171:, and it was suggested that anglicisation would not only encourage loyalty and congeniality between the Channel Islands and Britain, but also provide economic prosperity and improved "general happiness". During the 19th century, there was concern over the practise of sending young Channel Islanders to France for education, as they might have brought back French culture and viewpoints back to the Islands. The
263:. However, much of the land the English settled was not intensively used or densely populated. The culture of settling English populations in Wales and Ireland remained heavy influenced by that of England. These communities were also socially and culturally segregated from the native Irish and Welsh, a distinction which was reinforced by government legislation such as the
311:
labour, with national migrants tending to work in coalfields or remain in rural villages, while non-national migrants were attracted to coastal towns and cities. This preserved monocultural Welsh communities, ensuring the continued prominence of the Welsh language and customs within them. However, other scholars argue that industrialisation and
242:
Secondly, English communities in Wales and
Ireland emphasised their English identities, which became established through the settlement of various parts of Wales and Ireland between the 11th and 17th centuries under the guidance of successive English kings. In Wales, this primarily occurred during
310:
prevented Wales from being anglicised to the extent of
Ireland and Scotland, as the majority of the Welsh people did not move abroad in search of employment during the early modern era, and thus did not have to learn to speak English. Furthermore, migration patterns created a cultural division of
156:, and many did not even know English. English became seen in the Channel Islands as "the language of commercial success and moral and intellectual achievement". The growth of English and the decline of French brought about the adoption of more values and social structures from
330:. English "was perceived as the language of progress, equality, prosperity, mass entertainment and pleasure". This and other administrative reforms resulted in the institutional and cultural dominance of English and marginalisation of Welsh, especially in the more urban
467:
In the past, the names of people from other language areas were anglicised to a higher extent than today. This was the general rule for names of Latin or (classical) Greek origin. Today, the anglicised name forms are often retained for the more well-known persons, like
576:
565:, 2003, p. 89. "Beyond gaps in our information about who or what was affected by anglicisation is the matter of understanding the process more fully in terms of agency, periodisation, and extent and limitations."
387:
Non-English words may be anglicised by changing their form and/or pronunciation to something more familiar to
English speakers. Some foreign place names are commonly anglicised in English. Examples include the
808:
152:
became a predominantly
English-speaking place, though bilingualism was still common. This created a divided linguistic geography, as the people of the countryside continued to use forms of
338:
of Wales. In 2022, the
Commission for Welsh-speaking Communities warned that the emigration of Anglophones to Welsh-speaking villages and towns was putting the Welsh language at risk.
986:
848:
315:
led to economic decline in rural Wales, and given that the country's large towns and cities were anglicised, this led to an overall anglicisation of the nation.
160:
England. Eventually, this led to the
Channel Islands's culture becoming mostly anglicised, which supplanted the traditional Norman-based culture of the Islands.
981:
1210:
452:, until the city chose to change its official name back to Kolkata in 2001. Anglicisation of words and names from indigenous languages occurred across the
223:. Between 1000 and 1300, the British Isles became increasingly anglicised. Firstly, the ruling classes of England, who were of Norman origin after the
888:
62:, in which a non-English term or name is altered due to the cultural influence of the English language. It can also refer to the influence of English
798:
376:
Linguistic anglicisation is the practice of modifying foreign words, names, and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce or understand in
1368:
535:
323:
195:
Anglicisation was an essential element in the development of
British society and of the development of a unified British polity. Within the
954:
492:
during the 19th and 20th centuries, the names of many immigrants were never changed by immigration officials but only by personal choice.
841:
1142:
82:
747:
664:
252:
1489:
1435:
380:. The term commonly refers to the respelling of foreign words, often to a more drastic degree than that implied in, for example,
351:
280:
168:
1627:
834:
144:
In the early parts of the 19th century, mostly due to increased immigration from the rest of the
British Isles, the town of
1098:
883:
359:
319:
244:
1507:
1346:
1544:
1086:
932:
371:
59:
27:
163:
From 1912, the educational system of the
Channel Islands was delivered solely in English, following the norms of the
1494:
588:
523:
175:
in the
Channel Islands supported anglicising the Islands, due to the social and economic benefits it would bring.
1602:
236:
279:, Wales was gradually conquered by the English. The institutional anglicisation of Wales was finalised with the
1622:
1257:
1108:
1043:
971:
78:
66:, which includes media, cuisine, popular culture, technology, business practices, laws and political systems.
362:
and is considered a subset of Anglicization due to English being the dominant language in the United States.
1612:
1607:
1383:
1239:
1190:
98:
255:
in various newly established settlements in Welsh territory. English settlers in Ireland mostly resided in
1524:
893:
453:
358:
and having all immigrants change their first names to English-sounding names. This movement was known as
1617:
1326:
1289:
1245:
857:
39:
1561:
1529:
264:
164:
1001:
1566:
1539:
1137:
949:
942:
1222:
910:
717:
600:
327:
296:
284:
180:
43:
354:. This was carried out through methods including (but not limited to) mandating the teaching of
633:
First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles 1093–1343 (Ford lectures; 1998)
1556:
1175:
753:
743:
709:
670:
660:
637:
541:
531:
307:
139:
287:. This not only institutionally anglicised Wales, but brought about the anglicisation of the
219:. Until the 19th century, most significant period for anglicisation in those regions was the
1534:
1467:
1399:
1195:
701:
592:
377:
355:
335:
220:
118:
47:
1581:
1501:
1479:
1462:
1269:
1234:
1075:
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1021:
1016:
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878:
224:
216:
153:
149:
106:
94:
781:
1571:
1474:
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1321:
1274:
1264:
1217:
1205:
1164:
1159:
1125:
1115:
1093:
1055:
1026:
1011:
961:
937:
868:
489:
480:) for Hadrianus. During the time in which there were large influxes of immigrants from
457:
300:
248:
114:
102:
55:
1596:
1551:
1484:
1425:
1358:
1341:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1279:
1252:
1185:
1169:
1154:
1149:
1103:
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1050:
1033:
976:
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604:
485:
347:
292:
288:
196:
157:
70:
1430:
1409:
1378:
1363:
1336:
1331:
1284:
1229:
1180:
1132:
1120:
1038:
1006:
996:
991:
873:
803:
381:
312:
232:
1576:
1404:
1200:
905:
413:
331:
276:
212:
172:
409:
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176:
117:
has continued to be spoken by a large part of the country's population due to
63:
713:
641:
925:
920:
757:
674:
545:
473:
469:
417:
145:
122:
50:
or culture; institutional, in which institutions are influenced by those of
42:
whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into or influenced by the
20:
121:
measures aimed at countering historical anglicisation measures such as the
461:
441:
346:
During the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a nationwide effort in the
256:
200:
90:
86:
826:
477:
449:
425:
389:
228:
208:
51:
721:
690:"Gaelic in Scotland 1698-1981: The Geographical History of a Language"
577:"An Empire of Goods: The Anglicization of Colonial America, 1690–1776"
46:. It can be sociocultural, in which a non-English or place adopts the
657:
Gaelic in Scotland, 1698-1981: the geographical history of a language
631:
481:
405:
401:
397:
260:
184:
689:
799:"Second homes and Brexit pushing Welsh language to 'tipping point'"
705:
596:
445:
437:
433:
429:
421:
204:
199:, anglicisation can be defined as influence of English culture in
110:
74:
740:
Jersey: Not Quite British: The Rural History of a Singular People
830:
630:
Davies, R.R. (2000). "The Anglicization of the British Isles".
291:
and language. Motives for anglicising Wales included securing
688:
Embleton, Sheila M.; Withers, Charles W.J. (September 1985).
326:
introduced compulsory English-language education into the
231:
identity, different from the identity of the native
1517:
1450:
1418:
1392:
295:England against incursions from Catholic powers in
563:The British World: Diaspora, Culture, and Identity
464:in particular have been affected by this process.
528:English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
85:was mostly complete by 1000 AD, but continued in
783:The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey
522:Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990).
101:to the point where by the mid-14th century the
842:
227:of 1066, became anglicised as their separate
105:was the dominant national language among the
89:and other regions until the 18th century. In
8:
557:
555:
179:such as John Le Couteur strove to introduce
1389:
849:
835:
827:
283:, which fully incorporated Wales into the
81:underwent a process of anglicisation. The
448:city of Kolkata used to be anglicised as
501:
140:History of Jersey § Anglicisation
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
733:
731:
324:Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889
299:and promoting the power of the Welsh
167:. Anglicisation was supported by the
7:
625:
623:
621:
561:Bridge, Carl, and Fedorowich, Kent.
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
69:Anglicisation first occurred in the
811:from the original on 2 January 2023
259:, a small area concentrated around
797:Morris, Steven (8 November 2022).
83:Celtic language decline in England
26:For linguistic anglicisation, see
14:
281:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
235:, became replaced with a single
524:"2. The Anglicisation of Wales"
655:Withers, Charles W.J. (1984).
1:
320:Elementary Education Act 1870
247:, which involved English and
245:conquest of Wales by Edward I
77:under the sovereignty of the
16:Form of cultural assimilation
1431:Romanisation of the writings
575:Breen, T.H. (October 1986).
1545:Forced religious conversion
786:(Thesis). S.l.: typescript.
742:. Jersey: Seaflower Books.
636:. Oxford University Press.
372:Anglicisation (linguistics)
28:Anglicisation (linguistics)
1646:
780:Kelleher, John D. (1991).
589:Cambridge University Press
581:Journal of British Studies
369:
306:Scholars have argued that
165:English educational system
137:
97:began during the reign of
25:
18:
1508:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
1393:Assimilation by religions
864:
738:Le Feuvre, David (1994).
237:English national identity
1419:Assimilation by writings
659:. Edinburgh: J. Donald.
530:. Multilingual Matters.
366:Linguistic anglicisation
328:Welsh educational system
303:in the rest of England.
19:Not to be confused with
456:in former parts of the
99:Malcolm III of Scotland
1525:Cultural globalisation
454:English-speaking world
1628:Cultural assimilation
858:Cultural assimilation
472:for Aristoteles, and
138:Further information:
40:cultural assimilation
1562:Internal colonialism
1530:Cultural imperialism
1211:Northern Afghanistan
352:immigrants to the US
265:Statutes of Kilkenny
129:History and examples
1567:Jewish assimilation
1540:Forced assimilation
1078:or Castilianisation
432:city of Al-Qāhira (
1191:Montenegrinisation
416:city of Den Haag (
408:city of Göteborg (
297:Continental Europe
285:Kingdom of England
169:British government
44:culture of England
1590:
1589:
1557:Identity politics
1446:
1445:
1176:Macedonianisation
537:978-1-85359-031-3
440:city of Firenze (
424:city of Sevilla (
350:to anglicise all
308:industrialisation
93:, the decline of
1635:
1603:English language
1535:Dominant culture
1518:Related concepts
1480:De-russification
1468:De-stalinisation
1463:De-communisation
1400:Christianisation
1390:
1242:or Latinisation
1196:Norwegianisation
1172:or Hungarisation
1146:
987:Colombianisation
889:Native Americans
851:
844:
837:
828:
821:
820:
818:
816:
794:
788:
787:
777:
762:
761:
735:
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725:
685:
679:
678:
652:
646:
645:
627:
616:
615:
613:
611:
572:
566:
559:
550:
549:
519:
400:city of Moskva (
392:city København (
356:American English
221:High Middle Ages
119:language revival
48:English language
1645:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1623:Transliteration
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1582:Monoculturalism
1513:
1502:De-sinicisation
1475:De-nazification
1451:Opposite trends
1442:
1414:
1388:
1270:Sanskritisation
1235:Romanianisation
1201:Pakistanisation
1140:
1076:Hispanicisation
1066:Hawaiianisation
1022:Europeanisation
1017:Estonianisation
972:Canadianisation
879:Americanisation
860:
855:
825:
824:
814:
812:
796:
795:
791:
779:
778:
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521:
520:
503:
498:
374:
368:
360:Americanization
344:
273:
251:settlers being
225:Norman Conquest
217:Channel Islands
193:
181:English culture
150:Channel Islands
142:
136:
134:Channel Islands
131:
113:, however, the
107:Scottish people
95:Scottish Gaelic
79:king of England
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1613:Types of words
1610:
1608:Scots language
1605:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1572:Language shift
1569:
1564:
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1547:
1537:
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1527:
1521:
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1499:
1498:
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1492:
1487:
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1472:
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1470:
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1458:De-arabisation
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1384:Zairianisation
1381:
1376:
1374:Westernisation
1371:
1369:Vietnamisation
1366:
1361:
1356:
1354:Turkmenisation
1351:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1322:Talibanisation
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1275:Serbianisation
1272:
1267:
1265:Saffronisation
1262:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1218:Persianisation
1215:
1214:
1213:
1206:Pashtunisation
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1165:Lithuanisation
1162:
1160:Latvianization
1157:
1152:
1147:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1126:Japanification
1118:
1116:Italianisation
1113:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1096:
1094:Indigenisation
1091:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:Georgification
1053:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1027:Westernisation
1019:
1014:
1012:Dutchification
1009:
1004:
1002:Cypriotisation
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
962:Bosniakisation
959:
958:
957:
947:
946:
945:
938:Belarusisation
935:
933:Araucanisation
930:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
903:
898:
897:
896:
891:
886:
876:
871:
869:Africanisation
865:
862:
861:
856:
854:
853:
846:
839:
831:
823:
822:
789:
763:
748:
727:
706:10.2307/414416
680:
665:
647:
617:
597:10.1086/385874
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500:
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494:
490:United Kingdom
458:British Empire
370:Main article:
367:
364:
343:
340:
272:
269:
192:
189:
135:
132:
130:
127:
115:Welsh language
103:Scots language
56:United Kingdom
15:
13:
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9:
6:
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3:
2:
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1552:Globalisation
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1500:
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1485:Korenizatsiia
1483:
1482:
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1459:
1456:
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1437:
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1426:Cyrillisation
1424:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
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1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:Ukrainisation
1357:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:Turkification
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:Taiwanisation
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Swedification
1315:
1313:
1312:Swahilisation
1310:
1308:
1307:Sovietisation
1305:
1303:
1302:Slovakisation
1300:
1298:
1297:Slavicisation
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:Sinhalisation
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:Russification
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Mongolisation
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:Magyarisation
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Kurdification
1153:
1151:
1150:Koreanisation
1148:
1144:
1139:
1138:Kazakhisation
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:Israelisation
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:Indianisation
1080:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:Hellenisation
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:Germanisation
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:Gaelicisation
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:Finnicisation
1032:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:Chilenisation
980:
978:
977:Celticisation
975:
973:
970:
968:
967:Bulgarisation
965:
963:
960:
956:
953:
952:
951:
950:Bengalisation
948:
944:
941:
940:
939:
936:
934:
931:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
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907:
904:
902:
901:Anglicisation
899:
895:
892:
890:
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885:
882:
881:
880:
877:
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872:
870:
867:
866:
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838:
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832:
829:
810:
806:
805:
800:
793:
790:
785:
784:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
764:
759:
755:
751:
749:0-948578-57-2
745:
741:
734:
732:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
681:
676:
672:
668:
666:0-85976-097-9
662:
658:
651:
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602:
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