900:
816:
729:, expressed "a vigorously pro-UNITA position" during his confirmation hearings. And, third, it transpired that the American budget for aid to UNITA had increased from an estimated $ 30–45 million in 1988 to $ 50–60 million in 1989. By 1990, it amounted to up to $ 90 million; in total, it is estimated that the U.S. provided UNITA with $ 250 million in weapons assistance between 1986 and 1992. Given that South Africa's disengagement was a condition of the 1988 accords, this made the U.S. UNITA's primary external patron. Although American support for UNITA was weakened somewhat by the
791:– whose inauguration was attended by an MPLA representative – the U.S. appeared increasingly impatient with UNITA's intransigence, while MPLA increasingly sought Western partners. On 19 May 1993, the U.S. extended formal diplomatic recognition to the MPLA-led government of Angola, a move viewed as calculated to pressure Savimbi into cooperation with ongoing peace talks. Clinton's administration subsequently expressed support for UN sanctions against UNITA, and publicly disavowed any prospect of Angolan regime change by UNITA-led coup. Following the
714:
Reagan administration proposed to send U.S. diplomats to Luanda, officially to monitor the implementation of the 1988 accords but also to provide a direct channel of communication between the
American and Angolan governments. However, the U.S. was unwilling to accommodate an Angolan liaison in Washington, suggesting instead that the Angolans operate through their New York mission to the UN. Unable to secure a reciprocal offer, Angola rejected the proposal. An anti-American faction within MPLA argued that the U.S. was "
594:
702:
27:
3434:
994:
57:
685:, advocated a principle of "linkage", by which South African withdrawal from Namibia was linked to – that is, made conditional on – Cuban withdrawal from Angola. The Angolan government objected strenuously to this approach, and the announcement of the UNITA aid programme stalled negotiations between 1986 and 1987. However, negotiations resumed, with the U.S. playing a central role, and ultimately resulted in Angola's signature of the
1008:
3196:
812:: the U.S. was consistently among its top three import markets and its primary export market. This trade relationship was centred on Angola's large oil industry: the U.S. received 90 per cent of Angolan oil exports, accounting in turn for seven per cent of U.S. oil imports. By 1999, Angola was the second-largest destination for American investment in sub-Saharan Africa, also concentrated in the oil sector.
763:
3132:
46:
369:
872:. In 2019, total bilateral trade was worth $ 1.5 billion, with a $ 420 million trade imbalance in Angola's favour. Angolan oil exports to the U.S. have declined since 2008 and accounted for less than 0.5% of total U.S. oil imports in 2021; but Angola remained the U.S.'s third-largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, American oil companies, including
713:
Although the 1988 accords were welcomed as "open a new phase of
American diplomacy", the U.S. failed to capitalise on improved conditions for a thaw in its relations with Angola, partly because of the continued influence of pro-UNITA individuals and groups in Washington. In January 1989, the outgoing
799:
in Angola, arguing that it "represented the last piece in a regional settlement in which the United States had significant economic and diplomatic investment". Between 1995 and 1997, the U.S. funded 30 per cent of the mission's expenditures, amounting to about $ 100 million in aid. In
December 1995,
244:
Thereafter, with the end of the Cold War imminent, the governments of both countries were increasingly comfortable cooperating to end the
Angolan civil conflict through a negotiated settlement, notwithstanding the sticking point presented by ongoing – and indeed augmented – American support to UNITA
465:(CIA) and coordinated closely (or "colluded", as critics claimed) with South African and Zairean efforts in Angola. The operation provided for $ 32 million in financial support to UNITA and FNLA; $ 16 million in military equipment, to be supplied to the groups through Zaire; and the recruitment of
803:
UNITA, meanwhile, did not comply with U.S. urging to demobilise, and, into
Clinton's second term, the civil war continued in parts of Angola. However, in 1998, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs said, while visiting Angola, that the U.S. government "believes it is time to
625:
extended
American support to insurgents fighting Soviet proxies or allies worldwide. In 1981, the year of his election, Reagan announced his support for UNITA, urged Congress to repeal the Clark Amendment, and established high-level political contact with UNITA. In February 1986, the Reagan
650:
to the mere provision of a bargaining chip with which to induce the MPLA-led government to negotiate with UNITA. Though the MPLA government had begun to demonstrate an increased willingness to improve relations with the U.S., it said the announcement of U.S. support for UNITA amounted to a
800:
Clinton received
Angolan President Dos Santos at the White House, where they discussed bilateral economic relations and Angola's ongoing national reconciliation. On the latter point, a Clinton aide said that "the president put the screws to him and we got what we wanted".
312:
also barred
Portugal from using American weapons in its colonies, although compliance with this ban was imperfect. Like subsequent presidents, Kennedy, in his policy stance, attempted to balance the U.S.'s multiple interests in Angola. Political imperatives arose from
257:
the previous year. While UNITA continued to take and hold territory throughout the 1990s, the U.S. government's attention increasingly shifted to supporting the
Angolan government's national reconciliation efforts, and to strengthening bilateral economic ties.
804:
move our economic relations forward with Angola despite the current political-military problems in Angola". Initiatives included a state-endorsed trade mission to Angola in 1997, the formation of a
Bilateral Consultative Commission in 1998, and a $ 350 million
744:
cancelled a planned trip to Washington in February 1990, which the Bush administration did not want to occur until a ceasefire had been attained in Angola. However, the U.S. remained supportive of peace efforts, including those which led to the 1991
537:(UN) membership in June 1976, on the basis of the continued Cuban presence in the country. Although the bid to block Angola's entry to the UN failed, successive U.S. administrations succeeded, until September 1990, in blocking its membership of the
516:
Violent conflict in Angola subsided in early 1976, as MPLA consolidated its control over the country. The U.S., however – though it permitted Gulf Oil to resume its Angolan operations (responsible for about 65 per cent of the Angolan government's
840:
Angola held a temporary seat on the UN Security Council in 2003, and the U.S. and other Western countries reportedly lobbied the Angolan government heavily for its support for a draft resolution which would authorise the use of force against
753:
and launched an offensive against MPLA forces, the Bush administration said that both parties were responsible for the resulting violence, and supported a new round of negotiations to assuage UNITA's "security concerns".
5267:
3422:
4910:
4905:
4855:
4850:
856:, advanced the bilateral security partnership – including through a 2010 U.S.–Angola Strategic Partnership Dialogue and a 2017 Memorandum of Understanding – with a particular focus on security in the
4970:
3882:
3661:
3497:
4845:
4769:
919:. U.S. aid disbursements to Angola amounted to $ 35.4 million in 2020, representing a substantial decrease from $ 64.4 million in 2001, and were concentrated in the health sector. During the
5090:
3517:
261:
The importance of those economic ties persists, although it is diminished: Angolan oil exports are no longer of strategic importance to the U.S., and Angolan trade is increasingly oriented
4990:
4920:
1041:
3155:
725:
wrote to Savimbi, promising UNITA "all appropriate and effective assistance" from his administration. Second, Bush's appointee as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs,
718:", failing to follow through on Reagan's implicit promise that a negotiated settlement – and the impending Cuban withdrawal from Angola – would be rewarded by improved relations.
4995:
3120:
2289:
4925:
3487:
3415:
627:
4985:
4547:
655:
3872:
3502:
634:, it planned to prevent a MPLA military victory by providing covert military aid to UNITA, beginning with $ 15 million in military assistance, primarily accounted for by
5346:
3400:
4900:
4835:
4359:
345:; and in 1975, the U.S. was Angola's primary export market (ahead even of Portugal) and its third largest import market. The U.S. was also a close partner of President
679:
4965:
4890:
3887:
3827:
5287:
5065:
3408:
646:; and it was enabled by the repeal of the Clark Amendment in 1985. Supporters of the U.S. alliance with UNITA linked it to objectives ranging from outright Angolan
4885:
4840:
3852:
2991:
1362:
796:
4980:
4930:
4875:
4183:
3507:
337:(MPLA) gained control of an independent Angola. The U.S. also had significant economic interests in Angola: various American companies operated there, including
936:
4895:
4860:
4764:
4733:
551:
was highly critical of the Ford administration's Angolan policy during his presidential campaign, and members of his administration – especially UN Ambassador
2223:
217:
blocked any further U.S. aid to Angolan rebels between 1976 and 1985, but relations between the two countries remained extremely cold. After 1985, President
5336:
4915:
4738:
4599:
4562:
4307:
805:
2669:
899:
815:
5055:
4960:
4955:
4945:
4935:
4865:
4519:
4504:
4401:
733:, and by revelations about atrocities committed by Savimbi, a campaign to step away from the relationship failed to muster sufficient votes in Congress.
736:
Bush's administration avoided a high-profile role in the ongoing intra-Angolan peace process, preferring instead to support a mediation led by Mobutu in
5060:
4880:
4660:
3760:
3113:
2574:
556:
4975:
4940:
4870:
4795:
4416:
4344:
4074:
3959:
3795:
3730:
3709:
4712:
4680:
4675:
4241:
4148:
4127:
4122:
3913:
3877:
3740:
3605:
3389:
5000:
4665:
4609:
4594:
4277:
4216:
4153:
4079:
4069:
4064:
4059:
3908:
3775:
3745:
3735:
3598:
3588:
3578:
3563:
3098:
5341:
3438:
2490:
5050:
4707:
4489:
4334:
4246:
4221:
4190:
4100:
4032:
3977:
3933:
3918:
3573:
508:, assured UNITA that the U.S. would "continue to support UNITA as long as it demonstrated the capacity for effective resistance to the MPLA".
3373:
3369:
3010:
2967:
2938:
1836:
948:
852:
declared Angola one of the U.S.'s three key strategic partners in Africa, along with Nigeria and South Africa. Both Obama and his successor,
4759:
4619:
4604:
4574:
4438:
4396:
4251:
4231:
4211:
4178:
4168:
4117:
4022:
4012:
3997:
3923:
3847:
3837:
3694:
3689:
3625:
3610:
3553:
3543:
3482:
442:). The U.S. publicly advocated a negotiated political solution to the conflict. However, as observers suspected at the time, U.S. President
5123:
5070:
3106:
3079:
4950:
4830:
4743:
4655:
4645:
4640:
4552:
4542:
4537:
4514:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4443:
4428:
4411:
4406:
4391:
4324:
4287:
4282:
4272:
4256:
4236:
4027:
4002:
3982:
3867:
3857:
3832:
3790:
3785:
3765:
3704:
3699:
3673:
3656:
3641:
3593:
3548:
3538:
3533:
3083:
868:
The countries signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement in 2009, and Angola is eligible for preferential trade benefits under the
721:
The plausibility of this view was further strengthened by subsequent U.S. policy moves. First, also in January 1989, U.S. President-Elect
2760:
563:, Carter too had announced that a Cuban drawdown in Angola was a prerequisite for any diplomatic relations between Washington, D.C., and
158:
in the region, and to protect American interests in the Angolan oil sector, the U.S. was staunchly opposed to Angola's ruling party, the
5110:
305:
171:
5035:
4810:
4670:
4650:
4614:
4584:
4569:
4557:
4499:
4494:
4484:
4433:
4423:
4354:
4319:
4314:
4302:
4206:
4158:
4132:
4007:
3987:
3954:
3938:
3928:
3903:
3755:
3620:
3615:
3583:
3568:
2372:
869:
473:
also claimed that the US had known in advance of, and had cooperated with, South Africa's planned invasion of Angola in October 1975.
265:. However, American oil companies retain significant investments in Angola, which remains the U.S.'s third-largest trading partner in
4805:
4800:
4779:
4774:
4624:
4589:
4579:
4364:
4349:
4339:
4173:
4163:
4112:
4105:
4095:
3992:
3862:
3780:
3750:
3725:
3668:
3651:
3646:
3558:
3512:
3348:
3180:
26:
5292:
3039:
2780:
2738:
2706:
880:, maintain major operations in Angolan oil fields. The oil sector has also fostered cultural links between the countries, including
5045:
4728:
4329:
4297:
4292:
4226:
4017:
3842:
3800:
3770:
3492:
1036:
451:
206:
3353:
3165:
3150:
361:, the U.S. redoubled its support for the Portuguese colonists and remained publicly neutral towards FNLA, as it did towards all
979:
912:
666:
regime in South Africa. One of the objectives of constructive engagement was to obtain leverage which could be used to resolve
450:'s decision in January 1975 to reinforce aid to FNLA, though to still-modest levels. In July 1975, reportedly at the urging of
353:, whose regime closely guarded its security interests in Angola, including by hosting FNLA insurgents in Zaire. However, after
270:
3261:
3210:
955:, and replaced a liaison office that had operated in Luanda since January 1992. The Angolan Embassy to the U.S. is located on
430:
By late 1975, Angola had achieved independence but had become the site of a territorial contest between MPLA (later supported
3317:
3185:
530:
186:
in Angola greatly increased the U.S.'s investment in the outcome of the war. The ensuing conflict became entangled with the
140:
808:
loan to U.S. oil equipment exporters in Angola. By the late 1990s, Angola was the U.S.'s third-largest trading partner in
750:
254:
3302:
3281:
3235:
3175:
3170:
555:– publicly supported taking a less hostile posture towards MPLA. However, by 1977, reportedly under the influence of his
2930:
2405:
2346:
2256:
1350:
470:
431:
183:
170:(MPLA). When the Angolan Civil War began in 1975, the U.S. extended military aid to both of MPLA's domestic rivals: the
5040:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3297:
3276:
3266:
3225:
3215:
3136:
920:
542:
462:
439:
297:
291:
191:
132:
3332:
3307:
3271:
3256:
3251:
3160:
262:
1541:"The Unintended Consequences of Congressional Reform: The Clark and Tunney Amendments and U.S. Policy toward Angola"
5133:
1829:
Constructive engagement? : Chester Crocker & American policy in South Africa, Namibia & Angola, 1981-8
771:
741:
3220:
5282:
2522:
2463:
518:
120:
have maintained cordial diplomatic relations since 1993. Before then, antagonism between the countries hinged on
98:
2548:
1031:
975:
690:
671:
238:
187:
2187:
5262:
5085:
2620:
2321:
960:
730:
659:
588:
497:
325:
as a stabilising force in Africa, American support for FNLA was calculated to avoid an outcome in which the
226:
3064:
567:. Over the next two years, Angolan-backed insurgents invaded Zaire twice, precipitating conflicts known as
2485:
522:
489:
136:
469:, and some CIA experts, to advise the groups' military commands. South African officials and CIA officer
3195:
2692:
956:
701:
504:
groups in Angola. However, Stockwell alleges that, the following week, Kissinger, via U.S. diplomats in
5307:
5224:
5148:
4509:
999:
932:
885:
715:
686:
458:
425:
105:
2426:
5297:
5229:
5158:
5143:
5080:
2458:
873:
593:
560:
362:
3093:
2832:
2595:
1405:"The World Was Not Turning in Their Direction: The United States and the Decolonization of Angola"
896:
and Luanda) and corporate programmes which educate Angolan oil professionals in U.S. universities.
824:
229:
with South Africa on regional issues. In this regard, the U.S. pursued negotiations to ameliorate
225:. However, a parallel initiative of the Reagan administration stemmed from the latter's policy of
5244:
2985:
2904:
2872:
2860:
2819:
2724:
2674:
2168:
2114:
2106:
2059:
2012:
2004:
1944:
1897:
1889:
1809:
1801:
1747:
1704:
1696:
1646:
1568:
1521:
1474:
1331:
1288:
1236:
1186:
1140:
1088:
809:
326:
266:
159:
1384:
1608:
860:. However, the U.S. and China have sometimes been viewed as competing for influence in Angola.
5239:
3045:
3035:
3016:
3006:
2973:
2963:
2944:
2934:
2896:
2852:
2811:
2776:
2744:
2734:
2712:
2702:
2544:
2434:
2297:
2264:
2231:
2195:
2160:
2098:
2051:
1996:
1936:
1881:
1842:
1832:
1793:
1739:
1688:
1638:
1560:
1513:
1466:
1424:
1323:
1280:
1228:
1178:
1132:
1080:
1026:
968:
952:
722:
706:
675:
631:
614:
575:, and, on the latter occasion, provoking U.S. involvement in the Zairean military response.
414:
394:
322:
246:
234:
213:– continued to deny recognition to its government, a policy maintained by his successors. The
125:
249:. On 19 May 1993, with intra-Angolan peace talks still underway, the government of President
5219:
5188:
5168:
5163:
3088:
2888:
2844:
2833:"Covert Collusion? American and South African Relations in the Angolan Civil War, 1974–1976"
2803:
2768:
2152:
2090:
2043:
1988:
1928:
1873:
1785:
1731:
1680:
1628:
1620:
1552:
1505:
1458:
1416:
1315:
1272:
1124:
1072:
1021:
928:
726:
346:
342:
78:
5234:
5214:
5183:
5178:
5153:
5138:
5023:
2920:
2756:
1442:
1013:
792:
746:
740:. The mediation failed and, amid a resurgence of the Angolan civil war, Angolan President
682:
667:
618:
584:
493:
454:
358:
309:
253:
extended formal diplomatic recognition to the MPLA-led Angolan government, which had held
230:
222:
214:
210:
147:
2730:
Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War
124:
geopolitics, which led the U.S. to support anti-government rebels during the protracted
5198:
5173:
2400:
2219:
1862:"Chester Crocker and the South African Border War, 1981-1989: A Reappraisal of Linkage"
974:
Both countries are members of the UN, the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and
916:
889:
857:
842:
767:
635:
534:
301:
274:
1007:
365:, while occasionally lobbying privately for reform of the Portuguese regime in Angola.
190:, and the U.S. government was accused of complicity in – and collaboration with – the
5330:
5277:
5193:
3433:
2864:
2807:
2118:
2016:
1901:
1813:
1708:
1650:
1633:
647:
643:
622:
602:
598:
354:
218:
175:
117:
61:
670:'s complex of interlocking conflicts – not only the Angolan Civil War, but also the
3451:
2517:
1509:
853:
849:
788:
552:
548:
501:
485:
447:
330:
250:
163:
762:
2848:
2094:
1992:
5272:
2916:
951:
is located in Miramar, Luanda. It was established in July 1994 under Ambassador
881:
820:
775:
639:
613:
In the 1980s, UNITA – by then the dominant anti-government force in the ongoing
606:
481:
446:
had already authorised government support to UNITA and FNLA, beginning with the
443:
318:
233:'s various interlocking conflicts, in particular by linking the independence of
202:
151:
135:
from Portugal in 1975, the U.S. – alone among its Western peers – never granted
2892:
3089:
Declassified minutes of National Security Council meeting on Angola, June 1975
3020:
2792:"A Test of Wills: Jimmy Carter, South Africa, and the Independence of Namibia"
2156:
1877:
1684:
1624:
989:
877:
538:
368:
221:
announced the resumption of U.S. support to UNITA, in line with the so-called
3002:
Kissinger, Angola, and U.S.–African Foreign Policy: The Unintentional Realist
2977:
2948:
2900:
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2815:
2624:
2438:
2301:
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2235:
2199:
2164:
2102:
2055:
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1940:
1885:
1846:
1797:
1743:
1692:
1642:
1564:
1517:
1470:
1428:
1327:
1284:
1232:
1182:
1136:
1084:
749:. When, in September 1992, Savimbi refused to accept the results of Angola's
3049:
2877:"Angola's Political Economy of War: The Role of Oil and Diamonds, 1975–2000"
2748:
2716:
1556:
737:
663:
526:
477:
466:
195:
155:
144:
3000:
630:
that, though it remained committed to a diplomatic solution of the ongoing
2957:
2924:
2772:
484:
testing ground of American will and power" in the face of mounting Soviet
5302:
3029:
2761:"From Cassinga to New York: The Struggle for the Independence of Namibia"
2728:
2696:
1420:
572:
505:
338:
314:
237:
to a Cuban withdrawal from Angola. This policy came to fruition with the
121:
2823:
2791:
2110:
2078:
2063:
2031:
2008:
1976:
1893:
1861:
1572:
1540:
1525:
1493:
1478:
1446:
1292:
1260:
1144:
1112:
273:. In the 21st century, regional security partnership, especially in the
2908:
2876:
2172:
2140:
1948:
1916:
1805:
1773:
1751:
1723:
1335:
1307:
1240:
1216:
1190:
1166:
1092:
1064:
964:
893:
568:
1700:
1668:
1404:
3131:
2047:
1462:
1276:
1128:
828:
564:
113:
84:
50:
1932:
1789:
1735:
1319:
1076:
5075:
1609:"The Clinton Administration's Policy Toward Angola: An Assessment"
924:
904:
898:
814:
761:
700:
654:
Especially in the first half of the 1980s, another cornerstone of
592:
435:
378:
350:
201:
Even as MPLA consolidated its control over Angola, U.S. President
179:
2569:
1494:"The Clark Amendment: Analysis of U.S. Policy Choices in Angola"
903:
The U.S. delivers Coronavirus vaccines to Angola as part of the
334:
167:
5107:
5021:
3449:
3404:
3102:
3074:
277:, has been an additional focal point of bilateral relations.
150:
under which the country was governed until 1992. Anxious to
963:
in New York City and, since 2001, in the petroleum hub of
2698:
Regional Conflict and U.S. Policy: Angola and Mozambique
1042:
List of diplomatic visits to the United States by Angola
927:
programme; the U.S. government was the largest donor of
241:
of 1988, which the U.S. was instrumental in mediating.
2427:"Hillary Clinton aims to revive US influence in Angola"
3069:
2648:
2347:"War on Iraq only in 'extreme circumstances' - Angola"
662:, which prescribed a conciliatory posture towards the
1387:(Report). United States Department of State Bulletin.
1167:"US Foreign Policy: Lessons from the Angola Conflict"
680:
U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
674:
and the ongoing South African occupation of Namibia (
357:
was elected U.S. President and adopted the so-called
2678:. September 23, 2003. Retrieved on January 30, 2009.
911:
As of 2022, the U.S. was Angola's primary source of
434:, with Soviet backing) and its domestic rivals, the
5253:
5207:
5122:
4823:
4788:
4752:
4721:
4700:
4693:
4633:
4530:
4452:
4384:
4377:
4265:
4199:
4141:
4088:
4052:
4045:
3970:
3947:
3896:
3820:
3813:
3718:
3682:
3634:
3526:
3470:
3463:
3382:
3362:
3341:
3290:
3244:
3203:
3143:
1385:
The United States and Angola, 1974–88: A Chronology
795:of 1994, Clinton secured congressional support for
642:the previous month between Reagan and UNITA leader
436:
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
321:policy: although some American policymakers viewed
300:from Portugal, the U.S. provided covert support to
180:
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
95:
90:
76:
71:
33:
2523:U.S. Department of State Bureau of African Affairs
923:, some of this assistance was provided under the
521:) – became the single Western power to refuse to
3084:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archive
2290:"Angolan Leader Pledges to Reinforce Peace Plan"
1447:"The Angola Decision of 1975: A Personal Memoir"
500:, blocking further U.S. support to military or
488:. When the operation was exposed publicly, the
3094:U.S. Integrated Country Strategy: Angola, 2019
3075:Website of the U.S.–Angola Chamber of Commerce
1363:Center for Strategic and International Studies
971:was the first Angolan ambassador to the U.S.
848:In 2009, the administration of U.S. President
269:. The U.S. is also Angola's primary source of
3416:
3114:
3031:Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction
2959:Jimmy Carter in Africa: Race and the Cold War
2701:. Algonac, Michigan: Reference Publications.
937:International Military Education and Training
678:). The architect of constructive engagement,
638:. The announcement followed a meeting at the
335:Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
308:(FNLA). The administration of U.S. President
168:Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
8:
2596:"Global VAX (COVID-19) Assistance to Angola"
2570:"U.S. Foreign Assistance By Country: Angola"
1774:"Rethinking the "Reagan Doctrine" in Angola"
1724:"Angola, the Cubans, and American Anxieties"
19:
2486:"U.S. Total Crude Oil and Products Imports"
2079:"The American Challenge in Southern Africa"
579:Reagan Doctrine and constructive engagement
476:Academic John A. Marcum called the Angolan
5119:
5104:
5018:
4697:
4381:
4049:
3817:
3467:
3460:
3446:
3423:
3409:
3401:
3121:
3107:
3099:
3070:Website of the Angolan embassy to the U.S.
2990:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2670:Energy of Africa Draws the Eyes of Houston
2373:"Angola Receives Attention in Iraq Crisis"
2600:U.S. Agency for International Development
2575:U.S. Agency for International Development
2257:"Washington Recognizes Angola Government"
1632:
758:1993–present: Formal diplomatic relations
5347:Bilateral relations of the United States
935:has also been a beneficiary of the U.S.
617:– became a beneficiary of the so-called
367:
1669:"U.S. Policy towards Angola Since 1975"
1052:
3439:Foreign relations of the United States
2983:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2491:U.S. Energy Information Administration
2401:"Trump Staying the Course with Angola"
2394:
2392:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1602:
1217:"U.S. Policy in Angola and Mozambique"
959:in Washington, D.C.; it also operates
286:1961–1974: Angolan War of Independence
18:
3065:Website of the U.S. embassy to Angola
3034:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
2733:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1673:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1662:
1660:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
533:. It vetoed Angola's application for
7:
1977:"Unfulfilled Expectations in Angola"
1398:
1396:
1394:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1058:
1056:
298:protracted struggle for independence
4856:Greater Republic of Central America
4851:Federal Republic of Central America
2145:Review of African Political Economy
1866:Journal of Southern African Studies
1613:Review of African Political Economy
978:; and Angola is an observer to the
306:National Liberation Front of Angola
172:National Liberation Front of Angola
870:African Growth and Opportunity Act
628:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
512:Non-recognition of MPLA government
438:(UNITA) and FNLA (later supported
14:
2322:"Angola Resists Pressure on Iraq"
2288:Lippman, Thomas W. (1995-12-09).
1917:"Angola: The Present Opportunity"
1351:"United States Options in Angola"
1308:"Angola: Left, Right & Wrong"
372:Geopolitical situation, 1978–79.
4971:Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
3662:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3498:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3432:
3194:
3156:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3130:
2808:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2010.00898.x
2255:Holmes, Steven A. (1993-05-20).
1037:1989 Angola Lockheed L-100 crash
1006:
992:
55:
44:
25:
2188:"Bush Pledges Angola Rebel Aid"
1860:Kagan-Guthrie, Zachary (2009).
980:Organization of American States
913:official development assistance
271:official development assistance
5337:Angola–United States relations
3883:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
3390:Minister of External Relations
2377:The Edwardsville Intelligencer
2141:"The US and the War in Angola"
1539:Johnson, Robert David (2003).
1510:10.1080/00064246.1981.11414191
783:Détente and economic diplomacy
636:Stinger anti-aircraft missiles
20:Angola–United States relations
1:
5342:Bilateral relations of Angola
3370:Diplomatic missions in Angola
2224:"Don't Abandon Jonas Savimbi"
1403:de Sá, Tiago Moreira (2019).
705:Savimbi meets U.S. President
621:, under which U.S. President
3080:"U.S. Policy Towards Angola"
2931:Council on Foreign Relations
2849:10.1080/17532523.2011.596619
2518:"U.S. Relations with Angola"
2406:Council on Foreign Relations
2371:Hatton, Barry (2003-03-12).
2095:10.1525/curh.1989.88.538.209
2032:"The Angola/Namibia Accords"
1993:10.1525/curh.1990.89.547.213
1111:Adelman, Kenneth L. (1975).
626:administration informed the
409:1975–2002: Angolan Civil War
5091:International organizations
4991:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
4846:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
3137:Foreign relations of Angola
2999:O'Sullivan, Steven (2021).
2765:Cold War in Southern Africa
2186:Rampe, David (1989-01-12).
1921:Issue: A Journal of Opinion
1492:Walters, Ronald W. (1981).
1409:Journal of Cold War Studies
751:first multi-party elections
543:International Monetary Fund
531:People's Republic of Angola
463:Central Intelligence Agency
457:, Ford approved the covert
296:From 1962, during Angola's
292:Angolan War of Independence
141:People's Republic of Angola
5363:
5134:Proclamation of Neutrality
4921:North German Confederation
2399:Sullivan, Rachael (2017).
2077:Baker, Pauline H. (1989).
2030:Freeman, Chas. W. (1989).
1722:Bender, Gerald J. (1978).
1306:Bender, Gerald J. (1981).
582:
423:
412:
387: South African allies
289:
5118:
5103:
5031:
5017:
3459:
3445:
3192:
2926:Toward an Angola Strategy
2837:African Historical Review
2790:Gleijeses, Piero (2010).
2464:U.S. Trade Representative
2431:Christian Science Monitor
2157:10.1080/03056249108703896
1878:10.1080/03057070802685569
1685:10.1017/S0022278X00007710
1634:10.1080/03056240108704566
1625:10.1080/03056240108704566
1383:Howland, Nina D. (1989).
797:a UN peacekeeping mission
557:National Security Advisor
99:Joaquim do Espirito Santo
67:
54:
43:
24:
4926:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
3488:Central African Republic
2956:Mitchell, Nancy (2016).
2893:10.1093/afraf/100.398.55
2831:Graham, Matthew (2011).
2763:. In Onslow, Sue (ed.).
2629:U.S. Department of State
2549:U.S. Department of State
2139:Minter, William (1991).
1915:Marcum, John A. (1988).
1831:. Oxford: James Currey.
1772:McFaul, Michael (1989).
1349:Marcum, John A. (1985).
1259:Marcum, John A. (1976).
1215:Minter, William (1976).
1063:Smith, Wayne S. (1986).
1032:CIA activities in Angola
976:World Trade Organization
836:Post-civil war relations
819:U.S. Secretary of State
672:South African Border War
188:South African Border War
184:presence of Cuban troops
5086:Third Border Initiative
2621:Office of the Historian
2351:The Mail & Guardian
1607:Wright, George (2001).
1557:10.1111/1467-7709.00348
1165:Nesbitt, Prexy (1992).
772:José Eduardo dos Santos
742:José Eduardo Dos Santos
731:fall of the Berlin Wall
660:constructive engagement
656:Reagan's foreign policy
589:Constructive engagement
498:Arms Export Control Act
480:intervention "the post-
461:, which was run by the
452:U.S. Secretary of State
440:by South African troops
227:constructive engagement
83:United States Embassy,
4996:Kingdom of Württemberg
4986:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4548:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3028:Tvedten, Inge (1997).
2693:Bloomfield, Richard J.
1975:Gunn, Gillian (1990).
1827:Davies, J. E. (2007).
1778:International Security
1667:Tvedten, Inge (1992).
949:U.S. Embassy to Angola
908:
884:partnerships (between
832:
823:and Angolan President
779:
710:
610:
420:Early U.S. involvement
405:
323:Portuguese colonialism
317:politics and the U.S.
137:diplomatic recognition
3518:São Tomé and Príncipe
3503:Republic of the Congo
2773:10.4324/9780203874240
957:16th Street Northwest
902:
818:
765:
704:
651:declaration of war.
601:meets U.S. President
596:
371:
255:multi-party elections
5308:Special Relationship
5149:Good Neighbor policy
4911:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
4906:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
4901:Grand Duchy of Hesse
4836:Grand Duchy of Baden
4510:Special Relationship
4360:United Arab Emirates
1421:10.1162/jcws_a_00871
1113:"Report from Angola"
1000:United States portal
943:Diplomatic relations
915:, just ahead of the
886:Lafayette, Louisiana
716:moving the goalposts
687:Brazzaville Protocol
459:Operation IA Feature
426:Operation IA Feature
363:liberation movements
106:Tulinabo S. Mushingi
5298:Progressive realism
5293:Non-interventionism
5144:Roosevelt Corollary
5081:Major non-NATO ally
4966:Kingdom of Sardinia
4891:Hanseatic Republics
3888:Trinidad and Tobago
3873:St. Kitts and Nevis
3828:Antigua and Barbuda
2962:. Washington, D.C.
2873:Le Billon, Philippe
2725:Borstelmann, Thomas
2649:"Embassy of Angola"
1261:"Lessons of Angola"
845:'s regime in Iraq.
561:Zbigniew Brzezinski
205:– supported by his
21:
16:Bilateral relations
5288:Middle East policy
4886:Kingdom of Hanover
4841:Kingdom of Bavaria
3853:Dominican Republic
2796:Diplomatic History
2675:The New York Times
2261:The New York Times
2192:The New York Times
1545:Diplomatic History
1065:"A Trap in Angola"
961:consulates-general
909:
864:Economic relations
833:
810:sub-Saharan Africa
806:Export-Import Bank
780:
711:
697:Continued tensions
693:in December 1988.
611:
406:
403: South Africa
267:sub-Saharan Africa
207:Secretary of State
194:by South Africa's
192:invasion of Angola
72:Diplomatic mission
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5099:
5098:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
4981:Republic of Texas
4931:Orange Free State
4876:Republic of Genoa
4819:
4818:
4689:
4688:
4373:
4372:
4041:
4040:
3809:
3808:
3508:Equatorial Guinea
3398:
3397:
3012:978-1-032-09100-6
2969:978-0-8047-9918-8
2940:978-0-87609-370-2
1838:978-1-84701-305-7
1498:The Black Scholar
1027:Slavery in Angola
953:Edmund DeJarnette
929:Covid-19 vaccines
921:Covid-19 pandemic
691:Tripartite Accord
676:South West Africa
632:Angolan Civil War
615:Angolan Civil War
415:Angolan Civil War
395:South West Africa
247:George H. W. Bush
239:Tripartite Accord
235:South West Africa
126:Angolan Civil War
111:
110:
77:Angolan Embassy,
5354:
5120:
5105:
5019:
4896:Hawaiian Kingdom
4861:Congo Free State
4765:Marshall Islands
4734:Papua New Guinea
4698:
4382:
4050:
3818:
3468:
3461:
3447:
3437:
3436:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3198:
3135:
3134:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3100:
3053:
3024:
2995:
2989:
2981:
2952:
2912:
2868:
2827:
2786:
2757:Gleijeses, Piero
2752:
2720:
2679:
2668:Romero, Simon. "
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2136:
2123:
2122:
2089:(538): 209–246.
2074:
2068:
2067:
2048:10.2307/20044012
2027:
2021:
2020:
1987:(547): 213–234.
1972:
1953:
1952:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1769:
1756:
1755:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1636:
1604:
1577:
1576:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1463:10.2307/20040055
1443:Davis, Nathaniel
1439:
1433:
1432:
1400:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1277:10.2307/20039585
1256:
1245:
1244:
1212:
1195:
1194:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1129:10.2307/20039527
1108:
1097:
1096:
1060:
1022:Frontline States
1016:
1011:
1010:
1002:
997:
996:
995:
933:Angolan military
907:program in 2021.
787:Under President
723:George H.W. Bush
707:George H.W. Bush
609:, January 1986.
519:foreign exchange
402:
392:
386:
376:
349:in neighbouring
347:Mobutu Sese Seko
245:under President
133:won independence
131:Although Angola
79:Washington, D.C.
59:
58:
48:
47:
29:
22:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5312:
5255:
5249:
5215:Lodge Corollary
5208:Other doctrines
5203:
5125:
5114:
5095:
5027:
5005:
4916:Duchy of Nassau
4815:
4784:
4748:
4739:Solomon Islands
4717:
4685:
4629:
4600:North Macedonia
4563:Northern Cyprus
4526:
4448:
4369:
4261:
4195:
4137:
4084:
4037:
3966:
3943:
3892:
3805:
3714:
3678:
3630:
3522:
3455:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3399:
3394:
3378:
3358:
3337:
3286:
3240:
3199:
3190:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3061:
3056:
3042:
3027:
3013:
2998:
2982:
2970:
2955:
2941:
2915:
2881:African Affairs
2871:
2830:
2789:
2783:
2755:
2741:
2723:
2709:
2691:
2687:
2685:Further reading
2682:
2667:
2663:
2654:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2631:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2443:
2441:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2294:Washington Post
2287:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2271:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2228:Washington Post
2220:Weymouth, Lally
2218:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2151:(50): 135–144.
2138:
2137:
2126:
2083:Current History
2076:
2075:
2071:
2036:Foreign Affairs
2029:
2028:
2024:
1981:Current History
1974:
1973:
1956:
1933:10.2307/1166751
1914:
1913:
1909:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1790:10.2307/2538933
1771:
1770:
1759:
1736:10.2307/1148141
1721:
1720:
1716:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1619:(90): 563–576.
1606:
1605:
1580:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1451:Foreign Affairs
1441:
1440:
1436:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1320:10.2307/1148249
1305:
1304:
1300:
1265:Foreign Affairs
1258:
1257:
1248:
1214:
1213:
1198:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1117:Foreign Affairs
1110:
1109:
1100:
1077:10.2307/1148796
1062:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1014:Politics portal
1012:
1005:
998:
993:
991:
988:
945:
931:to Angola. The
866:
838:
831:, February 2020
793:Lusaka Protocol
785:
760:
747:Bicesse Accords
727:Herman J. Cohen
709:, October 1990.
699:
683:Chester Crocker
668:Southern Africa
619:Reagan Doctrine
591:
585:Reagan Doctrine
581:
514:
494:Clark Amendment
455:Henry Kissinger
432:by Cuban troops
428:
422:
417:
411:
404:
400:
398:
390:
388:
384:
382:
374:
359:Tar Baby Option
310:John F. Kennedy
294:
288:
283:
231:Southern Africa
223:Reagan Doctrine
215:Clark Amendment
211:Henry Kissinger
148:one-party state
104:
97:
60:
56:
49:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5360:
5358:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5116:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5071:United Nations
5068:
5063:
5058:
5056:European Union
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5022:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4961:Ryukyu Kingdom
4958:
4956:Russian Empire
4953:
4948:
4946:Duchy of Parma
4943:
4938:
4936:Ottoman Empire
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4866:Czechoslovakia
4863:
4858:
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4777:
4772:
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4756:
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4731:
4725:
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4710:
4704:
4702:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4520:Cayman Islands
4517:
4512:
4505:United Kingdom
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4409:
4404:
4402:Czech Republic
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
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4295:
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4280:
4275:
4269:
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4260:
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4145:
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4139:
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4125:
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4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4092:
4090:
4086:
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4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4047:
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4015:
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3990:
3985:
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3430:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3383:Related topics
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
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3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
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3147:
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3141:
3140:
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3118:
3111:
3103:
3097:
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3086:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3060:
3059:External links
3057:
3055:
3054:
3040:
3025:
3011:
2996:
2968:
2953:
2939:
2913:
2887:(398): 55–80.
2869:
2828:
2802:(5): 853–891.
2787:
2781:
2753:
2739:
2721:
2707:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2661:
2640:
2612:
2587:
2561:
2536:
2504:
2477:
2450:
2433:. 2009-08-10.
2418:
2388:
2363:
2338:
2313:
2280:
2247:
2222:(1993-01-26).
2211:
2178:
2124:
2069:
2042:(3): 126–141.
2022:
1954:
1907:
1852:
1837:
1819:
1757:
1728:Foreign Policy
1714:
1656:
1578:
1551:(2): 215–243.
1531:
1484:
1457:(1): 109–124.
1434:
1390:
1368:
1341:
1312:Foreign Policy
1298:
1271:(3): 407–425.
1246:
1196:
1177:(1/2): 53–71.
1150:
1123:(3): 558–574.
1098:
1069:Foreign Policy
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1003:
987:
984:
969:António Franca
944:
941:
917:European Union
894:Houston, Texas
892:; and between
865:
862:
858:Gulf of Guinea
843:Saddam Hussein
837:
834:
784:
781:
768:George W. Bush
759:
756:
698:
695:
580:
577:
535:United Nations
513:
510:
471:John Stockwell
421:
418:
410:
407:
399:
389:
383:
373:
302:Holden Roberto
287:
284:
282:
279:
275:Gulf of Guinea
154:the spread of
109:
108:
101:
93:
92:
88:
87:
81:
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
64:
53:
41:
40:
38:
35:
34:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5359:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5278:Domino theory
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5241:
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5061:Latin America
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5030:
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5016:
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4979:
4977:
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4967:
4964:
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4959:
4957:
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4937:
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4924:
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4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:German Empire
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:Former states
4822:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
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4771:
4768:
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4755:
4751:
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4726:
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4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4661:Liechtenstein
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4626:
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4608:
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4408:
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4400:
4398:
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4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4366:
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4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4255:
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4250:
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4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
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4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
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4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
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4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
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4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
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4019:
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4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
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3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
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3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:Guinea-Bissau
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Côte d'Ivoire
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
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3698:
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3600:
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3570:
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3535:
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3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
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3444:
3440:
3435:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:United States
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3041:0-8133-8489-3
3037:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:. Routledge.
3004:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2921:Wisner, Frank
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2782:9780203874240
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2740:0-19-507942-6
2736:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2708:0-917256-45-X
2704:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2677:
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2671:
2665:
2662:
2650:
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2571:
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2562:
2550:
2546:
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2505:
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2395:
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2327:
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2317:
2314:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:(3): 99–135.
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:(43): 53–69.
1313:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:(62): 61–74.
1070:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1004:
1001:
990:
985:
983:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
942:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
906:
901:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
863:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
835:
830:
826:
825:João Lourenço
822:
817:
813:
811:
807:
801:
798:
794:
790:
782:
777:
773:
769:
764:
757:
755:
752:
748:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
708:
703:
696:
694:
692:
688:
684:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
649:
648:regime change
645:
644:Jonas Savimbi
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
623:Ronald Reagan
620:
616:
608:
604:
603:Ronald Reagan
600:
599:Jonas Savimbi
595:
590:
586:
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:, MPLA-ruled
528:
524:
520:
511:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:U.S. Congress
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
427:
419:
416:
408:
396:
380:
370:
366:
364:
360:
356:
355:Richard Nixon
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
293:
285:
280:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:towards China
259:
256:
252:
248:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Ronald Reagan
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:(UNITA). The
181:
177:
176:Jonas Savimbi
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
118:United States
115:
107:
102:
100:
94:
89:
86:
82:
80:
75:
70:
66:
63:
62:United States
52:
42:
39:
37:
36:
32:
28:
23:
5268:China policy
5254:Policies and
5124:Presidential
5024:Multilateral
4976:Soviet Union
4941:Papal States
4871:East Germany
4796:Cook Islands
4417:Transnistria
4345:Saudi Arabia
4075:Turkmenistan
3796:Sierra Leone
3731:Burkina Faso
3710:South Africa
3477:
3349:Soviet Union
3230:
3181:South Africa
3030:
3001:
2958:
2929:. New York:
2925:
2917:Mai, Vincent
2884:
2880:
2843:(1): 28–47.
2840:
2836:
2799:
2795:
2764:
2729:
2697:
2673:
2664:
2653:. Retrieved
2643:
2632:. Retrieved
2628:
2615:
2604:. Retrieved
2602:. 2022-07-26
2599:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2573:
2564:
2553:. Retrieved
2551:. April 2008
2539:
2528:. Retrieved
2521:
2496:. Retrieved
2489:
2480:
2469:. Retrieved
2462:
2453:
2442:. Retrieved
2430:
2421:
2410:. Retrieved
2404:
2380:. Retrieved
2376:
2366:
2355:. Retrieved
2353:. 2003-03-14
2350:
2341:
2330:. Retrieved
2328:. 2003-03-10
2325:
2316:
2305:. Retrieved
2293:
2283:
2272:. Retrieved
2260:
2250:
2239:. Retrieved
2227:
2214:
2203:. Retrieved
2191:
2181:
2148:
2144:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2039:
2035:
2025:
1984:
1980:
1927:(1): 15–18.
1924:
1920:
1910:
1872:(1): 65–80.
1869:
1865:
1855:
1828:
1822:
1781:
1777:
1730:(31): 3–30.
1727:
1717:
1679:(1): 31–52.
1676:
1672:
1616:
1612:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1454:
1450:
1437:
1415:(1): 52–65.
1412:
1408:
1358:
1355:Africa Notes
1354:
1344:
1311:
1301:
1268:
1264:
1227:(3): 55–60.
1224:
1221:Africa Today
1220:
1174:
1171:Africa Today
1170:
1120:
1116:
1068:
973:
946:
910:
867:
854:Donald Trump
850:Barack Obama
847:
839:
802:
789:Bill Clinton
786:
774:meet in the
735:
720:
712:
653:
612:
597:UNITA rebel
553:Andrew Young
549:Jimmy Carter
547:
515:
502:paramilitary
486:expansionism
475:
448:40 Committee
429:
295:
260:
251:Bill Clinton
243:
200:
130:
112:
5283:Foreign aid
5273:Containment
5225:Kirkpatrick
5109:Doctrines,
5066:Middle East
5041:Arab League
4713:New Zealand
4701:Australasia
4681:Switzerland
4676:Netherlands
4242:Philippines
4149:Afghanistan
4128:South Korea
4123:North Korea
3914:El Salvador
3606:South Sudan
1504:(4): 2–12.
939:programme.
882:sister city
821:Mike Pompeo
778:, May 2004.
776:Oval Office
766:Presidents
640:White House
607:White House
492:passed the
467:mercenaries
444:Gerald Ford
319:containment
203:Gerald Ford
174:(FNLA) and
5331:Categories
5230:Weinberger
5159:Eisenhower
5113:, concepts
5001:Yugoslavia
4770:Micronesia
4753:Micronesia
4666:Luxembourg
4610:San Marino
4595:Montenegro
4278:Azerbaijan
4217:East Timor
4154:Bangladesh
4080:Uzbekistan
4070:Tajikistan
4065:Kyrgyzstan
4060:Kazakhstan
3909:Costa Rica
3776:Mauritania
3746:The Gambia
3736:Cape Verde
3599:Somaliland
3589:Seychelles
3579:Mozambique
3564:Madagascar
3354:Yugoslavia
3166:Mozambique
3151:Cape Verde
3021:1245921003
2655:2022-09-08
2634:2022-09-08
2606:2022-09-08
2581:2022-09-08
2555:2020-10-20
2530:2022-09-08
2498:2022-09-08
2471:2022-09-08
2444:2022-09-08
2412:2022-09-08
2382:2022-09-08
2357:2022-09-08
2332:2022-09-08
2307:2022-09-08
2274:2022-09-08
2241:2022-09-08
2205:2022-09-08
1048:References
878:ExxonMobil
583:See also:
539:World Bank
424:See also:
413:See also:
290:See also:
103:Ambassador
96:Ambassador
5245:Wolfowitz
5126:doctrines
5051:East Asia
5026:relations
4789:Polynesia
4722:Melanesia
4708:Australia
4490:Lithuania
4335:Palestine
4247:Singapore
4222:Indonesia
4200:Southeast
4191:Sri Lanka
4101:Hong Kong
4033:Venezuela
3978:Argentina
3934:Nicaragua
3919:Guatemala
3878:St. Lucia
3821:Caribbean
3574:Mauritius
3454:relations
3452:Bilateral
3374:of Angola
3262:Indonesia
3211:Argentina
3082:from the
2986:cite book
2978:946725426
2949:144225385
2901:0001-9909
2865:161859274
2857:1753-2523
2816:0145-2096
2439:0882-7729
2302:0190-8286
2269:0362-4331
2236:0190-8286
2200:0362-4331
2165:0305-6244
2119:147554620
2103:0011-3530
2056:0015-7120
2017:146229247
2001:0011-3530
1941:0047-1607
1902:154612023
1886:0305-7070
1847:123114640
1814:154628099
1798:0162-2889
1744:0015-7228
1709:155083177
1693:0022-278X
1651:155010885
1643:0305-6244
1565:0145-2096
1518:0006-4246
1471:0015-7120
1429:1531-3298
1328:0015-7228
1285:0015-7120
1233:0001-9887
1183:0001-9887
1137:0015-7120
1085:0015-7228
738:Gbadolite
664:apartheid
527:socialist
525:the new,
523:recognise
397:(Namibia)
333:-aligned
327:left-wing
198:regime.
196:apartheid
166:-aligned
160:left-wing
156:communism
145:socialist
5303:Rollback
5263:Blowback
5256:concepts
5240:Rumsfeld
5111:policies
4760:Kiribati
4620:Slovenia
4605:Portugal
4575:Holy See
4531:Southern
4453:Northern
4439:Slovakia
4397:Bulgaria
4308:military
4252:Thailand
4232:Malaysia
4212:Cambodia
4184:military
4179:Pakistan
4169:Maldives
4118:Mongolia
4023:Suriname
4013:Paraguay
3998:Colombia
3948:Northern
3924:Honduras
3848:Dominica
3838:Barbados
3814:Americas
3695:Eswatini
3690:Botswana
3683:Southern
3626:Zimbabwe
3611:Tanzania
3554:Ethiopia
3544:Djibouti
3483:Cameroon
3363:Missions
3318:Portugal
3204:Americas
3186:Zimbabwe
3050:36520920
2923:(2007).
2875:(2001).
2824:24916462
2759:(2009).
2749:26502066
2727:(1993).
2717:18322063
2695:(1988).
2625:"Angola"
2623:(2022).
2545:"Angola"
2459:"Angola"
2111:45316209
2064:20044012
2009:45316384
1894:40283215
1573:24914264
1526:41066776
1479:20040055
1445:(1978).
1293:20039585
1145:20039527
986:See also
573:Shaba II
506:Kinshasa
339:Gulf Oil
315:Cold War
122:Cold War
116:and the
5220:Stimson
5189:Clinton
5169:Johnson
5164:Kennedy
4951:Prussia
4831:Artsakh
4744:Vanuatu
4694:Oceania
4656:Germany
4646:Belgium
4641:Austria
4634:Western
4553:Croatia
4543:Andorra
4538:Albania
4515:Bermuda
4480:Ireland
4475:Iceland
4470:Finland
4465:Estonia
4460:Denmark
4444:Ukraine
4429:Romania
4412:Moldova
4407:Hungary
4392:Belarus
4385:Eastern
4325:Lebanon
4288:Georgia
4283:Bahrain
4273:Armenia
4266:Western
4257:Vietnam
4237:Myanmar
4053:Central
4028:Uruguay
4003:Ecuador
3983:Bolivia
3897:Central
3868:Jamaica
3858:Grenada
3833:Bahamas
3791:Senegal
3786:Nigeria
3766:Liberia
3705:Namibia
3700:Lesotho
3674:Tunisia
3657:Morocco
3642:Algeria
3594:Somalia
3549:Eritrea
3539:Comoros
3534:Burundi
3471:Central
3303:Germany
3282:Vietnam
3236:Uruguay
3176:Nigeria
3171:Namibia
2909:3518372
2173:4005928
1949:1166751
1806:2538933
1752:1148141
1336:1148249
1241:4185618
1191:4186803
1093:1148796
965:Houston
890:Cabinda
874:Chevron
605:at the
569:Shaba I
496:to the
482:Vietnam
343:Cabinda
304:of the
281:History
152:contain
139:to the
5235:Powell
5184:Reagan
5179:Carter
5154:Truman
5139:Monroe
5036:Africa
4811:Tuvalu
4671:Monaco
4651:France
4615:Serbia
4585:Kosovo
4570:Greece
4558:Cyprus
4500:Sweden
4495:Norway
4485:Latvia
4434:Russia
4424:Poland
4378:Europe
4355:Turkey
4320:Kuwait
4315:Jordan
4303:Israel
4207:Brunei
4159:Bhutan
4133:Taiwan
4008:Guyana
3988:Brazil
3955:Canada
3939:Panama
3929:Mexico
3904:Belize
3756:Guinea
3621:Zambia
3616:Uganda
3584:Rwanda
3569:Malawi
3478:Angola
3464:Africa
3342:Former
3328:Serbia
3323:Russia
3313:Norway
3298:France
3291:Europe
3277:Turkey
3267:Israel
3226:Mexico
3216:Brazil
3144:Africa
3048:
3038:
3019:
3009:
2976:
2966:
2947:
2937:
2907:
2899:
2863:
2855:
2822:
2814:
2779:
2747:
2737:
2715:
2705:
2651:. 2022
2526:. 2022
2494:. 2021
2467:. 2019
2437:
2300:
2267:
2234:
2198:
2171:
2163:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2062:
2054:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1947:
1939:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1845:
1835:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1750:
1742:
1707:
1701:161045
1699:
1691:
1649:
1641:
1571:
1563:
1524:
1516:
1477:
1469:
1427:
1334:
1326:
1291:
1283:
1239:
1231:
1189:
1181:
1143:
1135:
1091:
1083:
829:Luanda
565:Luanda
401:
393:
391:
385:
381:allies
377:
375:
331:Soviet
164:Soviet
143:, the
114:Angola
85:Luanda
51:Angola
5199:Obama
5174:Nixon
4806:Tonga
4801:Samoa
4780:Palau
4775:Nauru
4625:Spain
4590:Malta
4580:Italy
4365:Yemen
4350:Syria
4340:Qatar
4174:Nepal
4164:India
4142:South
4113:Japan
4106:Macau
4096:China
3993:Chile
3971:South
3960:trade
3863:Haiti
3781:Niger
3751:Ghana
3726:Benin
3669:Sudan
3652:Libya
3647:Egypt
3635:North
3559:Kenya
3513:Gabon
3333:Spain
3308:Italy
3272:Japan
3257:India
3252:China
3161:Kenya
2905:JSTOR
2861:S2CID
2820:JSTOR
2169:JSTOR
2115:S2CID
2107:JSTOR
2060:JSTOR
2013:S2CID
2005:JSTOR
1945:JSTOR
1898:S2CID
1890:JSTOR
1810:S2CID
1802:JSTOR
1748:JSTOR
1705:S2CID
1697:JSTOR
1647:S2CID
1569:JSTOR
1522:JSTOR
1475:JSTOR
1332:JSTOR
1289:JSTOR
1237:JSTOR
1187:JSTOR
1141:JSTOR
1089:JSTOR
925:COVAX
905:COVAX
545:.
478:proxy
379:SWAPO
351:Zaire
91:Envoy
5194:Bush
5076:C5+1
5046:Asia
4729:Fiji
4330:Oman
4298:Iraq
4293:Iran
4227:Laos
4089:East
4046:Asia
4018:Peru
3843:Cuba
3801:Togo
3771:Mali
3719:West
3527:East
3493:Chad
3245:Asia
3221:Cuba
3046:OCLC
3036:ISBN
3017:OCLC
3007:ISBN
2992:link
2974:OCLC
2964:ISBN
2945:OCLC
2935:ISBN
2897:ISSN
2853:ISSN
2812:ISSN
2777:ISBN
2745:OCLC
2735:ISBN
2713:OCLC
2703:ISBN
2435:ISSN
2298:ISSN
2265:ISSN
2232:ISSN
2196:ISSN
2161:ISSN
2099:ISSN
2052:ISSN
1997:ISSN
1937:ISSN
1882:ISSN
1843:OCLC
1833:ISBN
1794:ISSN
1740:ISSN
1689:ISSN
1639:ISSN
1561:ISSN
1514:ISSN
1467:ISSN
1425:ISSN
1324:ISSN
1281:ISSN
1229:ISSN
1179:ISSN
1133:ISSN
1081:ISSN
947:The
888:and
876:and
770:and
689:and
658:was
587:and
571:and
541:and
2889:doi
2885:100
2845:doi
2804:doi
2769:doi
2672:."
2326:CNN
2153:doi
2091:doi
2044:doi
1989:doi
1929:doi
1874:doi
1786:doi
1732:doi
1681:doi
1629:hdl
1621:doi
1553:doi
1506:doi
1459:doi
1417:doi
1316:doi
1273:doi
1125:doi
1073:doi
827:in
341:in
178:'s
5333::
3372:/
3044:.
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