics
4367:Nephrology
4352:Hematology
4347:Geriatrics
4340:Hepatology
4325:Cardiology
4315:Immunology
3741:Pain scale
3585:Techniques
3362:Anesthesia
3276:22 January
3119:2023-01-26
3094:28 October
3073:2023-01-26
3047:19 October
2887:2023-01-24
2878:"About us"
2827:2023-01-24
2803:2023-01-24
2779:2023-01-24
2583:23 January
2552:23 January
2523:24 January
2497:23 January
2424:2023-05-05
2212:22 January
2091:1039081701
1986:1158457283
1945:2023-01-24
1924:2023-01-24
1900:2023-01-24
1876:2023-01-24
1871:sapling.ai
1852:2023-03-22
1828:2023-03-22
1799:2023-03-22
1775:2023-03-22
1749:2023-03-22
1725:2023-03-22
1701:2023-03-22
1677:2023-03-22
1369:5 December
1336:References
1278:simulation
1204:including
1041:paramedics
1021:urological
864:childbirth
838:Treatments
827:obstetrics
819:cardiology
775:Monitors:
689:anesthesia
672:, "not",
521:ultrasound
497:helicopter
448:teams and
382:Copenhagen
338:physiology
305:anesthesia
287:, running
233:anesthesia
196:employment
124:Occupation
105:Specialist
74:Anesthesia
4866:Physician
4750:education
4608:Neurology
4603:Narcology
4467:Pathology
4445:Radiology
4320:Angiology
4284:Andrology
3916:Obstetric
3906:Geriatric
3576:Sedatives
3163:942540744
3110:"SIAARTI"
2492:ANZCA.edu
2099:cite book
2043:cite book
2035:989077162
1994:cite book
1769:Expressen
1632:220131561
1562:cite book
1554:969439509
1206:transport
1133:Hong Kong
1100:July 2013
1060:Guatemala
960:viva voce
919:Argentina
912:residency
893:, define
731:analgesia
680:aísthēsis
653:The term
557:diphthong
474:analgesia
407:neurology
249:physician
201:Hospitals
194:Fields of
135:Specialty
4951:Category
4896:Category
4372:Oncology
4303:medicine
4301:Internal
4149:Medicine
4097:Category
3686:Baricity
3385:Sedation
3297:template
3253:29600256
3212:25634686
3204:29373383
3008:35431644
2959:19384642
2722:33781575
2670:35917845
2616:19702230
2362:26966116
2321:28367396
2263:13688396
2255:29734240
2189:27456290
2148:34711811
2140:26566280
1843:"Läkare"
1591:13 April
1254:medicine
889:and the
881:Training
675:αἴσθησις
601:and the
309:injected
147:Medicine
4936:Outline
4906:Commons
4851:Therapy
4748:Medical
4311:Allergy
4279:Urology
4172:Surgery
4107:Outline
3986:History
3571:Opioids
3414:Topical
3380:General
3299:below (
3244:5868370
2999:8990269
2950:2657268
2818:"FRCPC"
2713:9373559
2661:9366517
2312:5364083
1033:Notarzt
999:Germany
735:amnesia
727:surgery
698:cocaine
625:History
403:surgery
313:inhaled
229:surgery
219:is the
205:Clinics
4926:Portal
4793:MD–PhD
3316:Curlie
3302:Curlie
3251:
3241:
3210:
3202:
3161:
3151:
3143:]
3006:
2996:
2957:
2947:
2720:
2710:
2668:
2658:
2614:
2360:
2319:
2309:
2289:Cureus
2261:
2253:
2187:
2146:
2138:
2089:
2079:
2033:
2023:
1984:
1974:
1630:
1552:
1542:
1163:Sweden
1005:German
987:Canada
978:Brazil
799:, and
760:, and
661:roots
537:trauma
519:, and
344:, and
243:, and
183:et al.
4508:Other
3404:Local
3373:Types
3208:S2CID
3145:(PDF)
3139:[
3041:(PDF)
3032:[
3026:(PDF)
2908:[
2861:(PDF)
2852:[
2846:(PDF)
2547:ANZCA
2400:(PDF)
2381:(PDF)
2259:S2CID
2144:S2CID
1720:AISAB
1628:S2CID
1457:(PDF)
1450:(PDF)
1309:, or
1290:ACGME
1212:, and
1142:Italy
858:of a
386:polio
299:Scope
259:, or
69:Focus
3364:and
3278:2021
3249:PMID
3200:PMID
3159:OCLC
3149:ISBN
3096:2012
3067:WFSA
3049:2018
3004:PMID
2955:PMID
2748:2019
2718:PMID
2666:PMID
2612:PMID
2585:2023
2554:2023
2525:2023
2499:2023
2473:2018
2451:2018
2358:PMID
2317:PMID
2251:PMID
2214:2023
2185:PMID
2136:PMID
2105:link
2087:OCLC
2077:ISBN
2049:link
2031:OCLC
2021:ISBN
2000:link
1982:OCLC
1972:ISBN
1919:WFSA
1696:SFAI
1654:2020
1593:2019
1568:link
1550:OCLC
1540:ISBN
1516:2018
1490:2018
1465:2018
1430:2018
1402:2018
1371:2016
1208:and
1023:and
723:coma
617:and
609:and
527:and
517:ECMO
464:and
332:and
311:and
247:. A
174:(DO)
168:(MD)
34:and
4242:ENT
4160:and
3314:at
3239:PMC
3192:doi
2994:PMC
2986:doi
2945:PMC
2937:doi
2708:PMC
2700:doi
2656:PMC
2648:doi
2348:doi
2307:PMC
2297:doi
2241:doi
2237:126
2175:doi
2128:doi
2124:124
1823:113
1620:doi
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