700:
287:
460:
654:, along with a number of smaller islands. Historically settled by people from the United Kingdom (mainly England), the territory has remained primarily English-speaking, even though the islands were annexed by Honduras in the 1860s, largely due to their relative isolation from the rest of Honduras and due to immigration from other English-speaking areas of the Caribbean. Spanish remains the official language, and is the second-most spoken language, on the islands, and many people are bilingual in both English and Spanish.
420:
381:
540:
261:
300:
183:
394:
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40:
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274:
196:
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368:
222:
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235:
337:
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849:
775:, is also a majority English-speaking territory in the Caribbean. However, as with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, it isn't a part of the Commonwealth. English is the day-to-day administrative language and language of communication in Sint Maarten, and the first language of the majority (67.5%) of the population. A local variety of
890:
357:(BOTs) in the Caribbean, as they are also English-speaking and the United Kingdom is a member of the Commonwealth. However, other terms may also be used to specifically refer to these territories, such as "British overseas territories in the Caribbean", "British Caribbean territories" or the older term "British West Indies".
806:
are spoken and understood on the island and taught in schools, and both languages are official. Despite the island's Dutch affiliation, English is the principal language spoken on the island and has been used in its school system since the 19th century. Dutch is only spoken by 32% of the population.
550:
The
English-speaking parts of the Caribbean established the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) in 1973, and it currently includes all the independent English-speaking island countries plus Belize, Guyana and Montserrat, as well as all other British Caribbean territories and Bermuda as associate members.
779:
is spoken in informal situations by Sint
Maarteners between themselves. Local signage uses both Dutch and English. The main languages are English and Dutch. There were English-medium and Dutch-medium schools in Sint Maarten, and the Dutch government policy towards St. Maarten and other SSS islands
691:
since 1898. Because of this, English is taught in all Puerto Rican schools and is the primary language of all of the U.S. federal agencies in Puerto Rico. Its status as an official language however was briefly removed in 1991 but was brought back in 1993 and
English has remained the co-official
516:
The
Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) was established on 15 December 1965, with Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago as its founding members. The organisation aimed to integrate the economies of the newly formed sovereign states of the British West Indies by
563:
Since there are other non-Commonwealth
Caribbean islands in which English is the primary or secondary language, the term Commonwealth Caribbean is not necessarily inclusive of all islands that encompass the English-speaking Caribbean, such as being a former or current
730:, a tiny minority of the overall population that primarily occupied administrative roles in colonial Danish West Indian society. Since both the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico are owned by the United States, it is not considered to be a part of the Commonwealth.
479:, which consisted of all the island nations (except the Bahamas), and the territories (excluding Bermuda and British Virgin Islands). British Guiana (Guyana) and British Honduras (Belize) held observer status within the federation.
1152:
599:
after the 1870s and particularly in the first decades of the twentieth century. Many have never fully integrated into the otherwise
Spanish-speaking communities in which they reside, such as the Caracoles of
1252:
588:
575:
In addition to these formally recognised countries, there are substantial communities of
Commonwealth Caribbean origin along the Atlantic or Caribbean coast of Central America, as a part of the
1308:
1454:
517:
providing an agreement for free trade and encouraging "balanced development" in the region. Seven additional members were added to CARIFTA in 1968, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat,
1400:
722:. English has been the predominant and official language since 1917 when the islands were transferred from Denmark to the United States. Under Danish rule, the official language was
1286:
1144:
1568:
1230:
1191:
1429:
1010:
158:
The
Commonwealth Caribbean consists of countries and territories, which include Caribbean islands or parts of mainland North and South America surrounding the
1260:
1573:
807:
English is the sole medium of instruction in Saba schools. Dutch government policy towards Saba and other SSS islands promotes
English-medium education.
1396:
591:(Colombia), and the many and numerous Anglophone Caribbean people who were brought to Central America by the canal companies (the French and American
1305:
436:
is sometimes considered a part of the
Commonwealth Caribbean due to its geographic proximity to the Caribbean. However, the island is located in the
1462:
1122:
546:
participants, with full members in dark green. Full members include all Caribbean Commonwealth sovereign states, Montserrat, Haiti, and Suriname.
1224:
1185:
734:, which is an English-based creole locally known as "dialect", is spoken in informal situations. The form of Virgin Islands Creole spoken on
1488:
1336:
572:. Accordingly, the terms Anglophone Caribbean, English-speaking Caribbean, Anglo-Caribbean, or English-speaking West Indies are also used.
1283:
983:
1548:
1357:
Klomp, Ank. "Saint Martin: Communal Identities on a Divided Caribbean Island." In: NiedermĂĽller, Peter and Bjarne Stoklund (editors).
739:
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292:
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579:. These communities, which began forming in the seventeenth century, include areas of Nicaragua and Honduras that made up the
1374:
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475:
Between 1958 and 1962, there was a short-lived federation between several English-speaking Caribbean countries, called the
1558:
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854:
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705:
354:
100:
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as its predominant and primary language since 1902, this is due to the fact that Puerto Rico had remained under
494:, although it is located on the South American mainland. Bermuda, the U.S. and British Virgin Islands, and the
487:
425:
1366:
635:
92:
833:, but English is the "language of everyday life" on the island and education is solely in English. A local
871:
is spoken in informal situations on both the French and Dutch sides of the island, it is known locally as
629:
576:
476:
464:
454:
386:
84:
146:, they typically do not include Anglophone communities that are not a part of the Commonwealth, like the
1114:
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111:
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A Comparative Study of the Grammatical Structures of Crucian Creole and West African Languages
1220:
1216:
Bilingualism and Bilingual Education: Politics, Policies and Practices in a Globalized Society
1181:
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community (which was deported to the coast in 1797 and took up English as its language), the
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English was its sole official language until 1995, following the addition of Dutch-speaking
522:
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There are five territories which are described as a part of the Commonwealth Caribbean:
830:
820:
803:
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491:
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124:
96:
88:
39:
1316:. Doctoral dissertation, University of Puerto Rico. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
1294:. Doctoral dissertation, University of Puerto Rico. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
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of the territory, English can also be spoken and understood to some extent. A local
1533:
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joined the organisation. In 1973, CARIFTA was replaced by the Caribbean Community.
147:
116:
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317:
There are two independent mainland countries within the Commonwealth Caribbean:
279:
201:
120:
87:
countries and territories, which once constituted the Caribbean portion of the
17:
885:
412:
175:
There are ten independent island countries within the Commonwealth Caribbean:
1528:
Ordering Independence: The End of Empire in the Anglophone Caribbean, 1947–69
1062:
715:
595:
efforts), railroad companies, and particularly the fruit companies, such as
569:
80:
738:, known as Crucian, is slightly different from the ones that are spoken on
647:
498:
also participate in Anglophone Caribbean-related sports activities such as
440:, approximately 1,400 kilometres (900 mi) north of the Caribbean Sea.
726:, but it was solely the language of administration and was only spoken by
1253:"P. Rico Senate declares Spanish over English as first official language"
651:
639:
626:
601:
552:
499:
373:
227:
214:
1040:
643:
483:
433:
253:
240:
1259:. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Agencia EFE. 4 September 2015. Archived from
342:
329:
1455:"English to Be Sole Language of Instruction in St Eustatian Schools"
1177:
Language Rights and the Law in the United States: Finding Our Voices
727:
538:
458:
1397:"Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba"
841:. More than 52% of the population speaks more than one language.
1284:
Phonological features of Crucian Creole. Doctoral Dissertation
687:
for more than 400 years from 1493 to 1898 and has remained an
61: Other territories with English as an official language
521:, Saint Lucia, and St Vincent and the Grenadines. In 1971,
1007:"A Guide to British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean"
467:
members in red. The short-lived federation was made up of
589:
Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
944: – Caribbean part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
1363:
Borders and Borderlands: An Anthropological Perspective
1394:
English can be used in relations with the government.
1534:
U.S. Library of Congress – The Commonwealth Caribbean
583:(which was under British protection after 1740), the
1213:Johannessen, B. Gloria Guzmán (14 January 2019).
837:is also spoken informally, locally known as the
482:The Commonwealth Caribbean makes up a composite
142:. Although these terms are used to refer to the
1033:"British Caribbean Territories (WMO Territory)"
109:is now used in preference over the older term
1145:"Puerto Rico makes Spanish official language"
938: – Former Danish colony in the Caribbean
714:is another English-speaking territory in the
8:
1089:"Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)"
506:Caribbean Free Trade Association (1965–1973)
32:
950: – French territories in the Caribbean
27:English-speaking countries of the Caribbean
1569:English-speaking countries and territories
1423:"Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2017"
559:Wider Anglophone communities in the region
444:Intergovernmental organizations and unions
31:
692:language of the Commonwealth since then.
642:, consisting primarily of the islands of
956: – Spanish colony from 1492 to 1898
718:that is under the administration of the
610:Non-Commonwealth Anglophone territories
606:
490:also includes Guyana, as another former
1095:. Caribbean Community Secretariat. 2023
966:
1233:from the original on 18 November 2022
1194:from the original on 18 November 2022
95:. The term includes many independent
7:
1491:from the original on 3 November 2021
1403:from the original on 17 January 2015
1339:from the original on 3 November 2021
1174:Valle, Sandra Del (1 January 2003).
1125:from the original on 7 December 2022
1005:Tossini, J. Vitor (6 October 2017).
986:from the original on 8 December 2009
1485:"CIA World Factbook – Saint Martin"
1327:"CIA World Factbook – Sint Maarten"
839:Netherlands Antilles Creole English
780:promoted English-medium education.
529:Caribbean Community (1973–present)
55: British Overseas Territories
44:Map of the Commonwealth Caribbean
25:
1574:English language in the Caribbean
1435:from the original on 1 April 2022
1037:World Meteorological Organization
1013:from the original on 30 June 2020
115:, which was used to describe the
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813:
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519:Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
512:Caribbean Free Trade Association
449:West Indies Federation (1958–62)
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405:
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379:
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353:The term may also be applied to
335:
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298:
293:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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233:
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194:
181:
38:
1281:Plata Monllor, Miriam R. 2008.
1155:from the original on 2 May 2020
634:The Bay Islands are one of the
67: Other Caribbean countries
1461:. 19 June 2014. Archived from
1:
1459:Government of the Netherlands
1359:Journal of European Ethnology
1303:Vergne Vargas, Aida M. 2017.
869:English-based creole language
835:English-based creole language
732:Virgin Islands Creole English
976:"The Commonwealth Caribbean"
930:Other parts of the Caribbean
355:British Overseas Territories
349:British Overseas Territories
140:English-speaking West Indies
103:and some mainland nations.
101:British Overseas Territories
1377:, 9788772896779. Start: p.
1063:"Where is Bermuda Located?"
129:English-speaking Caribbean,
49: Independent countries
1590:
1549:Geography of the Caribbean
924:Languages of the Caribbean
773:Kingdom of the Netherlands
532:
509:
452:
127:. It is also known as the
1428:. Tourism Bonaire. 2017.
679:of Puerto Rico alongside
432:The British territory of
154:Countries and territories
37:
1180:. Multilingual Matters.
1115:"English in Puerto Rico"
675:has been one of the two
488:West Indies cricket team
426:Turks and Caicos Islands
91:and are now part of the
1564:Commonwealth of Nations
1399:(in Dutch). wetten.nl.
1367:Museum Tusculanum Press
1311:17 January 2023 at the
1289:17 January 2023 at the
150:of the United States.
93:Commonwealth of Nations
577:western Caribbean zone
547:
477:West Indies Federation
472:
471:colonies from 1958–62.
465:West Indies Federation
455:West Indies Federation
387:British Virgin Islands
144:Commonwealth Caribbean
107:Commonwealth Caribbean
77:Commonwealth Caribbean
33:Commonwealth Caribbean
974:Staff writer (1989).
909:British North America
777:Virgin Islands Creole
689:American Commonwealth
542:
462:
267:Saint Kitts and Nevis
79:is the region of the
1511:Pidgins and Creoles,
873:Saint Martin English
438:North Atlantic Ocean
132:Anglophone Caribbean
1559:Caribbean Community
1554:British West Indies
1465:on 24 February 2015
1361:Volume 30:2, 2000:
1069:. Bermuda.com. 2022
980:Library of Congress
954:Spanish West Indies
914:British West Indies
769:constituent country
712:U.S. Virgin Islands
706:U.S. Virgin Islands
544:Caribbean Community
535:Caribbean Community
469:British West Indies
463:The Caribbean with
306:Trinidad and Tobago
189:Antigua and Barbuda
112:British West Indies
34:
1332:The World Factbook
1263:on 1 November 2020
1119:Puerto Rico Report
948:French West Indies
936:Danish West Indies
677:official languages
548:
473:
313:Mainland countries
1530:(Springer, 2012).
1226:978-3-030-05496-0
1187:978-1-85359-658-2
919:Caribbean English
879:
878:
865:official language
827:official language
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