524:. Although author Alfred Gallier stated that it was a good breed for this use, many opposing scholars argued that this was not the case. Military requirements conflicted with Norman breeders, as the carriage horses preferred by the breeders were very different from the style sought by the military, which required fast horses with stamina and agility. According to military equestrian Denis Bogros, the economic weight of the Norman horse breeders was such as they negatively influenced the effectiveness of the French army until the early 20th century, producing only large, overweight trotters that became fatigued more easily than Barbs or Arabians. Bogros states that breeders of Norman horses managed to deceive the French government, through powerful lobbying groups, by selling the military rejects from the breeding programs. The Anglo-Norman was a commercial success as carriage horses, but proved worthless for the cavalry. This led to the creation of the
513:. The law was named after Edward Bocher, a politician from Calvados, who argued that the law was supportive of French agriculture, and especially the Anglo-Norman breed. He called the Anglo-Norman a "horse of the time ... suitable for all services." He said that they were useful for both riding and driving, and sought after by both military and commercial interests. The law significantly increased national breeding standards and encouraged the production of half-blood horses, especially Anglo-Normans, for military use. The development of the Anglo-Norman saddle horse breed had long been delayed by a focus on the production of fashionable carriage horses. This resulted in the military imposing major breeding changes on breeders, who were often unaware of the jobs their horses performed for the military. However, conflict between breeders and the military often resulted from disagreements over breeding aims.
40:
205:
458:, which was mainly used as a carriage horse. When the Carrossier Normand was crossed with Thoroughbreds, a practice which likely started around 1830, the resulting mix was called the "Anglo-Norman". When other local native mares were crossed with Thoroughbreds and Arabians, however, the early results were disappointing. However, despite very low population numbers of riding horses, in the early 1850s, author Ephrem Houël noted a type of Norman saddle horse still extant in Le Merlerault.
653:(French Saddle Horse Association), Bernard Le Courtois, publicly spoke out against the idea on June 18, 2013, arguing that competition from other countries is already strong in the world of sport horse breeding, and that creating competition within France should be avoided. He described the proposed re-opening of an Anglo-Norman stud book as "criminal", saying it would be a step backwards led by a "small group of unscrupulous and fanciful breeders". In response, the
264:(61 to 67 inches, 155 to 170 cm) high, although sometimes taller. The facial profile was convex, the neck long, and the shoulders and hindquarters powerful. The breed had a tendency to have a too-upright shoulder angle and one author still criticized the horses as "... of two inharmonious and badly united pieces, one being Norman; the other, English", suggesting that better results would occur if breeders used higher-quality
192:, the national French saddle horse. Despite active government support for Selle Français breeding programs, variations remained, and Anglo-Norman bloodlines continued to be distinguishable for decades after the merge. In the 1990s and 2000s, a movement began to reopen the Anglo-Norman stud book and recreate it as a separate breed from the Selle Français. The plan, which remains open, has been presented to the French Stud Book Commission and
615:
454:, there were almost no saddle horses remaining in France. This situation was exacerbated by improvements to the roads, resulting in a large demand for carriage horses, further reducing demand for riding horses. Between 1815 and the 1850s, only the wealthy and the army continued to purchase riding horses. Early in the 19th century, in Lower Normandy, breeders focused on the Carrossier Normand, the ancestor of the Anglo-Norman and the
657:(Union of Breeders and Professional Riders of Horses and Sport Ponies) defended the project by stating that the breeder behind the Anglo-Norman stud book project is one of the top in his field in the world, while the Selle Français stud book is "the largest and the most in decline in Europe". In August 2014, this new stud book was approved by the French government, and made official on May 27, 2015, submitted for publication in the
545:
462:
473:, the Anglo-Norman became a popular breed in France, competing with the Thoroughbred. It was reputed to be a versatile horse, appropriate for riding and pulling light carriages. From 1840 to 1860, the breed was further influenced by part-Thoroughbred trotting horses from England. Local Norman mares were crossed with imported Thoroughbreds,
626:
In August 1996, breeder
Fernand Leredde, of the "Haras des Rouges" stud farm, developed the idea of the Cheval de Sport Anglo-Normand (CSAN, or Anglo-Norman Sport Horse), to preserve the genetic heritage of four generations of Anglo-Norman horses still extant within the Selle Français breed. The plan
606:
or French saddle horse. The French government actively supported the merger of regional types and breeds with a large financial appropriation. In spite of this merger, for decades afterwards, horses from Anglo-Norman bloodlines were clearly identifiable within the Selle Français due to differences in
637:
allowed horses of foreign bloodlines to be called Selle Français if they were born in France. The breeders allying themselves with
Leredde prefer to return to the original French Anglo-Norman as a regional sport horse. However, when Anglo-Norman breeders as a whole were asked to vote, they rejected
441:
in color, allowing drivers to easily form matched teams. Until 1775, Cotentin horses were unrivaled in popularity in France and some other parts of Europe as carriage horses, and remained one of the most popular carriage horse breeds in the world until the early 19th century, when they disappeared
216:
of the Anglo-Norman reflected its multiple influences. By 1861, the French government attempted to standardize the look of various historic Norman horse types by adding large amounts of
Thoroughbred blood. The resulting offspring gave rise to the Anglo-Norman. However, in spite of these breeding
402:. Today, Normandy, still a horse breeding center, is home to 20 percent of all mares of the Selle Français breed, the national French sport horse developed in large part from the Anglo-Norman. The region has produced numerous Selle Français that have been successful in international competition.
241:, at the instigation of Ephrem Houël, an officer of the National Stud. He believed that trotting races were the best way to select breeding stock for producing saddle horses. The best of the Anglo-Norman trotting horses emerged between 1820 and 1870, with five major stallions becoming the
429:, which lasted until the late 18th century. It was a mid-sized type, particularly suited for riding and pulling small carriages. The Cotentin was the oldest type of Carrossier Normand from which the Anglo-Normans were in large part developed, and was also the ancestor of the
156:
horses, there was controversy over whether the Anglo-Norman was the best choice for the military. The late 19th century saw significant improvements in breeding programs, although there remained a dispute between the goals of breeders and the needs of the military.
310:
was documented in the region, and beginning in the 10th century, these "Norman horses" were desired throughout Europe. During the 16th century, Norman horses were known to be heavy and strong, able to pull long distances, and used to pull
485:
blood. By 1855, the quality of the resulting animals had ensured the breed's success, and the Anglo-Norman spread throughout France, especially supplanting another type of riding horse from the south, the
390:. The National Studs at Saint-LĂ´ and du Pin, originally military studs for the breeding of cavalry horses, also participated in the breeding of Anglo-Norman horses. At the end of the 19th century, in the
1845:
L'élevage du cheval en France: Précédé d'une bibliographie de l'élevage du cheval en France du XVII à nos jours, suivi d'études sur l'élevage du cheval dans le Perche, le
Boulonnais et la Basse-Normandie
627:
moved forward in August 2008 with the support of other professional breeders. Their argument was that the Selle Français had become increasingly crossed with other
European breeds since the advent of
505:(1830-1847) brought the Anglo-Norman into competition with the Barb horse. In 1873, the Bocher law was passed, which established premiums for French horse breeders, while taxing imported horses. The
362:" or "half-blood" horses. Half-blood horses were found in many French regions, and different types were usually named after the regions in which they were bred. The origin of the Anglo-Norman was in
188:
was created for the Anglo-Norman in 1950, and during that decade the breed became successful in international competition. In 1958, the Anglo-Norman is combined with other French types to create the
1563:
498:(Society to Encourage French Horse Breeding). The breeders spread the description of Norman horses, particularly Anglo-Normans, as versatile horses that could be used for both riding and driving.
217:
programs, by 1909 when author Alfred
Gallier studied the Anglo-Norman, he described members of the breed as "hybrids from various crosses". He distinguished three types: trotting horses used for
1523:
563:
caused significant damage to the Norman homeland of the breed as fighting destroyed farms and killed half of the horses at the
National Stud at Saint-LĂ´. Most of the surviving were of the
1787:
567:
breed, and horses lost their status as animals of luxury and leisure. Many farms were left in ruins, and breeders were left rethinking their breeding aims. Certain provisions of the
140:
The Anglo-Norman was developed in the early 19th century, and along with
Thoroughbred and local Norman blood, influences were seen from other breeds, including British and Russian
579:
was created for the Anglo-Norman breed on
December 7, 1950, at Saint-LĂ´. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Anglo-Norman became a major force in international equine competition. At the
249:
breed, which officially split from the Anglo-Norman breed in 1906. The continuing breeding goal of the Anglo-Norman was to maintain a balanced breed with input from
Thoroughbred
1375:
658:
1886:
334:
The development of the modern Anglo-Norman horse is similar to that of many other French regional equine populations of the 19th century, when government-run national
560:
166:
555:
With the mechanization of transport and the military in the 20th century, the Anglo-Norman was no longer in demand as a carriage and military horse. In addition,
1317:
405:
During its early development, the Norman horse, also known as the Carrossier Normand, had several distinct types: the Merlerault; the horse from the plains of
2255:
1567:
1527:
1013:
433:. Intended for the luxury carriage trade, Cotentin horses were larger and slower than trotting horses bred for racing. Standing 14.3 to 15.3
358:
was between native mares used by the military or for pulling carriages and Thoroughbred stallions, and by 1914 these types were recognized as "
39:
1822:
1745:
1229:
1059:
994:
969:
912:
832:
1879:
1764:
1696:
857:
792:
685:
breed stems from an Anglo-Norman stallion named Nonius Senior, and Anglo-Norman blood was also used to add refinement to the German
204:
169:
resulted in major damage to breeding centers and the deaths of many horses. While rebuilding their herds, breeders turned away from
1500:
646:
193:
1872:
233:
horses. Anglo-Norman trotters were the fastest in France, and were reputed to be patient and hard-working. The first official
113:
to form the Anglo-Norman. Various body types developed within the Anglo-Norman breed, two of which were split off to form the
750:
Gallier 1909 in Bogros, Chapter "Les chevaux de la cavalerie métropolitaine de la III république : les anglo-normands"
2260:
929:
451:
1258:
959:
669:
The Anglo-Norman was used to create several other breeds of horses throughout Europe and Asia. These included the Greek
1686:
1895:
715:
1835:
La connaissance générale du cheval : études de zootechnie pratique, avec un atlas de 160 pages et de 103 figures
1321:
2210:
1588:
575:, and that type began to disappear. Instead, emphasis shifted toward producing horses for equestrian sports, and a
502:
366:, known for horse breeding, thanks to its climate and soil. The breed developed region-specific specializations.
196:, and created controversy within the French breeding community. In 2015, the Anglo-Norman Stud Book is open again
528:(Society of the War Horse), which in 1906 severely criticized the use of the Anglo-Norman. Bogros considered the
1195:
Journal des haras, chasses et courses de chevaux, des progrès des sciences zooïatriques et de médecine comparée
260:
By 1966, the Anglo-Norman breed had been further standardized and was described as averaging 15.1 to 16.3
1476:
1453:
in Bogros, Chapter "Les chevaux de la cavalerie métropolitaine de la III république : les anglo-normands"
710:
2136:
2130:
1591:(in French). Syndicat des Éleveurs et Cavaliers professionnels de chevaux et poneys de sport. Archived from
628:
1364:
Bogros, Chapter "Les chevaux de la cavalerie métropolitaine de la III république : les anglo-normands"
509:
was the result of the desire of native French breeders to protect their interests against imports from the
2141:
2188:
2250:
2124:
2108:
820:
399:
242:
238:
2102:
2231:
2194:
1853:
580:
549:
470:
379:
2164:
137:. The Anglo-Norman also contributed to the development of several other breeds in Europe and Asia.
2146:
608:
595:
316:
213:
126:
121:. The remaining types were eventually standardized, although there remained some criticism of the "
2152:
2085:
1613:
1237:
661:
edition of June 4, 2015. As of September 2015, this stud-book has no horses registered in it yet.
1987:
144:. By the mid-19th century, the Anglo-Norman was a popular breed throughout France, and in 1864 a
1346:
Bogros, Chapters "L'aventure de la cavalerie au Maghreb" and "1870 – L'humiliation et la gloire"
2205:
2200:
2096:
2090:
2037:
1818:
1801:
1760:
1741:
1733:
1692:
1285:
Cours de science hippique, professé à l'École des haras, pendant les années 1848, 1849 et 1850
1055:
990:
965:
908:
902:
853:
828:
788:
686:
673:, which was created by crossing native Greek mares with Anglo-Norman stallions, and the Swiss
670:
603:
189:
145:
2220:
2176:
2113:
1937:
1929:
1138:
631:
in 1980 and the opening of the stud book to horses of foreign breeds in 2000; the theory of
599:
426:
122:
936:. Official Languages and Bilingualism Institute (OLBI) University of Ottawa. Archived from
614:
109:, the area had numerous regional types that were bred to one another and then crossed with
2118:
2073:
2012:
517:
510:
474:
312:
269:
161:
in the early 20th century significantly reduced demand for the breed, and fighting during
2007:
1437:
Bogros, Chapters "La mise en œuvre de la loi Bocher" and "La société du cheval de guerre"
1833:
1054:. Mémoires et documents de l'École des chartes (in French). Librairie Droz. p. 54.
2215:
2182:
2158:
2027:
1992:
1977:
1957:
1942:
1919:
1757:
Les chevaux de la cavalerie française: de François Ier, 1515 à Georges Clemenceau, 1918
901:
Auzias, Dominique; Michelot, Caroline; Labourdette, Jean-Paul; Cohen, Delphine (2010).
694:
682:
678:
641:
The idea for the new stud book was presented in December 2009 and November 2011 to the
487:
455:
363:
246:
234:
218:
141:
118:
106:
98:
378:
valleys produced carriage horses. The main center for breeding, especially during the
221:, carriage horses, and military horses. He subdivided the military type further into
2244:
2063:
2058:
2042:
1982:
1967:
1962:
1131:"Les races de chevaux en France au XVIII. Et les idées relatives à leur amélioration"
568:
529:
506:
482:
478:
438:
367:
355:
347:
324:
226:
222:
158:
1501:"Le Selle français 1958–2013: de la mondialisation au retour des valeurs régionales"
17:
2002:
1997:
1972:
1949:
1320:(in French). Société d'encouragement à l'élevage du cheval français. Archived from
619:
584:
556:
422:
351:
307:
162:
134:
110:
544:
302:
beginning about the third century BC. Later, the Romans crossed them with larger
1775:
2079:
698:
572:
434:
290:
261:
178:
170:
130:
94:
1172:
L'Ă©levage et la vie pastorale dans les montagnes de l'Europe Ă l'Ă©poque moderne
937:
655:
Syndicat des Éleveurs et Cavaliers professionnels de chevaux et poneys de sport
2170:
2017:
690:
677:, a blend of Anglo-Norman lines with Thoroughbreds and native horses from the
674:
564:
430:
418:
395:
320:
114:
1262:
2022:
1909:
591:
576:
520:(1919–1939), the Anglo-Norman was one of the main horses used by the French
335:
328:
230:
185:
153:
91:
1626:
Journal officiel de la République française, n°0127, June 4, 2015, p. 9206.
461:
370:
is the oldest area of origin, and mainly produced saddle horses, while the
494:(Society of French Half-Blood Horses) was founded, which later became the
1864:
633:
414:
410:
371:
343:
339:
285:
281:
250:
174:
1564:"Bernard le Courtois, de l'ANSF, s'adresse au Ministre Stephane le Foll"
1143:
1805:
1105:
521:
437:(59 to 63 inches, 150 to 160 cm), the type was almost always
387:
149:
398:, specifically Merlerault, with a few being bred in the department of
2032:
1924:
1777:
Le cheval Anglo-Normand: avec photogravures intercalées dans le texte
533:
102:
61:
1800:(7th Revised ed.). New York, NY: Arco Publishing Company, Inc.
1592:
590:
In 1958, the Anglo-Norman studbook was combined with other regional
272:, with many successful horses competing at the international level.
1788:
Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen
693:, a Selle Français. The Anglo-Norman was used to create the Polish
613:
543:
460:
203:
148:
was founded. While often purchased by the French army and used as
73:
602:
in order to create a unified national warmblood studbook for the
229:, "cavalry of the line" (a specific type used by the French) and
1914:
1130:
548:
An Anglo-Norman mare, 1904 book illustration from a painting by
406:
391:
383:
375:
303:
299:
295:
265:
254:
1868:
394:, the Anglo-Norman arose almost exclusively in the district of
1566:(in French). Grand Prix replay. June 20, 2013. Archived from
481:
and other crossbred horses, which themselves had Norfolk and
268:. Despite this criticism, Anglo-Normans were known for their
1617:, Hors série de l'élevage 2015, 24th edition (in French)
1524:"Appel en faveur de l'unité du Stud-book Selle Français"
1847:(in French). Librairie agricole de la maison rustique.
1174:(in French). Presses Univ. Blaise Pascal. p. 293.
496:
Société d'encouragement à l'élevage du cheval français
469:
Beginning in the early 1850s, with the arrival of the
1526:(in French). Cavadeos. June 14, 2013. Archived from
1197:(in French). Vol. 2. Parent. 1835. p. 248.
850:
Histoires et chronologies de l'agriculture française
2051:
1902:
645:(Stud Book Commission) and on May 24, 2013, to the
57:
49:
27:
A horse breed developed in Lower Normandy in France
1355:Bogros, Chapter "La loi sur les haras et remontes"
827:(in French). Éditions de Borée. pp. 102–103.
208:An Anglo-Norman of the Merlerault type, circa 1850
583:, the Anglo-Norman Lutteur B won a gold medal in
1945:- Trait Picard - Bourbourien - Petit Boulonnais)
1635:Fanny Lattach, "Les défis du selle français" in
129:. However, it is successful as an international
1016:(in French). Les Haras Nationaux. December 2010
787:(in French). Éditions Artémis. pp. 68–69.
689:, through the stallions Condor (born 1950) and
1880:
934:Site for Language Management in Canada (SLMC)
778:
776:
774:
8:
1685:Swinney, Nicola Jane; Langrish, Bob (2006).
989:(in French). Éditions Artemis. p. 114.
896:
894:
892:
32:
1832:Moll, Louis; Gayot, Eugène Nicolas (1861).
1518:
1516:
1514:
1477:"Le cheval de sport normand marque déposée"
1475:Lecornu-Baert, Nathalie (August 29, 2008).
1376:Journal officiel de la République française
964:(in French). Editions Artemis. p. 23.
1887:
1873:
1865:
1815:International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds
1462:Bogros, Chapter "Du demi-sang Anglo-arabe"
1406:(in French). Éditions Prisma. p. 134.
1236:. EAAP. September 22, 2008. Archived from
417:; and other, more minor, variations. From
38:
31:
1759:. Les Cavales (in French). PSR Ă©ditions.
1379:(in French). December 1873. p. 8047.
1287:(in French). Bureau du Journal des haras.
1261:(in French). Webtrotteurs. Archived from
1142:
536:to be much more useful for the military.
1433:
1431:
1124:
1122:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
806:
804:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
571:convinced them not to focus on breeding
421:, the Merlerault was developed from the
1740:(in French). France Agricole Éditions.
1494:
1492:
1490:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1215:
1213:
1165:
1163:
1106:"En savoir plus sur l'Élevage du Theil"
1100:
1098:
882:
880:
878:
732:
730:
726:
651:Association nationale du selle français
492:Société du cheval français de demi-sang
425:and was very popular at the end of the
354:were major influences. The most common
1854:"Le Selle français: une race gagnante"
1852:Tsaag Valren, Amélie (December 2012).
1397:
1395:
907:(in French). Petit Futé. p. 161.
746:
744:
742:
306:. By the 6th century, the practice of
1548:"Contre le stud-book Anglo-normand".
1499:Tsaag Valren, Amélie (January 2013).
1470:
1468:
1008:
1006:
342:French horses by introducing foreign
7:
1843:Musset, René; Robien, Henry (1917).
852:(in French). Ellipses. p. 223.
327:blood was added during the reign of
1552:(in French) (501): 42. August 2013.
1230:"Halfbred/Anglo-Norman descendants"
643:Commission des livres généalogiques
638:the idea of amending the studbook.
386:, where young foals were placed on
382:(1852-1870), was the plains around
2256:Horse breeds originating in France
25:
785:Les races de chevaux et de poneys
237:in France took place in 1836, in
1817:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1052:Le cheval Ă Paris de 1850 Ă 1914
930:"History of the French Language"
442:due to unchecked crossbreeding.
1780:(in French). Paris: Baillière.
1207:Musset and Robien, pp. 106–107
958:Dal'Secco, Emmanuelle (2006).
618:A Selle Français competing in
1:
1639:, september 2015, n°526, p.39
1108:(in French). Élevage du Theil
257:of the original Norman type.
133:, especially in the sport of
1691:. Globe Pequot. p. 70.
181:for equestrian competition.
1449:Société du cheval de guerre
1050:Bouchet, Guislaine (1993).
848:Poulain, Dominique (2004).
716:Carrossier noir du Cotentin
561:German occupation of France
526:Société du cheval de guerre
465:Norman stallion before 1830
167:German occupation of France
2277:
1813:Hendricks, Bonnie (2007).
1796:Hayes, M. Horace (1976) .
594:saddle horses such as the
503:French conquest of Algeria
177:horses and began breeding
2229:
1688:Horse Breeds of the World
1416:Gallier 1900, pp. 243–249
1402:O'Neill, Maurice (1949).
1184:Musset and Robien, p. 220
1170:Poitrineau, Abel (1984).
665:Influence on other breeds
409:; the Cotentin, from the
298:, who settled in ancient
288:were small horses called
67:
37:
1785:Gallier, Alfred (1909).
1774:Gallier, Alfred (1900).
1289:, in Tsaag Valren (2012)
1234:Animal Genetic Data Bank
125:" nature of the breed's
2211:Trait de SaĂ´ne-et-Loire
1738:Races Ă©quines de France
1129:Denis, Bernard (2012).
649:. The president of the
647:Ministry of Agriculture
629:artificial insemination
280:The original horses in
194:Ministry of Agriculture
2142:Demi-sang de la Dombes
1896:Horse breeds of France
1755:Bogros, Denis (2001).
1720:Hendricks, pp. 214–215
1675:Hendricks, pp. 323–324
1451:(in French) (1). 1906.
1283:Houël, Ephrem (1853).
1157:Moll and Gayot, p. 609
821:Edwards, Elwyn Hartley
736:Moll and Gayot, p. 605
623:
552:
516:From the 1830s to the
466:
209:
617:
547:
464:
411:area of the same name
243:foundation bloodstock
239:Cherbourg-en-Cotentin
207:
200:Breed characteristics
44:An Anglo-Norman horse
2261:Extinct horse breeds
2232:List of horse breeds
1425:Gallier 1900, p. 247
1307:Gallier 1900, p. 155
1298:Gallier 1900, p. 153
1083:Gallier 1900, p. 228
961:Les chevaux de trait
872:Gallier 1900, p. 135
581:1964 Summer Olympics
550:Thomas von Nathusius
471:Second French Empire
380:Second French Empire
294:, introduced by the
105:. A major center of
74:Equus ferus caballus
18:Anglo-Norman (horse)
2147:Demi-sang du Centre
1933:(Cheval de Vercors)
1838:(in French). Didot.
1798:Points of the Horse
1530:on February 3, 2014
1389:Gallier 1909, p. 68
1259:"Trotteur Français"
1219:Tsaag Valren (2012)
1144:10.4000/insitu.9677
1092:Gallier 1900, p. 26
1074:Gallier 1900, p. 40
1014:"Le Selle Français"
985:Collective (2002).
783:Collective (2006).
596:Demi-sang du Centre
50:Conservation status
34:
2137:Demi-sang de l'Ain
2131:Chevaux d'Ouessant
2109:Carrossier Normand
1988:French Saddle Pony
1570:on August 26, 2013
1137:(in French) (18).
904:La France Ă cheval
624:
553:
467:
210:
88:Anglo-Norman horse
33:Anglo-Norman horse
2238:
2237:
2206:Trait de la Loire
2052:Extinct or merged
1983:French Anglo-Arab
1954:
1953:(Trait - Postier)
1946:
1934:
1860:(in French) (38).
1824:978-0-8061-3884-8
1747:978-2-85557-154-6
1734:Bataille, Lætitia
1666:Hendricks, p. 312
1657:Hendricks, p. 190
1648:Hendricks, p. 170
1507:(in French) (39).
1404:Chevaux de France
1061:978-2-600-04536-0
996:978-2-84416-338-7
987:Chevaux et poneys
971:978-2-84416-459-9
914:978-2-7469-2782-7
834:978-2-84494-449-8
768:Hendricks, p. 374
270:jumping abilities
146:breed association
84:
83:
58:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
2268:
1952:
1940:
1932:
1889:
1882:
1875:
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1839:
1828:
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1033:Bataille, p. 110
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817:
811:
810:Bataille, p. 124
808:
799:
798:
780:
769:
766:
751:
748:
737:
734:
697:and the Chinese
681:. The Hungarian
475:Norfolk Trotters
76:
42:
35:
21:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2241:
2240:
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2047:
1898:
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1665:
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1656:
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1647:
1643:
1637:Cheval magazine
1634:
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1621:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1573:
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1557:
1550:Cheval Magazine
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1111:
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1104:
1103:
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1004:
997:
984:
983:
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972:
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943:
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915:
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867:
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847:
846:
842:
835:
819:
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809:
802:
795:
782:
781:
772:
767:
754:
749:
740:
735:
728:
724:
707:
667:
542:
518:interwar period
511:French colonies
490:. In 1864, the
452:Napoleonic Wars
448:
413:; the horse of
278:
202:
142:trotting horses
80:
72:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2274:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2216:Trait du Maine
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2038:Selle Français
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:French Trotter
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1849:
1840:
1829:
1823:
1810:
1793:
1782:
1771:
1765:
1752:
1746:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1697:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1628:
1619:
1605:
1580:
1555:
1540:
1510:
1486:
1464:
1455:
1439:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1391:
1382:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1334:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1275:
1250:
1221:
1209:
1200:
1186:
1177:
1159:
1150:
1118:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1060:
1035:
1026:
1002:
995:
977:
970:
950:
920:
913:
888:
874:
865:
858:
840:
833:
812:
800:
793:
770:
752:
738:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
713:
706:
703:
695:Sokolski horse
679:Jura Mountains
666:
663:
604:Selle Français
541:
538:
530:Anglo-Arabians
488:Limousin horse
479:Orlov Trotters
456:French Trotter
447:
444:
364:Lower Normandy
277:
274:
247:French Trotter
235:trotting races
219:harness racing
201:
198:
190:Selle Français
119:French Trotter
107:horse breeding
99:Lower Normandy
82:
81:
79:
78:
68:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2273:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2043:Trait du Nord
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Castillonnais
1961:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1859:
1858:Cheval Savoir
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1766:2-908571-32-3
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1714:
1711:Hayes, p. 403
1708:
1705:
1700:
1698:1-59228-990-8
1694:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1595:on 2013-06-15
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1505:Cheval Savoir
1502:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1324:on 2011-10-07
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1265:on 2011-11-07
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1240:on 2009-07-18
1239:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
992:
988:
981:
978:
973:
967:
963:
962:
954:
951:
940:on 2014-01-01
939:
935:
931:
924:
921:
916:
910:
906:
905:
897:
895:
893:
889:
886:Hayes, p. 378
883:
881:
879:
875:
869:
866:
861:
859:2-7298-1957-6
855:
851:
844:
841:
836:
830:
826:
822:
816:
813:
807:
805:
801:
796:
794:2-84416-338-6
790:
786:
779:
777:
775:
771:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
753:
747:
745:
743:
739:
733:
731:
727:
721:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
636:
635:
630:
621:
616:
612:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:Marshall Plan
566:
562:
558:
551:
546:
539:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
507:protectionism
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
484:
483:Mecklenburger
480:
476:
472:
463:
459:
457:
453:
445:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Ancien RĂ©gime
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:Le Merlerault
365:
361:
357:
356:crossbreeding
353:
352:Thoroughbreds
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:
287:
283:
275:
273:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:light cavalry
224:
223:heavy cavalry
220:
215:
206:
199:
197:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:Mechanization
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:Thoroughbreds
108:
104:
100:
97:developed in
96:
93:
89:
77:
75:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2251:Horse breeds
2086:Bidet Breton
2069:Anglo-Norman
2068:
1941:(Mareyeur -
1857:
1844:
1834:
1814:
1797:
1791:(in French).
1786:
1776:
1756:
1737:
1716:
1707:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1622:
1612:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:the original
1583:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:the original
1558:
1549:
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:the original
1504:
1483:(in French).
1481:Ouest-France
1480:
1458:
1448:
1447:"Bulletin".
1442:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1385:
1374:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:the original
1318:"Historique"
1312:
1303:
1294:
1284:
1278:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:the original
1253:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1233:
1224:
1203:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1153:
1134:
1110:. Retrieved
1088:
1079:
1070:
1051:
1029:
1018:. Retrieved
986:
980:
960:
953:
942:. Retrieved
938:the original
933:
923:
903:
868:
849:
843:
824:
815:
784:
668:
654:
650:
642:
640:
632:
625:
620:show jumping
609:conformation
589:
585:show jumping
573:draft horses
557:World War II
554:
540:20th century
525:
515:
500:
495:
491:
468:
449:
446:19th century
423:Thoroughbred
404:
359:
338:transformed
333:
308:horse racing
289:
279:
259:
253:and heavier
214:conformation
211:
183:
179:sport horses
163:World War II
139:
135:show jumping
127:conformation
101:in northern
87:
85:
71:
29:
2097:Bourguignon
2091:Bourbonnais
1930:Barraquand
825:Les chevaux
131:sport horse
95:horse breed
2245:Categories
2171:Merlerault
2114:Charentais
2018:Norman Cob
1938:Boulonnais
1806:B000UEYZHA
1727:References
1599:2013-07-27
1574:2013-07-27
1534:2014-01-29
1328:2014-01-28
1269:2014-01-28
1244:2014-01-28
1112:2014-01-29
1020:2013-02-21
944:2013-02-06
691:Furioso II
675:Freiberger
565:Norman Cob
532:bred near
450:After the
431:Norman Cob
340:indigenous
317:diligences
266:broodmares
115:Norman Cob
2189:Rochefort
2119:Charolais
2074:Berrichon
2023:Percheron
2013:Nivernais
1910:Ardennais
687:Oldenburg
671:Andravida
592:warmblood
577:stud book
360:demi-sang
344:stallions
329:Louis XIV
313:artillery
251:stallions
231:artillery
186:stud book
154:artillery
92:warmblood
2201:Tarbésan
2195:Solognot
2183:Navarrin
2159:Limousin
2125:Cotentin
2028:Poitevin
1978:Corsican
1958:Camargue
1943:Cauchois
1920:Auvergne
1736:(2008).
1614:L'Éperon
823:(2006).
705:See also
634:jus soli
598:and the
559:and the
415:La Hague
400:Calvados
372:Cotentin
348:Arabians
286:Brittany
282:Normandy
245:for the
175:carriage
165:and the
2221:Vendéen
2165:Lorrain
2064:Augeron
2059:Angevin
2003:Landais
1968:Comtois
1135:In Situ
928:Staff.
701:breed.
622:in 2013
600:Vendéen
522:cavalry
419:Alençon
396:Alençon
388:pasture
325:Arabian
276:History
150:cavalry
53:extinct
2177:Morvan
2153:Dombes
2103:Bresse
2033:Pottok
2008:MĂ©rens
1998:Henson
1973:Corlay
1950:Breton
1925:Auxois
1903:Extant
1821:
1804:
1763:
1744:
1695:
1589:"News"
1058:
993:
968:
911:
856:
831:
791:
683:Nonius
534:Tarbes
291:bidets
123:hybrid
103:France
62:France
2080:Bidet
722:Notes
711:Plain
699:Heihe
439:black
435:hands
336:studs
304:mares
296:Celts
262:hands
255:mares
171:draft
90:is a
1915:AQPS
1819:ISBN
1802:ASIN
1761:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1056:ISBN
991:ISBN
966:ISBN
909:ISBN
854:ISBN
829:ISBN
789:ISBN
659:JORF
501:The
407:Caen
392:Orne
384:Caen
376:Auge
374:and
350:and
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