551:. The paper soon acquired a reputation in Phnom Penh's small academic circle. The following year, the government closed the paper, and Sihanouk's police publicly humiliated Khieu by beating, undressing, and photographing him in public—as Shawcross notes, "not the sort of humiliation that men forgive or forget". Yet the experience did not prevent Khieu from advocating cooperation with Sihanouk to promote a united front against United States activities in South Vietnam. As mentioned, Khieu Samphan, Hou Yuon, and Hu Nim were forced to "work through the system" by joining the Sangkum and accepting posts in the prince's government.
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outcome has become an object of contention (and considerable historical rewriting) between pro-Vietnamese and anti-Vietnamese Khmer communist factions. The party was renamed the
Workers Party of Kampuchea at the meeting. The question of cooperation with, or resistance to, Sihanouk was thoroughly discussed. A new party structure was adopted, and for the first time, a permanent Central Committee was appointed with Tou Samouth (who advocated a policy of cooperation) as the party's general secretary.
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609:) at the hands of the central government made them willing recruits for a guerrilla struggle. In 1965, Pol Pot made a visit of several months to North Vietnam and China. He probably received some training in China, which enhanced his prestige when he returned to the WPK's liberated areas. Despite friendly relations between Sihanouk and the Chinese, the latter kept Pol Pot's visit a secret from Sihanouk.
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436:. Government attacks prevented it from participating in the 1962 election and drove it underground. It is speculated that the decision of Pracheachon to file candidates for the election had not been approved by the now renamed "Workers' Party of Kampuchea" (WPK). Sihanouk habitually labeled local leftists the Khmer Rouge, a term that later came to signify the party and the state.
542:(Kompong Cham). After the end of the war, he moved to Phnom Penh under Tou Samouth's "urban committee", where he became an important point of contact between the above-ground parties of the left and the underground secret communist movement. His allies, Ieng Sary and Hou Yuon, became teachers at a new private high school, the Lycée Kambuboth, which Hou Yuon helped to establish.
256:
518:. This experience is considered a turning point in their ideological development. Meeting with Khmers fighting with the Viet Minh (whom they subsequently judged too subservient to the Vietnamese) convinced them that only a tightly disciplined party organization and a readiness for armed struggle could achieve revolution. They transformed the
404:(KPRP). The Vietnamese heavily dominated the ICP, and the Vietnamese party actively supported the KPRP during its initial phase of existence. Due to the reliance on Vietnamese support in the joint struggle against French colonial rule, the party's history would later be rewritten, stating 1960 as the year of the party's foundation.
680:, the Khmer Rouge "would not have won power without U.S. economic and military destabilization of Cambodia. ... It used the bombing's devastation and massacre of civilians as recruitment propaganda and as an excuse for its brutal, radical policies and its purge of moderate communists and Sihanoukists."
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fleeing
Cambodia, relations between Cambodia and Vietnam deteriorated by December 1978. Fearing a Vietnamese attack, Pol Pot ordered a pre-emptive invasion of Vietnam on 18 April 1978. His Cambodian forces crossed the border and looted nearby villages. Despite Chinese aid, these Cambodian forces were
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where forced labor was widespread. This policy aimed to reform professional and urban
Cambodians, or "New People", through agricultural labor under the supervision of the untainted rural "Old People". The goal was to develop an economy based on the export of rice to develop industry later. The party
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Through the 1970s and especially after mid-1975, the party became increasingly paranoid, blaming failures caused by its agricultural policies on external enemies (usually the CIA and
Vietnam) and domestic traitors. The resultant purges reached a crest in 1977 and 1978 when thousands, including some
612:
In 1971, the party changed its name to the
Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK). The party statutes, published in the mid-1970s, claim that the party congress approved the name change in 1971. The change in the party's name was a closely guarded secret. Lower-ranking members of the party and even the
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The CPK had been extremely secretive throughout its existence. Before 1975, secrecy was needed for the party's survival. Pol Pot and his closest associates relied on continuing the extreme secrecy to consolidate their position against those they perceived as internal enemies during their first two
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In Phnom Penh and other cities, the Khmer Rouge told residents that they would be moved only about "two or three kilometers" outside the city and would return in "two or three days". Some witnesses say they were told that the evacuation was because of the "threat of
American bombing" and that they
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Province in the northeast. Pol Pot had shortly before been put on a list of thirty-four leftists whom
Sihanouk summoned to join the government and sign statements saying Sihanouk was the only possible leader for the country. Pol Pot and Chou Chet were the only people who escaped. All the others
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During the 1950s, Khmer students in Paris organized a communist movement, which had little connection to the hard-pressed party in their homeland. The men and women who returned home and took command of the party apparatus during the 1960s came from their ranks. They led an effective insurgency
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From 28 to 30 September 1960, twenty-one leaders of the KPRP held a secret congress in a vacant room of the Phnom Penh railroad station. Approximately 14 delegates represented the rural faction, and seven represented the urban faction. This pivotal event remains shrouded in mystery because its
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Inside the KSA and its successor organizations was a secret organization known as the Cercle
Marxiste. The organization was composed of cells of three to six members, with most members knowing nothing about the overall structure. In 1952, Pol Pot, Hou Yuon, Ieng Sary, and other leftists gained
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On 20 July 1962, Tou
Samouth was murdered by the Cambodian government. At the WPK's second congress in February 1963, Pol Pot was chosen to succeed Tou Samouth as the party's general secretary. Tou's allies Nuon Chea and Keo Meas were removed from the Central Committee and replaced by
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In 1968, the Khmer Rouge launched a national insurgency across
Cambodia. Though North Vietnam had not been informed of the decision, its forces provided shelter and weapons to the Khmer Rouge after the insurgency started. The guerrilla forces of the party were baptized as the
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Vietnamese were not told of it, and neither was the membership until many years later. The party leadership endorsed an armed struggle against the government led by Sihanouk. In 1967, the CPK made several small-scale attempts at insurgency but failed with little success.
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claimed that the United States intervention saved the Lon Nol regime from collapse in 1970 and 1973. Craig Etcheson acknowledged that U.S. intervention increased recruitment for the Khmer Rouge but disputed that it was a primary cause of the Khmer Rouge victory.
946:; meaning 'Organization'). However, Pol Pot publicly declared on 29 September 1977 the existence of the CPK in a five-hour-long speech. He revealed the true character of the supreme authority in Cambodia, an obscure ruling body that had been kept in seclusion.
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represented a betrayal of the Cambodian movement, which still controlled large areas of the countryside and which commanded at least 5,000 armed men. Following the conference, about 1,000 members of the KPRP, including Son Ngoc Minh, made a Long March into
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562:(Long Reth) became deputy general secretary. At the same time, Pol Pot and Ieng Sary were named to the Central Committee to occupy the third and the fifth highest positions in the party hierarchy. Another committee member was veteran communist
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Accordingly, Pol Pot, in his speech, claimed that the CPK's foundation had been in 1960 and emphasized its separate identity from the Communist Party of Vietnam. This secrecy continued even after the CPK took power. Unlike most totalitarian
459:, northeast of Phnom Penh. He attended a technical high school in the capital and then went to Paris in 1949 to study radio electronics (other sources say he attended a school for printers and typesetters and also studied civil engineering).
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notoriety by sending an open letter to Sihanouk calling him the "strangler of infant democracy". A year later, the French authorities closed down the KSA, but Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan helped to establish in 1956 a new group, the
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Most members of the Paris student group came from landowners' or civil servants' families. Three of the Paris group forged a bond that survived years of revolutionary struggle and intraparty strife. Pol Pot and Ieng Sary married
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In the September 1955 election, it won about 4% of the vote but did not secure a seat in the legislature. Members of the Pracheachon were subject to constant harassment and arrests because the party remained outside Prince
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communist parties. The decision to form a separate Cambodian communist party was taken at the ICP congress in February of the same year. Different sources claim different dates for the party's founding and first congress.
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did not have to lock their houses since the Khmer Rouge would "take care of everything" until they returned. These were not the first evacuations of civilian populations by the Khmer Rouge. Similar evacuations of
676:, have cited the United States intervention and bombing campaign (spanning 1965–1973) as a significant factor which led to increased support for the Khmer Rouge among the Cambodian peasantry. According to
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resulted from pressure from China on the Khmer Rouge leaders to acknowledge their true political identity at a time when they increasingly depended on China's assistance against the threats from Vietnam.
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writes that the bombing "had the effect the Americans wanted – it broke the Communist encirclement of Phnom Penh", but it also accelerated the collapse of rural society and increased social polarization.
907:. During their four years in power, the Khmer Rouge overworked and starved the population while at the same time executing selected groups who had the potential to undermine the new state (including
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566:. In Democratic Kampuchea, this meeting would later be projected as the founding date of the party, consciously downplaying the history of the party before Pol Pot's ascent to leadership.
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of Cambodia by the United States and the growth of the Khmer Rouge, in terms of recruitment and popular support, has been a matter of interest to historians. Some historians, including
479:, considered "one of the most brilliant intellects of his generation", was born in 1931 and specialized in economics and politics during his time in Paris. In talent, he was rivaled by
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held a congress (which they saw as the third party congress, therefore not recognizing the 1963, 1975, and 1978 party congresses as legitimate) near the Vietnamese border. Along with
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in September 1979 to fight the PRK and the Vietnamese. Khieu Samphan led the front. In December 1979, the armed forces under the command of the party, what remained of the erstwhile
1001:(KUFNS or FUNSK) after becoming disillusioned with the Khmer Rouge. Effectively, the CPK was then divided into two, with the Pen Sovan-led group constituting a separate party, the
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adopted the slogan: "If we have rice, we can have everything". These actions and policies resulted in massive deaths through executions, work exhaustion, illness, and starvation.
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important CPK leaders, were executed. The older generation of CPK members, suspected of having links with or sympathies for Vietnam, were targeted by the Pol Pot leadership.
578:. From then on, Pol Pot and loyal allies from his Paris student days controlled the party center, edging out older veterans whom they considered excessively pro-Vietnamese.
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In power, the Khmer Rouge carried out a radical program that included isolating the country from foreign influence, closing schools, hospitals, and factories, abolishing
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After returning to Cambodia in 1953, Pol Pot threw himself into party work. At first, he went to join with forces allied to the Viet Minh operating in the rural areas of
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By 1973, Vietnamese support of the Khmer Rouge had largely disappeared. China "armed and trained" the Khmer Rouge both during the civil war and the years afterward.
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Khieu Samphan returned from Paris in 1959, taught as a University of Phnom Penh law faculty member, and started a left-wing French-language publication,
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Path, Kosal; Kanavou, Angeliki (2 September 2015). "Converts, not ideologues? The Khmer Rouge practice of thought reform in Cambodia, 1975–1978".
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653:. Sihanouk's popular support in rural Cambodia allowed the Khmer Rouge to extend its power and influence to the point that by 1973, it exercised
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The party operated underground during most of its existence, and it took control of the country in April 1975 and established the state known as
1459:"Rewriting Cambodian History to 'Adapt' It to a New Political Context: The Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party's Historiography (1979–1991)"
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The Khmer Rouge attempted to turn Cambodia into a classless society by depopulating cities and forcing the urban population into agricultural
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503:), purportedly relatives of Khieu Samphan. These two well-educated women also played a central role in the regime of Democratic Kampuchea.
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1020:. The CPK, led by Pol Pot, withdrew its forces westwards to an area near the Thai border. With unofficial protection from elements of the
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suspended military aid to the Lon Nol government in 1973, the Khmer Rouge made sweeping gains in the country, completely overwhelming the
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wrote that the United States bombing and ground incursion plunged Cambodia into the chaos that Sihanouk had worked for years to avoid.
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The leadership of the Khmer Rouge was largely unchanged between the 1960s and the mid-1990s. The Khmer Rouge leaders were mostly from
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The Standing Committee of the Khmer Rouge's Central Committee (Party Center) during its period of power consisted of the following:
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This article is about a communist party founded in Cambodia. For the government formed by the Communist Party of Kampuchea, see
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967:. It was almost a year before it was confirmed that he was Saloth Sar, the man long cited as the CPK's general secretary.
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522:(KSA), to which most of the 200 Khmer students in Paris belonged, into an organization for nationalist and leftist ideas.
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1408:"Cambodia and the Khmer People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP), Appendix B - Major Political and Military Organizations"
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455:, who rose to the leadership of the communist movement in the 1960s, was born in 1928 (some sources say in 1925) in
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420:, where they remained in exile. In late 1954, those who stayed in Cambodia founded a legal political party, the
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In July 1963, Pol Pot and most of the central committee left Phnom Penh to establish an insurgent base in
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Edwards, Matthew (March 2004). "The rise of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia: internal or external origins?".
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1752:, in The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia, edited by Norman Owen. University of Hawaii Press, p. 369.
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1499:"Revising the Past in Democratic Kampuchea: When Was the Birthday of the Party?: Notes and Comments"
621:. Vietnamese support for the insurgency made it impossible for the ineffective and poorly motivated
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years of power. The revelation of the CPK's existence shortly before Pol Pot was due to travel to
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The political appeal of the Khmer Rouge was increased as a result of the situation created by the
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Mowell, B.D. (7 October 2021). "Religious communities as targets of the Khmer Rouge genocide".
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control over the majority of Cambodian territory, although only a minority of its population.
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agreed to cooperate with the government and were afterward under 24-hour watch by the police.
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1936:
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Vietnam: The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict
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on 7 January 1979. The Pen Sovan-led party was installed as the governing party of the new
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The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–1979
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was appointed as acting chairman of the party. The party congress did not elect a full
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2008:
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For roughly two years after the CPK took power, it referred to itself as the Angkar (
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641:, with the support of the National Assembly, deposed Sihanouk. Sihanouk, in exile in
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340:. As such, it claimed that 30 September 1960 was its founding date; it was named the
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771:(Long Bunruot) — Deputy General Secretary of the Communist Party, President of the
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The region Pol Pot and the others moved to was inhabited by tribal minorities, the
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1972:
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1220:"Revising the Past in Democratic Kampuchea: When Was the Birthday of the Party?"
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511:
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313:
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1670:
Kiernan, Ben (Winter 1989). "The American Bombardment of Kampuchea 1969–1973".
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Kissinger's Shadow: The Long Reach of America's Most Controversial Statesman
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without possessions had occurred on a smaller scale since the early 1970s.
1590:"Ieng Sary's Regime: A Diary of the Khmer Rouge Foreign Ministry, 1976-79"
424:, which participated in the National Assembly elections of 1955 and 1958.
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from 1968 until 1975 and established the regime of Democratic Kampuchea.
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Patriotic and Democratic Front of the Great National Union of Kampuchea
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The Vietnamese forces invaded Cambodia along with the KUFNS, capturing
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in Phnom Penh before beginning courses in commerce and politics at the
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316:(Red Khmer). Originally founded in 1951, the party was split into pro-
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2018:
2003:
1932:
List of incidents attributed to the Khmer Rouge on the START database
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838:
800:
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At some time between 1949 and 1951, Pol Pot and Ieng Sary joined the
488:
397:, but instead appointed a Party Propagation and Formation Committee.
170:
1237:
1739:, Revised Edition, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 96–97.
1726:, Revised Edition, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 96–98.
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407:
According to Democratic Kampuchea's version of party history, the
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1940:
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The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Mass Atrocity, and Genocide
989:
In early 1979, a pro-Vietnamese group of CPK dissidents led by
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methods. The entire population was forced to become farmers in
207:
1900:"Cambodia: From "Democratic Kampuchea" to "People's Republic"
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Because of several years of border conflict and the flood of
411:'s failure to negotiate a political role for the KPRP at the
351:. The party lost power in 1979 with the establishment of the
997:, Pen Sovan was one of the foremost founding members of the
911:) and killing many others for even minor breaches of rules.
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An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism
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Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state
3074:
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde
1857:
1855:
1043:. In 1981, the party was dissolved and substituted by the
530:. Inside, the group was still run by the Cercle Marxiste.
1024:, it began guerrilla warfare against the PRK government.
598:
estimated the party membership to be approximately 100.
807:; last Khmer Rouge leader, Southwest Regional Secretary
487:(born in 1930) studied education and literature, while
359:. The party was officially dissolved in 1981, with the
1037:
People's National Liberation Armed Forces of Kampuchea
2780:
Current and former ruling parties of communist states
758:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea
467:
born in 1930 in South Vietnam. He attended the elite
400:
At its formation, the Cambodian party was called the
3237:
Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe
1737:
Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot
1724:
Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot
605:, whose rough treatment (including resettlement and
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1981:
1554:Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H. (March 1968).
1181:
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344:before it was renamed the Communist Party in 1966.
328:with the former being the Pol Pot faction, and the
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200:
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134:
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106:
92:
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2650:Movement for the National Liberation of Kampuchea
1819:Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda: New Perspectives
820:— Deputy Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea,
781:— Deputy Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea;
2933:African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde
483:(born in 1930), who studied economics and law.
2831:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
1213:
1211:
999:Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation
475:(more widely known as Sciences Po) in France.
312:, and its members were generally known as the
2765:
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1952:
1884:Sihanouk, Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness
1619:. Routledge. pp. 189–190. Archived from
8:
1863:Sihanouk Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness
1650:. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 179–180.
635:removal of Sihanouk as head of state in 1970
1796:The Rise and Demise of Democratic Kampuchea
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1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1429:"Khmer People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP)"
773:Kampuchean People's Representative Assembly
380:(ICP) was divided into separate Cambodian,
372:Foundation of the party and first divisions
49:
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2979:
2887:
2791:
2787:
2772:
2758:
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1959:
1945:
1937:
357:intervention of Vietnamese military forces
60:
40:
27:Ruling party of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979
1817:Cook, Susan E.; Mosyakov, Dmitri (2017).
814:— Regional Secretary of the Northern Zone
741:families and had been educated at French
3500:Political parties disestablished in 1981
2802:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
2640:Khmer People's National Liberation Front
1898:Kroef, Justus M. van der (August 1979).
1894:
1892:
1865:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1841:Bezlova, Antoaneta (February 21, 2009).
1530:"Chronologie du Cambodge de 1960 à 1990"
1453:
1451:
1449:
963:, Pol Pot was not the object of an open
376:The party was founded in 1951, when the
2913:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
1207:
1108:
1003:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
402:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
274:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3148:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
1613:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
3480:Political parties established in 1951
3445:Defunct political parties in Cambodia
3253:Seychelles People's Progressive Front
2847:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin
1569:The American Political Science Review
1403:
1401:
1192:[keaʔnaʔpakpɔleaʔkɑːkampuciə]
1190:
1146:
1041:National Army of Democratic Kampuchea
941:
805:National Army of Democratic Kampuchea
660:The relationship between the massive
102:30 September 1960 (as separate party)
7:
3272:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
2620:Community of Royalist People's Party
1843:"China haunted by Khmer Rouge links"
1556:"Communism and Economic Development"
715:. On 17 April 1975, the Khmer Rouge
473:Paris Institute of Political Studies
3305:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3133:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution
2605:Cambodian National Sustaining Party
2532:Hang Dara Democratic Movement Party
2172:Communist Youth League of Kampuchea
2092:Khmer National Liberation Committee
1457:Frings, K. Viviane (October 1997).
1218:Chandler, David P.; D.P.C. (1983).
1092:Communist Youth League of Kampuchea
792:— Chairman of the State Presidium (
534:Clandestine existence in Phnom Penh
151:Communist Youth League of Kampuchea
3356:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
3319:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
3098:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
2319:Democratic National Union Movement
1536:from the original on 22 April 2007
1497:Chandler, David P. (Summer 1983).
1370:(3). Informa UK Limited: 304–332.
764:of Democratic Kampuchea, 1976–1979
25:
3455:Formerly ruling communist parties
3008:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
2595:Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party
1761:Rodman, Peter (August 23, 2007).
596:United States Department of State
499:and Khieu Thirith (also known as
3470:Organizations of the Vietnam War
3118:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
3093:Hungarian Working People's Party
3022:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
2457:
2419:
2126:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia
2055:
2047:
1071:
1057:
803:(Chhit Chhoeun) — Leader of the
254:
219:
3465:Nationalist parties in Cambodia
3430:1951 establishments in Cambodia
2630:Khmer National Solidarity Party
2579:Khmer National Solidarity Party
2507:Beehive Social Democratic Party
2348:Victorious Seventeenth of April
2314:Khmer National Solidarity Party
1807:Shawcross, pp. 92–100, 106–112.
1588:Kierman, Ben (September 1998).
1364:Journal of Political Ideologies
510:. In 1951, the two men went to
3495:1981 disestablishments in Asia
2610:Cambodian National Unity Party
2600:Cambodia National Rescue Party
2309:Cambodian National Unity Party
2136:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)
1849:. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
1798:, Westview Press, 1984, p. 97.
1018:People's Republic of Kampuchea
723:, executing all its officers.
353:People's Republic of Kampuchea
1:
3440:Communist parties in Cambodia
3268:Supreme Revolutionary Council
2665:Sangkum Jatiniyum Front Party
2660:Party of Democratic Kampuchea
2426:Political parties in Cambodia
2304:Party of Democratic Kampuchea
1376:10.1080/13569317.2015.1075266
1148:[pakkomujnihkampuciə]
1097:Party of Democratic Kampuchea
1045:Party of Democratic Kampuchea
619:Kampuchean Revolutionary Army
361:Party of Democratic Kampuchea
129:Party of Democratic Kampuchea
3475:Parties of one-party systems
3208:Polish United Workers' Party
2898:Communist Party of Kampuchea
2670:Union of Cambodian Democrats
2615:Communist Party of Kampuchea
1969:Communist Party of Kampuchea
986:repulsed by the Vietnamese.
582:Insurgency in rural Cambodia
491:(born in 1932) studied law.
324:factions as a result of the
287:Communist Party of Kampuchea
46:Communist Party of Kampuchea
2547:Khmer National United Party
2527:Grassroots Democratic Party
2277:
2072:Indochinese Communist Party
1861:Osborne, Milton E. (1994).
1519:(2) (Summer 1983): 288–300.
1280:10.1080/0306837042000184266
1182:
1172:
1138:
1128:
937:
875:and relocating people from
783:Minister of Foreign Affairs
713:Khmer National Armed Forces
625:to counter it effectively.
520:Khmer Students' Association
378:Indochinese Communist Party
342:Workers' Party of Kampuchea
119:Indochinese Communist Party
3516:
3341:Communist Party of Vietnam
3044:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
2875:African Independence Party
2816:Party of Labour of Albania
2564:League for Democracy Party
1769:November 10, 2011, at the
1173:Kônâbâks Pôlôkâr Kâmpŭchéa
1129:Bâks Kŏmmŭyônĭst Kâmpŭchéa
974:
849:Minister of Social Affairs
730:
651:People's Republic of China
29:
3485:Republicanism in Cambodia
3435:Anti-Vietnamese sentiment
3376:List of communist parties
3371:
3286:National Liberation Front
2968:Congolese Party of Labour
2861:Bulgarian Communist Party
2785:
2734:List of political parties
2724:
2574:United People of Cambodia
2455:
2374:
2045:
1765:. Brookings Institution.
1414:28 September 2009 at the
1163:
1119:
928:
796:) of Democratic Kampuchea
227:
218:
59:
50:
34:. For its followers, see
3490:Rebel groups in Cambodia
3222:Romanian Communist Party
2645:Liberal Democratic Party
2569:Society of Justice Party
2537:Khmer Anti-Poverty Party
2476:Cambodian People's Party
2442:Cambodian People's Party
2131:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
1882:Osborne, Milton (1994).
1748:Chandler, David (2005).
1735:Chandler, David (2000).
1331:10.4324/9780429317026-22
1183:Gaṇapaks Balakar Kambujā
1139:Paks Kummuyanist Kambujā
1007:Cambodian People's Party
977:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
3189:Workers' Party of Korea
2993:Communist Party of Cuba
2952:Chinese Communist Party
2716:Social Republican Party
2655:Norodom Ranariddh Party
2512:Cambodian Liberty Party
1763:"Returning to Cambodia"
1562:2 February 2017 at the
1120:បក្សកុម្មុយនិស្តកម្ពុជា
971:Fall of the Khmer Rouge
835:Minister of Information
190:Political position
51:បក្សកុម្មុយនីស្តកម្ពុជា
3290:Yemeni Socialist Party
2557:Khmer Republican Party
2542:Khmer Democratic Party
1914:30 August 2018 at the
1644:Grandin, Greg (2015).
1505:30 August 2018 at the
1465:30 August 2018 at the
1027:The party founded the
709:United States Congress
594:In the mid-1960s, the
508:French Communist Party
413:1954 Geneva Conference
262:This article contains
3230:São Tomé and Príncipe
3204:Polish Workers' Party
2517:Cambodian Youth Party
1697:Yale University Press
831:Minister of Education
540:Kampong Cham Province
528:Khmer Students' Union
457:Kampong Thum Province
445:against Sihanouk and
440:Paris students' group
363:claiming its legacy.
295:Khmer Communist Party
293:), also known as the
3450:Democratic Kampuchea
2739:Politics of Cambodia
2361:Anti-intellectualism
2156:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
2111:Democratic Kampuchea
2087:United Issarak Front
1610:Jones, Adam (2006).
1596:13 July 2007 at the
1471:Modern Asian Studies
1325:. pp. 195–204.
733:Democratic Kampuchea
727:Khmer Rouge in power
623:Royal Cambodian Army
514:to participate in a
439:
349:Democratic Kampuchea
232:Politics of Cambodia
32:Democratic Kampuchea
2635:Khmer Neutral Party
2366:Communist terrorism
2355:Holiday in Cambodia
2099:Cambodian Civil War
1785:, Free Press, 1999.
871:, confiscating all
822:Minister of Defense
717:captured Phnom Penh
683:Pol Pot biographer
607:forced assimilation
3059:New Jewel Movement
2625:Human Rights Party
2252:Agrarian socialism
2242:National communism
2121:Cambodian genocide
2104:Fall of Phnom Penh
1750:Cambodia 1884–1975
1699:. pp. 16–19.
1672:Vietnam Generation
1433:globalsecurity.org
1087:Agrarian socialism
719:and overthrew the
179:Agrarian socialism
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2522:Candlelight Party
2434:National Assembly
2385:
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2247:Khmer nationalism
2116:Mayaguez incident
1871:978-0-8248-1639-1
1794:Etcheson, Craig,
1340:978-0-429-31702-6
1164:គណបក្សពលករកម្ពុជា
810:Brother number 8
799:Brother number 5
788:Brother number 4
777:Brother number 3
767:Brother number 2
752:Brother number 1
699:William Shawcross
685:David P. Chandler
666:Michael Ignatieff
395:Central Committee
326:Sino–Soviet split
308:. Its leader was
270:rendering support
250:
249:
237:Political parties
183:Khmer nationalism
125:Succeeded by
96:28 June 1951 (as
71:General Secretary
16:(Redirected from
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2482:Khmer Will Party
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649:) backed by the
430:Norodom Sihanouk
422:Krom Pracheachon
332:adopting a more
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3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3327:North Vietnam
3324:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3231:
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3223:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3134:
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3128:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3067:Guinea-Bissau
3064:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Liberal Party
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
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2631:
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2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
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2603:
2601:
2598:
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2510:
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2502:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2483:
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2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2449:
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2301:
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2255:
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2248:
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2240:
2236:
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2228:
2227:
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2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
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2209:
2205:
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2202:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:Party offices
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
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2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:Khmer Issarak
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:Khieu Samphan
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:(Khmer Rouge)
1971:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1821:. Routledge.
1820:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1768:
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1745:
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1725:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1706:9780300142990
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1637:
1626:on 2019-08-05
1622:
1615:
1614:
1606:
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1514:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1477:(4): 807–846.
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
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1377:
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1328:
1324:
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1301:
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1273:
1269:
1268:Asian Affairs
1262:
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1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1208:
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1184:
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1125:
1117:
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1109:
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1093:
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1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1066:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
984:
978:
970:
968:
966:
962:
956:
953:
947:
944:
939:
934:
926:
918:
916:
912:
910:
909:intellectuals
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
885:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
850:
846:
843:
840:
836:
833:, 1975–1977;
832:
828:
825:
823:
819:
816:
813:
809:
806:
802:
798:
795:
794:head of state
791:
790:Khieu Samphan
787:
784:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
763:
760:, 1963–1981;
759:
755:
751:
750:
749:
746:
744:
740:
734:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
702:
700:
695:
691:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:Rise to power
628:
626:
624:
620:
614:
610:
608:
604:
599:
597:
592:
589:
581:
579:
577:
573:
567:
565:
561:
556:
552:
550:
549:
548:L'Observateur
543:
541:
533:
531:
529:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
497:Khieu Ponnary
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:Khieu Samphan
474:
470:
466:
465:Chinese-Khmer
462:
458:
454:
450:
448:
437:
435:
431:
425:
423:
419:
418:North Vietnam
414:
410:
405:
403:
398:
396:
392:
391:Son Ngoc Minh
387:
383:
379:
371:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
279:
275:
271:
267:
265:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
226:
222:
217:
212:
209:
203:
199:
196:
193:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
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161:
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155:
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149:
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143:
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137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
99:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
72:
67:
63:
58:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3396:Eastern Bloc
3339:
3331:
3299:Soviet Union
3187:
3179:
3162:
3116:
3108:
3016:East Germany
2991:
2983:
2966:
2950:
2942:
2897:
2869:Burkina Faso
2829:
2614:
2353:
2346:
2206:
2199:
2194:Tung Padevat
2192:
2186:Publications
2052:
2034:Ieng Thirith
1967:
1907:
1904:Asian Survey
1903:
1883:
1878:
1862:
1846:
1837:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1692:
1689:Kiernan, Ben
1683:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1646:
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1621:the original
1612:
1605:
1573:
1567:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1524:
1516:
1510:
1474:
1470:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:
1423:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1318:
1312:
1274:(1): 56–67.
1271:
1267:
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1229:
1223:
1155:
1111:
1033:united front
1026:
1011:
988:
980:
957:
948:
922:
913:
905:labour camps
901:totalitarian
894:
886:
854:
845:Ieng Thirith
747:
743:universities
739:middle-class
736:
706:
703:
694:Michael Lind
690:Peter Rodman
682:
674:Greg Grandin
659:
654:
632:
615:
611:
600:
593:
585:
568:
557:
553:
546:
544:
537:
524:
505:
501:Ieng Thirith
493:
451:
443:
426:
406:
401:
399:
375:
346:
341:
336:approach to
294:
290:
286:
284:
278:Khmer script
261:
139:Tung Padevat
3460:Khmer Rouge
3401:Warsaw Pact
3280:South Yemen
3181:North Korea
2796:Afghanistan
2701:Pracheachon
2297:Derivatives
2201:Tong Kraham
1886:. Silkworm.
995:Heng Samrin
890:populations
877:urban areas
851:, 1975–1979
785:, 1975–1979
678:Ben Kiernan
512:East Berlin
334:revisionist
314:Khmer Rouge
36:Khmer Rouge
3424:Categories
3350:Yugoslavia
3247:Seychelles
3157:Mozambique
3127:Madagascar
2926:Cape Verde
2679:Historical
2499:Parliament
2288:New People
2235:Pol Potism
2218:Ideologies
1847:Asia Times
1678:(1): 4–41.
1630:2019-08-30
1321:. London:
1202:References
1014:Phnom Penh
938:ʿʹanggakār
837:(replaced
670:Adam Jones
637:. Premier
603:Khmer Loeu
588:Ratanakiri
386:Vietnamese
214:Party flag
146:Youth wing
3391:Comintern
3386:Cominform
2448:FUNCINPEC
2378:Communism
2283:Year Zero
1999:Ieng Sary
1994:Nuon Chea
1576:(1): 122.
1392:146441273
1384:1356-9317
1349:241862855
1323:Routledge
1304:159796058
1296:0306-8374
1288:1477-1500
1022:Thai Army
1005:(now the
991:Pen Sovan
961:dictators
869:religions
779:Ieng Sary
769:Nuon Chea
707:When the
560:Nuon Chea
558:His ally
461:Ieng Sary
409:Viet Minh
242:Elections
163:Communism
135:Newspaper
107:Dissolved
87:Nuon Chea
3142:Mongolia
3030:Ethiopia
2883:Cambodia
2855:Bulgaria
2266:Concepts
2177:Santebal
2024:Hou Yuon
1912:Archived
1767:Archived
1722:(2000),
1691:(2008).
1594:Archived
1560:Archived
1540:22 April
1534:Archived
1503:Archived
1463:Archived
1412:Archived
1051:See also
983:refugees
897:communes
865:currency
841:in 1977)
655:de facto
576:Vorn Vet
564:Keo Meas
481:Hou Yuon
320:and pro-
306:Cambodia
299:far-left
297:, was a
195:Far-left
158:Ideology
3381:Comecon
3333:Vietnam
3262:Somalia
3216:Romania
3164:FRELIMO
3084:Hungary
3053:Grenada
2810:Albania
2711:Sangkum
2588:Defunct
2337:MONATIO
2273:Autarky
2151:PGNUNSC
2065:History
2039:Ke Pauk
2014:Son Sen
1989:Pol Pot
1246:2758655
929:អង្គការ
919:Angkar
861:finance
857:banking
827:Yun Yat
818:Son Sen
812:Ke Pauk
754:Pol Pot
643:Beijing
639:Lon Nol
572:Son Sen
485:Son Sen
453:Pol Pot
447:Lon Nol
434:Sangkum
367:History
338:Marxism
318:Chinese
310:Pol Pot
93:Founded
77:Pol Pot
3198:Poland
2824:Angola
2468:Senate
2278:Angkar
2230:Maoism
2019:Hu Nim
2004:Ta Mok
1982:People
1869:
1825:
1703:
1654:
1438:28 May
1390:
1382:
1347:
1337:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1251:2 July
1244:
1178:ALA-LC
1168:UNGEGN
1134:ALA-LC
1124:UNGEGN
952:Peking
933:ALA-LC
839:Hu Nim
801:Ta Mok
489:Hu Nim
463:was a
330:latter
322:Soviet
205:
201:Colors
171:Maoism
18:Angkar
3040:COPWE
2961:Congo
2944:China
2841:Benin
2444:(120)
1624:(PDF)
1617:(PDF)
1388:S2CID
1345:S2CID
1300:S2CID
1284:eISSN
1242:JSTOR
1160:Khmer
1116:Khmer
1103:Notes
1031:as a
925:Khmer
647:GRUNK
266:text.
264:Khmer
3313:Tuva
3110:Laos
3036:Derg
2985:Cuba
2478:(57)
2146:GCDK
1867:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1542:2007
1440:2020
1380:ISSN
1335:ISBN
1292:ISSN
1253:2021
1188:IPA:
1144:IPA:
863:and
692:and
672:and
574:and
384:and
285:The
98:KPRP
2906:PRK
2497:in
2484:(3)
2450:(5)
1372:doi
1327:doi
1276:doi
1234:doi
1009:).
879:to
432:'s
382:Lao
304:in
291:CPK
208:Red
3426::
3288:,
3270:,
3206:,
3042:,
2892:DK
2053:•
1908:19
1906:.
1902:.
1891:^
1854:^
1845:.
1695:.
1674:.
1592:.
1581:^
1574:62
1572:.
1566:.
1558:.
1532:.
1517:56
1515:.
1509:.
1501:.
1482:^
1475:31
1473:.
1469:.
1461:.
1448:^
1431:.
1400:^
1386:.
1378:.
1368:20
1366:.
1343:.
1333:.
1298:.
1290:.
1282:.
1272:35
1270:.
1240:.
1230:56
1228:.
1222:.
1210:^
1180::
1170::
1162::
1136::
1126::
1118::
1047:.
935::
931:,
927::
859:,
847:—
829:—
745:.
668:,
3329:,
3292:*
3255:*
3240:*
3167:*
3150:*
3135:*
3077:*
3046:)
3038:(
2971:*
2936:*
2834:*
2773:e
2766:t
2759:v
2411:e
2404:t
2397:v
1960:e
1953:t
1946:v
1918:.
1873:.
1831:.
1709:.
1676:1
1660:.
1633:.
1600:.
1544:.
1442:.
1418:.
1394:.
1374::
1351:.
1329::
1306:.
1278::
1255:.
1236::
289:(
280:.
100:)
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
