373:(OTU) used to classify the different bacteria found into four different phyla. Based on a study by Yung Wa Sin 2012, conducted on 79 subcaudal secretions from summer and spring, OTUs fall into four bacterial phyla: Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Actinobacteria was the dominant phyla as it represented >76% of all bacterial communities in the badger adults. Cub secretion microbial communities were significantly more diverse; Firmicutes were the most abundant bacterial phyla in adult badger microbial communities. This bacterial dominance shift may be due to puberty in the cubs. In the spring, a breeding female versus a non-breeding female had significant microbial community differences, but they did not see significant differences in bacterial communities in the summer months. Secretions from the subcaudal gland are shown to be rich in short and medium-chain fatty acids likely produced by
342:
territory. The frequency of scent mounding is typically highest during the spring and after winter when the ice has melted. This is prevalent as the water sources are more available from which beavers can gather mud. Scent mounding is highest during intergroup interactions, vicinity of abutting beaver populations, and gestation periods. Scent mounds are mainly a medium of communication against adjacent beaver populations and it prevents the exploitation of food resources, marks distinct family territories, and prevents extreme colonization of a habitat.
318:) have a pair of castor sacs and a pair of anal glands between the pelvis and tail. The physiology of the castor sac is unique to the beaver and contains an outer, vascular layer of connective tissue, a thicker layer of epithelial cells, and an inner packed layer of epithelial sheets. Castoreum is the chemical compound that is secreted from the castor sacs and is originally a thin, yellowish liquid. It is composed of a mixture of varied metabolic compounds, from the sacs and other bodily systems, and excreted urine. An extraction of
366:(VOCs). Like many other carnivorous mammals, such as mongoose, bears, and otters, they can detect sex differences from the different ratios of compounds of VOCs. VOCs in AGS of badger samples have individual-specific information, including health, fitness, reproductive status, and group membership. Male badgers react differently to VOCs in AGS from fertile females versus non-fertile females. The VOCs can change yearly based on diet and environmental factors, and seasonal changes of VOCs are influenced by breeding season.
421:. Of the volatile compounds that were analyzed, the relative quantities of volatile compounds present in the test subjects’ anal sac secretions varied significantly between secretions collected outside and during mating season. This indicates that the volatile compounds in the anal sac secretions are used to signal information like gender and reproductive status. Results of this study indicated that some of the volatile compounds, specifically 2-octenal, 2-octen-1-ol and
192:. Many will often express these glands when anxious or frightened as well. Dogs who are healthy can usually have a wide variety in the appearance of their sac's content. Anal sac fluid varies from yellow to tan or brown in color. The consistency of the fluid ranges from thin, watery secretions to thick, gritty paste. There can also be a range in the malodorousness, or how strongly the contents smell. These factors can all be different from animal to animal.
389:(a form of social grooming) or allomark (transferring scents between other group members) more frequent and intense during spring months. Maturing cubs rub themselves against adult badger's subcaudal region via allomarking. This is also referred to as “scent theft” as cubs that do this have the same group scent. Badger cubs do not have the subcaudal gland secretion ability until approximately four months old .
338:. These two bacteria are common in the digestive tracts of mammals and are seen across all beaver populations regardless of sex, colony, age, class, and other factors. This gives evidence to the idea that beavers do not have varied bacterial flora or significant varied odors within a family. Furthermore, this opposes the bacterial fermentation hypothesis that is common among a number of mammalian species.
173:
54:. In non-human mammals, the secretions of the anal glands contain mostly volatile organic compounds with a strong odor, and they are thus functionally involved in communication. Depending upon the species, they may be involved in territory marking, individual identification, and sexual signalling, as well as defense. Their function in humans is unclear.
89:
445:
that surround the anus, called the anal sac. The anal sac remains covered in sebum and remains closed when the tail of the mongoose is down but opens when the tail is raised. Inside the anal sacs are the ducts of the two anal pockets that lie on either side of the anus. The mongoose marks objects in
534:
The spotted hyena paste holds many populations of coccus and rod shaped bacteria. A survey found that
Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria are the most common bacteria found in the hyena paste. Although many bacteria have been identified, around half are still unidentified.
329:
The vestibule of the anal glands are connected to the ducts of the castor glands. The anal glands of beavers are characterized as holocrine sebaceous glands, which means they secrete substances by disintegrating cells in the process. Variations in color of anal glands range from a light straw color
518:
are known to engage in “pasting” which is a type of scent marking behavior. This paste is rich in lipid sebum and epithelial cells, and is produced by sebaceous glands which then go directly into the anal glands and on top of a grass stalk. The organ that provides this paste, the anal glands, are
341:
Beavers create scent mounds, which are essentially “mud pies”, where they deposit castoreum and other secretions on top of them. As scent communication is a common method across many species, beavers use scent mounds as a way to alert that a region is inhabited by a family of beavers and to mark
195:
The inability to effectively express this fluid can lead to anal sacculitis. This is characterized by a build-up of fluid in the anal sac, an uncomfortable condition that can lead to pain and itching. Dogs and cats of any age may be affected, but dogs are far more likely to suffer from anal
116:. Humans have 12 anal glands on average (which are evenly distributed around the circumference of the anal canal). The glands are situated at varying depths in the wall of the anal canal; some between the layers of the internal and external sphincter (the intersphincteric plane).
199:
Discomfort may also be evident with impaction or infection of the anal glands. Anal sac impaction results from blockage of the duct leading from the gland to the opening. The sac is usually non-painful and swollen. Anal sac infection results in pain, swelling, and sometimes
207:
Initial treatment usually involves the manual expression of the anal sacs, most often by a veterinary professional. The frequency of this procedure depends on the patient's individual degree of discomfort but can range from weekly to every few months. Treatment may include
196:
sacculitis than cats. Dogs and cats with anal glands that do not express naturally may exhibit specific signs, such as scooting the backside upon the ground, straining to defecate, and excessive licking of the anus. Cats may also defecate in areas outside the litter box.
591:
The bacteria found in the feces and anal glands of dogs and cats are also found in their mouths due to the consistent exposure to their backsides (licking and chewing). In a healthy dog or cat the bacteria normally found in their feces are
380:
In the majority of mammals, group integration is performed by the adult. However, in badgers cubs begin this gradual process (14–16 weeks). Badgers have the reputation of being aggressive towards one another and cubs are often victims to
290:". As the opossum mimics death, the glands secrete a foul-smelling liquid, suggesting the opossum is rotting. Opossums are not members of the order Carnivora, and their anal sacs differ from those of dogs and their relatives.
538:
Microbiome populations also vary by sex and age. The adult and juvenile hyenas’ anal glands have the least diverse microbiota of their whole body. For females, the most common bacteria found in their paste was
1851:
Devriese LA, Cruz Colque JI, De Herdt P, Haesebrouck F (November 1992). "Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats".
1296:
Walro JM, Svendsen GE (May 1982). "Castor sacs and anal glands of the north american beaver (Castor canadensis): their histology, development, and relationship to scent communication".
330:
to brown. Compared to the castor sacs, anal glands secrete a much more sharp odor. Beavers do have a presence of bacterial flora in their anal glands, with the most abundant being
369:
The subcaudal gland is right next to the anal sac. The subcaudal gland contributes to individual-specific communication, much like the AGS. Subcaudal glands of badgers had 56
251:
Anal sacs may be removed surgically in a procedure known as anal sacculectomy. This is usually done in the case of recurrent infection or because of the presence of an
1486:
Raymer J, Wiesler D, Novotny M, Asa C, Seal US, Mech LD (May 1985). "Chemical investigations of wolf (Canis lupus) anal-sac secretion in relation to breeding season".
849:
100:, along which anal crypts open. Anal glands drain into anal crypts via anal ducts. Note also intersphincteric plane where some of these glands are located.
659:. The anal-sac fluid can be secreted or expressed into the anal channel to serve as a scent marker for an individual's territory through their feces.
1670:
Gorman M, Nedwell DB, Smith RM (1974). "An analysis of the contents of the anal scent pockets of
Herpestes auropunctatus (Carnivora: Viverridae)".
159:
Entry of bacteria into the lumen of the glands can cause infection (which may then spread), and inflammation can prevent drainage of the glands.
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within the lining secrete a liquid that is used for identification of members within a species. These sacs are found in many species of
1234:
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and
Clostridiales. There is also a difference between adult female hyenas and juvenile hyenas. Juvenile female hyenas have more
1606:"Molecular characterization of the microbial communities in the subcaudal gland secretion of the European badger (Meles meles)"
1252:"Open versus closed bilateral anal sacculectomy for treatment of non-neoplastic anal sac disease in dogs: 95 cases (1969-1994)"
362:. Anal gland secretions (AGS) of badgers are not commonly studied but contribute to key information for communication due to
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occupied by microbes. Although both species of hyena contain fermentative bacteria, the microbes found in the anal gland of
51:
47:
474:. There are currently no notable differences in the chemicals found in the anal pocket secretions between the sexes.
752:"Comparison of volatile compounds of anal sac secretions between the sexes of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)"
1919:
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140:. Large fistulae present a surgical challenge as resection of larger sections of the anal sphincter may result in
1904:
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cocci since they are part of the anal glands normal flora. The organic components mainly consist of short-chain
217:
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567:. Compared to the male hyenas which have a different microbiota than female hyenas. Juvenile males have more
668:
252:
234:
148:, presumably by accumulation of foreign material (e.g. fecal bacterial plugging) in the crypts, may lead to
1769:
Theis KR, Venkataraman A, Dycus JA, Koonter KD, Schmitt-Matzen EN, Wagner AP, et al. (December 2013).
623:
into the sac's lumen, filling them with fluid. The anal-sacs are usually made up of about 88% water, 11.5%
1556:"An analysis of the contents of the anal scent pockets of Herpestes auropunctatus (Carnivora: Viverridae)"
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Evidence shows that the carboxylic acids found in the anal pocket secretions are produced by bacterial
1924:
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of contents inside the sebum. The bacteria isolated from anal sac secretions have been identified as
1889:
605:
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128:(which differs in composition from that secreted by the rectal mucosa). Their function is unclear.
1519:
1447:
1389:
1329:
1201:
1002:
843:
406:
260:
185:
1414:
Svendsen GE (1980). "Patterns of scent-mounding in a population of beaver (Castor canadensis)".
1202:"Anal sacculitis in dogs | Vetlexicon Canis from Vetstream | Definitive Veterinary Intelligence"
301:
use their anal glands to spray a foul-smelling and sticky fluid as a defense against predators.
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507:. These bacterial species have been found to produce carboxylic acids within the anal pocket.
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than the adult hyenas. These bacteria are common to the milk that hyenas feed their young.
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its habitat by rubbing that object with the anal area leaving behind the distinct scent of
572:
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890:
Rosell F, Jojola SM, Ingdal K, Lassen BA, Swenson JE, Arnemo JM, Zedrosser A (Feb 2011).
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113:
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The
Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates
593:
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Volatile compounds found in the anal sac secretions of intact males, intact females,
245:
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1829:"Body site-specific microbiota reflect sex and age-class among wild spotted hyenas"
767:
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540:
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153:
137:
97:
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1714:"Evidence for a bacterial mechanism for group-specific social odors among hyenas"
17:
1894:
1354:"Bacterial contents of the anal and castor glands of beaver (Castor canadensis)"
644:
632:
556:
552:
544:
451:
450:. Contents of the anal pocket secretions revealed 6 saturated carboxylic acids:
287:
109:
1775:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1268:
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1054:
Yamada T, Alpers DH, Kalloo AN, Kaplowitz N, Owyang C, Powell DW, eds. (2009).
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infusion into the gland in the case of infection. The most common bacterial
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409:. The volatile compounds found in the anal-gland secretions were largely
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and 0.5% inorganic matter. The secretion of anal gland content contains
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and communicate with the lumen of the canal via ducts that open at the
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Wolff BG, Pemberton JH, Wexner SD, Fleshman JW, Beck DE, eds. (2007).
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Dogs and cats primarily use their anal gland secretions to mark their
422:
418:
323:
43:
997:
978:
188:, and generally will secrete small amounts of fluid every time they
88:
1161:
Beynen AC (1985-03-01). "Biochemists and the diet of their rats".
628:
515:
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125:
87:
963:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
69:
39:
892:"Brown bears possess anal sacs and secretions may code for sex"
1604:
Sin YW, Buesching CD, Burke T, Macdonald DW (September 2012).
1022:"Common Anorectal Conditions: Part I. Symptoms and Complaints"
385:. To lower aggression within a group of badgers, members will
750:
Dorrigiv, Ibrahim; Hadian, Mojtaba; Bahram, Morteza (2023).
377:
active products from actinobacteria long-chain fatty acids.
104:
The human anal glands are situated within the wall of the
1771:"Symbiotic bacteria appear to mediate hyena social odors"
1110:
Gray's
Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice
817:
Gray's
Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice
1058:(5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub.
405:/ pinealectomized males and females were analyzed using
144:. The cryptoglandular theory states that obstruction of
1020:
Pfenninger, John L.; Zainea, George G. (15 June 2001).
693:
Howard E. Evans; Alexander de
Lahunta (7 August 2013).
1256:
Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association
326:are used in perfumery and as a flavor ingredient.
619:off the anus. There are many glands in dogs that
615:Dogs have two anal sacs which are located in the
571:and Firmicutes, while juvenile females have more
1712:Theis KR, Schmidt TM, Holekamp KE (2012-08-30).
863:L. David Mech; Luigi Boitani (1 October 2010).
1084:The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery
8:
322:, the scent glands from the male and female
866:Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation
271:or scar formation, and persistent draining
263:(especially when both glands are removed),
961:The Sea Otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean
848:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
27:Glands found near the anus in many mammals
1804:
1794:
1745:
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1267:
996:
918:
820:(42th ed.). New York. p. 1201.
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358:), a nocturnal carnivore, has a powerful
136:Anal glands are the most common cause of
1890:Guide to Emptying Your Dog's Anal Glands
1227:Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine
1113:(42th ed.). New York. p. 683.
809:
807:
805:
803:
635:and other anti-microbial proteins, like
1554:Gorman M, Nedwell DB, Smith RM (1974).
1481:
1229:(4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company.
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1900:Anal Sacs from The Pet Health Library
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934:Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJ (1987).
7:
1250:Hill LN, Smeak DD (September 2002).
718:
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696:Miller's Anatomy of the Dog - E-Book
527:) differ from the microbes found in
1853:The Journal of Applied Bacteriology
401:males, ovariectomized females, and
259:. Potential complications include
46:. They are situated in between the
1865:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb04998.x
1684:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1974.tb04115.x
1572:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1974.tb04115.x
977:Ford LS, Hoffman RS (1988-12-27).
729:. University of California Press.
25:
286:use their anal glands when they "
1631:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01396.x
1352:Svendsen GE, Jollick JD (1978).
1225:Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC (1995).
989:American Society of Mammalogists
911:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00754.x
647:. There is also an abundance of
490:Peptostreptococcus plagarumbelli
869:. University of Chicago Press.
1163:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
936:Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy
768:10.30466/vrf.2023.1983063.3714
314:Both female and male beavers (
248:is also commonly recommended.
220:from anal gland infection are
124:In humans, the glands secrete
52:internal anal sphincter muscle
48:external anal sphincter muscle
1:
1175:10.1016/0968-0004(85)90265-8
1056:Textbook of gastroenterology
699:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1488:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1416:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1358:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1298:Journal of Chemical Ecology
371:operational taxonomic units
1941:
1269:10.2460/javma.2002.221.662
364:volatile organic compounds
38:are small glands near the
1905:Black spots on dog's anus
1610:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
1107:Standring, Susan (1201).
1026:American Family Physician
938:. W.B. Saunders Company.
814:Standring, Susan (2020).
756:Veterinary Research Forum
1796:10.1073/pnas.1306477110
669:Anal sac adenocarcinoma
305:Symbiotic relationships
253:anal sac adenocarcinoma
235:Clostridium perfringens
112:, just proximal to the
1086:. New York: Springer.
587:Dogs and domestic cats
437:The anal gland of the
181:
101:
610:Enterococcus faecalis
600:, more specifically,
229:Enterococcus faecalis
175:
132:Clinical significance
91:
602:Enterococcus faecium
244:species. Increasing
1787:2013PNAS..11019832T
1781:(49): 19832–19837.
1730:2012NatSR...2E.615T
1622:2012FEMME..81..648S
1500:1985JCEco..11..593R
1428:1980JCEco...6..133S
1370:1978JCEco...4..563S
1310:1982JCEco...8..809W
606:Streptococcus bovis
577:Erysipelotrichaceae
425:, were produced by
1895:Canine Anal Glands
1718:Scientific Reports
1672:Journal of Zoology
1560:Journal of Zoology
1508:10.1007/BF00988570
1436:10.1007/BF00987533
1378:10.1007/BF00988920
1318:10.1007/BF00994781
959:Kenyon KW (1969).
899:Journal of Zoology
631:, that is rich in
441:consists of large
407:gas chromatography
261:fecal incontinence
182:
102:
1920:Carnivora anatomy
1738:10.1038/srep00615
1206:www.vetstream.com
1120:978-0-7020-7707-4
1093:978-0-387-24846-2
1065:978-1-4051-6911-0
1032:(12): 2391–2398.
984:Mammalian Species
876:978-0-226-51698-1
827:978-0-7020-7707-4
736:978-0-520-08085-0
706:978-0-323-26623-9
617:connective tissue
565:Propionibacterium
316:Castor canadensis
212:of an abscess or
142:anal incontinence
18:Anal scent glands
16:(Redirected from
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448:carboxylic acids
443:sebaceous glands
360:olfactory system
150:perianal abscess
147:
92:Diagram showing
58:Sebaceous glands
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573:Corynebacterium
549:Corynebacterium
525:Crocuta crocuta
513:
502:Catenobacterium
494:Bacillus cereus
439:Indian mongoose
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581:Helicobacter
541:Anaerococcus
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138:anal fistula
135:
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98:dentate line
64:, including
56:
35:
31:
29:
1925:Dog anatomy
653:fatty acids
645:lactoferrin
633:sialic acid
598:Enterococci
557:Helcococcus
553:Eubacterium
545:Anaerovorax
498:Eubacterium
483:Peptococcus
383:infanticide
356:Meles meles
332:B. fragilis
288:play possum
204:and fever.
176:Anal gland
156:formation.
146:these ducts
110:anal valves
62:carnivorans
32:anal glands
1914:Categories
1834:2022-04-25
1724:(1): 615.
1211:2019-12-05
1129:1201341621
836:1201341621
680:References
569:Prevotella
479:metabolism
468:isovaleric
460:isobutyric
214:antibiotic
106:anal canal
94:anal canal
74:sea otters
1692:0952-8369
1580:0952-8369
1444:0098-0331
1386:0098-0331
1183:0968-0004
844:cite book
776:2008-8140
456:propionic
415:aldehydes
387:allogroom
375:pheromone
320:castoreum
269:stricture
186:territory
78:kinkajous
36:anal sacs
1815:24218592
1756:22937224
1640:22530962
1524:26151726
1516:24310125
1452:22234085
1394:25447438
1334:19327243
1326:24415179
1278:12216905
1038:11430454
794:37033781
785:10073811
663:See also
637:lysozyme
427:microbes
411:alcohols
399:castrate
284:Opossums
279:Opossums
273:fistulae
265:tenesmus
218:isolates
190:defecate
180:on a dog
120:Function
42:in many
1873:1447058
1806:3856825
1783:Bibcode
1747:3431069
1726:Bibcode
1618:Bibcode
1496:Bibcode
1424:Bibcode
1366:Bibcode
1306:Bibcode
1007:3504086
991:: 1–9.
987:(321).
625:organic
621:secrete
472:valeric
464:butyric
419:ketones
403:anosmic
346:Badgers
336:E. coli
310:Beavers
241:Proteus
223:E. coli
210:lancing
178:abscess
154:fistula
96:, with
84:Anatomy
44:mammals
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643:, and
608:, and
563:, and
516:Hyenas
511:Hyenas
452:acetic
423:indole
417:, and
393:Wolves
324:beaver
299:Skunks
294:Skunks
238:, and
66:wolves
1520:S2CID
1448:S2CID
1390:S2CID
1330:S2CID
1003:JSTOR
895:(PDF)
629:mucin
267:from
257:tumor
126:mucin
70:bears
1869:PMID
1811:PMID
1752:PMID
1688:ISSN
1636:PMID
1576:ISSN
1512:PMID
1440:ISSN
1382:ISSN
1322:PMID
1274:PMID
1231:ISBN
1179:ISSN
1125:OCLC
1115:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1034:PMID
940:ISBN
871:ISBN
850:link
832:OCLC
822:ISBN
790:PMID
772:ISSN
731:ISBN
701:ISBN
655:and
596:and
579:and
496:and
486:spp.
470:and
350:The
334:and
152:and
76:and
50:and
40:anus
30:The
1861:doi
1801:PMC
1791:doi
1779:110
1742:PMC
1734:doi
1680:doi
1676:172
1626:doi
1568:doi
1564:172
1504:doi
1432:doi
1374:doi
1314:doi
1264:doi
1260:221
1171:doi
993:doi
915:hdl
907:doi
903:283
780:PMC
764:doi
505:spp
500:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
