38:
541:
716:, with Somoza using the National Guard to secure his election. Somoza intended for Argüello to be a mere puppet and to keep real power in his own hands until he could run again in 1952. However, upon being sworn in as president in May 1947, Argüello displayed considerable independence, attempting to reduce the power of the National Guard and the control of Somoza and his associates over the economy. Less than a month later, Somoza orchestrated another coup, naming one of his wife's uncles,
1214:
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364:
622:
614:
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556:, his wife's uncle. Somoza failed to distinguish himself in battle, leading an unsuccessful attack on the garrison at San Marcos. However, as a result of being educated in the United States, he spoke excellent English and acted as an interpreter during the U.S.-brokered negotiations between the warring parties.
679:
He also made substantial profits by granting concessions to foreign (primarily U.S.) companies to exploit gold, rubber, and timber, for which he received 'executive levies' and 'presidential commissions.' He passed laws restricting imports and organized contraband operations, which sold merchandise
446:
A month after his successor had been inaugurated, Somoza used the military to carry out a coup. The president was declared 'incapacitated' by
Congress and Somoza served in his stead. Returning to power in his own name in 1950, he maintained an iron grip on his own Liberal Party while making a deal
667:
and sold them to Somoza and his family at vastly lowered prices. By 1944, Somoza was the largest landowner in
Nicaragua, owning fifty-one cattle ranches and forty-six coffee plantations, as well as several sugar mills and rum distilleries. Somoza named himself director of the Pacific Railroad,
650:
reportedly with 64,000 of the 80,663 votes cast He took office on New Year's Day 1937. Somoza, popularly known as "Tacho", amended the
Constitution to centralize all power in his hands. Family members and key supporters monopolized key positions in the government and military.
459:, who was Speaker of the House at the time of Somoza Garcia's death, took over as acting president and was elected in his own right in 1957. He served as president until 1963, and as the power behind puppet presidents until his death in 1967. His younger brother,
786:
Somoza is entombed with his oldest son at
Cementerio Occidental in the National Guard Mausoleum in Managua, Nicaragua. (He should not be confused with his son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, also a former Nicaraguan dictator, who is entombed in Miami.)
736:, as president. In another heavily rigged election, Somoza García again became president in 1950. In the 1950s, he reorganized and streamlined his business empire, founding a merchant marine company, several textile mills, a national airline (
604:
During peace talks, Somoza ordered the assassination of
General Sandino on 21 February 1934 in violation of a safe-conduct agreement. Sandino's assassination was followed by the murder of former Sandino supporters by the National Guard.
496:). While living in Philadelphia, he met his future wife, Salvadora Debayle Sacasa, a member of one of Nicaragua's wealthiest families, daughter of Dr. Luis Henri Debayle Pallais and wife Casimira Sacasa Sacasa, daughter of
775:, ruled the country directly or through figurehead politicians for the next 23 years. Despite widespread corruption and repression of dissent, they were able to receive support from the United States, which viewed them as
711:
In 1944, under pressure from the U.S., Somoza agreed to liberalize his rule. Unions were legalized, and he agreed not to run for re-election in 1947. The
Nationalist Liberal Party nominated an elderly doctor named
1202:
831:
at this point, though
Roosevelt and later presidents certainly supported the Somoza family and their rule over Nicaragua. Andrew Crawley claims that the Roosevelt statement is a myth created by Somoza himself.
463:
was elected to serve until 1972, then served as the real power behind a nominally bipartisan junta until being reelected in 1974. Somoza
Debayle was forced to resign in 1979 and was assassinated in exile in
680:
through his own stores. He also extracted bribes from illegal gambling, prostitution, and alcohol distilling. By the end of the decade, he had acquired a fortune estimated to be US$ 400 million.
1654:
420:
from 1 January 1937 to 1 May 1947 and from 21 May 1950 until his assassination on 29 September 1956, ruling for the rest of the time as an unelected military dictator. He was the patriarch of the
827:. It should be further noted that this statement has been attributed to a variety of United States presidential administrations in regard to foreign dictators. Thus the statement remains
1195:
968:
Another source says that Somoza won the 1936 election "by a margin of 107,201 votes to 100 —an implausibly high margin that could have been obtained only through massive fraud."
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795:
Although Somoza was recognized as a ruthless dictator, the United States continued to support his regime as a non-communist stronghold in
Nicaragua. President
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In 1955, the constitution was amended to allow Somoza to run for another term. Shortly after being nominated, he was shot on 21 September 1956 by the poet
808:
500:, 44th and 46th President of Nicaragua, and wife and cousin Ángela Sacasa Cuadra. After returning to Nicaragua, he was unsuccessful as a businessman.
488:
coffee planter, and Julia García, and a grandson of
Anastasio Somoza Martínez and Isabel Reyes. As a teenager, he was sent to live with relatives in
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with the Conservatives; thus, he faced no opposition. This left him free to amass a huge personal fortune. On 21 September 1956, he was shot by poet
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aid in World War II, the unwillingness of Nicaragua to actually fight meant it was given obsolete equipment (most of it being either purchased from
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783:, Nicaraguan Ambassador to the United States during his brother-in-law's rule. He also had a son named José R. Somoza, born to an unknown mother.
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740:, short for Líneas Aéreas de Nicaragua) and a new container port on the Pacific near Managua, which he named Puerto Somoza. (After the
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The son of a wealthy coffee planter, Somoza was educated in the United States. After his return to Nicaragua, he helped oust President
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as president. At the urging of the U.S. Ambassador Matthew E. Hanna, Somoza García was appointed as director of the National Guard.
81:
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called "Trujillo: Portrait of a Dictator". In this broadcast, however, it was asserted that FDR made the statement in reference to
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son of a bitch." According to historian David Schmitz, however, researchers and archivists who have searched the archives of the
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have found no evidence that Roosevelt ever made this statement. The statement first appeared in the 15 November 1948 issue of
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443:, from the presidency, and make himself president in 1937. In 1947, an ally nominally succeeded him, but he retained power.
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stalwarts and a source of stability. His daughter Lillian Somoza Debayle, born in León, Nicaragua, on 3 May 1921, married
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955:"Nicaragua Elects Gen. Somoza President— Commander of National Army Receives Nearly 3/4 Of Votes Cast in Election",
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Dieter Nohlen: Elections in the Americas A Data Handbook, Volume 1: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean
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52:
46:
720:, as president. This definitively ended any hopes for further democratization in Nicaragua under the Somoza regime.
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U.S. recognition of Anastasio Somoza, 1936. Por: KAMMAN, WILLIAM, Historian, 00182370, Winter92, Vol. 54, Número 2
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refused to recognize the new government, a Constituent Assembly was convened, which appointed Somoza's uncle,
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In 1936, Somoza staged a coup with the National Guard, forcing Sacasa to resign in June.
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Gilbert, Dennis, 1988. Sandinistas: The Party and the Revolution. Mass.: Basil Blackwell
431:. He became the foreign secretary and took the title of "General". With the help of the
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985:"Somoza Assumes Office; Acceptance Speech of New Nicaraguan President Well Received",
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Thank God They're on Our Side: The United States & Right-Wing Dictatorships
998:'The End and the Beginning; The Nicaraguan Revolution' John A. Booth, Pg. 66–68
597:, in January 1933, the Marines evacuated the country following the election of
563:, to whom he was distantly related, he served as governor of the department of
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Somoza and Roosevelt: good neighbour diplomacy in Nicaragua, 1933–1945
492:, where he attended the Peirce School of Business Administration (now
435:, which occupied Nicaragua at the time, Somoza became the head of the
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from 1936 until his assassination in 1956. He was officially the 21st
934:"Time to End". TIME Magazine, 0040781X, 6/22/1936, Vol. 27, Número 25
737:
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After waging a bitter, six-year struggle with the forces of General
612:
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1051:"Quiet Cleansing: Public Kept in the Dark about Talisman Lawsuit"
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magazine and was later mentioned in a 17 March 1960 broadcast of
748:). He also acquired properties in the United States and Canada.
1184:
424:, which ruled Nicaragua as a family dictatorship for 42 years.
31:
883:
Fassl, Carl. Perice Means Business, Philadelphia Peirce, 1989
976:, though the assertion is not made in sources from the time.
972:
Somoza and the Legacy of U.S. Involvement in Central America
484:
in Nicaragua, the son of Anastasio Somoza Reyes, a wealthy
439:. This gave him the power base to remove his wife's uncle,
895:
Somoza and the Legacy of US Involvement in Central America
869:. Ministerio de Educación. 9 December 2012. Archived from
1079:, University of North Carolina Press, 1999, pages 3, 313.
799:(FDR) supposedly remarked in 1939 that "Somoza may be a
412:(1 February 1896 – 29 September 1956) was the leader of
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ruled for the remainder of the year and in December,
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909:"El golpe de Estado al presidente Juan B. Sacasa"
1008:Nicaragua Country Study: The Somoza Era, 1936–74
106: and the second or maternal family name is
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8:
581:), the constabulary force organized by the
455:where he died a week later. His eldest son
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809:Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library
728:When the administration of U.S. President
123:
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637:
552:in support of the presidential claims of
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
1650:Assassinated presidents in North America
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539:
451:. Mortally wounded, he was flown to the
152:21 May 1950 – 29 September 1956
45:This article includes a list of general
858:
1645:Politicians assassinated in the 1950s
1590:Nationalist Liberal Party politicians
1575:Nicaraguan people of Galician descent
7:
703:equipment) and no Western training.
536:Somoza and Sandino in February 1933.
201:1 January 1937 – 1 May 1947
1630:Assassinated Nicaraguan politicians
764:, and died several days later in a
638:Somoza's control of the Government
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1057:from the original on 22 June 2007
27:Dictator of Nicaragua (1896–1956)
1498:Junta of National Reconstruction
1219:Presidents and heads of state of
1212:
1049:Christopher, Byron (Fall 2003).
672:to the nation's principal port,
522:Lillian Somoza de Sevilla Sacasa
362:
36:
974:. New York: Dutton. p. 21.
559:In the government of President
316:
1640:Deaths by firearm in Nicaragua
1605:World War II political leaders
1600:Leaders who took power by coup
1028:Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (2005).
744:came to power they renamed it
1:
1620:1956 murders in North America
1565:People from Carazo Department
655:Nicaragua during World War II
1635:People murdered in Nicaragua
648:Somoza was elected president
512:in 1919. They had two sons,
98:, the first or paternal
970:Diedreich, Bernard (1981).
893:Diedreich, Bernard (1981).
734:Víctor Manuel Román y Reyes
1676:
1625:1950s murders in Nicaragua
1610:Nicaraguan anti-communists
1580:Nicaraguan Roman Catholics
1483:Liberal-Conservative Junta
1034:. Prologue. Archived from
867:"Gobernantes de Nicaragua"
842:National Guard (Nicaragua)
683:Though Nicaragua received
212:Francisco Navarro Alvarado
93:
1585:People of the Banana Wars
1531:
1228:
1169:
1160:
1152:
1142:
1133:
1125:
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403:
296:Nationalist Liberal Party
241:
236:Leonardo Argüello Barreto
194:
145:
134:
122:
1615:1956 crimes in Nicaragua
1488:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
1478:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
946:(Nomos Publishing, 2005)
781:Guillermo Sevilla Sacasa
773:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
771:Somoza's sons, Luis and
752:Assassination and legacy
518:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
461:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
348:Politician, Army General
339:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
1660:20th-century landowners
1595:Presidents of Nicaragua
1453:Anastasio Somoza García
1428:Anastasio Somoza García
1318:Ignacio Chaves Tellería
959:, December 9, 1936, p.3
567:, Nicaraguan Consul to
548:In 1926, Somoza joined
410:Anastasio Somoza García
117:Anastasio Somoza Garcia
66:more precise citations.
18:Anastasio Somoza Garcia
1448:Manuel Fernando Zurita
1288:Pedro Joaquín Chamorro
1163:President of Nicaragua
1156:Manuel Fernando Zurita
1136:President of Nicaragua
1108:Page about the Somozas
989:, January 2, 1937, p.2
634:
618:
577:
545:
544:Augusto César Sandino.
537:
528:Early political career
418:President of Nicaragua
331:Lillian Somoza Debayle
177:Manuel Fernando Zurita
140:President of Nicaragua
1423:Carlos Alberto Brenes
1393:Carlos José Solórzano
1378:Diego Manuel Chamorro
1129:Carlos Alberto Brenes
847:Nicaraguan Revolution
797:Franklin D. Roosevelt
758:Rigoberto López Pérez
644:Carlos Alberto Brenes
624:
616:
595:Augusto César Sandino
583:United States Marines
550:the Liberal rebellion
543:
535:
498:Roberto Sacasa Sarria
449:Rigoberto López Pérez
386:Years of service
224:Carlos Alberto Brenes
1418:Juan Bautista Sacasa
1353:José Dolores Estrada
1113:The Deaths of Somoza
791:"Our Son of a Bitch"
625:Somoza (left), with
599:Juan Bautista Sacasa
554:Juan Bautista Sacasa
468:the following year.
441:Juan Bautista Sacasa
1443:Víctor Manuel Román
1283:José Vicente Cuadra
1238:Francisco Castellón
1031:Blood on the Border
913:La Prensa (Managua)
897:. New York: Dutton.
514:Luis Somoza Debayle
504:Marriage and family
476:Somoza was born in
457:Luis Somoza Debayle
335:Luis Somoza Debayle
189:Luis Somoza Debayle
1468:Orlando Montenegro
1413:José María Moncada
1388:Bartolomé Martínez
1343:José Santos Zelaya
1248:José María Estrada
1121:Political offices
1091:by Andrew Crawley.
1038:on 1 October 2006.
987:The New York Times
873:on 9 October 2012.
825:Dominican Republic
635:
619:
609:Ruler of Nicaragua
589:Somoza and Sandino
561:José María Moncada
546:
538:
520:, and a daughter,
264:San Marcos, Carazo
1542:
1541:
1433:Leonardo Argüello
1398:Emiliano Chamorro
1373:Emiliano Chamorro
1363:Juan José Estrada
1179:
1178:
1170:Succeeded by
1146:Leonardo Argüello
1143:Succeeded by
1075:Schmitz, David.
766:Panama Canal Zone
724:Second Presidency
714:Leonardo Argüello
707:Democratic Window
510:Salvadora Debayle
482:Carazo Department
453:Panama Canal Zone
407:
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398:Brigadier General
308:Salvadora Debayle
285:Panama Canal Zone
274:29 September 1956
92:
91:
84:
16:(Redirected from
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1493:Francisco Urcuyo
1473:Lorenzo Guerrero
1383:Rosendo Chamorro
1333:Salvador Machado
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129:Somoza in 1952
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1272:Máximo Jerez
1161:
1134:
1105:(in Spanish)
1084:
1076:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1044:
1036:the original
1030:
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871:the original
861:
816:
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730:Harry Truman
727:
710:
699:or captured
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661:World War II
658:
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547:
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490:Philadelphia
475:
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409:
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276:(1956-09-29)
231:Succeeded by
196:
184:Succeeded by
164:
147:
107:
103:
96:Spanish name
78:
69:
50:
29:
1560:1956 deaths
1555:1896 births
1463:René Schick
1458:Luis Somoza
1408:Adolfo Díaz
1368:Adolfo Díaz
1348:José Madriz
1173:Luis Somoza
817:CBS Reports
803:, but he's
742:Sandinistas
508:He married
429:Adolfo Díaz
266:, Nicaragua
219:Preceded by
172:Preceded by
64:introducing
1549:Categories
1167:1950–1956
1140:1937–1947
853:References
829:apocryphal
768:hospital.
685:Lend-Lease
633:, in 1953.
631:Juan Perón
629:President
569:Costa Rica
478:San Marcos
358:Allegiance
345:Profession
257:1896-02-01
72:March 2011
47:references
1358:Luis Mena
1222:Nicaragua
1061:24 August
627:Argentine
472:Biography
414:Nicaragua
370:Nicaragua
197:In office
148:In office
1055:Archived
836:See also
697:Portugal
668:linking
466:Paraguay
327:Children
287:, Panama
94:In this
823:of the
674:Corinto
670:Managua
659:During
486:criollo
321:
313:
100:surname
60:improve
738:LANICA
701:German
689:Russia
389:?–1956
367:
302:Spouse
165:Vacant
108:García
104:Somoza
49:, but
1328:Junta
1274:Junta
693:Spain
315:(
311:
281:Ancón
1535:León
1270:and
1063:2017
813:Time
762:León
695:and
565:León
516:and
394:Rank
271:Died
251:Born
1533:in
805:our
102:is
1551::
1053:.
911:.
691:,
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317:m.
283:,
1537:.
1204:e
1197:t
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575:(
259:)
255:(
110:.
85:)
79:(
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70:(
56:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
