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the right edge of the small intestines. The central square contains the transverse colon and the upper regions of the small intestines. The left lumbar region contains the left edge of the transverse colon and the left edge of the small intestine. The lower right square is the right iliac region and contains the right pelvic bones and the ascending colon. The lower left square is the left iliac region and contains the left pelvic bone and the lower left regions of the small intestine. The lower central square contains the bottom of the pubic bones, upper regions of the bladder and the lower region of the small intestine.
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597:. This position is one in which a person is standing, feet apace, with palms forward and thumbs facing outwards. Just as maps are normally oriented with north at the top, the standard body "map", or anatomical position, is that of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward.
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Because the contracting fibers are pulling at an angle to the overall action of the muscle, the change in length is smaller, but this same orientation allows for more fibers (thus more force) in a muscle of a given size. Pennate muscles are usually found where their length change is less important than maximum force, such as the rectus femoris.
954:, which describe only structures at or distal to the elbow and may be used interchangeably with medial and lateral in that particular area because they are less confusing. Examples: The thumb is on the radial side of the hand (the same as saying the lateral side); the ulnar side of the wrist is the side toward the little finger (medial side).
551:. These standards specify generally accepted names that can be used to refer to histological and embryological structures in journal articles, textbooks, and other areas. As of September 2016, two sections of the Terminologia Anatomica, including central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, were merged to form the
1678:, surrounding a fluid filled space. The visceral layer of the membrane covers the organ (the viscera), and the parietal layer lines the walls of the body cavity (pariet- refers to a cavity wall). Between the parietal and visceral layers is a very thin, fluid-filled serous space, or cavity. For example, the
1693:
1635:
The body maintains its internal organization by means of membranes, sheaths, and other structures that separate compartments, called body cavities. The ventral cavity includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and their subdivisions. The dorsal cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities.
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allow the body a tremendous range of movements. Each movement at a synovial joint results from the contraction or relaxation of the muscles that are attached to the bones on either side of the articulation. The type of movement that can be produced at a synovial joint is determined by its structural
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The epigastric region is the upper central square and contains the bottom edge of the liver as well as the upper areas of the stomach. The diaphragm curves like an upside down U over these three regions. The central right region is called the right lumbar region and contains the ascending colon and
1440:
the palm or sole is facing anteriorly (supination) or posteriorly (pronation). For example, if a person is holding a bowl of soup in one hand, the hand is "supinated" and the thumb will point away from the body midline and the palm will be superior; if the hands are typing on a computer keyboard,
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or lack thereof. In most muscles, all the fibers are oriented in the same direction, running in a line from the origin to the insertion. In pennate muscles, the individual fibers are oriented at an angle relative to the line of action, attaching to the origin and insertion tendons at each end.
744:
area, and the calf is the sura and sural region. The ankle is the tarsus and tarsal, and the heel is the calcaneus or calcaneal. The foot is the pes and pedal region, and the sole of the foot is the planta and plantar. As with the fingers, the toes are also called the digits, phalanges, and
179:
To illustrate how inexact day-to-day language can be: a scar "above the wrist" could be located on the forearm two or three inches away from the hand or at the base of the hand and could be on the palm-side or back-side of the arm. By using precise anatomical terminology, such ambiguity is
845:, and is to cross the iliac tubercles, found at the superior aspect of the pelvis. The upper right square is the right hypochondriac region and contains the base of the right ribs. The upper left square is the left hypochondriac region and contains the base of the left ribs.
940:, which describe a position that is closer to (medial) or farther from (lateral) the midline of the body. For example, the shoulders are lateral to the heart, and the umbilicus is medial to the hips. The medial side of the left knee is the side toward the opposite knee.
176:. These terms can be confusing to those unfamiliar with them but can be more precise, reducing ambiguity and errors. Also, since these anatomical terms are not used in everyday conversation, their meanings are less likely to change and less likely to be misinterpreted.
1721:
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When anatomists refer to the right and left of the body, it is in reference to the right and left of the subject, not the right and left of the observer. When observing a body in the anatomical position, the left of the body is on the observer's right, and vice versa.
572:
Anatomical terminology is often chosen to highlight the relative location of body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as "inferior to" another or a physician might describe a tumor as "superficial to" a deeper body structure.
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of the muscle on respective side. The insertion is on the bone deemed to move towards the origin during muscle contraction. Muscles are often present that engage in several actions of the joint; able to perform for example both flexion and extension of the
783:
The abdomen may be divided into four quadrants, more commonly used in medicine, subdivides the cavity with one horizontal and one vertical line that intersect at the patient's umbilicus (navel). The right upper quadrant (RUQ) includes the lower right
1535:. For example, an extension of the lower arm is performed by the triceps as the agonist and the biceps as the antagonist (which contraction will perform flexion over the same joint). Muscles that work together to perform the same action are called
828:
The more detailed regional approach subdivides the cavity into nine regions, with two vertical and two horizontal lines drawn according to landmark structures. The vertical; or midclavicular lines, are drawn as if dropped from the midpoint of each
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Movement types are generally paired, with one being the opposite of the other. Body movements are always described in relation to the anatomical position of the body: upright stance, with upper limbs to the side of body and palms facing forward.
1240:
is used to refer to a difference in anatomical structures that is not regarded as a disorder. Many structures vary slightly between people, for example muscles that attach in slightly different places. For example, the presence or absence of the
1028:, that is, lines of orientation. For example, blood can be said to flow in a proximal or distal direction, and anteroposterior, mediolateral, and inferosuperior axes are lines along which the body extends, like the X, Y, and Z axes of a
1074:
is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut. A plane is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. Three planes are commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine:
918:, which describe structures that are closer to (superficial) or farther from (deep) the surface of the body. For example, the skin is superficial to the bones, and the brain is deep to the skull. Sometimes
360:. Similarly, different terminology is often used in the arms, in part to reduce ambiguity as to what the "front", "back", "inner" and "outer" surfaces are. For this reason, the terms below are used:
1991:
487:
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as in the brachial region of the arm. The first word describes what structure is being spoken about, the second describes an instance of this structure, and the third points to its location.
904:, which describe a position that is closer to (proximal) or farther from (distal) the trunk of the body. For example, the shoulder is proximal to the arm, and the foot is distal to the knee.
558:
Recently, the
Terminologia Anatomica has been perceived with a considerable criticism regarding its content including coverage, grammar and spelling mistakes, inconsistencies, and errors.
258:
When describing the position of anatomical structures, structures may be described according to the anatomical landmark they are near. These landmarks may include structures, such as the
890:, which describe a position above (superior) or below (inferior) another part of the body. For example, the orbits are superior to the oris, and the pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.
600:
Using the standard anatomical position reduces confusion. It means that regardless of the position of a body, the position of structures within it can be described without ambiguity.
113:
986:, which describe structures close to (rostral) or farther from (caudal) the nose. For example, the eyes are rostral to the back of the skull, and the tailbone is caudal to the chest.
526:
491:
876:, which describe structures at the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body. For example, the toes are anterior to the heel, and the popliteus is posterior to the patella.
346:
Sometimes, unique terminology is used to reduce confusion in different parts of the body. For example, different terms are used when it comes to the skull in compliance with its
2066:
Ten
Donkelaar, Hans J.; Broman, Jonas; Neumann, Paul E.; Puelles, Luis; Riva, Alessandro; Tubbs, R. Shane; Kachlik, David (2017-03-01). "Towards a Terminologia Neuroanatomica".
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layer surrounding the bones, permitting the transfer of force from the muscles to the skeleton. Together, these fibrous layers, along with tendons and ligaments, constitute the
2231:
DeSilva, Malini; Munoz, Flor M.; Mcmillan, Mark; Kawai, Alison Tse; Marshall, Helen; Macartney, Kristine K.; Joshi, Jyoti; Oneko, Martina; Rose, Annette
Elliott (2016-12-01).
1826:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (February 26, 2016).
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Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (October 3, 2013).
1083:
is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called the
3471:
1312:, which refer to a movement that decreases (flexion) or increases (extension) the angle between body parts. For example, when standing up, the knees are extended.
522:
622:
In terms of anatomy, the body is divided into regions. In the front, the trunk is referred to as the "thorax" and "abdomen". The back as a general area is the
2403:
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is the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a
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106:
2156:
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The skeletal muscles of the body typically come in seven different general shapes. This figure shows the human body with the major muscle groups labeled.
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The gross anatomy of a muscle is the most important indicator of its role in the body. One particularly important aspect of gross anatomy of muscles is
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is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections.
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refers to flexion (dorsiflexion) or extension (plantarflexion) of the foot at the ankle. For example, plantarflexion occurs when pressing the
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2017:
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423:. It facilitates communication and exchanges between scientists from different countries of the world and it is used daily in the fields of
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1996:
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The human body is shown in anatomical position in an anterior view and a posterior view. The regions of the body are labeled in boldface.
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398:
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refers to a motion that pulls a structure away from (abduction) or towards (adduction) the midline of the body or limb. For example, a
1727:
Labels of human body features displayed on images of actual human bodies, from which body hair and male facial hair have been removed.
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Within the international field, a group of experts reviews, analyzes and discusses the morphological terms of the structures of the
2233:"Congenital anomalies: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data"
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refer to movement in a superior (elevation) or inferior (depression) direction. Primarily refers to movements involving the
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Other terms are also used to describe the movement and actions of the hands and feet, and other structures such as the eye.
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respectively. This is not only to be able to revert actions of muscles, but also brings on stability of the actions though
994:
and caudal, which describe structures close to the top of the skull (cranial), and towards the bottom of the body (caudal).
443:' branch. In this field, the form and structure are examined as well as the changes or developments in the organism. It is
1704:
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To promote clear communication, for instance about the location of a patient's abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, the
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567:
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refer to movements that tilt the sole of the foot away from (eversion) or towards (inversion) the midline of the body.
1029:
2559:
Losardo, R. J.; Valverde
Barbato De Prates, N. E.; Arteaga-Martinez, M.; García Peláez, M. I.; Cabral, R. H. (2017).
1418:
refer to movement of the flexion (palmarflexion) or extension (dorsiflexion) of the hand at the wrist. For example,
479:
between different species. The vocabulary is extensive, varied and complex, and requires a systematic presentation.
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1011:, referring to a structure that is present on both sides of the body. For example, the hands are paired structures.
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area. The leg (between the knee and the ankle) is the crus and crural area, the lateral aspect of the leg is the
552:
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contains terminology for about 7500 human gross (macroscopic) anatomical structures. For microanatomy, known as
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Movement is not limited to only synovial joints, although they allow for most freedom. Muscles also run over
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refers to the connection between two structures previously branched out, such as blood vessels or leaf veins.
225:
1878:. illustrations by Richard Richardson, Paul (Pbk. ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone.
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1621:. Additionally, synovial joints can be divided into different types, depending on their axis of movement.
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The entire arm is referred to as the brachium and brachial, the front of the elbow as the antecubitis and
518:
185:
130:
1348:) refers to rotation towards (internal) or away from (external) the center of the body. For example, the
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329:
2561:"International Morphological Terminology (anatomy, histology and embryology): beyond scientific terms"
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1965:
Losardo, Ricardo J. (2009). "Pan
American Association of Anatomy: history and relevant regulations".
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that is not occluded and remains open to free flow. Such obstructions may include a calculus (i.e. a
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436:
142:
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1816:
820:. The left lower quadrant (LLQ) contains the left half of the small intestine and left pelvic bone.
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The three anatomical planes of the body: the sagittal, transverse (or horizontal), frontal planes
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210:
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Anatomical terms used to describe location are based on a body positioned in what is called the
2342:
Castrogiovanni, Paola; Conway, Nerys; Imbesi, Rosa; Trovato, Francesca Maria (September 2016).
2119:"The Terminologia Anatomica matters: examples from didactic, scientific, and clinical practice"
1583:. The tough, fibrous epimysium of skeletal muscle is both connected to and continuous with the
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within three weeks of birth. Something that is patent may also refer to a channel such as a
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1486:, located deep to the biceps in the upper arm, are both synergists that aid in this motion.
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refers to proximity to the front of the nose, and is particularly used when describing the
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they will be "pronated" with the thumbs toward the body midline and the palms inferior.
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1177:
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494:(IFAA). It deals with the anatomical, histological and embryologic terminology. In the
146:
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968:, which describe structures derived from the front (ventral) and back (dorsal) of the
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839:, drawn immediately inferior to the ribs. The inferior horizontal line is called the
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The current international standard for human anatomical terminology is based on the
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or cephalic region refers to the head. This area is further differentiated into the
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1185:
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702:
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464:
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These terms refer to movements that are regarded as unique to the hands and feet:
908:
724:) and the leg (which refers only to the area of the limb between the knee and the
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Anatomists divide the lower limb into the thigh (the part of the limb between the
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Terminologia
Histologica – International Terms for Human Cytology and Histology
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or cervical region. Examples of structures named according to this include the
27:
Scientific terminology used by anatomists, zoologists, and health professionals
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1978:
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1951:
1918:
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Skeletal muscle is arranged in discrete muscles, an example of which is the
1531:, while the muscle which contraction brings about an opposite action is the
1445:
1327:
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Anatomical terms may be used to describe the functional state of an organ:
1050:
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2624:
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1662:(also referred to as a serosa) is a thin membrane that covers the walls of
1091:. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a
2135:
1302:
1066:
990:
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1213:
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514:, disseminates and studies the international morphological terminology.
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529:(IFAA) and was released in 1998. It supersedes the previous standard,
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Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell (2005).
1584:
1508:
1419:
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969:
861:
These standardized terms avoid confusion. Examples of terms include:
801:
698:
666:, where the thigh joins the trunk, are the inguen and inguinal area.
647:
643:
547:, and for embryology, the study of development, a standard exists in
206:
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165:
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2382:. Phildadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 29–35.
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2181:
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bone, medially positioned when in the standard anatomical position.
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origin and its tilted position compared to in other animals. Here,
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The
Muscular System Manual: The Skeletal Muscles of the Human Body
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646:. The breast is also called the mammary region, the armpit as the
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Martini, Frederic; Timmons, Michael; McKinnley, Michael (2000).
1353:
1201:
1153:
808:. The right lower quadrant (RLQ) includes the right half of the
721:
690:
382:
3453:
2628:
2344:"Morphological and Functional Aspects of Human Skeletal Muscle"
693:
as the manus and manual, the palm as the palma and palmar, the
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3190:
3007:
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1713:
List of human anatomical regions § Deprecated or older regions
796:. The left upper quadrant (LUQ) includes the lower left ribs,
785:
717:
2378:
Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, Anne M. R. (2010).
2319:
Textbook of physical diagnosis : history and examination
1934:
Terminologia
Anatomica – International Anatomical Terminology
736:
and patellar while the back of the knee is the popliteus and
658:. The pelvis is the lower torso, between the abdomen and the
2010:
Terminologia
Anatomica: International Anatomical Terminology
709:
are the gluteus or gluteal region and the pubic area is the
2036:
Connecting
Medical Informatics And ... - Google Book Search
1539:. In the above example synergists to the biceps can be the
1192:), plaque (like that encountered in vital arteries such as
745:
phalangeal area. The big toe is referred to as the hallux.
1020:
Each locational term above can define the direction of a
2619:
2608:
work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Text taken from
1490:
Muscle action that moves the axial skeleton work over a
1436:
refer to rotation of the forearm or foot so that in the
757:
Abdominal regions are used for example to localize pain.
435:. The international morphological terminology refers to
2404:"9.1 Classification of Joints – Anatomy and Physiology"
1932:
Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (1998).
1899:
Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (2008).
407:
International morphological terminology is used by the
2198:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 1.6. Anatomical Terminology.
1832:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 1.6. Anatomical Terminology.
527:
International Federation of Associations of Anatomists
492:
International Federation of Associations of Anatomists
183:
An international standard for anatomical terminology,
3899:
2321:(6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.
2117:
Strzelec, B.; Chmielewski, P. P.; Gworys, B. (2017).
221:. For example, the Latin names of structures such as
2455:
Drake, Richard; Vogl, Wayne; Mitchell, Adam (2004).
1701:
Parts of the Human Body: Posterior and Anterior View
626:
or dorsal area, and the lower back is the lumbus or
3823:
3743:
3734:
3639:
3611:
3501:
3487:
3404:
3327:
3289:
3166:
3109:
3068:
3033:
2974:
2911:
2871:
2862:
2830:
2802:
2675:
2666:
1871:
2208:. ID: 14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@6.11.
1842:. ID: 14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.24.
1200:), or another unspecified obstruction, such as a
475:) and the anatomy of the adult. It also includes
2348:Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
1682:is the serous cavity which surrounds the heart.
816:, right pelvic bone and upper right area of the
160:Anatomical terminology uses many unique terms,
1903:. Cardiff: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1613:, which allow for movement in for example the
1422:is often conducted with the hands dorsiflexed.
1032:. An axis can be projected to a corresponding
523:Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology
3465:
2640:
2012:. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers. 1998.
107:
8:
2604: This article incorporates text from a
1297:Terms describing motion in general include:
500:Iberian Latin American Symposium Terminology
1865:
1863:
1861:
1356:requires the legs to be externally rotated.
1110:
732:and the femoral region. The kneecap is the
249:
241:
233:
223:
3740:
3472:
3458:
3450:
2868:
2672:
2647:
2633:
2625:
2495:Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology
1095:, or less commonly a longitudinal section.
681:as the antebrachium and antebrachial, the
114:
100:
29:
2576:
2359:
2264:
2134:
502:(SILAT), where a group of experts of the
197:Anatomical terminology has quite regular
2497:(6th ed.). Addison Wesley Longman.
1674:. The serous membranes have two layers;
1649:
1156:that abnormally remains open, such as a
642:is the region between the chest and the
589:, with terms of relative location noted.
213:. The root of a term often refers to an
3906:
1765:
1689:
1527:The muscle performing an action is the
1245:tendon. Anatomical variation is unlike
50:
2289:"Types of movements in the human body"
1587:. In turn, the tendons connect to the
1217:refers to a net-like arrangement of a
833:. The superior horizontal line is the
209:are used to add meanings to different
1383:Special motions of the hands and feet
467:) of living beings. It involves both
279:from the centre of the clavicle. The
7:
2212:from the original on January 9, 2014
319:(chin). The neck area is called the
2380:Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy
1846:from the original on March 16, 2018
1249:, which are considered a disorder.
504:Pan American Association of Anatomy
399:International scientific vocabulary
3954:Lists of human anatomical features
1699:Older set of terminology shown in
25:
2565:Journal of Morphological Sciences
2436:Calais-Germain, Blandine (1993).
1330:requires the legs to be abducted.
1148:, meaning a structure such as an
498:field, there are meetings called
3921:
3909:
2599:
1815: This article incorporates
1810:
1720:
1692:
763:Quadrants and regions of abdomen
610:List of human anatomical regions
33:
2478:(3rd ed.). Prentice-Hall.
2299:from the original on 2019-09-03
2159:from the original on 2018-02-14
1064:, referring to two-dimensional
1024:, and pairs of them can define
673:, the back of the elbow as the
634:area and the breastbone is the
543:, a similar standard exists in
2611:Anatomy and Physiology
2540:(3rd ed.). Archived from
2534:Understanding Anatomical Latin
1523:Agonist and antagonist muscles
1058:Anatomy is often described in
773:nine regions or four quadrants
630:. The shoulder blades are the
521:(TA). It was developed by the
1:
2512:Muscolino, Joseph E. (2005).
2249:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.047
804:, and upper left area of the
2516:(2nd ed.). C.V. Mosby.
1997:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
595:standard anatomical position
568:Anatomical terms of location
373:standard anatomical position
371:bone, seen laterally in the
2457:Gray's Anatomy for Students
1874:Gray's anatomy for students
1033:
1030:Cartesian coordinate system
771:can be divided into either
553:Terminologia Neuroanatomica
451:. Basically, it covers the
3975:
2033:Engelbrecht, Rolf (2005).
1754:Anatomical terms of muscle
1643:
1628:
1602:
1554:
1551:Skeletal and smooth muscle
1466:Anatomical terms of muscle
1463:
1259:Anatomical terms of motion
1256:
1229:
1043:
922:is used synonymously with
760:
607:
565:
396:
2459:. Churchill Livingstone.
1703:from the 1933 edition of
549:Terminologia Embryologica
2317:Swartz, Mark H. (2010).
2195:Anatomy & Physiology
1992:"Terminologia Anatomica"
1829:Anatomy & Physiology
1749:Anatomical terms of bone
1557:Gross anatomy of muscles
1478:flex the lower arm. The
1158:patent ductus arteriosus
792:, and right side of the
545:Terminologia Histologica
340:orbicularis oculi muscle
42:This article is part of
2493:Marieb, Elaine (2000).
1164:which normally becomes
972:, before limb rotation.
697:as the pollex, and the
419:and other areas of the
226:musculus biceps brachii
3944:Anatomical terminology
3481:Human regional anatomy
3099:Lymphoid immune system
2668:Musculoskeletal system
2614:, J. Gordon Betts
1655:
1617:by compression of the
1566:
1487:
1482:, in the forearm, and
1274:
1267:
1115:, which means "crown".
1111:
1055:
758:
705:, and phalangeal. The
650:and axillary, and the
619:
590:
537:Terminologia Anatomica
519:Terminologia Anatomica
437:morphological sciences
250:
247:for "two-headed", and
242:
234:
224:
186:Terminologia Anatomica
131:scientific terminology
127:Anatomical terminology
52:Anatomical terminology
3087:Myeloid immune system
2873:Cardiovascular system
2531:Ngai, Steven (2006).
2136:10.5603/FM.a2016.0078
1936:. Stuttgart: Thieme.
1676:parietal and visceral
1653:
1564:
1473:
1273:
1266:
1166:ligamentum arteriosum
1053:
756:
689:and carpal area, the
654:as the umbilicus and
617:
584:
488:Terminology Committee
397:Further information:
330:submental lymph nodes
3439:Islets of Langerhans
3299:Genitourinary system
3035:Integumentary system
1819:available under the
1744:Glossary of medicine
1619:intervertebral discs
1247:congenital anomalies
1238:anatomical variation
1232:Anatomical variation
1226:Anatomical variation
842:intertubercular line
788:, right side of the
728:). The thigh is the
189:, has been created.
143:health professionals
3329:Reproductive system
3048:Subcutaneous tissue
2817:Cartilaginous joint
2438:Anatomy of Movement
2361:10.3390/jfmk1030289
1739:Medical terminology
1517:muscle coactivation
1438:anatomical position
1160:, referring to the
1005:for right are used.
587:anatomical position
577:Anatomical position
477:comparative anatomy
469:development anatomy
441:biological sciences
403:Medical terminology
3111:Respiratory system
2864:Circulatory system
2578:10.4322/jms.109916
2440:. Eastland Press.
2123:Folia Morphologica
1672:abdominal cavities
1656:
1567:
1488:
1275:
1268:
1093:parasagittal plane
1056:
759:
677:or olecranal, the
620:
591:
486:, forming today's
277:midclavicular line
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3447:
3446:
2970:
2969:
2960:Glymphatic system
2858:
2857:
2523:978-0-323-02523-2
2504:978-0-8053-4940-5
2485:978-0-13-010011-5
2466:978-0-443-06612-2
2447:978-0-939616-17-6
2389:978-1-60547-652-0
2328:978-1-4160-6203-5
2243:(49): 6015–6026.
2205:978-1-93-816813-0
2019:978-0-86577-808-5
1943:978-3-13-115251-0
1910:978-0-7817-6610-4
1885:978-0-443-06612-2
1839:978-1-93-816813-0
1686:Additional images
1545:brachialis muscle
1342:external rotation
1334:Internal rotation
1206:bowel obstruction
1198:cerebral arteries
1194:coronary arteries
1178:collecting system
1162:ductus arteriosus
506:(PAA) that speak
490:(FICAT) from the
381:referring to the
367:referring to the
231:can be split up:
124:
123:
16:(Redirected from
3966:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3905:
3741:
3672:Vertebral column
3474:
3467:
3460:
3451:
3406:Endocrine system
3168:Digestive system
2913:Lymphatic system
2896:Lymphatic vessel
2869:
2673:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2603:
2590:
2580:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2527:
2508:
2489:
2470:
2451:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2410:. Archived from
2400:
2394:
2393:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2189:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2138:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2080:10.1002/ca.22809
2068:Clinical Anatomy
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2006:
2000:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1877:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1814:
1807:
1724:
1705:Sir Henry Morris
1696:
1615:vertebral column
1346:lateral rotation
1127:Functional state
1120:transverse plane
1114:
1046:Anatomical plane
810:small intestines
806:transverse colon
794:transverse colon
769:abdominal cavity
532:Nomina Anatomica
326:frontalis muscle
253:
245:
237:
229:
116:
109:
102:
37:
30:
21:
18:Anatomical terms
3974:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3908:
3900:
3898:
3889:
3819:
3730:
3635:
3607:
3497:
3483:
3478:
3448:
3443:
3400:
3362:Seminal vesicle
3323:
3285:
3235:Small intestine
3162:
3105:
3064:
3029:
2966:
2907:
2854:
2832:Muscular system
2826:
2798:
2677:Skeletal system
2662:
2653:
2597:
2558:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2511:
2505:
2492:
2486:
2473:
2467:
2454:
2448:
2435:
2432:
2430:Further reading
2427:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2206:
2191:
2190:
2171:
2162:
2160:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1990:
1986:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1944:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1825:
1808:
1767:
1762:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1716:
1697:
1688:
1660:serous membrane
1654:Serous membrane
1648:
1646:Serous membrane
1642:
1633:
1627:
1607:
1601:
1559:
1553:
1541:brachioradialis
1525:
1480:brachioradialis
1468:
1462:
1385:
1338:medial rotation
1295:
1282:synovial joints
1261:
1255:
1243:palmaris longus
1234:
1228:
1129:
1070:of the body. A
1048:
1042:
1018:
855:
814:ascending colon
765:
751:
701:as the digits,
612:
606:
579:
570:
564:
525:(FCAT) and the
421:health sciences
405:
395:
334:buccal membrane
195:
120:
91:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3972:
3970:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3918:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3646:
3644:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3291:Urinary system
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3213:Laryngopharynx
3210:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3181:Salivary gland
3172:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3078:
3076:
3074:immune systems
3070:Haematopoietic
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3020:Somatic system
3017:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3003:Sensory system
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2978:
2976:Nervous system
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2955:CNS equivalent
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2822:Synovial joint
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2571:(3): 130–133.
2556:
2528:
2522:
2509:
2503:
2490:
2484:
2471:
2465:
2452:
2446:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2395:
2388:
2367:
2354:(3): 289–302.
2334:
2327:
2309:
2280:
2223:
2204:
2169:
2129:(3): 340–347.
2109:
2074:(2): 145–155.
2058:
2045:
2025:
2018:
2001:
1984:
1973:(4): 1345–52.
1957:
1942:
1924:
1909:
1891:
1884:
1857:
1838:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1644:Main article:
1641:
1638:
1629:Main article:
1626:
1623:
1603:Main article:
1600:
1597:
1580:biceps brachii
1555:Main article:
1552:
1549:
1524:
1521:
1476:biceps brachii
1464:Main article:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1442:
1423:
1407:
1399:plantarflexion
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1357:
1350:lotus position
1331:
1313:
1294:
1293:General motion
1291:
1257:Main article:
1254:
1251:
1230:Main article:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1209:
1141:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1096:
1081:sagittal plane
1044:Main article:
1041:
1038:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1001:for left, and
997:Occasionally,
995:
987:
973:
955:
941:
927:
905:
891:
877:
854:
853:Standard terms
851:
836:subcostal line
826:
825:
781:
780:
761:Main article:
750:
747:
640:abdominal area
608:Main article:
605:
602:
578:
575:
566:Main article:
563:
560:
496:Latin American
394:
391:
387:
386:
376:
275:, such as the
271:or anatomical
194:
193:Word formation
191:
168:deriving from
122:
121:
119:
118:
111:
104:
96:
93:
92:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3971:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Human anatomy
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
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3058:Mammary gland
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2656:Human systems
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2562:
2557:
2547:on 2009-03-25
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2500:
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2481:
2477:
2476:Human Anatomy
2472:
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2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2443:
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2434:
2433:
2429:
2414:on 2019-03-29
2413:
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2408:opentextbc.ca
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2059:
2048:
2046:9781586035495
2042:
2039:. IOS Press.
2038:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:Int J Morphol
1961:
1958:
1953:
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1935:
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1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:Human Anatomy
1706:
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1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1652:
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1639:
1637:
1632:
1625:Body cavities
1624:
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1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
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1595:of the body.
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1411:Palmarflexion
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1203:
1199:
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1187:
1183:
1179:
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1172:, section of
1171:
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1101:
1100:frontal plane
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629:
628:lumbar region
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458:
454:
453:gross anatomy
450:
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315:(mouth), and
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192:
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177:
175:
171:
170:Ancient Greek
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:is a form of
128:
117:
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63:
60:
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49:
45:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3621:Adam's apple
3261:
3229:
3202:
2954:
2937:
2920:
2880:
2615:
2610:
2606:free content
2598:
2568:
2564:
2549:. Retrieved
2542:the original
2533:
2513:
2494:
2475:
2456:
2437:
2416:. Retrieved
2412:the original
2407:
2398:
2379:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2318:
2312:
2301:. Retrieved
2292:
2283:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2216:November 16,
2214:. Retrieved
2194:
2161:. Retrieved
2126:
2122:
2112:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2050:. Retrieved
2035:
2028:
2009:
2004:
1995:
1987:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1933:
1927:
1900:
1894:
1873:
1848:. Retrieved
1828:
1809:
1708:
1700:
1657:
1634:
1608:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1489:
1450:
1444:
1431:
1425:
1416:dorsiflexion
1415:
1409:
1397:
1393:Dorsiflexion
1391:
1386:
1365:
1359:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1287:
1276:
1235:
1212:
1186:kidney stone
1170:blood vessel
1143:
1135:
1130:
1119:
1106:, following
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:median plane
1088:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1019:
1008:
1002:
998:
989:
981:
975:
963:
957:
949:
943:
935:
929:
923:
919:
913:
907:
899:
893:
885:
879:
871:
865:
860:
856:
847:
840:
834:
827:
782:
766:
715:
668:
638:region. The
621:
599:
592:
571:
557:
536:
530:
516:
481:
433:medical care
406:
388:
378:
364:
351:
345:
338:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:(eye area),
296:
295:(forehead),
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
265:
259:
257:
248:
240:
239:for muscle,
232:
222:
196:
184:
182:
180:eliminated.
178:
159:
126:
125:
87:Neuroanatomy
72:Microanatomy
51:
3429:Parathyroid
3129:Nasopharynx
2991:Spinal cord
2926:Bone marrow
2695:Collar bone
1711:. See also
1680:pericardium
1631:Body cavity
1593:deep fascia
1404:brake pedal
1352:posture in
1137:Anastomoses
1085:midsagittal
909:Superficial
671:antecubital
457:microscopic
445:descriptive
201:: the same
155:pharmacists
3938:Categories
3788:Fingernail
3208:Oropharynx
2948:Lymph node
2881:peripheral
2727:Metatarsus
2722:Metacarpus
2701:Thigh bone
2697:(clavicle)
2551:2015-11-15
2418:2019-09-03
2303:2019-09-03
2163:2018-02-14
2052:2008-08-22
1760:References
1589:periosteum
1537:synergists
1533:antagonist
1507:as in the
1484:brachialis
1433:supination
1367:depression
512:Portuguese
484:human body
473:embryology
449:functional
199:morphology
151:physicians
139:zoologists
135:anatomists
3704:Genitalia
3414:Pituitary
3263:accessory
3218:Esophagus
2938:secondary
2850:Diaphragm
2794:Cartilage
2742:Phalanges
2587:2177-0298
2257:0264-410X
2145:1644-3284
2088:1098-2353
1979:0717-9367
1850:March 15,
1821:CC BY 4.0
1640:Membranes
1611:symphysis
1571:pennation
1500:insertion
1452:inversion
1427:Pronation
1406:of a car.
1361:Elevation
1328:star jump
1323:adduction
1317:Abduction
1309:extension
1236:The term
1190:gallstone
873:posterior
779:Quadrants
738:popliteal
703:phalanges
675:olecranon
656:umbilical
541:histology
461:histology
417:dentistry
348:embryonic
307:(cheek),
287:(skull),
261:umbilicus
3928:Medicine
3833:Buttocks
3753:Shoulder
3588:Mandible
3521:Forehead
3394:Placenta
3357:Testicle
3352:Prostate
3279:Pancreas
3240:Appendix
3230:lower GI
3203:upper GI
3151:Bronchus
3094:Lymphoid
2777:Vertebra
2732:Ossicles
2717:Mandible
2620:Openstax
2297:Archived
2275:27435386
2210:Archived
2157:Archived
2153:28026851
2104:32863255
2096:27910135
1952:43947698
1919:63680504
1844:Archived
1823:license.
1733:See also
1668:thoracic
1543:and the
1494:with an
1446:Eversion
1376:mandible
1253:Movement
1067:sections
999:sinister
920:profound
895:Proximal
887:inferior
881:Superior
867:Anterior
831:clavicle
742:peroneal
720:and the
707:buttocks
632:scapular
562:Location
465:cytology
455:and the
429:teaching
425:research
413:medicine
409:colleges
311:(nose),
291:(face),
281:cephalon
235:musculus
207:suffixes
203:prefixes
166:prefixes
162:suffixes
145:such as
133:used by
67:Location
44:a series
3959:Anatomy
3916:Biology
3902:Portals
3878:Toenail
3768:Forearm
3714:Scrotum
3660:Midriff
3650:Abdomen
3643:(Trunk)
3593:Occiput
3536:Eyebrow
3434:Adrenal
3424:Thyroid
3342:Scrotum
3319:Urethra
3314:Bladder
3223:Stomach
3146:Trachea
3082:Myeloid
2921:primary
2787:Sternum
2737:Patella
2712:Humerus
2703:(femur)
2595:Sources
2266:5139892
2237:Vaccine
1666:in the
1585:tendons
1529:agonist
1513:triceps
1505:forearm
1460:Muscles
1372:scapula
1303:Flexion
1072:section
991:Cranial
977:Rostral
959:Ventral
937:lateral
824:Regions
818:bladder
798:stomach
749:Abdomen
734:patella
699:fingers
685:as the
679:forearm
636:sternal
604:Regions
508:Spanish
393:History
353:rostral
303:(ear),
285:cranium
267:sternum
251:brachii
147:doctors
3813:Little
3803:Middle
3783:Finger
3758:Axilla
3699:Pelvis
3692:Nipple
3687:Breast
3682:Thorax
3626:Throat
3603:Temple
3566:Tongue
3546:Eyelid
3419:Pineal
3379:Vagina
3374:Uterus
3369:Female
3309:Ureter
3304:Kidney
3250:Rectum
3186:Tongue
3134:Larynx
3053:Breast
3025:Tissue
2943:Spleen
2931:Thymus
2886:Artery
2845:Tendon
2840:Muscle
2804:Joints
2782:Pelvis
2757:Tarsus
2747:Radius
2707:Fibula
2690:Carpus
2660:organs
2618:,
2585:
2520:
2501:
2482:
2463:
2444:
2386:
2325:
2293:Kenhub
2273:
2263:
2255:
2202:
2151:
2143:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2043:
2016:
1977:
1950:
1940:
1917:
1907:
1882:
1836:
1664:organs
1599:Joints
1509:biceps
1496:origin
1420:prayer
1340:) and
1285:type.
1278:Joints
1214:plexus
1150:artery
1145:Patent
1112:corona
1061:planes
1040:Planes
1022:vector
1009:Paired
1003:dexter
983:caudal
970:embryo
965:dorsal
945:Radial
931:Medial
901:distal
802:spleen
687:carpus
662:. The
660:thighs
648:axilla
644:pelvis
624:dorsum
369:radius
365:Radial
321:cervix
317:mentum
297:oculus
289:facies
243:biceps
219:tissue
164:, and
153:, and
141:, and
82:Muscle
77:Motion
3863:Ankle
3843:Thigh
3798:Index
3793:Thumb
3773:Wrist
3763:Elbow
3736:Limbs
3719:Vulva
3709:Penis
3665:Navel
3655:Waist
3641:Torso
3598:Scalp
3571:Tooth
3556:Mouth
3526:Cheek
3389:Ovary
3384:Vulva
3347:Penis
3269:Liver
3245:Colon
3196:Tooth
3176:Mouth
3141:Lower
3119:Upper
2996:Nerve
2986:Brain
2903:Heart
2762:Tibia
2752:Skull
2616:et al
2545:(PDF)
2538:(PDF)
2100:S2CID
1605:Joint
1492:joint
1219:nerve
1174:bowel
1108:Latin
1034:plane
951:ulnar
790:liver
730:femur
726:ankle
711:pubis
695:thumb
683:wrist
664:groin
652:navel
439:as a
379:Ulnar
358:skull
309:nasus
305:bucca
301:auris
293:frons
273:lines
215:organ
211:roots
174:Latin
3883:Sole
3868:Heel
3858:Foot
3853:Calf
3848:Knee
3808:Ring
3778:Hand
3726:Anus
3677:Back
3631:Nape
3613:Neck
3551:Nose
3531:Chin
3516:Face
3511:Hair
3503:Head
3495:Skin
3489:Body
3337:Male
3255:Anus
3156:Lung
3124:Nose
3072:and
3043:Skin
2891:Vein
2767:Ulna
2685:Bone
2658:and
2622:.
2583:ISSN
2518:ISBN
2499:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2461:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2271:PMID
2253:ISSN
2218:2013
2200:ISBN
2149:PMID
2141:ISSN
2092:PMID
2084:ISSN
2041:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1975:ISSN
1948:OCLC
1938:ISBN
1915:OCLC
1905:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1852:2018
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1670:and
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1396:and
1374:and
1364:and
1354:yoga
1344:(or
1336:(or
1320:and
1306:and
1202:mass
1196:and
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1154:vein
1118:The
1098:The
1079:The
1026:axes
1016:Axes
980:and
962:and
948:and
934:and
924:deep
915:deep
912:and
898:and
884:and
870:and
786:ribs
722:knee
691:hand
585:The
510:and
463:and
447:and
431:and
415:and
401:and
383:ulna
337:and
205:and
172:and
62:Bone
3873:Toe
3838:Hip
3825:Leg
3745:Arm
3583:Jaw
3578:Ear
3561:Lip
3541:Eye
3191:Lip
3013:Eye
3008:Ear
2772:Rib
2573:doi
2356:doi
2261:PMC
2245:doi
2131:doi
2076:doi
1994:at
1204:or
1188:or
1180:or
1152:or
1087:or
718:hip
411:of
264:or
217:or
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