ACE inhibitor - Knowledge (XXG)

1279:(n=76,615) and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) in 13 trials (n=82,383). ACE inhibitors were associated with a statistically significant 10% mortality reduction: (HR 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84–0.97; P=0.004). In contrast, no significant mortality reduction was observed with ARB treatment (HR 0.99; 95% CI, 0.94–1.04; P=0.683). Analysis of mortality reduction by different ACE inhibitors showed that perindopril-based regimens are associated with a statistically significant 13% all-cause mortality reduction. Taking into account the broad spectrum of the hypertensive population, one might expect that an effective treatment with ACE inhibitors, in particular with 762: 507:

Some people, however, can continue to lose potassium while on an ACE inhibitor. Hyperkalemia may decrease the velocity of impulse conduction in the nerves and muscles, including cardiac tissues. This leads to cardiac dysfunction and neuromuscular consequences, such as muscle weakness, paresthesia, nausea, diarrhea, and others. Close monitoring of potassium levels is required in patients receiving treatment with ACE inhibitors who are at risk of hyperkalemia.

1716:. In 1996, the first human study confirmed the blood pressure-lowering effect of IPP in fermented milk. Although twice the amount of VPP is needed to achieve the same ACE-inhibiting activity as the originally discovered IPP, VPP also is assumed to add to the total blood pressure lowering effect. Since the first lactotripeptides discovery, more than 20 human clinical trials have been conducted in many different countries. 6878: 65: 6899: 638:. Treatment should be mainly symptomatic and supportive, with volume expansion using normal saline to correct hypotension and improve renal function, and gastric lavage followed by activated charcoal and a cathartic to prevent further absorption of the drug. Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril and perindopril are known to be removable by 1549:, which are often used when patients are intolerant of the adverse effects produced by ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors do not completely prevent the formation of angiotensin II, as blockage is dose-dependent, so angiotensin II receptor antagonists may be useful because they act to prevent the action of angiotensin II at the AT 1578:. However, the more recent ONTARGET study showed no benefit of combining the agents and more adverse events. While statistically significant results have been obtained for its role in treating hypertension, clinical significance may be lacking. There are warnings about the combination of ACE inhibitors with ARBs. 953:

cardiovascular events) is justified, because it improves clinical outcomes independently of the blood pressure-lowering effect of ACE inhibitors. Such therapy, of course, requires careful and gradual titration of the dose to prevent the effects of rapidly decreasing blood pressure (dizziness, fainting, etc.).

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without any loss. The inactivation of bradykinin and the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the lungs was thought to be caused by the same enzyme. In 1970, Ng and Vane, using BPF provided by Ferreira, showed the conversion is inhibited during its passage through the pulmonary circulation.

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A persistent dry cough is a relatively common adverse effect believed to be associated with the increases in bradykinin levels produced by ACE inhibitors, although the role of bradykinin in producing these symptoms has been disputed. Many cases of cough in people on ACE inhibitors may not be from the

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As a result of inhibiting the ACE enzyme in the bradykinin system, the ACE inhibitor drugs allow for increased levels of bradykinin which would normally be degraded. Bradykinin produces prostaglandin. This mechanism can explain the two most common side effects seen with ACE Inhibitors: angioedema and

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The main adverse effects of ACE inhibition can be understood from their pharmacological action. The other reported adverse effects are liver problems and effects on the fetus. Kidney problems may occur with all ACE inhibitors that directly follows from their mechanism of action. Patients starting on

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is another possible complication of treatment with an ACE inhibitor due to its effect on aldosterone. Suppression of angiotensin II leads to a decrease in aldosterone levels. Since aldosterone is responsible for increasing the excretion of potassium, ACE inhibitors can cause retention of potassium.

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due to inhibition of angiotensin II production by ACE inhibitors or competitive antagonism of the angiotensin II receptor by ARBs... results in loss of angiotensin II–induced efferent arteriolar tone, leading to a drop in glomerular filtration fraction and GFR. The efferent arteriolal vasodilation

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Bradykinin is rapidly inactivated in the circulating blood, and it disappears completely in a single pass through the pulmonary circulation. Angiotensin I also disappears in the pulmonary circulation because of its conversion to angiotensin II. Furthermore, angiotensin II passes through the lungs

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A combination of ACE inhibitor with other drugs may increase effects of these drugs, but also the risk of adverse effects. The commonly reported adverse effects of drug combination with ACE inhibitor are acute renal failure, hypotension, and hyperkalemia. The drugs interacting with ACE inhibitor

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A meta-analysis confirmed that ACE inhibitors are effective and certainly the first-line choice in hypertension treatment. This meta-analysis was based on 20 trials and a cohort of 158,998 patients, of whom 91% were hypertensive. ACE inhibitors were used as the active treatment in seven trials

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During the course of ACE inhibitor use, the production of ATII is decreased, which prevents aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex. This allows the kidney to excrete sodium ions along with obligate water, and retain potassium ions. This decreases blood volume, leading to decreased blood

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Coadministration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs ) can reduce the hypotensive effects of ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors can inhibit the excretion of lithium and can result in lithium toxicity. Because these drugs do not affect the breakdown of kinins (as is seen with the ACE

396:(ARBs). The authors found a decreased risk in patients with previous stroke (54% risk reduction), with heart failure (37% risk reduction), and of Asian descent (43% risk reduction vs 54% risk reduction in non-Asian population). However, no reduced pneumonia-related mortality was observed. 1816:

Mechanisms of Action:ACE inhibitors act by inhibiting one of several proteases responsible for cleaving the decapeptide Ang I to form the octapeptide Ang II. Because ACE is also the enzyme that degrades bradykinin, ACE inhibitors increase circulating and tissue levels of bradykinin (Fig.

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ACE inhibitors have been shown to be effective for indications other than hypertension even in patients with normal blood pressure. The use of a maximum dose of ACE inhibitors in such patients (including for prevention of diabetic nephropathy, congestive heart failure, and prophylaxis of

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receptor. This 'dual blockade' may be more effective than using an ACE inhibitor alone, because angiotensin II can be generated via non-ACE-dependent pathways. Preliminary studies suggest this combination of pharmacologic agents may be advantageous in the treatment of

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Dimopoulos NA, Salukhe TV, Coats AJ, Mayet J, Piepoli M, Francis DP (2004). "Meta-analyses of mortality and morbidity effects of an angiotensin receptor blocker in patients with chronic heart failure already receiving an ACE inhibitor (alone or with a beta-blocker)".

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in patients with chronic heart failure. Cachexia is a poor prognostic sign in patients with chronic heart failure. ACE inhibitors are under early investigation for the treatment of frailty and muscle wasting (sarcopenia) in elderly patients without heart failure.

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In treating high blood pressure, ACE inhibitors are often the first drug choice, particularly when diabetes is present, but age can lead to different choices and it is common to need more than one drug to obtain the desired improvement. There are fixed-dose

927:(antidiuretic hormone, ADH) also acts on the kidneys to increase water retention. If ADH production is excessive in heart failure, Na level in the plasma may fall (hyponatremia), and this is a sign of increased risk of death in heart failure patients. 1560:

The combination therapy of angiotensin II receptor antagonists with ACE inhibitors may be superior to either agent alone. This combination may increase levels of bradykinin while blocking the generation of angiotensin II and its activity at the

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Angioedema (0.7%) can also occur via pathobiology that remains obscure, and its occurrence can be life-threatening. ...their efficacy is reduced by dietary or other sources of sodium, and renal function may be further threatened if given with

920:, a hormone that acts on kidney tubules, causes sodium and chloride ions retention and potassium excretion. Sodium is a "water-holding" ion, so water is also retained, which leads to increased blood volume, hence an increase in blood pressure. 4692:

Yang Y, Ohta K, Shimizu M, Nakai A, Kasahara Y, Yachie A, et al. (Jul 2005). "Treatment with low-dose angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) plus angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) in pediatric patients with IgA nephropathy".

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Adigun AQ, Asiyanbola B, Ajayi AA (2001). "Cardiac autonomic function in Blacks with congestive heart failure: vagomimetic action, alteration in sympathovagal balance, and the effect of ACE inhibition on central and peripheral vagal tone".

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Despite the lack of long-term suppression in plasma angiotensin II levels, they maintain their BP-lowering effect without the development of tolerance. Importantly, ACE inhibitors do not interfere with cognitive function or cardiovascular

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activity in healthy volunteers and patients with heart failure. This action may reduce the prevalence of malignant cardiac arrhythmias, and the reduction in sudden death reported in large clinical trials. ACE Inhibitors also reduce plasma

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decreased renal perfusions, such as renal artery stenosis, heart failure, polycystic kidney disease, or volume depletion. In these patients, the maintenance of GFR depends on angiotensin-II-dependent efferent vasomotor tone. Therefore,

5270: 4311: 1678:. Teprotide had limited clinical value as a result of its peptide nature and lack of activity when given orally. In the early 1970s, knowledge of the structure-activity relationship required for inhibition of ACE was growing. 2784:

Vukadinović D, Vukadinović AN, Lavall D, Laufs U, Wagenpfeil S, Böhm M (March 2019). "Rate of Cough During Treatment With Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials".

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should be closely monitored over the first few days after initiation of treatment with ACE inhibitor in patients with decreased renal perfusion. A moderate reduction in renal function, no greater than 30% rise in serum

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Some believe ramipril's additional benefits may be shared by some or all drugs in the ACE-inhibitor class. However, ramipril currently remains the only ACE inhibitor for which such effects are actually evidence-based.

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The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators (October 1993). "Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure".

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ACE inhibitors inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby producing vasodilation and lowering BP. Because the hydrolysis of bradykinin is also inhibited by these drugs, cough (7% to 12%) can

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ACE inhibitors also slow progression of kidney disease in patients with diabetic nephropathies. Renal benefits are probably a result of improved renal hemodynamics from decreased glomerular arteriolar resistance.

860:(excretion of sodium in the urine). Renin increases in concentration in the blood as a result of negative feedback of conversion of ATI to ATII. ATI increases for the same reason; ATII and aldosterone decrease. 1686:

and colleagues used peptide analogues to study the structure of ACE, using carboxypeptidase A as a model. Their discoveries led to the development of captopril, the first orally-active ACE inhibitor, in 1975.

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and to slow the subsequent development of heart failure. This finding was made after it was discovered that regular use of ramipril reduced mortality rates even in test subjects who did not have hypertension.

1916: 5263: 1651:'s laboratory as a postdoctoral fellow with his already-isolated BPF. The conversion of the inactive angiotensin I to the potent angiotensin II was thought to take place in the plasma. However, in 1967, 330:

for the treatment of hypertension and can be used alone or in combination with other anti-hypertensive medications. Later, they were found useful for other cardiovascular and kidney diseases including:

4482: 4262:"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce mortality in hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors involving 158,998 patients" 871:

Vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) and vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy (enlargement) induced by ATII may lead to increased blood pressure and hypertension. Further, constriction of the

747:(RAAS) as the primary etiologic (causal) event in the development of hypertension in people with diabetes mellitus, as part of the insulin-resistance syndrome or as a manifestation of renal disease. 4061:

Aihara K, Kajimoto O, Hirata H, Takahashi R, Nakamura Y (2005). "Effect of powdered fermented milk with Lactobacillus helveticus on subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension".

2745:"No Relation between Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor-Induced Cough and ACE Gene Polymorphism, Plasma Bradykinin, Substance P and ACE Inhibitor Concentration in Japanese Patients" 5256: 3610:

Ajayi AA, Campbell BC, Howie CA, Reid JL (1985). "Acute and Chronic Effects of the Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Enalapril and Lisinopril on Reflex Control of Heart Rate in Normotensive Man".

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Hematologic effects, such as neutropenia, agranulocytosis and other blood dyscrasias, have occurred during therapy with ACE inhibitors, especially in people with additional risk factors.

4308: 3716:"The effects of enalapril-digoxin-diuretic combination therapy on nutritional and anthropometric indices in chronic congestive heart failure: preliminary findings in cardiac cachexia" 1712:-proline-proline (VPP) is also liberated in this process—another milk tripeptide with a very similar chemical structure to IPP. Together, these peptides are now often referred to as 1255:, the first ACE inhibitor. Captopril has a shorter duration of action and an increased incidence of adverse effects. It is also the only ACE inhibitor capable of passing through the 6830: 5910: 93: 3069: 2948: 2921:

Augenstein VA, Heniford BT, Sing RF (March 2013). "Intestinal angioedema induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: an underrecognized cause of abdominal pain?".

377:(hardening of tissues, as scleroderma renal crisis). In those with stable coronary artery disease, but no heart failure, benefits are similar to other usual treatments. 3555:"Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists on mortality and renal outcomes in diabetic nephropathy: systematic review" 3763:

Anker SD, Ponikowski P, Varney S, Chua TP, Clark AL, Webb-Peploe KM, et al. (1997). "Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure".

2057:"Renin angiotensin system inhibitors for patients with stable coronary artery disease without heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials" 1670:

BPFs are members of a family of peptides whose potentiating action is linked to inhibition of bradykinin by ACE. Molecular analysis of BPF yielded a nonapeptide BPF

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ACE inhibitors are easily identifiable by their common suffix, '-pril'. ACE inhibitors can be divided into three groups based on their molecular structure of the

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of many blood vessels. The system increases blood pressure by increasing the amount of salt and water the body retains, although angiotensin II is also a potent

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Symptoms and Treatment: There are few reports of ACE inhibitor overdose in the literature. The most likely manifestations are hypotension, which may be severe,

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concerning the risk of birth defects when taken during the second and third trimester. Their use in the first trimester is also associated with a risk of major

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in 1981. The first nonsulfhydryl-containing ACE inhibitor, enalapril, was approved four years later. At least 8 other ACE inhibitors have since been marketed.

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ACE inhibitors don't appear to permanently reduce ATII plasma level after cessation of taking it. In short, ACE inhibitors don't cure high ATII plasma levels.

489:, that is stabilized after a week of treatment is deemed acceptable as part of the therapeutic effect, providing the residual renal function is sufficient. 6936: 5900: 2163:"Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis" 2106:"Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis" 416:

led to decreased consumption (determined by urine output and osmolality) in 60% of people; the same effect has been demonstrated in other ACE inhibitors.

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ACE inhibitors are classified according to the chemical structure of the site of binding (sulfhydryl, phosphinyl, carboxyl) to the active center of ACE.

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In 1991, Japanese scientists created the first milk-based ACE inhibitor, in the form of a fermented milk drink, using specific cultures to liberate the

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The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system is a major blood pressure regulating mechanism. Markers of electrolyte and water imbalance in the body such as

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ACE inhibitors have been demonstrated to reduce sudden cardiac death in some studies of persons with CHF.24,56

7778: 5639: 3252:"Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 Metabolizes and Partially Inactivates Pyrapelin-13 and Apelin-17: Physiological Effects in the Cardiovascular System" 7788: 7357: 5878: 5742: 5690: 1182:

A comprehensive resource on anti-hypertensive peptides is available in form of a database. It contains around 1700 unique antihypertensive peptides

2704:"New guidelines for potassium replacement in clinical practice: a contemporary review by the National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice" 366: 6254: 5844: 4802: 3927: 3405: 3187: 2631: 2579: 2010: 1926: 1887: 1846: 1809: 2949:

http://www.rxmed.com/b.main/b2.pharmaceutical/b2.1.monographs/CPS-%20Monographs/CPS-%20%28General%20Monographs-%20A%29/ACE%20INHIBITORS.html

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reduces intraglomerular hypertension (and pressure-related injury) and maintains perfusion (and oxygenation) of the peritubular capillaries.

6541: 6534: 2989:"Pregnancy Outcome Following Exposure to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists: A Systematic Review" 1291:

The ACE inhibitors have different strengths with different starting dosages. Dosage should be adjusted according to the clinical response.

592: 493: 6641: 584:, and incomplete ossification of the skull. Overall, about half of newborns exposed to ACE inhibitors are adversely affected, leading to 3675:"Sustained augmentation of parasympathetic tone with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with congestive heart failure" 2828:

Bezalel S, Mahlab-Guri K, Asher I, Werner B, Sthoeger ZM (February 2015). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema".

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Sebastian CS, Bernardin AS (1990-04-01). "Comparison of enalapril and captopril in the management of self-induced water intoxication".

2210: 7270: 7114: 7073: 6147: 5548: 2865:"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema is characterized by a slower degradation of des-arginine(9)-bradykinin" 1546: 519: 5101: 5077: 7222: 7039: 2490: 3360: 5444: 7231: 1629:

in 1956. It was also noted that those who worked in banana plantations in South-western Brazil collapsed after being bitten by a

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Luno J, Praga M, de Vinuesa SG (2005). "The reno-protective effect of the dual blockade of the renin angiotensin system (RAS)".

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Tucker BM, Perazella MA (2019). "Medications: 3. What are the major adverse effects on the kidney of ACE inhibitors and ARBs?".

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All ACE inhibitors have similar antihypertensive efficacy when equivalent doses are administered. The main differences lie with

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should be prescribed with caution. Special attention should be given to combinations of ACE inhibitor with other RAAS blockers,

7145: 6929: 6437: 5893: 5669: 5601: 1745: 906: 573: 393: 3500:"Long-term renoprotection by perindopril or nifedipine in non-hypertensive patients with Type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria" 2436:

Cruzado JM, Rico J, Grinyó JM (April 2008). "The renin angiotensin system blockade in kidney transplantation: pros and cons".

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The most compelling evidence for the treatment of nephropathy has been found: This combination therapy partially reversed the

7191: 7098: 5643: 5605: 5529: 5474: 5406: 4653:"Changes in Ventricular Size and Function in Patients Treated with Valsartan, Captopril, or Both After Myocardial Infarction" 1761: 957: 945:

independently from their blood pressure-lowering effect. This action of ACE inhibitors is used in the prevention of diabetic

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and renin angiotensin system activation, which sustains the downward spiral in cardiac function in congestive heart failure

5199:"Antihypertensive effect of sour milk and peptides isolated from it that are inhibitors to angiotensin I-converting enzyme" 7783: 7285: 7119: 5759: 5738: 5694: 5457: 2482: 813: 245: 110: 6136: 5283: 4332: 765: 756: 744: 427:

greater than 51% which often develops 8–24 months after successful transplantation, as ACE-I have been shown to decrease

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Dundas B, Harris M, Narasimhan M (2007-07-03). "Psychogenic polydipsia review: Etiology, differential, and treatment".

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D and should be avoided in women who are likely to become pregnant. In the U.S., ACE inhibitors must be labeled with a

7214: 7204: 7186: 7127: 7031: 6747: 5861: 5248: 4604:"Effect of valsartan added to background ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure: results from Val-HeFT" 1634: 4730:"A Modern Understanding of the Traditional and Nontraditional Biological Functions of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme" 4540:

Finnegan PM, Gleason BL (2003). "Combination ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers for hypertension".

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levels, and its resulting vasoconstriction effects, in heart failure patients, thus breaking the vicious circles of

7068: 7010: 6973: 6922: 6397: 5886: 1613: 966: 783: 472: 327: 2214: 7334: 7157: 7023: 4335: 791: 128: 1663:. Subsequent investigation showed rapid conversion occurs during its passage through the pulmonary circulation. 510:

Another possible adverse effect specific for ACE inhibitors, but not for other RAAS blockers, is an increase in

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Hoogwerf BJ, Young JB (2000). "The HOPE study. Ramipril lowered cardiovascular risk, but vitamin E did not".

1259:, although the significance of this characteristic has not been shown to have any positive clinical effects. 500:. When the three drugs are taken together, the risk of developing renal failure is significantly increased. 7809: 7265: 7243: 7209: 6968: 6452: 6130: 5981: 5849: 5570: 5428: 5349: 4794: 887: 603: 5597: 5366: 4728:

Bernstein KE, Ong FS, Blackwell WL, Shah KH, Giani JF, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, et al. (January 2013).

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Jandeleit-Dahm K, Cooper ME (Sep 2006). "Hypertension and diabetes: role of the renin–angiotensin system".

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Sidorenkov G, Navis G (2014). "Safety of ACE inhibitor therapies in patients with chronic kidney disease".

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Weir M (1999). "The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: a specific target for hypertension management".

3131:"ACE inhibition or angiotensin receptor blockade: impact on potassium in renal failure. VAL-K Study Group" 1586: 1567: 883: 761: 611: 409: 370: 142: 5682: 5618: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5384: 4440:"Addition of an angiotensin receptor blocker to full-dose ACE-inhibition: controversial or common sense?" 7773: 7275: 6174: 6110: 5955: 5635: 5402: 5362: 5279: 3855: 1267: 840:

ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). They thereby lower

821: 718: 678: 336: 33: 17: 3499: 1618: 7768: 7391: 7380: 6249: 6229: 6098: 5813: 5734: 5706: 5686: 4986: 4935: 4884: 4319: 4161: 1597: 942: 577: 353: 1652: 7140: 7055: 6858: 6594: 6380: 6159: 5986: 5702: 1041: 876: 816:(angiotensin converting enzyme) then removes a further two residues, converting angiotensin I into 6898: 5158:"A placebo-controlled study of the effect of sour milk on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects" 4481:

ONTARGET Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, Dyal L, Copland I, et al. (10 April 2008).

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Jerums G, Allen TJ, Campbell DJ, Cooper ME, Gilbert RE, Hammond JJ, et al. (November 2004).

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inhibitors), patients do not develop episodes of coughing and rarely develop angioneurotic edema.

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Jackson EK (2006). "Chapter 30. Renin and Angiotensin". In Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker K (eds.).

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Potassium supplementation should be used with caution and under medical supervision owing to the

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Bakris GL, Siomos M, Richardson D, Janssen I, Bolton WK, Hebert L, et al. (November 2000).

1633:, leading to a search for a blood pressure lowering component in its venom. Brazilian scientist 1049: 532:

A severe rare allergic reaction can affect the bowel wall and secondarily cause abdominal pain.

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Ng KK, Vane JR (1970). "Some Properties of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme in the Lung in vivo".

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showed plasma ACE is too slow to account for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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ACE inhibitors possess many common characteristics with another class of cardiovascular drugs,

1185: 221:. This class of medicine works by causing relaxation of blood vessels as well as a decrease in 7735: 7507: 7467: 7248: 6853: 6636: 6626: 6529: 6359: 6315: 6299: 6103: 6093: 6036: 6026: 5222: 5179: 5138: 5051: 5002: 4951: 4900: 4857: 4808: 4798: 4786: 4767: 4749: 4710: 4674: 4625: 4557: 4515: 4463: 4420: 4382: 4291: 4234: 4187: 4130: 4078: 4043: 3977: 3923: 3837: 3780: 3737: 3696: 3655: 3627: 3592: 3574: 3527: 3519: 3473: 3442: 3401: 3333: 3325: 3273: 3232: 3183: 3152: 3051: 3010: 2969: 2930: 2895: 2845: 2802: 2766: 2725: 2676: 2627: 2575: 2533: 2486: 2453: 2418: 2410: 2361: 2353: 2318: 2310: 2261: 2253: 2192: 2143: 2125: 2086: 2006: 1967: 1922: 1883: 1842: 1805: 1643: 779: 548:

In pregnant women, ACE inhibitors taken during all the trimesters have been reported to cause

452: 362: 349: 105: 3948:"AHTPDB: a comprehensive platform for analysis and presentation of antihypertensive peptides" 3673:

Binkley PF, Haas GJ, Starling RC, Nunziata E, Hatton PA, Leier CV, et al. (1 Mar 1993).

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Okumura H, Nishimura E, Kariya S, OHTANI M, UCHINO K, FUKATSU T, et al. (1 March 2001).

162: 6983: 6949: 6863: 6686: 6611: 6599: 6524: 6390: 6269: 6058: 5212: 5169: 5041: 5030:"History of the design of captopril and related inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme" 4994: 4943: 4892: 4847: 4839: 4757: 4741: 4702: 4664: 4615: 4549: 4505: 4497: 4453: 4412: 4374: 4281: 4273: 4226: 4177: 4169: 4120: 4070: 4033: 3967: 3959: 3915: 3827: 3819: 3772: 3727: 3686: 3619: 3582: 3566: 3511: 3434: 3393: 3317: 3263: 3224: 3175: 3142: 3041: 3028:

Cooper WO, Hernandez-Diaz S, Arbogast PG, Dudley JA, Dyer S, Gideon PS, et al. (2006).

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ACE inhibitors may also be used to help decrease excessive water consumption in people with

356:) by means of decreasing the blood pressure and preventing glomerular hyperfiltration injury 241: 136: 5126: 2289:"Polydipsia in chronic psychiatric patients: therapeutic trials of clonidine and enalapril" 1942: 7745: 7412: 7253: 7060: 6903: 6848: 6717: 6712: 6551: 6484: 6479: 6365: 6311: 6152: 6043: 5996: 5717: 5217: 5198: 4339: 4315: 1766: 1601: 829: 569: 565: 265: 4205:"Debate: Do ACE Inhibitors Have Unique Properties, Beyond Their Antihypertensive Effect?" 3111: 4990: 4939: 4888: 4260:

van Vark LC, Bertrand M, Akkerhuis KM, Brugts JJ, Fox K, Mourad JJ, et al. (2012).

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Solomon SD, Skali H, Anavekar NS, Bourgoun M, Barvik S, Ghali JK, et al. (2005).

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Additionally ACE-I are commonly used after renal transplant to manage post-transplant

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Wang W, McKinnie SM, Farhan M, Paul M, McDonald T, McLean B, et al. (May 2016).

3197: 3147: 3130: 2641: 2589: 2545: 2449: 2405: 2349: 1897: 1757: 1679: 1674:(SQ 20,881), which showed the greatest ACE inhibition potency and hypotensive effect 1571: 1238:

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medication itself, however. People who experience this cough are often switched to

503: 444: 412:. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial showed that when used for this purpose, 299: 222: 214: 86: 7349: 6914: 6330: 4828:"A bradykinin-potentiating factor (bpf) present in the venom of bothrops jararaca" 4620: 4603: 4602:

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Patients with heart failure may benefit from the combination in terms of reducing

64: 4378: 3090: 3030:"Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors" 2841: 2720: 2703: 2529: 181: 7665: 7640: 7630: 7625: 7595: 7542: 7447: 7437: 7083: 6656: 6566: 6306: 6259: 6204: 6087: 6053: 5782: 5654: 5563: 5417: 3808:"An overview of sarcopenia: facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact" 3570: 1593: 1575: 1280: 1120: 1026: 924: 917: 857: 825: 801: 772: 688: 684: 561: 295: 276: 4458: 4439: 4277: 3461: 7680: 7670: 7650: 7615: 7600: 7580: 7570: 7537: 7532: 7497: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7462: 7442: 6834: 6805: 6763: 6732: 6727: 6666: 6661: 6651: 6589: 6575: 6515: 6470: 6418: 6338: 6334: 6275: 6235: 6190: 6186: 6076: 6012: 5962: 5927: 5923: 5830: 5806: 5797: 5763: 5649: 5628: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5558: 5522: 5517: 5493: 5395: 5372: 5355: 5322: 5317: 4125: 4108: 3995: 3823: 3228: 2249: 1701: 1698: 1316: 1312: 1169: 1163: 1150: 1132: 1126: 1076: 1045: 1014: 1010: 1006: 861: 805: 798: 658: 553: 526: 511: 492:

Reduced GFR is especially a problem if the patient is concomitantly taking an

486: 424: 311: 291: 287: 269: 261: 210: 55: 4753: 4584: 4483:"Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events" 4416: 4204: 3910:

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What are the dose comparisons of all ACE inhibitors used in hypertension?

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In a large clinical study, one of the agents in the ACE inhibitor class,

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2891: 1705: 385: 273: 4998: 4585:"EMA: Don't Combine ARBs, ACE Inhibitors, and Direct Renin Inhibitors" 4553: 4510: 2178: 2121: 956:

ACE inhibitors have also been shown to cause a central enhancement of

941:

and clinical studies have shown ACE inhibitors reduce the progress of

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Currently, there are 10 ACE inhibitors approved for use in the

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ACE inhibitors should be used with caution in people with:

1751:

Discovery and development of angiotensin receptor blockers

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1086:

properties but may be involved in adverse events such as

1111:(Altace/Prilace/Ramace/Ramiwin/Triatec/Tritace/Ramitac) 650:

The ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in people with:

3912:

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Combination with angiotensin II receptor antagonists

1283:, would result in an important gain of lives saved. 1218:. Their role in blood pressure control is uncertain. 1129:(Listril/Lopril/Novatec/Prinivil/Zestril, Lisidigal) 471:

an ACE inhibitor usually have a modest reduction in

7759: 7390: 7327: 7299: 7175: 7082: 6999: 6992: 6956: 6828: 6800: 6756: 6565: 6500: 6463: 6411: 6324: 6268: 6228: 6185: 6069: 6005: 5917: 5823: 5796: 5757: 5716: 5547: 5295: 2923:

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association

1105:(Vasotec/Renitec/Berlipril/Enap/Enalapril Profarma) 423:, a condition characterised by a persistently high 188: 174: 169: 149: 135: 121: 116: 104: 92: 82: 77: 48: 5512: 5197:Nakamura Y, Yamamoto N, Sakai K, Takano T (1995). 2702:Cohn JN, Kowey PR, Whelton PK, Prisant LM (2000). 923:Stimulation of the posterior pituitary to release 844:resistance and increase venous capacity; decrease 705:(especially potassium-sparing diuretics), NSAIDs, 5307: 804:by proteolytic cleavage of all but its first ten 439:Common side effects include: low blood pressure, 3856:"Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors" 560:. Commonly reported fetal abnormalities include 4102: 4100: 864:increases because of less inactivation by ACE. 782:concentration, decreased blood volume and high 1073:(trade name Capoten), the first ACE inhibitor. 7365: 6930: 5894: 5264: 4331:Common Medication Conversions (Equivalents): 3316:(4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 205–213. 286:Frequently prescribed ACE inhibitors include 8: 7392: 5909:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the 4063:Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1690:Captopril was approved by the United States 1225:Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro produced by the 797:Renin activates a circulating liver derived 4398: 4396: 4020:FitzGerald RJ, Murray BA, Walsh DJ (2004). 32:"ACEI" redirects here. For other uses, see 7372: 7358: 7350: 6996: 6937: 6923: 6915: 5901: 5887: 5879: 5271: 5257: 5249: 5162:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4791:Landmark Papers in Cardiovascular Medicine 4785:Myat A, Gershlick AH, Gershlick T (2012). 3172:Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia 2477: 2475: 743:ACE inhibitors reduce the activity of the 696:with high-flux polyacrylonitrile membranes 63: 7779:Olmesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide 5216: 5173: 5045: 4851: 4761: 4668: 4619: 4509: 4457: 4285: 4181: 4124: 4037: 4022:"Hypotensive peptides from milk proteins" 3971: 3831: 3731: 3690: 3586: 3267: 3146: 3045: 3004: 2760: 2719: 2404: 2304: 2186: 2137: 2080: 1995:Elsevier's Integrated Review Pharmacology 1829:Aronow WS (2010). "Cardiac Arrhythmias". 1794:Kaplan's Essentials of Cardiac Anesthesia 7789:Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide/amlodipine 1921:(11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 1297:ACE inhibitors dosages for hypertension 1293: 890:of the heart through stimulation of the 760: 369:. ACE inhibitors have also been used in 203:Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors 18:Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors 5445:+bisoprolol, amlodipine, and indapamide 2030:"Type 2 diabetes in adults: management" 1778: 1725: 1708:-proline (IPP) from the dairy protein. 1202:and lactokinins, breakdown products of 786:tone trigger the release of the enzyme 367:ACE inhibitor and thiazide combinations 345:(left ventricular systolic dysfunction) 49:Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor 6888:Pharmacological classification systems 6255:Selective estrogen receptor modulators 4154:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2787:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1242:PR4 was isolated from Italian cheeses. 1098:This is the largest group, including: 976:has also been shown to reduce cardiac 45: 6535:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 4342:. GlobalRPh.com. Accessed 2009-11-22. 1210:, occur naturally after ingestion of 661:associated with ACE inhibitor therapy 127: 7: 5127:"Using ACE Inhibitors Appropriately" 4787:"17. Systemic arterial hypertension" 3462:"Using ACE Inhibitors Appropriately" 3427:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 1972:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 1947:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 1188:(HOE 409) is angiotensin antagonist. 766:Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system 751:Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system 745:renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system 213:used primarily for the treatment of 6148:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists 4490:The New England Journal of Medicine 4322:, May 25, 2007. Accessed 2009-11-21 3034:The New England Journal of Medicine 2673:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb125548.x 1547:angiotensin II receptor antagonists 520:angiotensin II receptor antagonists 72:, the first synthetic ACE inhibitor 4844:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1965.tb02091.x 3920:10.1016/b978-0-323-42973-3.00024-x 3398:10.1016/b978-0-323-03961-1.50083-0 3363:from the original on 26 March 2010 3180:10.1016/b978-0-323-48110-6.00026-0 3006:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.196352 2624:10.1016/b978-0-323-47871-7.00078-2 2572:10.1016/b978-0-323-47871-7.00019-8 2003:10.1016/b978-0-323-07445-2.00008-2 1880:10.1016/b978-0-323-47871-7.00078-2 1839:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6231-8.10045-5 667:Hypersensitivity to ACE inhibitors 25: 5218:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76745-5 4670:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.508093 4608:European Journal of Heart Failure 3720:European Journal of Heart Failure 3269:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06892 930:A decrease renal protein kinase C 646:Contraindications and precautions 6897: 6877: 6876: 4529:from the original on 2022-10-09. 4113:The British Journal of Nutrition 3624:10.1097/00004872-198502000-00008 3516:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01316.x 3310:American Journal of Hypertension 3148:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2000.00381.x 2830:The American Journal of Medicine 2661:The Medical Journal of Australia 2450:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00638.x 2406:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00850.x 1287:Equivalent doses in hypertension 248:, an important component of the 6285:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones 5102:"Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs" 5078:"Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs" 5028:Cushman DW, Ondetti MA (1991). 4174:10.1128/AEM.69.9.5297-5305.2003 3648:Cell Mol Biol (Noisy le Grande) 3392:. Elsevier. pp. 985–1001. 2389:"Posttransplant erythrocytosis" 1746:Angiotensin II receptor blocker 1321:Drug dosages from Drug Lookup, 1319:= three times a day, d = daily 1094:Dicarboxylate-containing agents 1056:) to the active center of ACE: 907:transforming growth factor beta 664:Bilateral renal artery stenosis 574:intrauterine growth retardation 394:angiotensin II receptor blocker 4583:Shelley Wood (11 April 2014). 4075:10.1080/07315724.2005.10719473 3914:. Elsevier. pp. 230–241. 3217:Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 3174:. Elsevier. pp. 535–555. 2618:. Elsevier. pp. 477–482. 1997:. Elsevier. pp. 125–151. 1874:. Elsevier. pp. 477–482. 1833:. Elsevier. pp. 327–337. 1641:(BPF) present in the venom of 1639:bradykinin-potentiating factor 1621:and his colleagues (including 958:parasympathetic nervous system 681:or cardiac outflow obstruction 41:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor 1: 7784:Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 6037:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics 4826:Ferreira SH (February 1965). 4621:10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.09.005 4405:Current Pharmaceutical Design 3777:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07015-8 3733:10.1016/S1388-9842(00)00146-X 3322:10.1016/s0895-7061(99)00103-x 2947:FDA Prescribing information, 2708:Archives of Internal Medicine 2518:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 2483:Australian Medicines Handbook 2306:10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00159-0 1158:Phosphonate-containing agents 606:, particularly affecting the 246:angiotensin-converting enzyme 111:Angiotensin-converting enzyme 7397:Tooltip Angiotensin receptor 6748:Wakefulness-promoting agents 4379:10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.10.001 4231:10.1016/0140-6736(93)92693-N 3812:J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 3714:Adigun AQ, Ajayi AA (2001). 3692:10.1016/0735-1097(93)90098-L 2842:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.07.011 2721:10.1001/archinte.160.16.2429 2566:. Elsevier. pp. 78–83. 2530:10.1517/14740338.2014.951328 2350:10.1016/0006-3223(90)90594-r 1692:Food and Drug Administration 1082:These agents appear to show 1060:Sulfhydryl-containing agents 268:, and increase the level of 4107:Boelsma E, Kloek J (2009). 3958:(Database issue): D956–62. 3571:10.1136/bmj.38237.585000.7C 2061:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 1371:50 mg (25 mg bid) 912:Stimulation by ATII of the 7826: 7115:Dihydropteroate synthetase 6974:Non-competitive inhibition 6398:Intravenous immunoglobulin 5441:+bisoprolol and amlodipine 5437:+amlodipine and indapamide 3390:Comprehensive Hypertension 2238:Current Psychiatry Reports 2161:Caldeira D (Summer 2012). 1968:"Congestive Heart Failure" 1614:ACE inhibitors drug design 1611: 754: 728:effect of ACE inhibitors. 654:Pregnancy or breastfeeding 473:glomerular filtration rate 373:and kidney involvement in 38: 31: 7335:Steroidogenesis inhibitor 6872: 5839: 5131:American Family Physician 4542:Annals of Pharmacotherapy 4126:10.1017/S0007114508137722 3824:10.1007/s13539-010-0014-2 3466:American Family Physician 3460:Bicket DP (August 2002). 3229:10.1016/j.ecl.2006.06.007 2250:10.1007/s11920-007-0025-7 1310: 1305: 1301: 1296: 792:juxtaglomerular apparatus 733:cyclooxygenase inhibitors 193: 62: 53: 7271:Matrix metalloproteinase 7074:Ribonucleotide reductase 6969:Uncompetitive inhibition 6453:Topoisomerase inhibitors 6137:renin–angiotensin system 6131:Calcium channel blockers 5337:Dicarboxylate-containing 5284:renin–angiotensin system 5204:Journal of Dairy Science 5125:Bicket DP (2002-08-01). 4832:Br J Pharmacol Chemother 4459:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi454 4417:10.2174/1381612053507413 4278:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs075 4026:The Journal of Nutrition 3112:"ACEI contraindications" 2438:Transplant International 1635:Sérgio Henrique Ferreira 1231:Lactobacillus helveticus 1123:(Coversyl/Aceon/Perindo) 757:Renin–angiotensin system 604:congenital malformations 582:patent ductus arteriosus 550:congenital malformations 348:Kidney complications of 250:renin–angiotensin system 39:Not to be confused with 7040:Dihydrofolate reductase 5047:10.1161/01.HYP.17.4.589 4795:Oxford University Press 4734:Pharmacological Reviews 3612:Journal of Hypertension 2884:10.1124/jpet.102.038067 2762:10.1248/yakushi.121.253 2293:Neuropsychopharmacology 2116:(jul11 1). BMJ: e4260. 1943:"Myocardial Infarction" 1802:10.1016/c2012-0-06151-0 1376:12.5–25 mg bid-tid 1247:Comparative information 888:ventricular hypertrophy 675:Impaired renal function 612:central nervous systems 225:, which leads to lower 7136:Nucleotidyltransferase 6964:Competitive inhibition 6245:Hormonal contraception 6175:Bile acid sequestrants 5956:Proton-pump inhibitors 5919:gastrointestinal tract 5513:Phosphonate-containing 5280:Antihypertensive drugs 5106:www.accessdata.fda.gov 5082:www.accessdata.fda.gov 4445:European Heart Journal 1587:ventricular remodeling 1568:essential hypertension 884:ventricular remodeling 820:. ACE is found in the 768: 410:psychogenic polydipsia 371:chronic kidney failure 7774:Olmesartan/amlodipine 7146:Reverse transcriptase 5308:Sulfhydryl-containing 5175:10.1093/ajcn/64.5.767 4797:. pp. 2286–287. 4746:10.1124/pr.112.006809 4502:10.1056/NEJMoa0801317 4039:10.1093/jn/134.4.980S 3439:10.3949/ccjm.67.4.287 2338:Biological Psychiatry 1760:, also used to treat 1379:25–50 mg bid-tid 1333:Equivalent daily dose 1268:myocardial infarction 1214:products, especially 822:pulmonary circulation 764: 731:Concomitant use with 719:potassium supplements 679:Aortic valve stenosis 337:myocardial infarction 34:acei (disambiguation) 7769:Amlodipine/valsartan 7381:Angiotensin receptor 7192:Acetylcholinesterase 7099:Thymidylate synthase 6854:Radiopharmaceuticals 6642:Antiparkinson agents 3359:. MedicineNet, Inc. 3135:Kidney International 3047:10.1056/NEJMoa055202 2962:Ugeskrift for Laeger 2393:Kidney International 1625:) discovered ACE in 1598:diabetic nephropathy 1553:receptor, leaving AT 1147:(Mavik/Odrik/Gopten) 1042:enzyme binding sites 943:diabetic nephropathy 578:pulmonary hypoplasia 525:Some (0.7%) develop 504:High blood potassium 354:diabetic nephropathy 326:ACE inhibitors were 7286:Histone deacetylase 7120:Farnesyltransferase 6637:Antimigraine agents 6627:Antidementia agents 6530:Anti-inflammatories 6220:Medicated dressings 6160:Antihyperlipidemics 5987:Diabetes medication 5743:+amlodipine and HCT 5691:+amlodipine and HCT 5666:+amlodipine and HCT 5640:+amlodipine and HCT 5602:+amlodipine and HCT 5575:+amlodipine and HCT 5475:+amlodipine and HCT 4991:1970Natur.225.1142N 4940:1968Natur.218..144N 4889:1967Natur.216..762N 4695:Clinical Nephrology 4166:2003ApEnM..69.5297M 3964:10.1093/nar/gku1141 1315:= two times a day, 1257:blood–brain barrier 1177:Naturally occurring 873:efferent arterioles 852:, stroke work, and 739:Mechanism of action 591:ACE inhibitors are 568:, anuria/oliguria, 215:high blood pressure 7319:Carbonic anhydrase 7311:Dopa decarboxylase 6979:Suicide inhibition 6490:Immunosuppressants 6360:Antimycobacterials 6316:Antithyroid agents 6300:Mineralocorticoids 6104:Cardiac stimulants 6094:Cardiac glycosides 6086:cardiac therapy / 5982:Anti-obesity drugs 5866:Never to phase III 4338:2015-03-17 at the 4314:2015-04-02 at the 3223:(3): 469–90, vii. 2616:Nephrology Secrets 2564:Nephrology Secrets 2217:on August 27, 2021 1872:Nephrology Secrets 1796:. Elsevier. 2018. 1172:(Fositen/Monopril) 972:The ACE inhibitor 882:It contributes to 808:residues known as 790:from the cells of 769: 636:metabolic acidosis 596:pregnancy category 375:systemic sclerosis 328:initially approved 7797: 7796: 7693:Renin inhibitors: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7215:Alpha-glucosidase 7205:Polygalacturonase 7187:Phosphodiesterase 7128:GABA transaminase 7032:Monoamine oxidase 7016:HMG-CoA reductase 6950:enzyme inhibition 6912: 6911: 6815:Ophthalmologicals 6525:Anabolic steroids 6428:Anticancer agents 6391:Ectoparasiticides 6111:Antihypertensives 6059:Antifibrinolytics 5876: 5875: 4999:10.1038/2251142b0 4804:978-0-19-959476-4 4663:(25): 3411–3419. 4554:10.1345/aph.1C393 3952:Nucleic Acids Res 3929:978-0-323-42973-3 3679:J Am Coll Cardiol 3510:(11): 1192–1199. 3504:Diabetic Medicine 3407:978-0-323-03961-1 3189:978-0-323-48110-6 3040:(23): 2443–2451. 2633:978-0-323-47871-7 2581:978-0-323-47871-7 2524:(10): 1383–1395. 2481:Rossi S, editor. 2179:10.1136/bmj.e4260 2122:10.1136/bmj.e4260 2012:978-0-323-07445-2 1928:978-0-07-142280-2 1889:978-0-323-47871-7 1848:978-1-4160-6231-8 1811:978-0-323-49798-5 1644:Bothrops jararaca 1619:Leonard T. Skeggs 1538: 1537: 392:when compared to 384:published in the 363:combination drugs 350:diabetes mellitus 260:, and hydrolyses 209:) are a class of 200: 199: 106:Biological target 78:Class identifiers 16:(Redirected from 7817: 7562: 7398: 7394: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7351: 7069:Xanthine oxidase 7011:Aldose reductase 6997: 6984:Mixed inhibition 6939: 6932: 6925: 6916: 6901: 6880: 6879: 6864:Senotherapeutics 6718:Neuroprotectives 6713:Mood stabilizers 6612:Anti-ADHD agents 6552:Muscle relaxants 6485:Immunostimulants 6480:Immunomodulators 6312:Thyroid hormones 6250:Fertility agents 6153:Renin inhibitors 6044:Antihemorrhagics 6011:forming organs ( 5997:Dietary minerals 5903: 5896: 5889: 5880: 5811: 5732: 5718:Renin inhibitors 5680: 5659: 5633: 5616: 5595: 5568: 5536:Other/ungrouped: 5527: 5503: 5468: 5455: 5422: 5400: 5382: 5360: 5327: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5250: 5231: 5230: 5220: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5177: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5049: 5025: 5019: 5018: 4985:(5238): 1142–4. 4974: 4968: 4967: 4948:10.1038/218144a0 4934:(5137): 144–50. 4923: 4917: 4916: 4897:10.1038/216762a0 4872: 4866: 4865: 4855: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4707:10.5414/CNP64035 4689: 4683: 4682: 4672: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4623: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4589:www.medscape.com 4580: 4574: 4573: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4513: 4487: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4461: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4411:(10): 1291–300. 4400: 4391: 4390: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4329: 4323: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4289: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4213: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4185: 4160:(9): 5297–5305. 4145: 4139: 4138: 4128: 4104: 4095: 4094: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4041: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4007: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3975: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3907: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3860:Cleveland Clinic 3852: 3846: 3845: 3835: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3771:(9058): 1050–3. 3760: 3754: 3753: 3735: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3694: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3590: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3385: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3271: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3150: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3108: 3099: 3098: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3070:"ACE Inhibitors" 3066: 3060: 3059: 3049: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3008: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2869: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2799:10.1002/cpt.1018 2781: 2775: 2774: 2764: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2723: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2611: 2598: 2597: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2513: 2494: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2408: 2399:(4): 1187–1194. 2384: 2378: 2377: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2308: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2190: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2141: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2084: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2026: 2020: 2019: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1867: 1856: 1855: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1790: 1733: 1730: 1714:lactotripeptides 1600:, and pediatric 1323:Epocrates Online 1294: 1234:or derived from 1223:lactotripeptides 1166:(never marketed) 715:DPP-4 inhibitors 632:renal impairment 244:the activity of 233:demand from the 184: 165: 159: 145: 137:Consumer Reports 131: 67: 46: 21: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7755: 7746:Angiotensinogen 7413:Angiotensin III 7396: 7386: 7378: 7348: 7339: 7323: 7295: 7171: 7158:Tyrosine kinase 7078: 6988: 6952: 6943: 6913: 6908: 6904:Medicine portal 6868: 6824: 6796: 6791: 6783:Cough medicines 6778:Bronchodilators 6759: 6752: 6632:Antidepressants 6622:Anticonvulsants 6570: 6561: 6557:Bisphosphonates 6547:Corticosteroids 6509: 6496: 6468: 6459: 6443:Spindle poisons 6433:Antimetabolites 6416: 6407: 6329: 6320: 6295:Glucocorticoids 6290:Corticosteroids 6271: 6264: 6231: 6224: 6181: 6099:Antiarrhythmics 6072: 6065: 6022:Antithrombotics 6010: 6001: 5977:Antipropulsives 5973:Antidiarrhoeals 5950: 5921: 5913: 5907: 5877: 5872: 5871: 5856:Clinical trials 5835: 5819: 5809: 5792: 5753: 5730: 5720: 5712: 5678: 5657: 5631: 5614: 5593: 5566: 5551: 5543: 5525: 5501: 5466: 5453: 5420: 5398: 5380: 5358: 5325: 5299: 5291: 5277: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5086: 5084: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5027: 5026: 5022: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4883:(5117): 762–6. 4874: 4873: 4869: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4805: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4496:(15): 1547–59. 4485: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4340:Wayback Machine 4330: 4326: 4316:Wayback Machine 4307: 4303: 4272:(16): 2088–97. 4259: 4258: 4254: 4225:(8875): 821–8. 4215: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4199: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4106: 4105: 4098: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3909: 3908: 3897: 3888: 3886: 3884:go.drugbank.com 3878: 3877: 3873: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3408: 3387: 3386: 3375: 3366: 3364: 3357:MedicineNet.com 3350: 3349: 3345: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3190: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3116:Open Anesthesia 3110: 3109: 3102: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3027: 3026: 3022: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2749:Yakugaku Zasshi 2742: 2741: 2737: 2714:(16): 2429–36. 2701: 2700: 2696: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2634: 2613: 2612: 2601: 2582: 2561: 2560: 2553: 2515: 2514: 2497: 2480: 2473: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2034:www.nice.org.uk 2028: 2027: 2023: 2013: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1974:. 7 August 2020 1966: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1890: 1869: 1868: 1859: 1849: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1812: 1792: 1791: 1780: 1775: 1767:Renin inhibitor 1742: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1616: 1610: 1602:IgA nephropathy 1564: 1556: 1552: 1543: 1320: 1289: 1249: 1195: 1179: 1160: 1096: 1062: 987: 939:Epidemiological 892:proto-oncogenes 838: 830:vasoconstrictor 802:angiotensinogen 794:in the kidney. 759: 753: 741: 648: 620: 570:oligohydramnios 566:renal dysplasia 558:neonatal deaths 546: 538: 437: 435:Adverse effects 402: 324: 266:vasoconstrictor 252:which converts 240:ACE inhibitors 180: 161: 155: 141: 73: 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7823: 7821: 7813: 7812: 7810:ACE inhibitors 7802: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7765: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7689: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7418:Angiotensin IV 7415: 7410: 7408:Angiotensin II 7401: 7399: 7388: 7387: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7354: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7314: 7313: 7306: 7304: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7291:Beta-lactamase 7288: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7180: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7153:Protein kinase 7150: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7131: 7130: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7110: 7109: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7089: 7087: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7051: 7050: 7043: 7042: 7035: 7034: 7027: 7026: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7006: 7004: 7001:Oxidoreductase 6994: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6919: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6849:Contrast media 6846: 6840: 6838: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6811: 6809: 6802:sensory organs 6798: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6647:Antipsychotics 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6617:Antiaddictives 6614: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6587: 6581: 6579: 6572:nervous system 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6542:Antirheumatics 6539: 6538: 6537: 6527: 6521: 6519: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6476: 6474: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6448:Antineoplastic 6445: 6440: 6435: 6424: 6422: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6381:Antiprotozoals 6376:Antiparasitics 6373: 6368: 6363: 6356:Antibacterials 6352:Antimicrobials 6348: 6346: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6309: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6241: 6239: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6215:Antipsoriatics 6212: 6207: 6202: 6196: 6194: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6143:ACE inhibitors 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6082: 6080: 6071:cardiovascular 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6032:Anticoagulants 6029: 6018: 6016: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5933: 5931: 5915: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5803: 5801: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5724: 5722: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5699:+lercanidipine 5673: 5652: 5647: 5626: 5609: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5533: 5520: 5509: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5461: 5448: 5415: 5410: 5393: 5388: 5375: 5370: 5353: 5346:+lercanidipine 5333: 5320: 5315: 5303: 5301: 5297:ACE inhibitors 5293: 5292: 5282:acting on the 5278: 5276: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5239: 5238:External links 5236: 5233: 5232: 5189: 5148: 5137:(3): 461–469. 5117: 5093: 5069: 5040:(4): 589–592. 5020: 4969: 4918: 4867: 4818: 4803: 4777: 4720: 4684: 4643: 4594: 4575: 4532: 4473: 4452:(22): 2361–7. 4430: 4392: 4373:(2): 105–111. 4356: 4344: 4333:Ace Inhibitors 4324: 4301: 4252: 4208: 4197: 4140: 4096: 4053: 4032:(4): 980S–8S. 4012: 4000:Google Patents 3987: 3938: 3928: 3895: 3871: 3847: 3818:(2): 129–133. 3798: 3755: 3706: 3665: 3637: 3602: 3545: 3490: 3472:(3): 461–469. 3452: 3417: 3406: 3373: 3343: 3300: 3291: 3242: 3207: 3188: 3162: 3141:(5): 2084–92. 3121: 3100: 3095:cvpharmacology 3082: 3061: 3020: 2979: 2968:(10): 1460–4. 2952: 2940: 2913: 2855: 2820: 2793:(3): 652–660. 2776: 2755:(3): 253–257. 2735: 2694: 2651: 2632: 2599: 2580: 2551: 2495: 2471: 2444:(4): 304–313. 2428: 2379: 2344:(7): 787–790. 2328: 2299:(4): 272–281. 2279: 2244:(3): 236–241. 2228: 2202: 2153: 2096: 2073:10.1136/bmj.j4 2047: 2021: 2011: 1985: 1959: 1934: 1927: 1907: 1888: 1857: 1847: 1821: 1810: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1684:Miguel Ondetti 1653:Kevin K. F. Ng 1623:Norman Shumway 1612:Main article: 1609: 1606: 1562: 1554: 1550: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1512:2.5–20 mg 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455:7.5–30 mg 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1382:150 mg/d 1380: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1288: 1285: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1219: 1194: 1193:Dairy products 1191: 1190: 1189: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1095: 1092: 1088:skin eruptions 1080: 1079: 1074: 1068: 1061: 1058: 986: 983: 963:norepinephrine 932: 931: 928: 921: 914:adrenal cortex 910: 880: 846:cardiac output 837: 834: 818:angiotensin II 755:Main article: 752: 749: 740: 737: 707:anticoagulants 698: 697: 691: 682: 676: 669: 668: 665: 662: 655: 647: 644: 619: 616: 608:cardiovascular 545: 542: 537: 534: 482:renal function 436: 433: 429:erythropoietin 421:erythrocytosis 401: 398: 358: 357: 346: 340: 339:(heart attack) 323: 320: 258:angiotensin II 229:and decreased 227:blood pressure 207:ACE inhibitors 198: 197: 191: 190: 186: 185: 178: 172: 171: 170:External links 167: 166: 153: 147: 146: 143:Best Buy Drugs 139: 133: 132: 125: 119: 118: 114: 113: 108: 102: 101: 96: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 75: 74: 68: 60: 59: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7822: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7761:Combinations: 7758: 7752: 7751:Angiotensin I 7749: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7395: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7375: 7370: 7368: 7363: 7361: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7328:Miscellaneous 7326: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7266:Enkephalinase 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7244:Endopeptidase 7242: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210:Neuraminidase 7208: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6935: 6933: 6928: 6926: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6905: 6900: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6773:Decongestants 6771: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6692:Dissociatives 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6682:Hallucinogens 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6386:Anthelmintics 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230:genitourinary 6227: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6210:Antipruritics 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6126:Beta blockers 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6027:Antiplatelets 6025: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5904: 5899: 5897: 5892: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5350:+nitrendipine 5347: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5267: 5262: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5211:(6): 1253–7. 5210: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5193: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5168:(5): 767–71. 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5118: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4614:(7): 937–45. 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4367:Int J Cardiol 4360: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4318:TripAnswers, 4317: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4119:(6): 776–86. 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4069:(4): 257–65. 4068: 4064: 4057: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4013: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3726:(3): 359–63. 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3685:(3): 655–61. 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3654:(6): 1063–7. 3653: 3649: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3565:(7470): 828. 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3491: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3433:(4): 287–93. 3432: 3428: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3262:(2): 365–77. 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2999:(2): 444–50. 2998: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2964:(in Danish). 2963: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491:0-9757919-2-3 2488: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2229: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2048: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1986: 1973: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1758:Loop diuretic 1756: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1726: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1680:David Cushman 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1572:heart failure 1569: 1558: 1548: 1540: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1493:20–80 mg 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1436:10–40 mg 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1417:20–40 mg 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1398:10–40 mg 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1360:20–40 mg 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1295: 1292: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1241: 1240:L. helveticus 1237: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1216:cultured milk 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1084:antioxidative 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 991:United States 984: 982: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 959: 954: 950: 948: 947:renal failure 944: 940: 936: 929: 926: 922: 919: 915: 911: 908: 904: 900: 896: 893: 889: 885: 881: 878: 874: 870: 869: 868: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:cardiac index 847: 843: 835: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 810:angiotensin I 807: 803: 800: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 778: 777:distal tubule 774: 767: 763: 758: 750: 748: 746: 738: 736: 734: 729: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 695: 692: 690: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 673: 672: 666: 663: 660: 656: 653: 652: 651: 645: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 617: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 600:boxed warning 597: 594: 589: 587: 586:birth defects 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 543: 541: 535: 533: 530: 528: 523: 521: 515: 513: 508: 505: 501: 499: 495: 490: 488: 483: 478: 474: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 434: 432: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 408:resulting in 407: 406:schizophrenia 399: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 382:meta-analysis 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 355: 351: 347: 344: 343:Heart failure 341: 338: 334: 333: 332: 329: 321: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 284: 280: 278: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 254:angiotensin I 251: 247: 243: 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 219:heart failure 216: 212: 208: 204: 196: 192: 187: 183: 179: 177: 173: 168: 164: 158: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 124: 120: 117:Clinical data 115: 112: 109: 107: 103: 100: 97: 95: 91: 88: 85: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 58: 57: 52: 47: 42: 35: 30: 19: 7760: 7743:Propeptides: 7742: 7692: 7686:Zofenoprilat 7676:Trandolapril 7656:Rescinnamine 7606:Gemopatrilat 7559: 7435:Antagonists: 7434: 7404: 7260: 7236: 7227:Exopeptidase 7197:Ribonuclease 7163:Janus kinase 7048:Lipoxygenase 7024:5α-Reductase 6946:Pharmacology 6687:Psychedelics 6657:Aphrodisiacs 6331:infestations 6307:Sex hormones 6260:Sex hormones 6205:Cicatrizants 6142: 6135: 6121:Vasodilators 6088:antianginals 6085: 5937:stomach acid 5936: 5773:Gemopatrilat 5535: 5511: 5499:Trandolapril 5335: 5306: 5296: 5208: 5202: 5192: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5109:. Retrieved 5105: 5096: 5085:. Retrieved 5081: 5072: 5037: 5034:Hypertension 5033: 5023: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4838:(1): 163–9. 4835: 4831: 4821: 4790: 4780: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4701:(1): 35–40. 4698: 4694: 4687: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4588: 4578: 4548:(6): 886–9. 4545: 4541: 4535: 4493: 4489: 4476: 4449: 4443: 4433: 4408: 4404: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4347: 4327: 4304: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4200: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4116: 4112: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4004:. Retrieved 4002:. 1975-12-03 3999: 3990: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3933: 3911: 3887:. Retrieved 3883: 3880:"Lisinopril" 3874: 3863:. Retrieved 3859: 3850: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3618:(1): 47–53. 3615: 3611: 3605: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3481:. Retrieved 3469: 3465: 3455: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3411: 3389: 3365:. Retrieved 3356: 3346: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3294: 3259: 3256:Hypertension 3255: 3245: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3201: 3171: 3165: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3115: 3094: 3085: 3074:. Retrieved 3064: 3037: 3033: 3023: 2996: 2993:Hypertension 2992: 2982: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2943: 2929:(3): 221–3. 2926: 2922: 2916: 2878:(1): 232–7. 2875: 2871: 2858: 2836:(2): 120–5. 2833: 2829: 2823: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2667:(4): 184–5. 2664: 2660: 2654: 2645: 2615: 2593: 2563: 2521: 2517: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2219:. Retrieved 2215:the original 2205: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2064: 2060: 2050: 2038:. Retrieved 2033: 2024: 2016: 1994: 1988: 1976:. Retrieved 1971: 1962: 1950:. Retrieved 1946: 1937: 1917: 1910: 1901: 1871: 1852: 1830: 1824: 1815: 1793: 1728: 1696: 1689: 1675: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1657:John R. 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