Spain–United Kingdom relations

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problems in Morocco, religious intolerance, and the usual issues of trade, which British merchants dominated. London opposed the union of Spain and Portugal because it wanted to keep Portugal as a loyal ally with its strategic location in the Atlantic. The United Kingdom held Gibraltar but it was not yet a fully satisfactory base. The unsuccessful attempts after September 1868 to find a successor to Queen Isabella who would satisfy the French, Germans, Portuguese, Austrians, Italians, and Spanish kept British diplomats busy with peacemaking moves in many capitals. With British help, Spain slowly ceded control of Morocco to France. Spanish anti-Protestant intolerance troubled British merchants and bankers, so Spain softened religious intolerance. For the most part British diplomats were able to defuse tensions and defend British interests in the Peninsula.

933: 1515: 1317: 577: 615:. The next day, the English set several of their ships on fire and sent them out to the English Channel, hoping they would destroy the ships of the Spanish fleet. The ships of the Armada cut their cables thus losing their anchors and scattered throughout the Channel breaking the crescent formation the fleet needed to maintain until troops arrived from the Netherlands. The English attacked the vulnerable Spanish ships at this conflict, known as the Battle of Gravelines on July 29. Lord Howard of Effingham's English warships fired at will, sinking one ship. Philip II's invasion was foiled, and the Armada was forced to push on into the 1408: 1875: 1278:, the British pressured the major European colonial powers, including Spain, to agree to abolish the slave trade. Under the agreement, Spain agreed to end the slave trade north of the Equator immediately, and south of the Equator by 1820. British naval vessels were given the right to search suspected slavers. Despite overwhelming British naval supremacy, the trade continued. In 1835, the Anglo-Spanish agreement on the slave trade was renewed, and the rights of British captains to board and search Spanish ships were expanded. Mixed British-Spanish commissions were established at 391: 85: 2400: 1182: 251: 2388: 855: 454:

in a love-hate relationship. The marriage of the Catholic sovereigns –Philip II and Mary Tudor– in 1554 was the high point in a century of negotiations, wars and treaties. Philip and Mary got along personally, but there were no children and their retainers displayed mistrust and the marriage lacked in ceremonies and entertainments. The death of Queen Mary brought the protestant Queen Elizabeth to the throne, and the two friendly nations became hostile enemies.

4988: 115: 2053:. Relations between the Spanish and British governments deteriorated further when the Scottish Government alleged that a senior UK Treasury official visited Spain ostensibly to co-ordinate British and Spanish opposition to the independence movements in Scotland and Catalonia. Rajoy was one of the few European heads of government to explicitly voice opposition to Scottish independence, primarily due to his fears that it would encourage the 1380: 1336:, her uncle. Fearing a resurgent theocratic Spain, the possible re-emergence of long-silent pretenders to the British throne, a new Spanish monarch that might refuse to accept the independence of Spain's lost Latin American colonies, and domestic secessionism (particularly amongst Irish Catholics), the United Kingdom steadfastly supported Isabella who was a liberal instead of the Carlist pretenders who were reactionaries. 265: 5875: 2110: 4306: 1359:, the United Kingdom subsidised the Spanish armed forces, just as it had done during the Peninsular War. This was vital to the Spanish war economy, as, since the Napoleonic Wars, the Spanish armed forces had been poorly funded, a legacy of the loss of the majority of Spain's colonial empire. Furthermore, the UK provided a large direct military contribution; the 10,000-strong 506:

eventually repaid the bankers. Spain reacted furiously, and seized English property in the Netherlands and Spain. England reacted by seizing Spanish ships and properties in England. Spain reacted by imposing an embargo preventing all English imports into the Netherlands. The bitter diplomatic standoff lasted for four years. However neither side wanted war, so in 1573 at the

4127: 104: 706:, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, succeeded the childless Elizabeth to the throne. Both England and Spain ran into serious debt as a result of the war. Spain would declare bankruptcy again five years after the peace but would be able to consolidate and strengthen its Empire in the New World. The English too would prosper - they began to colonize North America, and the 5887: 33: 1474:. His terms were too high for Hitler to accept; meanwhile the United Kingdom made a strong, successful effort to keep Spain neutral. Following Franco's triumph in the Spanish Civil War, the British government decided to recognize Franco's government as the legitimate government of Spain, and this recognition was granted in February 1939. 1144:

which became friendly when Spain switched sides in 1792 and became an ally of Britain against France. Spain surrendered to Britain many of its trade and territorial claims in the Pacific, ending a two-hundred-year monopoly on Asian-Pacific trade. The outcome was a victory for mercantile interests of

453:

During the 16th century (1500–1599) there were complex political, commercial, and cultural connections that linked the large powerful Spanish Empire under the Habsburgs with a small but ambitious England. The Habsburgs sought allies against France. Both countries were constantly in turmoil or allied

2065:

had said that "I don't believe that, in the end, try to ignore these questions of nationality, independence, identity"... I think it's right to make your arguments, take them on and then you let the people decide" though he also added that "I would never presume to tell people in Spain how to meet

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The intensity of the disagreement about Gibraltar has been perceived in different ways by the two countries. According to former Spanish prime minister Felipe González, "For the British, Gibraltar is a visit to the dentist once a year when we meet to talk about it. For us, it is a stone in the shoe

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Where continental Europe had been the focus of the conflict between Great Britain and France during the War of Spanish Succession, conflicts between Great Britain and Spain were largely focused in the Caribbean, and in North America. The British had been relatively late to settle on the continent,

1477:

Many historians argue that the British policy of non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War was a product of the Establishment's anti-Communism. Scott Ramsay (2019) instead argues that the United Kingdom demonstrated a “benevolent neutrality”. It was simply hedging its bets, avoiding favouring one

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During 1865-1876 the United Kingdom sought to calm the Peninsula. The issues were many: Spain tried to unite with Portugal; there was internal strife in Spain over the throne; and France and Germany argued over the Spanish succession in 1870. Furthermore there was a "War-in-Sight" crisis of 1875,

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as payment for Spanish soldiers who were fighting the rebels there. Queen Elizabeth discovered that the gold was not owned by Spain, but was still owned by Italian bankers. She decided to seize it, and treated as a loan from the Italian bankers to England. The bankers agreed to her terms and she

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that fought on the Republican side. Many Conservative leaders believed the Republican government in Madrid was the puppet of extreme left Socialists and Communists. Accordingly, the British Cabinet adopted a policy of benevolent neutrality towards the military insurgents, with the covert aim of

1139:

that Spain said gave it control of the entire Pacific Ocean. Britain rejected the Spanish claims and used its greatly superior naval power to threaten war and win the dispute. Spain, a rapidly fading military power, was unable to depend upon its longtime ally France, which was torn by internal

1351:

advocated nonintervention, in the expectation that with limited material support from its allies the Spanish government could win the First Carlist War (1833–40). In Spain, British Commissioner Edward Granville Eliot stressed London's desire for peace without British or French involvement. He

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The "Treasure Crisis" of 1568 was Elizabeth's seizure of gold from Spanish ships in English ports in November 1568. Chased by privateers in the English channel, five small Spanish ships carrying gold and silver worth 400,000 florins (£85,000) sought shelter in English harbours at Plymouth and

1922:

launch entered the Gibraltar harbour. Three armed officers landed in Gibraltar illegally and, along with a fourth, were arrested by the Royal Gibraltar Police. Many such incidents occur, with a more recent event being the arresting of Gibraltarian fisherman inside the waters of Gibraltar,

1914:

was not dealt with, given its controversial nature, and the three-way talks focused on other subjects such as cooperation on the environment, maritime matters, and ways of further facilitating the Moroccan community in Gibraltar to transit Spain en route to and from Gibraltar and Morocco.

1733: 1996:, so that its waters wouldn't be over-fished by foreign-owned trawlers. Due to fishing's importance to some of the regional economies of Spain, the Spanish government protested vehemently, but had no power to prevent the UK determining its own domestic policies. However, when the 530:

was beheaded whom the latter had supported. King Philip II of Spain ordered an invasion of England and set about building what would become the Spanish Armada at the naval shipyards of Cádiz. Elizabeth once again authorized Francis Drake to disrupt Spanish shipping - he sacked

1161:

of France was executed in 1793 Britain joined Spain in a growing coalition of European states trying to invade France and defeat the revolution. The coalition suffered a number of defeats at the hands of the French and soon broke up. Spain, influenced by the pro-French

1773:

In two referendums, held in September 1967 and November 2002, the people of Gibraltar rejected any proposal for the transfer of sovereignty to Spain. The 2002 referendum was on a proposal for joint sovereignty which at one stage was supported by the UK Government.

282: 215:

The history of Spanish–British relations is complicated by the political and religious heritages of the two countries. Neither the United Kingdom nor Spain have a unique constitutional ancestor; Britain was originally created by a union of the kingdoms of

1923:

confiscation of equipment and transfer of the individuals to Spain. This was strongly condemned by the UK Government, and the UK's method of quiet diplomacy with Spain was criticised by a local newspaper, which called for more 'open' diplomacy.

886:, which the Spanish tried to prevent by passing laws against non-Spanish traders. These longstanding policies had proved a source of conflict in the mid 17th century, and again became a source of conflict after the Treaty of Utrecht included an 1854:(to a three-mile limit), and claimed by Spain, are another source of contention, with the Government of Gibraltar actively backing the British position naming the disputed waters as "British Gibraltar territorial waters". In December 2008, the 567:

was ready to sail. Its 154 ships carried 19,000 soldiers (17,000 Spanish, 2,000 Portuguese) and 8,000 sailors, as well as 180 clerics who were to help reestablish Catholicism in England. The plan was for the Spanish Armada to sail up the

1781: 240:). They have also been complicated by the fact that the United Kingdom and Spain were both imperial powers, often after the same land, an occurrence which is being played out to this day with the disputed ownership and status of 2095:

In 2011, Spanish migration to the UK went up 85%. As for 2012, it was recorded that 69,097 Spanish-born people live in the United Kingdom. On the other hand, in the same period 397,535 British-born people were living in Spain

5856: 665:. The attack saw the city's capture, sacking and a two week occupation. The economic losses caused by this were numerous: the city was burned and the raid contributed to Spain's declaration of bankruptcy the following year. 1926:

Between January and November 2012, around 200 incursions by Spanish vessels into Gibraltar waters were recorded, as opposed to 23 in 2011 and 67 in 2010. In December 2012, one day after an incursion by a Spanish warship, a

1862:

by the Government of Gibraltar, backed by the British government. The Commission will defend its position and, in doing so, will be backed by Spain In May 2009 Gibraltar authorities complained about the presence of a

1820:

moored in Gibraltar, for repairs on the cooling system of its nuclear reactor. The presence of the nuclear vessel in Gibraltar caused outrage among environmentalists and strained relations between Spain and the UK.

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in a crescent formation to clear a path for the entry of army troops stationed in the Netherlands. The first attempt to sail in May 1588 ended when the Spanish Armada ran into storms and the fleet lost five ships.

1135:, an unsettled area at the time that is now part of British Columbia, Canada. Spain seized small British commercial ships engaged in the fur trade on an area on the Pacific Coast. Spain claimed ownership based on 429:

with a large army. British troops numbering near 10,000 came to aid the Portuguese. In spite of three attempts the Spanish along with their French ally were heavily defeated losing in total upwards of 25,000 men.

204: 1763: 4976: 1109:. Despite this there were ominous signs for the Spanish, as the combined French and Spanish fleets had been unable to gain mastery of the seas and had also failed in two of their key objectives, regaining 921:, had his ear cut off as a punishment in 1731 which later caused outrage in Britain when he testified at a hearing in the house of commons seven years later. This ultimately among other things led to the 1805:

Her Majesty’s Government will never enter into arrangements under which the people of Gibraltar would pass under the sovereignty of another state against their freely and democratically expressed wishes.

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hoping that the Holy Roman Empire would join in their side. However the siege was a costly failure and British diplomacy enabled Austrian non aggression. With Austria out Spain was forced to sign the

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arrived on a scheduled visit. Rather than taking on stores and fuel and proceeding as had been planned, the frigate and its Merlin helicopter conducted a patrol of Gibraltar waters as a message.

1227:

on the Spanish throne. As a result, the British and (most) Spanish ended up on the same side, united against French invasion. A united British-Spanish-Portuguese army, under the command of the

3298: 672:

set sail in October 1596 but this hit a storm off Cape Finesterre and sailed back to port heavily ravaged. A year later the English led by the Earl of Essex a year later set out the Azores to

3150:: " has insisted that allowing the Gibraltarians to retain ties with Britain would constitute a partial disruption of Spain's territorial integrity in violation of paragraph 6 of 1514(XV)" 626:, in the hope that the Portuguese would rise up against the Spanish crown and to inflict further losses on the anchored Spanish fleet. The venture however failed and endured heavy losses. 2023:. At times of debate of the United Kingdom's declining fish stocks, this has caused strained relations between Spain and the UK, and particularly between Spain and the membership of the 3875: 3272: 3747: 5818: 3765: 1858:

approved a Spanish request designating most of the waters around Gibraltar as one of Spain's protected nature sites under EU law. This decision is being currently challenged in the

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Hoping to gain revenge on the British for their defeat during the Seven Years' War, France offered support to rebel American colonists seeking independence from Britain during the

4969: 1235:, which the Spanish call their war of independence. Throughout the war, British and French soldiers committed a number of actions against the local population (including murder, 838:, who had died without issue. As aftermath of this war, that featured both an international dimension and a domestic civil conflict, the Bourbons held the Crown while Spain lost 683:

The final Spanish armada took place in 1601 and although depleted from storms, managed to make landfall in Southern Ireland. Their aim was to assist the Irish rebel earls led by

518:. It was finalised in the Convention of Bristol in August 1574 in which both sides paid for what they had seized. Trade resumed between England and Spain and relations improved. 4270: 4170: 2004:, and a Spanish company successfully challenged the right of the British government to prevent Spanish fishermen taking up the British quota in what has now become known as the 4115: 5890: 5513: 2127: 968:'s waters, captured merchant vessels, ravaged the coast, plundered towns, and levied tribute on the inhabitants almost at will. In the summer of 1742, the Spanish invasion of 1891: 1487: 5209: 964:, seizing several ships as they entered or cleared the river. These Spanish vessels were largely manned by negroes and mulattoes. For eight years, these privateers infested 4954: 5918: 5775: 2962: 2426: 1754:

is a major point of contention in relations between the two nations, dating back to the conflicts in the early 18th century. The official status of Gibraltar is that of a

158: 5467: 1020:, and most smaller German states. Spain was drawn into the conflict later in 1761, on the side of France. In this Spain agreed to attack Britain’s ally Portugal and thus 5851: 5847: 5219: 5135: 1352:

facilitated a convention to humanize the treatment of prisoners of war. Wellington's policy helped stabilize Portugal and improved British relations with other powers.

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Unlike their French allies (for whom the war proved largely to be a disaster, financially and militarily) the Spanish made a number of territorial gains, recovering

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Napoleon moved into Spain in 1807, hoping that French control of Iberia would facilitate the war with the United Kingdom. He tried to force Portugal to accept the

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avoiding any direct or indirect help to the Popular Front Government. Franco had substantial support from Germany and Italy and after 1940 was pressured to join

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was in his minority when he ascended to the French throne, and in response, Philip V attempted to make Spain the dominant continental power. This began with the

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In following centuries, Portugal and Britain were closely allied in their politics and wars against Spain, which closely collaborated with France after the

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the legitimate inhabitants of the territory, and therefore entitled to the self-determination right in compliance of the same United Nations' resolutions.

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and in 1778 entered the war on their side. They then urged Spain to do the same, hoping the combined force would be strong enough to overcome the British

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side or the other. The goal was that in a future European war the United Kingdom would enjoy the ‘benevolent neutrality’ of whichever side won in Spain.

5427: 5094: 2315: 1514: 3706: 3306: 5704: 5678: 5618: 5437: 5412: 5392: 5273: 4630: 5785: 5765: 4108: 1680: 1523: 1491: 1348: 1333: 1228: 305:. Relations with Portugal always have been closer than those with Spain, and Spain and Britain have gone to war twice over Portugal's independence. 5823: 5725: 5653: 5613: 5472: 5367: 5362: 5293: 5283: 5089: 5069: 4435: 3206:"FOLLOWING INTENSE DEBATE, FOURTH COMMITTEE APPROVES AMENDED OMNIBUS TEXT ON NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES – Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 4992: 2421: 1213: 5699: 5603: 5442: 5432: 5407: 5332: 5313: 5257: 5140: 4370: 4048:

Ramsay, Scott. “Ensuring Benevolent Neutrality: The British Government’s Appeasement of General Franco during the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939.”

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Scott Ramsay. “Ensuring Benevolent Neutrality: The British Government’s Appeasement of General Franco during the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939.”

1296:, the leverage afforded by British political support for the Spanish government declined, and the British abolitionist movement focused on the 367:

in the sixteenth century led to renewed English support of the Portuguese independence movement that started in 1640 with the crowning of King

54: 41: 5663: 5638: 5568: 5518: 5457: 5402: 5377: 5372: 5303: 5179: 5145: 5119: 5104: 5039: 5024: 4180: 3246: 2019:. Nonetheless, a large part of its business comes from fishing in the waters of northern Europe, particularly those of the United Kingdom and 1316: 882:

but had built up a number of successful colonies with rapidly expanding populations. They began to challenge the Spanish monopoly on trade in

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were sacked and burned. This event marked the last time England was ever invaded by hostile forces. The following year the English launched a

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In 2008, the UN 4th Committee rejected the claim that a dispute over sovereignty affected self-determination, which was a basic human right.

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respectively were seized by the British. After the treaty of Paris in 1763 both Havana and Manila were returned in exchange for Spain ceding

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hoping to intercept the returning English fleet as well as invade the West of the British isles but this failed due to storms and bad luck.

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had stated that an independent Scotland would have to reapply for membership of the European Union, causing considerable irritation to the

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that raged off and on 1833 to 1876, Spain was wracked by civil war, as a result of a power struggle between the royal heir, Isabella and

4943: 4101: 2174: 944:, a major Spanish trading and naval base. The British triumph was hailed throughout its empire, and a number of streets are still named 684: 5608: 5588: 5482: 5447: 5417: 5387: 5352: 5324: 5318: 5308: 5194: 5174: 5099: 5054: 5044: 5034: 4706: 1086:

remained neutral, leaving them isolated. Because of this there was virtually no military activity in continental Europe aside from the

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and a diplomatic protest by the Government of the United Kingdom. Further incidents occurred in November 2009, and in February 2019.

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however saw Spain and Portugal along with Britain being allies in their fight against Napoleon after he tried occupying Spain in the

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hinted in a May 1898 speech. Conversely, the Spanish press took any chance to criticise the British atrocities committed during the

498: 4595: 4285: 4155: 3748:"Catalan News Agency – David Cameron: "let the people decide" and do not "ignore questions of nationality, independence, identity"" 3589: 3575: 3476: 1407: 748: 2675:

The origins of American diplomacy: the international history of Angloamerica, 1492-1763 American diplomatic history series Authors

2387: 917:. Nevertheless there were still tensions between the two countries. Things came to a head when news of an illegal trader, Captain 1566: 340: 4892: 4856: 4801: 4600: 4585: 4570: 4466: 4380: 4210: 2008:. In total, £55m has been paid out by the British government to Spanish parties (both public and private) for loss of earnings. 1836: 2688:

James D. Alsop, "The Age of the Projectors: British Imperial Strategy in the North Atlantic in the War of Spanish Succession."

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Sarah Duncan, "'He to Be Intituled Kinge': King Philip of England and the Anglo-Spanish Court." in C. Beem and M. Taylor, eds.

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subjects, Spain asserts it is a bilateral issue between sovereign nations on the grounds of the "territorial integrity" clause

1503: 918: 878:(1718–1720), in which Great Britain and France were allies against Spain when Spain attempted to reclaim territories in Italy. 332: 4918: 4796: 4776: 4635: 4550: 4481: 4476: 4360: 4245: 4235: 4165: 1145:

Britain and opened the way to British expansion in the Pacific, whilst in turn it was an international humiliation for Spain.

5830: 2131: 1910:, becoming the first Spanish official to visit the territory since Spain closed its consulate in Gibraltar in the 1950s. The 1665: 1616: 1527: 1170: 926: 728:

In April 1655, the English unsuccessfully attacked Santo Domingo. The expedition nevertheless was able to mount a successful

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The Labour Party opposed Franco and after it came to power in 1945 relations were frosty. After Franco died in 1975 and the

1465:'s Nationalists. However Germany, Italy and the USSR defied the embargo and British Communists organized volunteers for the 2466: 1052:

and be able to invade England. In 1779 Spain joined the war, hoping to take advantage of a substantially weakened Britain.

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created such fear throughout the colony that many people refugeed to South Carolina or elsewhere. The military activity on

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on the Spanish throne. The alliance was renewed in the face of Spain supporting France as an ally and the renewal of their

1759: 1649: 1635: 949: 903: 875: 795: 607:, July 24. The Armada was not seriously damaged and its formation remained intact. On July 27, the Armada had reached the 465: 335:

of 1474–1479, because France also supported Joan's candidature. In the following years, the English collaborated with the

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Paul Preston, "Britain and the Basque Campaign of 1937: The Government, the Royal Navy, the Labour Party and the Press."

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and over 100 Spanish ships were destroyed, delaying the launch of the Armada by a year. The English also captured 2,900

426: 4861: 4826: 4786: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4731: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4696: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4640: 4560: 4503: 4471: 4445: 4405: 4375: 4335: 4325: 4295: 4280: 4275: 4260: 4250: 4240: 4220: 4145: 3400: 250: 3517: 1903: 1457:, 1936–1939, the Conservative government in London was neutral, and took the lead in an arms embargo against both the 945: 4851: 4836: 4831: 4816: 4811: 4791: 4766: 4736: 4726: 4701: 4625: 4615: 4555: 4545: 4518: 4486: 4420: 4410: 4390: 4345: 4340: 4330: 4265: 4200: 4150: 3967:

Gold, Peter. "Sovereignty negotiations and Gibraltar's military facilities: How two 'red-line' issues became three."

3833:"Spanish Immigration to the UK up 85%: What This Means for Payments Abroad – LONDON, September 14, 2011 /PRNewswire/" 3658: 3167: 629:

A new front opened in the war between Spain and England, the coast of northern France. In 1590, the Spanish occupied

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To this day, the large Spanish fishing fleet does the majority of its fishing outside Spain's EEZ, as far away as

2693: 1992:, the UK sought to create a framework that discriminated between British- and Spanish-owned boats, regardless of 1895: 1887: 1859: 1693: 1340: 1209: 434: 410: 302: 4528: 4523: 4430: 4365: 4230: 1427: 1286:. Vessels carrying specified 'equipment articles' (including extra mess gear, lumber, foodstuffs) were declared 3930:

Carrió-Invernizzi, Diana. "A new diplomatic history and the networks of Spanish diplomacy in the Baroque Era."

2327: 2214: 1989: 1087: 997: 688: 135: 3814: 3786: 1275: 1204:. British attempts to capture parts of the Spanish colonial empire were unsuccessful and included failures at 484:, making Philip king of Spain and of England and Ireland. Mary's early death without issue prevented a closer 3983:

Guymer, Laurence. "The Wedding Planners: Lord Aberdeen, Henry Bulwer, and the Spanish Marriages, 1841–1846."

3093: 1071:, which they took with relative ease against weak British garrisons, and were planning an expedition against 5760: 3094:

David W. Mottram, Shaping the Inheritance of the Spanish Civil War on the British Left, 1939-1945, MA thesis

2900:"Casacas rojas y capas pardas: los soldados británicos y el pueblo español en la Guerra de la Independencia" 2759:

Georgia Journeys: Being an Account of the Lives of Georgia's Original Settlers and Many Other Early Settlers

2120: 1982: 1962: 1589: 1539: 1458: 1029: 1025: 783: 779: 752: 699: 550: 394: 380: 348: 180: 46: 3354: 2378: 2092:. Of these, according to the BBC and contrary to popular belief, only about 21.5% are over the age of 65. 1988:

To prevent the fleets of other EU members (particularly Spain) taking up the UK's Common Fisheries Policy

1879: 1661: 1571: 1466: 1190: 1095: 977: 922: 592: 368: 360: 1445:. It was unprepared to fight and was torn between factions favouring France and those favouring Germany. 695:. Cut off by the English Navy the Spanish surrendered the following year which ended further operations. 264: 3535: 2240: 1825: 1620: 1598: 1548: 1519: 1430:, the relations deteriorated: the British press included Spain within the group of decaying nations the 1360: 1001: 760: 756: 507: 457: 390: 352: 328: 320:, and proved to be vital in securing the continued independence of Portugal from its larger neighbours. 317: 161: 153: 3273:"Ten Greenpeace volunteers arrested in demonstration against HMS Tireless in Gibraltar – Greenpeace UK" 2066:

these challenges themselves; it's a matter for the Spanish Government and the Spanish Prime Minister."

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Maritime Service vessel into the three-mile waters around Gibraltar, escalating to the intervention of

1419: 1200:, Spain again found itself allied with France, and again found itself outgunned at sea, notably at the 866:

that ended the War of Spanish succession was followed within two years by the death of the French King

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which had been formed later in the war soon began to breach the Spanish and Portuguese trade monopoly.

313: 309: 286: 1090:. Despite a prolonged besiegement, the British garrison there was able to hold out until relieved and 763:

in 1660, no treaty had been signed. England then gave full support to the Portuguese in 1662 who were

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and followed the Armada up the Channel. The first encounter was off Plymouth, July 21, the second off

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which ended in disaster. Worse was to follow - the capitals of the Spanish East & West Indies -

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Spain and Britain for the next 15 years were at peace with Britain even supporting Spain during the

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British Maritime Enterprise in the New World: From the Late Fifteenth to the Mid-eighteenth Century

2050: 2020: 1997: 1993: 1855: 1789: 1675: 1641: 1602: 1593: 1580: 1553: 1201: 1009: 989: 969: 953: 899: 835: 767:. In addition tensions in the Caribbean centred on England's hold of Jamaica - privateers, notably 737: 733: 729: 662: 527: 502: 473: 469: 461: 422: 344: 324: 221: 2088:

recorded 54,482 Spanish-born people living in the UK. In comparison, it is estimated that 990,000

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In the present day, Spain and the United Kingdom maintain civil relations, both being members of

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unusually saw Britain and Spain as allies for the first time in well over a century. After King

854: 316:

to thwart a French-backed Castilian invasion. These forces saw action at the decisive battle of

3561: 2809: 1762:, king Philip V of Spain transferred the territory to Great Britain in 1713 under the terms of 747:

In 1657, England formed an alliance with France, merging the Anglo–Spanish war with the larger

5840: 4026: 3627: 3185: 3125: 3006: 3000: 2966: 2910: 2851: 2813: 2637: 2631: 2610: 2577: 2374: 2294: 2234: 1767: 1737: 1732: 1607: 1454: 1356: 1293: 1154: 1141: 1091: 1060: 1017: 973: 907: 891: 863: 827: 803: 799: 741: 619:. The voyage home proved costly, stormy waters claiming some 60 ships and thousands of lives. 481: 398: 336: 298: 192: 3329: 2957:

Rosas Ledezma, Enrique (1980). "Las relaciones hispano-británicas a comienzos del siglo XX".

2729: 2264: 1462: 1252: 1224: 831: 692: 510:

England promised to end support for raids on Spanish shipping by English privateers such as

414: 383:

between Portugal and Spain, which saw the independence of the former and the recognition of

229: 3205: 2606: 1379: 464:(a marriage that was later annulled by Henry), made a series of short-lived alliances with 5748: 3677: 3604:"Royal Navy shows the flag in Gibraltar waters; 197 Spanish unlawful incursions this year" 2899: 2005: 1970: 1931: 1697: 1442: 1435: 1391: 1197: 1163: 1033: 961: 608: 569: 438: 418: 233: 3432: 1832:'s beach instead of Gibraltar's where the planned military training was to be conducted. 4987: 4069:

Samson, Alexander. "A Fine Romance: Anglo-Spanish Relations in the Sixteenth Century."

2802: 2085: 1958: 1899: 1777: 1717: 1308:, in 1888, over fifty years after the practice was outlawed across the British Empire. 1264: 1244: 1232: 1114: 1068: 1013: 819: 815: 673: 623: 564: 485: 442: 270: 256: 188: 119: 17: 3536:"Miguel ngel Moratinos Spanish Foreign Minister met by protests on visit to Gibraltar" 2489:

Alexander Samson, "A Fine Romance: Anglo-Spanish Relations in the Sixteenth Century."

1969:

in 1986, it had the world's sixth largest fishing fleet, and much of the economies of

1716:. They share a number of regulations due to their previously shared membership of the 786:

both of which were favourable to England - for one the Spanish finally ceded Jamaica.

5907: 3401:"Action brought on 6 May 2009 – Government of Gibraltar v Commission (Case T-176/09)" 2983:

Carolyn S. Lowry, "At what cost?: Spanish neutrality in the First World War" (2009).

2717: 2163: 2062: 2046: 2030:

institutions, since Scotland is more dependent upon fishing than the rest of the UK.

1919: 1907: 1864: 1297: 1136: 1126: 957: 956:, killing about 10,000 while suffering only 800 dead. All the while, Spanish vessels 883: 811: 732:

the following month. The Spanish tried twice to recapture the island but both times (

642: 604: 600: 511: 290: 2834:

International journal of Canadian studies= Revue internationale d'études canadiennes

2599: 2533:

Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World: Britain, Ireland, Europe and America

5005: 3720: 2884:

Charles H. MacKay, "The Spanish Ulcer: Origins of the Peninsular War Reconsidered"

2574:

The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-stock Company 1600-1640

2250: 1471: 1383: 1325: 1132: 768: 355:

and a small group of English soldiers even fought on the Castilian side during the

177: 3761: 2927:

F. Darrell Munsell, and John K. Severn, "Wellington's Iberian Policy, 1834-1845,"

1271:, which the United Kingdom and the United States separately had outlawed in 1807. 3670: 3621: 3119: 2673: 1788:

to the colonists themselves. On the other hand, Gibraltar's authorities consider

228:), whilst the Kingdom of Spain was initially created by a union of the crowns of 4053: 3901: 3219: 3056: 2109: 1415: 1288: 588: 356: 3800: 2940:

C.J. Bartlett, "After Palmerston: Britain and the Iberian Peninsula, 1865-76."

3040:

Diplomacy and Strategy of Survival: British Policy and Franco's Spain, 1940-41

2366: 2339: 2230: 2210: 2170: 2024: 1928: 1049: 4057: 2970: 2914: 2848:

The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know it

2354: 2335: 2284: 2270: 2220: 2204: 2190: 1978: 1751: 1158: 1140:

revolution. The dispute was settled by negotiations in 1792–94 known as the

1110: 1064: 867: 843: 650: 616: 437:. Once again Spain and France were allied against Portugal and Britain. The 343:

was sent to London as their first semi-permanent ambassador, their daughter

241: 3661:. Parliament of the United Kingdom, 8 February 2001. Accessed 22 June 2006. 2370: 1343:, between the United Kingdom, Spain, France, and Portugal, which supported 774:

The conflict officially ended with two peace treaties which were signed at

668:

In retaliation the Spanish attempted an invasion of the British isles; the

379:

further soured Anglo-Spanish relations. England nevertheless meditated the

32: 1486:

During World War II, Spanish nationals were among the prisoners of German

2987: 2907:

Boletín de la Real Academia Sevillana de Buenas Letras: Minervae Baeticae

2358: 2280: 2260: 2038: 2027: 1974: 1387: 1279: 1267:

was at the height of its power, and the United Kingdom sought to end the

1240: 1083: 871: 823: 658: 634: 630: 596: 3646: 3415:"Spain/UK to cross swords in Gibraltar waters legal challenge before EC" 3355:

http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ibru/publications/full/bsb7-1_oreilly.pdf

834:. The later had been left as successor to the crown in the testament of 4079:

Sanz, Porfirio. "England and Spanish foreign policy during the 1640s."

2224: 2200: 2194: 2184: 2180: 2134: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2016: 1954: 1368: 1329: 1248: 1236: 1106: 1102: 1079: 1072: 887: 839: 2945: 5766:

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

3962:

The Temptations of Trade: Britain, Spain, and the Struggle for Empire

3863: 3852: 2601:

America and the Americas: The United States in the Western Hemisphere

2350: 2331: 2307: 2290: 2012: 2001: 1721: 1301: 1283: 775: 654: 612: 554: 433:

No further action between the powers took place until 1797 with the

3002:

The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy 1933–1940

2836:

19 (1999): 167–180. a Spanish perspective, translated into English.

1953:

The United Kingdom and Spain have had several recent disputes over

4305: 4126: 3948:

Cultural Diplomacy: A Hundred Years of the British-Spanish Society

3492:"Royal Navy used 'Spanish flag' for target practice off Gibraltar" 2362: 2274: 1873: 1731: 1513: 1406: 1378: 1315: 1180: 931: 853: 575: 281: 184: 108: 3694:

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-25132026

297:

For centuries, the role of England, and subsequently Britain, in

3999:

Into the Heart of the Fire: The British in the Spanish Civil War

1981:

depended upon catches by Spanish boats outside Spain's national

1713: 1709: 1305: 1131:

The Nootka Crisis was a crisis with Britain starting in 1789 at

560:

which later fuelled the popularisation of the drink in England.

196: 5807: 5746: 5003: 4958: 4097: 4041:

Spain, Britain and the American Revolution in Florida 1763–1783

3104:

Pilar Anaya, "The Labour Party, the TUC and Spain, 1959-1977."

2804:

The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790–1795

1506:, relations grew friendly, and trade and tourism grew rapidly. 3649:. American University, 11 January 1997. Accessed 22 June 2006. 2103: 26: 3992:

Modern British Foreign Policy: The Nineteenth Century 1814–80

3721:"Scottish or Catalan vote 'torpedoes EU', says Spain's Rajoy" 2886:

Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Selected Papers

2832:

Emilia Soler Pascual, "Floridablanca and the Nootka Crisis."

1339:

In 1835, the United Kingdom instigated the foundation of the

543:. Further disruption then took place at Cadiz in 1587; Drake 1824:

In February 2002, the UK formally apologised when a unit of

526:

In 1585, relations between England and Spain worsened after

3955:

The British Government and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

3330:"Tell it to the marines... we've invaded the wrong country" 2043:

referendum on independence from the UK on 18 September 2014

1846:

Waters around Gibraltar, declared by the United Kingdom as

323:

The alliance submerged into crisis when Portugal supported

4064:

Peninsula Years: Britain's Red Coats in Spain and Portugal

3299:"A beach too far: British marines invade Spain by mistake" 1528:

shield of Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg as Queen of Spain

1371:

and contributed greatly to the suppression of the revolt.

1304:. Slavery was abolished in Spain's main Caribbean colony, 1166:, made peace in 1795 while Britain continued to fight on. 898:, the Royal Navy launched unsuccessful operations against 755:. Although the Anglo-Spanish war was terminated after the 2929:

Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Proceedings

2467:"Change of His Majesty's Ambassador to Spain: Alex Ellis" 1438:, and to rejoice at any British setback in the conflict. 858:

A Spanish and an English edition of the Treaty of Utrecht

740:) they were defeated. The island was transformed into an 3121:

Territorial acquisition, disputes, and international law

1063:

launched a number of attacks in British colonies in the

936:

Unsuccessful 1741 British attack on Cartagena de Indias

425:. In this war Spain agreed to attack Portugal and thus 3766:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

3707:"Salmond: Spain is working with UK to thwart Yes vote" 3671:"Iyambo in fish talks with Spanish fisheries minister" 3447:"Who Owns Gibraltar? Spain Takes a Step Onto the Rock" 2546:

Cornwall & the Isles of Scilly: the complete guide

1839:, with equal representation of both countries and the 1835:

In 2004, Spain and the United Kingdom established the

1784:, which according to Spain prevails over the right to 1004:(with the British king as its prince-elector) against 894:

to trade with Spain's South American colonies. In the

676:

but encountered very little. At the same time another

3815:"BBC NEWS | Special Reports | Brits Abroad" 3367:"Declarations or Statements upon UNCLOS ratification" 2353:. The United Kingdom also has a consulate general in 3659:

House of Commons Written Answers for 8 February 2001

2846:

Bell, Lapidus, David Avrom, Sidney and Ruth (2007).

2633:

Between Two Worlds: How the English Became Americans

2000:

was implemented, in 1987, this became illegal under

1231:, eventually forced the French out of Spain, in the 293:

in the early years of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance.

5718: 5692: 5491: 5266: 5128: 5017: 4927: 4911: 4875: 4654: 4459: 4313: 4138: 1720:, several of which remain in force in the UK after 581:

The Spanish Armada and English ships in August 1588

151: 146: 134: 129: 91: 4006:Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century 3941:Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713–2013 2801: 2598: 2427:List of ambassadors of Spain to the United Kingdom 1631:Wars between the British and the Spanish include: 870:. This fundamentally changed the European system. 1173:and aligned with the French against the British. 826:candidate onto the Spanish throne instead of the 3902:"Brexit: Landmark UK-EU trade deal to be signed" 2761:. University of Georgia Press. 2010. p. 17. 1243:) in the form of war spoils during the sacks of 3835:(Press release). United Kingdom: Prnewswire.com 1852:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 2808:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 2730:"Colonial and State Records of North Carolina" 2045:. In November 2013 the Spanish Prime Minister 497:Southampton. The English government headed by 4970: 4109: 4088:The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia 4054:https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2018.1428211 3801:"BBC NEWS – UK – Brits Abroad FAQs: The data" 3380:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Spain (2008). 3057:https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2018.1428211 501:gave permission. The money was bound for the 8: 5836:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office 4071:Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 3429:"Britain tells Spain violation unacceptable" 3245:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (27 October 2000). 2870:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2672:Fisher, Margaret Anne; Savelle, Max (1967). 2491:Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 2432:Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Spain 1760:Captured by Dutch and British troops in 1704 698:Peace between England and Spain was finally 77: 3787:"BBC NEWS – Special Reports – Brits Abroad" 2747:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 99. 948:. However, in the spring of 1741 Spaniards 798:(1701–14) saw the invasion of Spain by the 771:led devastating raids on the Spanish Main. 563:After almost two years of preparation, the 5804: 5743: 5014: 5000: 4977: 4963: 4955: 4116: 4102: 4094: 3144:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2850:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 109. 1837:Tripartite Forum for Dialogue on Gibraltar 1426:After the Spanish disaster of 1898 in the 5919:Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom 2705: 2162:The list below is of British and Spanish 2150:Learn how and when to remove this message 1957:rights, particularly with regards to the 1664:(1739–1742), which later merged into the 810:, as well as other minor German states), 744:but was still a threat from the Spanish. 4008:(1967), covers 1603 to 1702; pp 269–309. 3247:"Spain protests overleaking nuclear sub" 1524:Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1320:Don Carlos, the first Carlist Pretender. 1094:remained in British hands following the 1078:In Europe, Britain's traditional allies 822:and Portugal in an attempt to force the 539:, which became the opening salvo of the 389: 57:of all important aspects of the article. 4993:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom 3971:15.2 (2004): 375-384. Covers 2000-2003 3684:, 17 March 2006. Accessed 22 June 2006. 3477:"Tension heightens in Gibraltar waters" 2605:. University of Georgia Press. p. 2548:. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 20. 2458: 2437:United Kingdom–European Union relations 2422:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom 2405:Embassy of the United Kingdom in Madrid 2383: 2334:. Spain also has consulates general in 693:besieged the 4,000 Spaniards at Kinsale 587:Storms forced the fleet to stay put at 246: 4013:Spain and the Irish Mission, 1609–1707 3190:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3183: 3137: 2863: 1418:as portrayed in the Spanish press (by 460:, who had made a political match with 76: 53:Please consider expanding the lead to 2745:North Carolina Through Four Centuries 2718:"Spain, Portugal & Italy 1715-88" 2520:The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime 2316:EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement 1504:democratisation movement gained power 1121:Nootka crisis with Britain, 1789–1795 633:from where they had a base to attack 595:on July 19. The English fleet was at 312:, England provided reinforcements to 7: 5886: 3328:Tremlett, Giles (19 February 2002). 2132:adding citations to reliable sources 1563:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster 191:. Both countries are members of the 3876:"UK and EU agree Brexit trade deal" 2963:Centro de Estudios Constitucionales 2959:Revista de Estudios Internacionales 2597:Langley, Lester D. (January 1989). 2576:. Taylor & Francis. p. 3. 1892:Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs 1794:Gibraltar's 2006 Constitution Order 992:lasted between 1756–1763, arraying 980:and the withdrawal of the Spanish. 850:Eighteenth-century imperial warfare 689:rebelling against the English Crown 645:. Nevertheless the Spanish mounted 3864:http://www.ine.es/prensa/np710.pdf 3853:http://www.ine.es/prensa/np705.pdf 3297:Sengupta, Kim (19 February 2002). 2985:Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 2558:Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker, 2509:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). 55-80. 1520:Lesser Royal Coat of Arms of Spain 1292:to be slavers. However, after the 674:intercept a Spanish treasure fleet 591:until July. Finally, they reached 25: 3490:Govan, Fiona (20 November 2009). 2898:Alberich Sotomayor, José (2013). 2773:William Pitt and national revival 2090:British-born people live in Spain 1075:when peace was declared in 1783. 942:capturing and sacking Porto Bello 413:(1700–1714) that established the 5885: 5874: 5873: 5857:Prime Ministerial overseas trips 5215:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5030:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4986: 4304: 4171:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4125: 2398: 2386: 2108: 641:which secured the major port of 546:singed the King of Spain’s beard 263: 249: 113: 102: 83: 31: 3534:Keeley, Graham (21 July 2009). 2630:Gaskill, Malcolm (2014-11-20). 2119:needs additional citations for 2080:Spaniards in the United Kingdom 940:The British started the war by 765:fighting for their independence 333:War of the Castilian Succession 45:may be too short to adequately 5914:Spain–United Kingdom relations 5831:British entry into World War I 4025:. Cambridge University Press. 4023:Trade and Peace with Old Spain 3976:Gibraltar: British or Spanish? 3647:"UK and Spain Fishing Dispute" 3623:Gibraltar: British or Spanish? 3453:. 21 July 2009. Archived from 3220:"Nuclear sub leaves Gibraltar" 1894:visited Gibraltar to meet the 1776:Considering the Gibraltarians 1666:War of the Austrian Succession 1617:Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg 1441:Spain remained neutral in the 927:War of the Austrian Succession 308:In 1384, at the height of the 170:Spain–United Kingdom relations 55:provide an accessible overview 1: 3118:Surya Prakash Sharma (1997). 3005:. Cambridge UP. p. 266. 2442:Spanish in the United Kingdom 2347:Embassy of the United Kingdom 2314:and Spain is governed by the 2055:separatist drive in Catalonia 1869:Royal Navy Gibraltar Squadron 1692:of 1796–1807 was part of the 1683:of 1779–1783 was part of the 1674:of 1761–1763 was part of the 1650:War of the Quadruple Alliance 1636:War of the Spanish Succession 1055:A well-organised force under 904:attempted to retake Gibraltar 896:Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729) 876:War of the Quadruple Alliance 796:War of the Spanish Succession 790:War of the Spanish Succession 724:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) 720:Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) 603:, July 23, the third off the 541:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 341:Rodrigo González de la Puebla 5924:Bilateral relations of Spain 4935:Diplomatic missions of Spain 4050:International History Review 3932:International History Review 3053:International History Review 2678:. Macmillan. pp. 66–67. 1878:Gibraltarians celebrate the 1746:Disputed status of Gibraltar 1046:American War of Independence 915:War of the Polish Succession 637:. French and English forces 205:former European Union member 203:and the United Kingdom is a 5776:International Monetary Fund 4944:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 4052:41:3 (2019): 604-623. DOI: 3762:"Country-of-birth database" 3562:"Incident at Harbour Views" 3389:(in Spanish). pp. 8–9. 3055:41:3 (2019): 604-623. DOI: 2743:Powell, William S. (2010). 958:menaced commercial shipping 359:. However, the struggle of 5940: 4132:Foreign relations of Spain 4081:European History Quarterly 4021:Mclachlan, Jean O (1940). 3985:Diplomacy & Statecraft 3946:del Campo, Luis Martínez. 3626:. Routledge. p. 133. 3124:. The Hague. p. 311. 3027:European History Quarterly 2417:Foreign relations of Spain 2393:Embassy of Spain in London 2076:British migration to Spain 2073: 1841:British Overseas Territory 1813:From May 2000 to May 2001 1756:British overseas territory 1743: 1685:American Revolutionary War 1153:The aftermath of the 1789 1124: 1040:American Revolutionary War 925:, an element of the wider 717: 678:Spanish attempt took place 468:against France during the 5869: 5814: 5803: 5756: 5742: 5013: 4999: 4302: 2942:English Historical Review 2789:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2535:(1999) pp 39, 216, 307-8. 1985:, just as they do today. 1896:British Foreign Secretary 1860:European Court of Justice 1830:La Linea de la Concepción 1796:endorsed and approved by 1694:French Revolutionary Wars 1263:In the 19th century, the 1169:In 1796 Spain signed the 1115:invasion of Great Britain 624:armada the following year 622:England sent out its own 435:French Revolutionary Wars 411:Spanish War of Succession 347:married Henry VII's sons 303:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 278:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 174:Spanish–British relations 125: 112: 101: 82: 78:Spanish–British relations 5167:Turks and Caicos Islands 4058:online review in H-DIPLO 4011:Lozano, Cristina Bravo. 3969:Diplomacy and Statecraft 3305:. London. Archived from 2999:Maurice Cowling (2005). 2785:Nootka Sound Controversy 2572:Chaudhuri, K. N (1965). 2507:The Man behind the Queen 2215:Santa Coloma de Gramenet 1798:Her Majesty's Government 1492:occupied Channel Islands 1332:, led by the pretender, 1088:Great Siege of Gibraltar 663:major raid against Cadiz 583:(unknown, 16th-century). 381:Treaty of Lisbon of 1668 5761:Commonwealth of Nations 4090:(2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2016). 3994:(1975) pp. 133–54. 3518:"Trilateral Communique" 3383:Informe sobre Gibraltar 2944:109.430 (1994): 74-88. 2800:Pethick, Derek (1980). 2518:Wallace T. MacCaffrey, 1983:Exclusive Economic Zone 1963:Common Fisheries Policy 1590:Arthur, Prince of Wales 1540:Alfonso VIII of Castile 1171:Treaty of San Ildefonso 900:Blockade of Porto Bello 181:international relations 18:Anglo-Spanish relations 5848:Diplomatic missions of 5514:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4687:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2379:Santa Cruz de Tenerife 2318:since 1 January 2021. 2034:Scotland and Catalonia 1965:. When Spain became a 1888:Miguel Ángel Moratinos 1883: 1880:Gibraltar National Day 1741: 1722:its exit from the bloc 1572:Katherine of Lancaster 1531: 1467:International Brigades 1423: 1395: 1321: 1193: 1137:a papal decree of 1493 978:Battle of Bloody Marsh 937: 859: 691:. The English however 584: 406: 361:Elizabeth I of England 294: 141:British Embassy Madrid 136:Spanish Embassy London 5852:in the United Kingdom 5210:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4083:28.3 (1998): 291-310. 3987:21.4 (2010): 549-573. 3934:36.4 (2014): 603-618. 3108:64.3 (1999): 269-286. 3106:Labour History Review 3042:(Cambridge UP, 1986). 3029:48.3 (2018): 490-515. 2277:, Valencian Community 2257:, Community of Madrid 2241:Nuneaton and Bedworth 1877: 1828:accidentally invaded 1826:British Royal Marines 1735: 1621:Alfonso XIII of Spain 1599:Henry VIII of England 1549:Berengaria of Navarre 1517: 1459:Republican government 1410: 1382: 1319: 1184: 935: 857: 579: 508:Convention of Nymegen 458:Henry VIII of England 393: 329:Isabella I of Castile 285: 236:(and later joined by 224:(and later joined by 201:European Union member 5468:United Arab Emirates 5231:Special Relationship 4631:United Arab Emirates 4073:39.1 (2009): 65-94. 3590:"Panorama Home Page" 3576:"Panorama Home Page" 2493:39.1 (2009): 65-94. 2310:, Trade between the 2247:, Castilla–La Mancha 2227:, Castilla–La Mancha 2128:improve this article 2059:Catalan independence 1918:In December 2009, a 1576:Henry III of Castile 1567:Constance of Castile 1545:Richard I of England 1428:Spanish–American War 1365:George de Lacy Evans 1269:Atlantic slave trade 1259:Atlantic slave trade 1196:At the start of the 976:culminated with the 960:at the mouth of the 639:captured Fort Crozon 528:Mary, Queen of Scots 405:as English monarchs. 373:support for Portugal 327:instead of her aunt 301:was coloured by the 5220:Trinidad and Tobago 5136:Antigua and Barbuda 4928:Diplomatic missions 4436:Trinidad and Tobago 4004:Horn, David Bayne. 3803:. 11 December 2006. 3709:. 22 December 2013. 3496:The Daily Telegraph 3251:The Daily Telegraph 2888:(1998), pp 443-451. 2771:John Holland Rose, 2692:21.1 (1991): 30-53 2322:Diplomatic missions 2051:Scottish Government 1998:Single European Act 1856:European Commission 1790:Gibraltarian people 1662:War of Jenkins' Ear 1603:Catherine of Aragon 1594:Catherine of Aragon 1581:Henry IV of England 1554:Edward I of England 1202:Battle of Trafalgar 923:War of Jenkins' Ear 753:conquest of Dunkirk 730:invasion of Jamaica 714:Seventeenth century 503:Spanish Netherlands 474:Italian War of 1542 470:Italian War of 1521 462:Catherine of Aragon 369:João IV of Portugal 357:conquest of Granada 345:Catharine of Aragon 79: 74:Bilateral relations 4371:Dominican Republic 4086:Slape, Emily, ed. 4015:(Routledge, 2018). 3960:Finucane, Adrian. 3939:Dadson, Trevor J. 3908:. 29 December 2020 3882:. 24 December 2020 3821:. 6 December 2006. 3676:2012-02-24 at the 3309:on August 20, 2009 2657:Bradley, Peter T. 2560:The Spanish Armada 2357:and consulates in 2302:Economic relations 2197:, Castile and Leon 2187:, Region of Murcia 2057:. On the issue of 1902:, and Gibraltar's 1884: 1848:territorial waters 1786:self-determination 1742: 1612:Philip II of Spain 1558:Eleanor of Castile 1536:Eleanor of England 1532: 1424: 1396: 1349:Duke of Wellington 1341:Quadruple Alliance 1322: 1229:Duke of Wellington 1221:Continental System 1194: 1187:Battle of Talavera 1057:Bernardo de Galvez 1036:to Great Britain. 983: 938: 890:which allowed the 860: 830:, a member of the 749:Franco-Spanish War 708:East India Company 670:2nd Spanish Armada 585: 492:Gold and diplomacy 488:of the countries. 478:Philip II of Spain 449:Age of Exploration 407: 365:Philip II of Spain 310:Hundred Years' War 295: 287:João I of Portugal 154:Carlos Bastarreche 130:Diplomatic mission 5901: 5900: 5865: 5864: 5841:Foreign Secretary 5799: 5798: 5786:League of Nations 5738: 5737: 5734: 5733: 4952: 4951: 4181:Equatorial Guinea 3682:Namibia Economist 3074:VisitAlderney.com 3070:"WWII Occupation" 2931:(1990) 20:548-557 2775:(1911) pp 562–87. 2708:, pp. 91–93. 2531:John Wagner, ed. 2522:(1968) pp 271-90. 2375:Palma de Mallorca 2255:Alcalá de Henares 2160: 2159: 2152: 2061:, Prime Minister 1912:sovereignty issue 1850:according to the 1768:Treaty of Utrecht 1738:Rock of Gibraltar 1690:Anglo-Spanish War 1681:Anglo-Spanish War 1672:Anglo-Spanish War 1656:Anglo-Spanish War 1608:Mary I of England 1585:Joanna of Navarre 1455:Spanish Civil War 1449:Spanish Civil War 1414:being punched by 1403:Twentieth century 1357:First Carlist War 1294:First Carlist War 1276:London Conference 1155:French Revolution 1149:French Revolution 1142:Nootka Convention 1061:Spanish Louisiana 1059:operating out of 974:St. Simons Island 908:treaty of Seville 892:South Sea Company 864:Treaty of Utrecht 800:Holy Roman Empire 611:and anchored off 482:Mary I of England 337:Catholic Monarchs 193:Council of Europe 167: 166: 72: 71: 16:(Redirected from 5931: 5889: 5888: 5877: 5876: 5805: 5744: 5710:Papua New Guinea 5015: 5001: 4991: 4990: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4956: 4888:Marshall Islands 4534:Kurdistan Region 4308: 4271:Sahrawi Republic 4130: 4129: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4095: 4036: 3997:Hopkins, James. 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3872: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3457:on July 23, 2009 3443: 3437: 3436: 3431:. 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3867: 3856: 3845: 3824: 3806: 3792: 3778: 3753: 3738: 3727:. 27 June 2014 3712: 3698: 3686: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3632: 3609: 3595: 3581: 3567: 3553: 3526: 3509: 3482: 3468: 3438: 3435:on 2009-06-01. 3420: 3406: 3392: 3372: 3358: 3347: 3320: 3289: 3264: 3237: 3211: 3197: 3152: 3130: 3110: 3097: 3086: 3061: 3044: 3031: 3018: 3011: 2991: 2976: 2949: 2933: 2920: 2890: 2877: 2856: 2838: 2825: 2818: 2792: 2777: 2764: 2750: 2735: 2721: 2710: 2706:Mclachlan 1940 2698: 2681: 2664: 2661:. p. 152. 2649: 2642: 2636:. OUP Oxford. 2622: 2615: 2589: 2582: 2564: 2551: 2537: 2524: 2511: 2498: 2482: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2385: 2349:is located in 2330:is located in 2323: 2320: 2312:United Kingdom 2303: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2293:, England and 2288: 2283:, England and 2278: 2273:, England and 2268: 2263:, England and 2258: 2253:, England and 2248: 2243:, England and 2238: 2233:, England and 2228: 2223:, England and 2218: 2208: 2198: 2188: 2183:, England and 2178: 2164:town twinnings 2158: 2157: 2116: 2114: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2086:2001 UK Census 2071: 2068: 2035: 2032: 1959:European Union 1950: 1947: 1904:chief minister 1900:David Miliband 1808: 1807: 1782:UN Resolutions 1778:decolonisation 1750:The status of 1744:Main article: 1729: 1726: 1718:European Union 1705: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1687: 1678: 1669: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1628: 1627:Armed conflict 1625: 1624: 1623: 1614: 1605: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1569: 1560: 1551: 1542: 1511: 1508: 1499: 1496: 1483: 1480: 1450: 1447: 1432:Lord Salisbury 1404: 1401: 1390:(right), then 1376: 1373: 1361:British Legion 1347:'s reign. The 1345:Queen Isabella 1313: 1310: 1265:British Empire 1260: 1257: 1245:Ciudad Rodrigo 1233:Peninsular War 1214:Canary Islands 1208:, Montevideo, 1178: 1175: 1150: 1147: 1125:Main article: 1122: 1119: 1069:Gulf of Mexico 1041: 1038: 985: 982: 966:North Carolina 919:Robert Jenkins 851: 848: 820:Duchy of Savoy 816:Dutch Republic 791: 788: 751:which saw the 742:English colony 715: 712: 700:signed in 1604 565:Spanish Armada 523: 522:War and Armada 520: 493: 490: 486:personal union 450: 447: 443:Peninsular War 279: 276: 275: 274: 271:British Empire 269: 262: 260: 257:Spanish Empire 255: 248: 212: 209: 189:United Kingdom 172:, also called 165: 164: 156: 149: 148: 144: 143: 138: 132: 131: 127: 126: 123: 122: 120:United Kingdom 111: 99: 98: 96: 93: 92: 89: 88: 73: 70: 69: 49:the key points 39: 37: 30: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5936: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5894: 5893: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5834: 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England's 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 321: 319: 315: 311: 306: 304: 300: 292: 291:John of Gaunt 289:entertaining 288: 284: 277: 272: 266: 261: 258: 252: 247: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 210: 208: 206: 202: 199:. Spain is a 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 179: 175: 171: 163: 160: 157: 155: 150: 145: 142: 139: 137: 133: 128: 124: 121: 110: 100: 97: 95: 94: 90: 86: 81: 66: 63:November 2020 56: 50: 48: 43: 38: 34: 29: 28: 19: 5891: 5878: 5749:Multilateral 5668: 5428:Saudi Arabia 5323: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5165: 5095:South Africa 4866: 4596:Saudi Arabia 4286:South Africa 4156:Burkina Faso 4087: 4080: 4070: 4063: 4049: 4040: 4022: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3931: 3910:. Retrieved 3905: 3896: 3884:. Retrieved 3879: 3870: 3859: 3848: 3837:. Retrieved 3827: 3818: 3809: 3795: 3781: 3769:. Retrieved 3756: 3741: 3731:17 September 3729:. 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