217:
487:
5264:
2799:
2422:
2785:
810:
and others) composed in Arabic with varying degrees of deviation from classical norms, augmented by further information from the manner in which the Arabic script was used to transliterate
Romance words. The first complete linguistic description of Andalusi Arabic was given by the Spanish Arabist
848:
As
Arabisms moved into varieties of Iberian Romance over time, Andalusi Arabic borrowed widely from the Romance lexicon. Corriente observes three periods in which Romance words entered Arabic, as Romance shifted from a substratum to an adstratum to a superstratum with respect to Arabic. Semantic
560:, formal and informal, speaking and writing. Using Arabic henceforth would be regarded as a crime. Arabic speakers were given three years to learn a "Christian" language, after which they would have to get rid of all Arabic written material. This triggered one of the largest revolts, the
933:
on
Andalusi Arabic appears to be considerably less than that of Romance and very small in proportion to the extensive Berber presence in al-Andalus. Corriente identified about 15 Berberisms that entered Andalusi Arabic, only a few of which were still in use in the early 16th century.
307:. Once widely spoken in Iberia, the expulsions and persecutions of Arabic speakers caused an abrupt end to the language's use on the peninsula. It continued to be spoken to some degree in North Africa after the expulsion, although Andalusi speakers rapidly assimilated into the
877:; Consuelo Lopez-Morillas recalls "the many households made up of Hispano-Roman women and Arab men." Once subsumed into Arabic morphological patterns, Romance loanwords became difficult to distinguish as such. For example,
849:
fields such as plant and animal names, domestic objects, and agriculture received the most loanwords. Sometimes both the
Romance and Arabic words were used, such as the words
5313:
3004:
López-Morillas, Consuelo (2000). "Language". The literature of Al-Andalus. New York: Cambridge
University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521471596.004. ISBN 9781139177870.
5318:
2168:
There was a fair amount of compensatory lengthening involved where a loss of consonantal gemination lengthened the preceding vowel, whence the transformation of
2852:«La lengua de la gente común y no los priores de la gramática arábiga».La Doctrina christiana en lengua arábiga y castellana (1566) de Martín Pérez de Ayala
561:
216:
3669:
1501:
1907:
represented by the letter ق in texts is a point of contention. The letter, which in
Classical Arabic represented either a voiceless pharyngealized
3720:
1457:
3605:
3518:
3135:
3100:
3068:
3036:
2950:
2910:
2878:
2256:, using the same stem of the active voice verb with different vocalization. The passive voice is expressed in the past or perfect tense with
1963:
1808:
1664:
1471:
5303:
1450:
1318:
4263:
398:'I play') like the plural in Standard Arabic, necessitating an analogical imperfect first-person plural, constructed with the suffix
3279:
2469:
455:
remained the dominant language, the Muslim conquest brought a language that was a vehicle for a cultural and religious subjugation.
2443:
1994:
1595:
1575:
1395:
1332:
1209:
356:
2757:
498:(1075–1141). While Muslims did not write in vernacular registers of Arabic, Andalusi Jews would write in colloquial Arabic with
4910:
2084:
2044:
2032:
1955:
1792:
1304:
189:
2264:(/u/) on all other syllables, and in the imperfect tense with damma /u/ on the personal subject prefix—the first syllable—and
5308:
4437:
3703:
2752:
2447:
1947:
1352:
3217:
532:
In 1502, the
Muslims of Granada were forced to choose between conversion and exile; those who converted became known as the
483:, in which more than 90% of the population had converted to Islam and Arabic-Romance bilingualism seems to have disappeared.
2725:
The oldest evidence of
Andalusi Arabic utterances can be dated from the 10th and 11th century, in isolated quotes, both in
337:
Spoken
Andalusi Arabic had distinct features. It is unique among colloquial dialects in retaining from Standard Arabic the
4885:
3662:
1896:
Contrasting pairs of words differing only by a plain or an emphatic pronunciation of their respective <r> are found.
1720:
1712:
1270:
1264:
4202:
3753:
3048:
2152:
2120:
2052:
2024:
1800:
1380:
5293:
2092:
2060:
1680:
1430:
1359:
1005:
987:
698:
2432:
4846:
4325:
2144:
2104:
2076:
1978:
1656:
1543:
1464:
1345:
1311:
1180:
1039:
1030:
348:
304:
2451:
2436:
541:
5298:
4599:
4589:
4566:
2112:
1784:
1374:
1339:
807:
573:
296:
96:
3221:
5288:
5267:
5175:
4657:
3655:
2868:
2160:
2128:
2068:
1624:
1223:
1195:
1087:
1014:
996:
702:
585:
425:
199:
2769:
Its last documents are a few business records and one letter written at the beginning of the 17th century in
441:
4724:
4422:
4365:
3768:
2533:
2136:
1776:
1632:
1423:
1388:
1246:
1216:
752:
The influence of
Romance on Andalusi Arabic was especially pronounced in situations of daily Arabic-Romance
705:
and intellectual expression in the southern half of the peninsula from the 8th century to the 13th century.
3047:
Morillas, Consuelo López (2000-08-31), Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael (eds.),
725:, and Arabic features and traditions had a major impact on Jewish poetry in Iberia. There is evidence that
4530:
4490:
4415:
4410:
4174:
3710:
3095:. Maria Rosa Menocal, Raymond P. Scheindlin, Michael Anthony Sells. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2851:
2218:
2214:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2018:
2014:
1941:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1601:
1589:
1585:
1549:
1417:
1061:
1057:
1053:
257:
5256:
5089:
5041:
4851:
4833:
4826:
4816:
4811:
4803:
4623:
4358:
4330:
4320:
4124:
3748:
2541:
1931:
based on a plethora of surviving Andalusi writings and Romance transcriptions of Andalusi Arabic words.
1495:
1255:
1144:
1135:
745:'the western tongue') in periods of Berber rule, particularly under the Almoravids and Almohads, though
694:
491:
86:
780:: in addition to standard written Arabic, spoken varieties could be subdivided into an urban, educated
756:. For example, an Arabic letter written by a Valencian Morisco in 1595 contained constructions such as
330:: in addition to standard written Arabic, spoken varieties could be subdivided into an urban, educated
917:. Romance loanwords were used in Andalusi Arabic through the end of Muslim rule in Iberia, even after
564:. Still, Andalusi Arabic remained in use in certain areas of Spain (particularly the inner regions of
4992:
4752:
4672:
4152:
2584:
2371:
2238:
Andalusi Arabic is uniquely conservative among colloquial Arabic dialects for retaining the internal
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2030:
2022:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1759:
1757:
1743:
1741:
1718:
1710:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1630:
1622:
1593:
1573:
1557:
1541:
1278:
1107:
1037:
1028:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
366:
354:
346:
5051:
4861:
4734:
4557:
4108:
4022:
2812:
1298:
1174:
653:
565:
507:
382:
268:
101:
2762:, both published in 1505 to explain the language of the conquered to the conquerors following the
5219:
4905:
4821:
4618:
4543:
3628:
2006:
1581:
1122:
918:
812:
746:
553:
480:
448:
233:
2747:
828:
225:
475:
estimates that only 50% of the population of al-Andalus had converted to Islam by the death of
4966:
4719:
4639:
4579:
4342:
4249:
4234:
4145:
3807:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3601:
3524:
3514:
3275:
3160:
3141:
3131:
3106:
3096:
3064:
3032:
2956:
2946:
2906:
2874:
2265:
2261:
2257:
1972:
1934:
The vowel system was subject to a heavy amount of fronting and raising, a phenomenon known as
1837:
1829:
1559:
1514:
1508:
1408:
1402:
1325:
1202:
1186:
1112:
1092:
569:
476:
276:
229:
91:
1693:
would cause an adjacent vowel to be stressed or would disappear altogether, leaving no trace.
5129:
4987:
4785:
4766:
4729:
4608:
4538:
4481:
4466:
4393:
4239:
4224:
4169:
4131:
3835:
3778:
3738:
3620:
3267:
3204:
3172:
3056:
3024:
2832:
2804:
2580:
1367:
1240:
1102:
1082:
1077:
930:
753:
730:
718:
673:
657:
649:
641:
637:
444:, "this population sowed the seeds of what was to grow into an indigenous Andalusi Arabic."
342:
319:
292:
66:
463:
Over the centuries, Arabic spread gradually in al-Andalus, primarily through conversion to
5170:
5099:
5036:
5030:
4899:
4774:
4714:
4574:
4518:
4503:
4498:
4471:
4461:
4405:
4378:
4353:
4288:
4282:
4268:
4254:
4193:
3793:
3783:
3763:
3698:
3566:
2817:
2616:
2589:
2546:
2523:
2491:
2484:
1485:
1097:
722:
714:
677:
669:
665:
661:
499:
472:
432:, involved a few thousand Arab tribesmen and a much larger number of partially Arabicized
378:
315:
288:
248:
142:
138:
106:
78:
17:
2374:
to match the gender of corresponding terms in Romance, such as the feminine Arabic nouns
1813:. Either way, a voiced bilabial or labiodental fricative was "substandard and repressed".
729:
was commonplace among bilingual populations in al-Andalus. It also had some contact with
479:
in 961, and 80% by 1100. By about 1260, Muslim territories in Iberia were reduced to the
5250:
5180:
5114:
5019:
4793:
4682:
4677:
4662:
4647:
4613:
4398:
3773:
3715:
3196:
3161:"Le livre et la civilisation écrite dans la communauté morisque aragonaise (1540-1620)"
2867:"Chapter Five. The Expulsion of the Muslims from Portugal: The Forgotten Persecution".
1919:
in Andalusi Arabic. Federico Corriente presents the case that ق most often represented
817:
726:
645:
557:
545:
131:
3997:
3907:
3880:
3260:"The Preaching of the Almohads: Loyalty and Resistance across the Strait of Gibraltar"
232:
that has been called "the first Western system of Arabic scientific transcription" by
179:
5282:
5212:
5207:
5193:
5139:
5074:
5056:
4942:
4927:
4921:
4890:
4709:
4704:
4689:
4652:
4513:
4508:
4432:
4388:
4244:
4218:
3959:
3950:
3743:
3730:
2822:
2239:
2073:
respectively, while diphthongs were mostly resistant to monophthongization. However,
2037:, respectively, though Colin hypothesizes that these diphthongs remained in the more
1916:
908:
2221:
in Romance languages would be transcribed with the above letters, each containing a
5185:
5144:
5084:
5064:
5024:
4937:
4932:
4699:
4694:
4584:
4307:
4293:
4085:
4067:
3860:
3018:
2790:
2253:
2041:
registers influenced by the Classical language. Alternatively in higher registers,
1688:
1672:
1648:
1232:
832:
549:
495:
486:
362:
338:
5009:
3127:
Archivos moriscos : textos árabes de la minoría islámica valenciana 1401-1608
3060:
3028:
3595:
3243:
2413:
There were about twenty suffixes from Romance that were attached to Arabic bases.
5079:
4971:
4915:
4667:
4076:
3828:
2763:
2499:
2421:
2141:. This is evidenced by occasional Romance or even local Arabic transcription of
1912:
1440:
980:
968:
958:
300:
3979:
3925:
3542:
3259:
2798:
4229:
4138:
3528:
3271:
2780:
2735:
2559:
2544:, a feature shared by many Maghrebi varieties. Likewise the form V pattern of
1908:
1129:
1023:
973:
963:
803:
633:
605:
537:
536:. In 1526, this requirement was extended to Muslims in the rest of Spain, the
468:
272:
50:
3639:
Corriente, Frederico (1978), "Los fonemas /p/ /č/ y /g/ en árabe hispánico",
3145:
3110:
2960:
5134:
2827:
2210:
2010:
1748:
amongst speakers of Hispanic origin, especially bilingual Romance speakers.
1293:
1169:
1048:
777:
629:
327:
172:
156:
3177:
2536:
of the verbal system was substantially altered. One example is the initial
827:
poetry, proverbs and aphorisms, the work of the 16th century lexicographer
5010:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4005:
3995:
3987:
3977:
3969:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3923:
3915:
3905:
3897:
3888:
3878:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3090:
2900:
2614:(depending on the register of the speech in question), of which the final
163:
5119:
5109:
5002:
3812:
2770:
2495:
2038:
2000:
1936:
1553:
781:
749:
identified only about 15 Berberisms that entered Andalusi Arabic speech.
521:
429:
331:
284:
207:
195:
58:
2598:
consisting of the imperfect (prefix) form of a verb, preceded by either
471:
lamented in the 9th century that Christians were no longer using Latin,
5154:
3818:
3632:
1904:
1164:
793:
617:
613:
609:
597:
533:
517:
433:
308:
203:
3508:
2410:
Gender distinction in second-person pronouns and verbs was abandoned.
1548:
was at the very least, a marginal phoneme, but a phoneme nonetheless.
5069:
4997:
4049:
3693:
3678:
3125:
2940:
2746:
Substantial material on late Granadan Arabic survives in the work of
2730:
2222:
1968:
in certain circumstances, particularly when i-mutation was possible.
1552:"behaved most of the time as an "emphaticised" phoneme, resistant to
437:
3624:
2939:
Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Micheal (2012).
2739:), and then, from the 11th century on, in stanzaic dialectal poems (
601:
3615:
Singer, Hans-Rudolf (1981), "Zum arabischen Dialekt von Valencia",
5149:
5104:
5094:
4013:
3968:
3941:
3914:
3887:
3851:
3823:
3647:
2726:
1915:, most likely represented some kind of post-alveolar affricate or
874:
823:
798:
625:
621:
593:
512:
485:
464:
452:
280:
215:
54:
5124:
4094:
4040:
4031:
4004:
3986:
3932:
3896:
2709:
The conditional "law" (لَو) is the source of the modern Spanish
1882:
1853:
1845:
1805:
before devoicing took place. Sometimes, it further evolved into
1751:
1735:
1704:
1616:
1580:
was a marginal phoneme used mainly in Romance loanwords. In the
589:
3651:
2683:
2667:
2632:
2624:
2608:
2600:
2564:
2515:
2504:
912:
896:
890:
878:
862:
850:
763:
757:
588:
and has significantly influenced the dialects of such towns as
4058:
3869:
2415:
1789:, especially intravocalically. This fricative could turn into
3507:
University of Zaragoza, Institute of Islamic Studies (2012).
548:
and to the fact that the Moriscos had revealed themselves as
792:
Many features of Andalusi Arabic have been reconstructed by
556:
issued a royal decree in Spain forbidding Moriscos from the
510:
of its time in its use for literary purposes, especially in
506:
The colloquial Arabic of al-Andalus was prominent among the
1669:
intravocalically, or sometimes in other positions. Rarely,
1653:
only survived in word-initial position, while turning into
3055:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–59,
206:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
27:
Variety of Arabic formerly spoken on the Iberian Peninsula
2638:. An example drawn from Ibn Quzmān will illustrate this:
1781:
would sometimes turn into a bilabial spirant (fricative)
902:
884:
856:
3597:
A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Andalusi Arabic
3510:
A descriptive and comparative grammar of Andalusi Arabic
3089:
López-Morillas, Consuelo (2000). "Chapter 2: Language".
2902:
A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Andalusi Arabic
2490:
which, in Classical Arabic, marked a noun as indefinite
3358:
3356:
3245:
Un eclipse de la poesía en Sevilla: la época almorávide
3242:
Gómez, Emilio García; Palencia, Ángel González (1945).
2656:
2571:
2394:'sun'), which became masculine in al-Andalus, matching
713:
Arabic in al-Andalus existed largely in a situation of
403:
390:
326:) until the 13th century. It was also characterized by
314:
Arabic in al-Andalus existed largely in a situation of
38:
2189:
New phonemes introduced into Andalusi Arabic, such as
1604:
in word-final position by speakers of Hispanic origin.
1556:
or palatalisation" thus possibly being pronounced as
921:
had been monolingually arabophone for two centuries.
2209:
respectively. This would later be carried over into
734:
552:
of the enemy who helped the Ottomans against Spain,
262:
5228:
5163:
5050:
4980:
4959:
4884:
4802:
4784:
4745:
4638:
4598:
4565:
4556:
4529:
4489:
4480:
4454:
4341:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4162:
4116:
4107:
3844:
3729:
3686:
2870:
The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal
2579:Andalusi Arabic developed a contingent/subjunctive
941:
170:
154:
149:
128:
75:
65:
46:
32:
2101:. In the presence of velar or pharyngeal contour,
1740:had an alternate and substandard pronunciation of
271:spoken mainly from the 9th to the 15th century in
1797:via devoicing, thus presumably being realized as
2854:, Teresa Soto González, University of Salamanca
889:'anniversary' or 'birthday') was made plural as
3201:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
2513:The unconjugated prepositive negative particle
721:until the 13th century. It also coexisted with
784:and a register of the less-privileged masses.
345:, spoken Andalusi Arabic adopted the phonemes
334:and a register of the less-privileged masses.
3663:
3567:"Arte para ligeramẽte saber la lẽgua arauiga"
2759:Arte para ligeramente saber la lengua araviga
1764:by some speakers, although this was marginal.
8:
2553:
2389:
2379:
2286:
2277:
2243:
2204:
2198:
2178:
2169:
1880:
1851:
1843:
1749:
1733:
1702:
1614:
868:
740:
299:, which took place over a century after the
2450:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
428:in 711, about a century after the death of
341:through vocalization. Through contact with
228:uses an innovative system for transcribing
4562:
4486:
4198:
4189:
4113:
3670:
3656:
3648:
3020:Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period
2899:University of Zaragoza, ed. (1977-01-01).
2622:was normally assimilated by preformatives
636:in Egypt. Andalusi Arabic also influenced
29:
3619:, vol. 27, Brill, pp. 317–323,
3543:"Vocabulista aravigo en letra castellana"
3494:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3176:
2873:. Brill. January 2007. pp. 241–281.
2470:Learn how and when to remove this message
1588:represented the evolution of the cluster
222:Art to slightly learn the Arabic language
3192:
3190:
3188:
2640:
2502:particle, as in ibn Quzmān's expression
2270:
1975:led to the introduction of the phonemes
1887:was realized as either a trill or a tap.
1068:
796:using Hispano-Arabic texts (such as the
283:until the late-15th century, and modern
5314:Languages attested from the 9th century
2844:
2753:Vocabulista aravigo en letra castellana
2702:
1534:
562:Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)
200:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3266:, BRILL, pp. 71–101, 2013-01-01,
3124:Barceló, Carmen; Labarta, Ana (2009).
2713:, (law sha Allah; لَوْ شَآءَ ٱللَّهُ).
2370:Some nouns in Andalusi Arabic shifted
576:at the beginning of the 17th century.
5319:Languages extinct in the 17th century
3248:(in Spanish). Real Academia Española.
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2743:) and dialectal proverb collections.
1960:and, particularly with short vowels,
1756:was also alternatively pronounced as
1074:
7:
3012:
3010:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2572:
2521:developed out of the classical verb
2448:adding citations to reliable sources
2009:led to the disappearance of certain
1858:would have been pronounced the same.
1773:Under Berber and Romance influence,
831:, and Andalusi letters found in the
709:Multilingualism and language contact
701:language and the dominant medium of
404:
391:
39:
3159:Fournel-Guerin, Jacqueline (1979).
2554:
2390:
2380:
2287:
2278:
2244:
2205:
2199:
2179:
2170:
1881:
1852:
1844:
1750:
1734:
1703:
1615:
1070:Andalusi Arabic consonant phonemes
869:
741:
693:Under Muslim rule, Arabic became a
264:al-lahja l-ʿarabiyya l-ʾandalusiyya
252:
5255:Languages between parentheses are
3017:Bulliet, Richard W. (1979-12-31).
943:Vowel phonemes of Andalusi Arabic
436:, many of whom spoke little or no
25:
1600:was occasionally an allophone of
1513:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1277:
1269:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1231:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1143:
1134:
584:Andalusi Arabic is still used in
287:until the mid-13th century under
5263:
5262:
3165:Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez
2797:
2783:
2420:
2268:/a/ on the following syllables.
2197:were often written as geminated
2117:and sometimes even rounded into
311:communities to which they fled.
3643:, vol. 37, pp. 214–18
2260:(/i/) on the last syllable and
1867:Velarized in at least the word
5259:of the language on their left.
2945:. Cambridge University Press.
2587:with the conditional particle
1613:The standard pronunciation of
558:use of Arabic on all occasions
449:Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania
269:variety or varieties of Arabic
1:
3061:10.1017/chol9780521471596.004
3029:10.4159/harvard.9780674732810
1991:and, possibly, the affricate
1871:, as in most Arabic dialects.
776:It was also characterized by
3754:Ancient South Arabian script
3721:Influence on other languages
3594:Corriente, Federico (2013).
3571:Biblioteca Digital Hispánica
3547:Biblioteca Digital Hispánica
3092:The literature of Al-Andalus
3053:The Literature of Al-Andalus
2942:The literature of Al-Andalus
2684:
2668:
2633:
2625:
2609:
2601:
2565:
2516:
2505:
913:
897:
891:
879:
863:
851:
764:
758:
381:varieties, the first-person
5011:
4096:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4024:
4015:
4006:
3996:
3988:
3978:
3970:
3961:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3924:
3916:
3906:
3898:
3889:
3879:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3794:
3130:. Universitat de València.
2694:if I were not still moaning
2617:
2590:
2547:
2524:
2485:
1685:. In most other instances,
735:
385:was marked with the prefix
263:
5335:
5304:Extinct languages of Spain
2733:Classical Andalusi poems (
2657:
2498:), became an indeclinable
1944:to be raised, probably to
1709:was variously realized as
903:
885:
857:
762:'do what is possible' and
650:Catalan-Valencian-Balearic
305:Catholic Monarchs of Spain
18:Andalusian Arabic language
5242:
5235:Islam and Arabic language
3272:10.1163/9789004256644_004
2284:
2275:
1484:
1439:
1415:
1337:
1292:
1163:
1128:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1052:
1036:
1027:
952:
949:
947:
574:expulsion of the Moriscos
297:expulsion of the Moriscos
186:
37:
5176:Arabic script in Unicode
4911:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
4271:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
2655:
2057:were only allophones of
1629:. Though it merged with
684:Sociolinguistic features
586:Andalusi classical music
490:A letter handwritten in
426:Muslim conquest of Spain
253:اللهجة العربية الأندلسية
4438:Western Egyptian Bedawi
2534:derivational morphology
1637:in at least some words.
442:Consuelo López-Morillas
3178:10.3406/casa.1979.2299
2021:which were leveled to
1592:. In lower registers,
929:The lexical impact of
540:. In 1567, due to the
503:
339:internal passive voice
279:, respectively modern
237:
188:This article contains
5309:Culture of al-Andalus
5042:Quranic Arabic Corpus
3749:Ancient North Arabian
2685:law lā mā nānnu baʻad
2542:first person singular
2254:Standard Arabic verbs
489:
275:, the regions of the
219:
4993:Sun and moon letters
4153:Pre-classical Arabic
2692:You would not see me
2650:English translation
2444:improve this section
2335:(it) was translated
1971:Contact with native
322:(known popularly as
295:in Iberia after the
4847:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4326:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3264:Spanning the Strait
2813:Varieties of Arabic
2359:(it) is translated
2272:
1822:By the time of the
1071:
944:
788:Linguistic features
768:'at a cost to me.'
508:varieties of Arabic
5294:Medieval languages
5220:MacArabic encoding
2676:(underlying form:
2660:لَو لا ما نانّ بعد
2271:
2007:Monophthongization
1842:had merged. Thus,
1824:Cordoban Caliphate
1069:
942:
815:, who drew on the
813:Federico Corriente
747:Federico Corriente
736:al-lisān al-gharbī
572:) until the final
554:Philip II of Spain
504:
481:Emirate of Granada
469:Alvarus of Cordoba
238:
234:Federico Corriente
71:Early 17th century
5276:
5275:
5251:extinct languages
5190:MS-DOS codepages
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4634:
4633:
4552:
4551:
4450:
4449:
4146:Old Hijazi Arabic
3607:978-90-04-22742-2
3520:978-1-283-63484-7
3137:978-84-370-7384-2
3102:978-1-139-17787-0
3070:978-0-521-47159-6
3038:978-0-674-73280-3
2952:978-1-139-17787-0
2912:978-90-04-23027-9
2880:978-90-474-3155-8
2721:Recorded evidence
2699:
2698:
2558:) was altered by
2480:
2479:
2472:
2363:
2362:
1927:, and marginally
1531:
1530:
1067:
1066:
907:'wolf') became a
844:Romance loanwords
759:taʿmál alburšíblī
477:Abd al-Rahman III
277:Iberian Peninsula
261:
245:Andalusian Arabic
230:Andalusian Arabic
214:
213:
196:rendering support
192:phonetic symbols.
40:العربية الأندلسية
16:(Redirected from
5326:
5299:Arabic languages
5266:
5265:
5014:
4563:
4487:
4423:Western Algerian
4370:Eastern Algerian
4366:Algerian Saharan
4296:(Lesser Kabylia)
4199:
4190:
4132:Nabataean Arabic
4114:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4009:
4001:
3991:
3983:
3973:
3964:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3929:
3919:
3911:
3901:
3892:
3884:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3836:Maltese alphabet
3799:
3779:Algerian Braille
3769:Eastern numerals
3739:Nabataean script
3672:
3665:
3658:
3649:
3644:
3635:
3611:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3220:. Archived from
3218:"Ramón Cotarelo"
3214:
3208:
3205:Brill Publishers
3194:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3042:
3014:
3005:
3002:
2965:
2964:
2936:
2917:
2916:
2896:
2885:
2884:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2833:Andalusi Romance
2807:
2805:Languages portal
2802:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2714:
2707:
2687:
2674:
2662:
2661:
2641:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2540:on verbs in the
2527:
2519:
2508:
2488:
2475:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2424:
2416:
2393:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2348:(he) translates
2324:(he) translated
2308:transliteration
2305:Andalusi Arabic
2299:transliteration
2296:Andalusi Arabic
2290:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2250:sighatu l-majhūl
2247:
2246:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2109:was backed into
2108:
2096:
2088:
2081:could turn into
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2016:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1973:Romance speakers
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1677:would turn into
1676:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1621:was most likely
1620:
1619:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1433:
1426:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1235:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1147:
1138:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1043:
1034:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
945:
925:Berber loanwords
916:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
872:
871:
866:
860:
854:
767:
761:
744:
743:
738:
731:Berber languages
658:Classical Arabic
638:Andalusi Romance
632:in Algeria, and
451:, through which
407:
406:
394:
393:
360:
352:
320:Andalusi Romance
293:extinct language
266:
256:
254:
182:
166:
159:
134:
81:
42:
41:
30:
21:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5289:Andalusi Arabic
5279:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5238:
5224:
5171:Arabic keyboard
5159:
5054:
5046:
5031:Mater lectionis
5025:Triliteral root
4976:
4947:
4888:
4880:
4798:
4780:
4741:
4630:
4594:
4548:
4525:
4476:
4446:
4337:
4317:Judeo-Maghrebi
4185:
4179:
4175:Modern Standard
4158:
4103:
3840:
3784:Maltese Braille
3764:Arabic numerals
3725:
3682:
3676:
3638:
3625:10.2307/1580571
3614:
3608:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3575:
3573:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3551:
3549:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3521:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3495:Corriente (2013
3493:
3489:
3483:Corriente (2013
3481:
3477:
3471:Corriente (2013
3469:
3465:
3459:Corriente (2013
3457:
3453:
3447:Corriente (2013
3445:
3441:
3435:Corriente (2013
3433:
3429:
3423:Corriente (2013
3421:
3417:
3411:Corriente (2013
3409:
3405:
3399:Corriente (2013
3397:
3393:
3387:Corriente (2013
3385:
3381:
3375:Corriente (2013
3373:
3369:
3363:Corriente (2013
3361:
3354:
3348:Corriente (2013
3346:
3342:
3336:Corriente (2013
3334:
3330:
3324:Corriente (2013
3322:
3318:
3312:Corriente (2013
3310:
3306:
3300:Corriente (2013
3298:
3294:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3195:
3186:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3138:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3103:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3046:
3039:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3003:
2968:
2953:
2938:
2937:
2920:
2913:
2898:
2897:
2888:
2881:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2818:Maghrebi Arabic
2803:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2764:Fall of Granada
2748:Pedro de Alcalá
2723:
2718:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2693:
2681:
2663:
2659:
2658:لِس كِن تّراني
2647:Transliteration
2595:
2506:rajul-an 'ashīq
2492:accusative case
2476:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2441:
2425:
2408:
2368:
2236:
2231:
1911:or a voiceless
1901:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1821:
1817:
1772:
1768:
1732:
1728:
1701:
1697:
1645:
1641:
1612:
1608:
1572:
1568:
1540:
1536:
1168:
940:
931:Berber language
927:
846:
841:
829:Pedro de Alcalá
790:
774:
711:
691:
686:
640:("Mozarabic"),
582:
530:
473:Richard Bulliet
461:
440:. According to
422:
417:
379:Maghrebi Arabic
291:. It became an
241:Andalusi Arabic
226:Pedro de Alcalá
194:Without proper
178:
162:
155:
143:Maghrebi script
139:Arabic alphabet
135:
130:
124:
112:Andalusi Arabic
107:Maghrebi Arabic
97:Central Semitic
82:
79:Language family
77:
33:Andalusi Arabic
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5332:
5330:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5281:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5260:
5253:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5188:
5183:
5181:ISO/IEC 8859-6
5178:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5115:Naskh (script)
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4895:
4893:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4852:Judeo-Tunisian
4849:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4834:Judeo-Moroccan
4831:
4830:
4829:
4819:
4817:Judeo-Egyptian
4814:
4812:Judeo-Algerian
4808:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4794:Bedouin Arabic
4790:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4406:Moroccan koiné
4403:
4402:
4401:
4391:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4379:Tunisian koiné
4375:Eastern Hilal
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4359:Judeo-Algerian
4354:Algerian koiné
4350:Central Hilal
4347:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4331:Judeo-Tunisian
4328:
4323:
4321:Judeo-Moroccan
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4286:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4215:
4207:
4205:
4196:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4118:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3984:
3975:
3966:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3774:Arabic Braille
3771:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3636:
3612:
3606:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3558:
3534:
3519:
3499:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3367:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3251:
3234:
3209:
3197:Kees Versteegh
3184:
3171:(1): 241–259.
3151:
3136:
3116:
3101:
3081:
3069:
3037:
3023:. De Gruyter.
3006:
2966:
2951:
2918:
2911:
2886:
2879:
2859:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2794:
2778:
2775:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2664:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2478:
2477:
2428:
2426:
2419:
2407:
2404:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2283:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2177:("nest") into
1899:
1898:
1889:
1873:
1860:
1815:
1766:
1726:
1695:
1639:
1606:
1566:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1505:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1414:
1412:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1261:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1177:
1172:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1088:Denti-alveolar
1085:
1080:
1075:
1065:
1064:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
955:
954:
951:
948:
939:
936:
926:
923:
845:
842:
840:
837:
818:Appendix Probi
789:
786:
773:
770:
765:aquštiš matáʿī
727:code-switching
710:
707:
690:
687:
685:
682:
646:Judaeo-Spanish
581:
578:
546:Ottoman Empire
529:
526:
460:
457:
421:
418:
416:
413:
377:). Like other
212:
211:
198:, you may see
184:
183:
176:
168:
167:
160:
152:
151:
150:Language codes
147:
146:
136:
132:Writing system
129:
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
85:
83:
76:
73:
72:
69:
63:
62:
48:
47:Native to
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5331:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5269:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5140:Sini (script)
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:Ruqʿah script
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5075:Hijazi script
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4753:Central Asian
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4725:Taʽizzi-Adeni
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4309:
4306:
4304:Traras-Msirda
4303:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Arabic script
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3283:
3281:9789004256644
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3235:
3224:on 2009-02-14
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3085:
3082:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:Siculo-Arabic
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2474:
2471:
2463:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2429:This section
2427:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2240:passive voice
2234:Passive voice
2233:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2212:
2187:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1918:
1917:velar plosive
1914:
1910:
1906:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1607:
1597:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
984:
982:
979:
978:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
946:
937:
935:
932:
924:
922:
920:
915:
910:
909:broken plural
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
876:
865:
859:
853:
843:
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
819:
814:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
787:
785:
783:
779:
771:
769:
766:
760:
755:
750:
748:
742:اللسان الغربي
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
688:
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
514:
509:
501:
500:Hebrew script
497:
496:Judah ha-Levi
493:
488:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
458:
456:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
414:
412:
410:
401:
397:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:and replaced
358:
350:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
259:
250:
246:
242:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
191:
185:
181:
177:
175:
174:
169:
165:
161:
158:
153:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
127:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
84:
80:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
36:
31:
19:
5246:
5186:Windows-1256
5145:Taliq script
5085:Jeli Thuluth
5065:Ajami script
5029:
4933:Pidgin madam
4920:
4898:
4862:Judeo-Yemeni
4804:Judeo-Arabic
4786:Sociological
4773:
4735:Judeo-Yemeni
4558:Mesopotamian
4433:Libyan koiné
4217:
4211:
4210:
4203:Pre-Hilalian
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4125:Proto-Arabic
4123:
3758:Zabūr script
3711:Romanization
3641:Vox Romanica
3640:
3616:
3596:
3588:Bibliography
3574:. Retrieved
3570:
3561:
3550:. Retrieved
3546:
3537:
3509:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3285:, retrieved
3263:
3254:
3244:
3237:
3226:. Retrieved
3222:the original
3212:
3200:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3126:
3119:
3091:
3084:
3074:, retrieved
3052:
3043:
3019:
2941:
2901:
2869:
2862:
2856:(in Spanish)
2847:
2791:Spain portal
2768:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2740:
2736:muwashshahat
2734:
2724:
2710:
2705:
2691:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2666:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2588:
2578:
2563:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2522:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2483:
2481:
2466:
2457:
2442:Please help
2430:
2412:
2409:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2369:
2354:
2343:
2330:
2319:
2288:مبنى للمجهول
2279:مبنى للمعلوم
2249:
2245:صيغة المجهول
2237:
2188:
2167:
2098:
2005:
1970:
1935:
1933:
1923:, sometimes
1902:
1892:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1818:
1769:
1729:
1698:
1642:
1609:
1569:
1537:
928:
847:
839:Lexicography
833:Cairo Geniza
822:
816:
808:al-Shushtari
797:
791:
775:
751:
715:bilingualism
712:
692:
612:in Morocco,
592:in Tunisia,
583:
544:against the
531:
511:
505:
492:Judeo-Arabic
462:
446:
423:
411:'we play').
408:
399:
395:
386:
374:
373:in place of
370:
363:vowel length
336:
323:
316:bilingualism
313:
244:
240:
239:
221:
187:
171:
111:
87:Afro-Asiatic
53:(modern-day
5080:Jawi script
5052:Calligraphy
4981:Linguistics
4906:Gulf Pidgin
4822:Judeo-Iraqi
4763:Kashkadarya
4619:Judeo-Iraqi
4544:Palestinian
4455:Nile Valley
4117:Pre-Islamic
3829:Dagger alif
3401::27–28, 30)
2500:conjunctive
2384:'eye') and
2366:Noun gender
2213:, in which
1913:uvular stop
1441:Approximant
886:aniversario
695:superstrate
648:varieties,
516:poetry and
447:Unlike the
301:Granada War
289:Muslim rule
202:instead of
5283:Categories
4967:Literature
4640:Peninsular
4580:Khuzestani
4310:(Mountain)
4230:Australian
4139:Old Arabic
3789:Diacritics
3716:Numerology
3576:2023-04-02
3552:2023-04-02
3529:1259249610
3473::5–6, 7–9)
3287:2023-02-13
3228:2009-05-23
3199:, et al.:
3076:2023-02-17
3049:"Language"
2839:References
2678:kīn tarānī
2671:ki-ttarānī
2560:epenthesis
2548:tafaʻʻal-a
2406:Morphology
2351:يُتَرْجَم
2340:يِتَرْجَم
2133:, or even
2039:mesolectal
2011:diphthongs
1940:, causing
1909:velar stop
1108:Pharyngeal
1049:Diphthongs
892:nibšāriyāt
804:ibn Quzman
654:Portuguese
634:Alexandria
273:Al-Andalus
224:(1506) by
51:Al-Andalus
5257:varieties
5249:indicate
5164:Technical
5135:Shahmukhi
5090:Kairouani
4988:Phonology
4767:Khorasani
4757:Bakhtiari
4609:Anatolian
4539:Jordanian
4519:Damascene
4482:Levantine
4394:Hassaniya
4235:Cottenera
4170:Classical
4109:Varieties
3687:Overviews
3600:. BRILL.
3513:. Brill.
3146:804262422
3111:794678936
2961:819159086
2905:. Brill.
2828:Aljamiado
2583:(after a
2573:أتْفَعَّل
2555:تَفَعَّلَ
2460:June 2022
2431:does not
2285:Passive (
2211:Aljamiado
2001:loanwords
1584:dialect,
1299:voiceless
1294:Fricative
1175:voiceless
1170:affricate
938:Phonology
880:nibšāriuh
778:diglossia
772:Diglossia
680:Arabics.
630:Cherchell
522:aphorisms
383:imperfect
328:diglossia
324:Mozarabic
258:romanized
173:Glottolog
157:ISO 639-3
5268:Category
5120:Nastaliq
5110:Muhaqqaq
5100:Maghrebi
4960:Academic
4900:Bimbashi
4856:Tunisene
4827:Baghdadi
4775:Shirvani
4715:Hadhrami
4673:Bahraini
4624:Baghdadi
4575:Baghdadi
4514:Aleppine
4504:Lebanese
4499:Cilician
4472:Sudanese
4462:Egyptian
4343:Hilalian
4301:Western
4279:Eastern
4276:Village
4255:Żurrieqi
4219:Sicilian
4212:Andalusi
4194:Maghrebi
4163:Literary
3815:(tanwin)
3813:Nunation
3699:Alphabet
3694:Language
3681:language
3044:Cited in
2777:See also
2771:Valencia
2731:stanzaic
2585:protasis
2566:atfa``al
2496:nunation
2355:yutarjam
2344:yitarjam
2327:تُرْجِم
2316:تَرْجَم
2311:English
2302:English
2276:Active (
2175:/ʕuʃ(ʃ)/
2013:such as
1582:Granadan
1123:emphatic
858:UMBILICU
794:Arabists
782:idiolect
703:literary
699:prestige
689:Prestige
678:Algerian
670:Egyptian
666:Tunisian
662:Moroccan
566:Valencia
538:Mudéjars
534:Moriscos
518:proverbs
467:. While
430:Muhammad
375:Andalusī
371:Andalusí
332:idiolect
309:Maghrebi
285:Portugal
267:) was a
208:Help:IPA
180:anda1287
59:Portugal
5247:Italics
5155:Thuluth
5020:Grammar
4891:pidgins
4886:Creoles
4875:Sanʽani
4760:Bukhara
4720:Sanʽani
4683:Kuwaiti
4678:Emirati
4663:Dhofari
4648:Bahrani
4614:Cypriot
4602:(Qeltu)
4429:Sulaym
4416:Western
4411:Eastern
4289:Sfaxian
4285:(Sahel)
4240:Gozitan
4225:Maltese
3845:Letters
3819:Shaddah
3808:Harakat
3803:Tashkil
3731:Scripts
3704:History
3633:1580571
3425::23–24)
3413::10–11)
3377::34–36)
3365::30–31)
3350::28–29)
3338::12–14)
3207:, 2006.
2644:Example
2452:removed
2437:sources
1905:phoneme
1165:Plosive
1113:Glottal
1093:Palatal
919:Granada
914:lababah
754:contact
719:Romance
674:Hassani
642:Spanish
618:Tlemcen
614:Nedroma
610:Tangier
606:Tétouan
434:Amazigh
420:Origins
415:History
409:nalʿabū
343:Romance
303:by the
260::
204:Unicode
92:Semitic
67:Extinct
5070:Diwani
5057:Script
5015:(case)
5012:ʾIʿrāb
4998:Tajwid
4943:Bongor
4922:Maridi
4872:Habban
4746:Others
4730:Tihami
4710:Yemeni
4705:Shihhi
4690:Hejazi
4658:Bedawi
4653:Bareqi
4509:Syrian
4467:Saʽidi
4399:Nemadi
4385:Maqil
4283:Sahili
4250:Żejtun
4186:spoken
4184:Modern
3679:Arabic
3631:
3617:Oriens
3604:
3527:
3517:
3326::9–36)
3278:
3144:
3134:
3109:
3099:
3067:
3035:
2959:
2949:
2909:
2877:
2525:lays-a
2372:gender
2331:turjim
2320:tarjam
2266:fatḥah
2252:') of
2229:Syntax
2223:shadda
2184:/ʕuːʃ/
1942:/a(ː)/
1368:voiced
1241:voiced
1119:plain
1103:Uvular
1083:Dental
1078:Labial
950:Short
901:(from
883:(from
873:) for
870:سُرَّة
861:) and
855:(from
723:Hebrew
628:, and
580:Legacy
570:Aragon
550:agents
528:Demise
459:Spread
438:Arabic
405:نلعبوا
396:nalʿab
369:(e.g.
367:stress
249:Arabic
102:Arabic
5229:Other
5150:Tawqi
5105:Mashq
5095:Kufic
5003:Imāla
4972:Names
4938:Turku
4866:Adeni
4700:Omani
4695:Najdi
4600:North
4590:South
4585:Shawi
4567:Gilit
4531:South
4491:North
4389:Fessi
4308:Jebli
4294:Jijel
4269:Tunis
4264:Urban
4245:Qormi
3854:ʾAlif
3824:Hamza
3796:i‘jām
3629:JSTOR
3497::4–5)
3302::1–9)
2750:—the
2741:zajal
2727:prose
2711:Ojalá
2494:(see
2386:shams
2262:damma
2258:kasra
2219:/t͡ʃ/
2195:/t͡ʃ/
2163:]
2159:[
2155:]
2151:[
2139:]
2135:[
2131:]
2127:[
2123:]
2119:[
2115:]
2111:[
2099:imāla
2095:]
2091:[
2087:]
2083:[
2055:]
2051:[
2047:]
2043:[
1999:from
1966:]
1962:[
1958:]
1954:[
1950:]
1946:[
1937:imāla
1869:Allah
1840:]
1836:[
1832:]
1828:[
1811:]
1807:[
1803:]
1799:[
1795:]
1791:[
1787:]
1783:[
1779:]
1775:[
1762:]
1758:[
1746:]
1742:[
1723:]
1719:[
1715:]
1711:[
1691:]
1687:[
1683:]
1679:[
1675:]
1671:[
1667:]
1663:[
1659:]
1655:[
1651:]
1647:[
1635:]
1631:[
1627:]
1623:[
1602:/d͡ʒ/
1598:]
1594:[
1586:/t͡ʃ/
1578:]
1574:[
1562:]
1558:[
1554:imāla
1546:]
1542:[
1486:Trill
1130:Nasal
1098:Velar
981:Close
969:Front
959:Front
953:Long
875:navel
864:surra
852:imlíq
824:zajal
799:azjāl
717:with
626:Jijel
622:Blida
594:Rabat
513:zajal
465:Islam
453:Latin
365:with
318:with
281:Spain
55:Spain
5125:Rasm
4928:Nubi
4916:Juba
4889:and
4869:Beda
4841:Wqal
4838:Kjal
4668:Gulf
4016:Ġayn
4007:ʿAyn
3602:ISBN
3525:OCLC
3515:ISBN
3461::20)
3449::19)
3437::21)
3389::23)
3276:ISBN
3142:OCLC
3132:ISBN
3107:OCLC
3097:ISBN
3065:ISBN
3033:ISBN
2957:OCLC
2947:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2875:ISBN
2756:and
2729:and
2669:lis
2630:and
2581:mood
2532:The
2482:The
2435:any
2433:cite
2398:and
2376:ʿayn
2217:and
2203:and
2193:and
2097:via
2065:and
2049:and
2029:and
2019:/aj/
2017:and
2015:/aw/
1903:The
1850:and
1834:and
1590:/st/
1062:/iw/
1058:/aj/
1054:/aw/
1024:Open
974:Back
964:Back
904:lobo
898:lubb
895:and
676:and
660:and
608:and
598:Salé
590:Sfax
568:and
542:wars
520:and
424:The
392:نلعب
353:and
220:The
57:and
5213:864
5208:720
5204:711
5201:710
5198:709
5194:708
5037:IPA
4097:Yāʾ
4088:Wāw
4079:Hāʾ
4070:Nūn
4061:Mīm
4052:Lām
4043:Kāf
4034:Qāf
4025:Fāʾ
3998:Ẓāʾ
3989:Ṭāʾ
3980:Ḍād
3971:Ṣād
3962:Šīn
3953:Sīn
3944:Zāy
3935:Rāʾ
3926:Ḏāl
3917:Dāl
3908:Ḫāʾ
3899:Ḥāʾ
3890:Ǧīm
3881:Ṯāʾ
3872:Tāʾ
3863:Bāʾ
3621:doi
3485::2)
3314::7)
3268:doi
3173:doi
3057:doi
3025:doi
2610:kīn
2606:or
2602:kān
2591:law
2576:).
2562:to
2517:lis
2486:-an
2446:by
2400:sol
2396:ojo
2391:شمس
2381:عين
2215:/p/
2191:/p/
2180:عوش
2171:عشّ
2157:or
2149:as
2125:or
2089:or
1952:or
1929:/ɡ/
1925:/k/
1921:/q/
1717:or
1713:d͡ʒ
1661:or
1596:t͡ʃ
1576:t͡ʃ
1550:/p/
1265:d͡ʒ
1210:t͡ʃ
911:as
802:of
733:or
602:Fès
494:by
243:or
190:IPA
164:xaa
5285::
5055:·
3627:,
3569:.
3545:.
3523:.
3355:^
3274:,
3262:,
3203:,
3187:^
3169:15
3167:.
3163:.
3140:.
3105:.
3063:,
3051:,
3031:.
3009:^
2969:^
2955:.
2921:^
2889:^
2773:.
2766:.
2680:)
2634:t-
2626:y-
2618:-n
2538:n-
2529:.
2510:.
2402:.
2291:)
2282:)
2225:.
2206:جّ
2200:بّ
2186:.
2165:.
2033:eː
2025:oː
2003:.
1995:tʃ
1983:,
1838:ðˤ
1830:dˤ
1826:,
1560:pˤ
1515:ɾˤ
1509:rˤ
1421:~
1409:dˤ
1403:ðˤ
1384:)
1343:~
1326:sˤ
1282:)
1203:tˤ
1187:pˤ
1060:,
1056:,
1040:aː
1015:uː
1006:iː
835:.
821:,
806:,
697:,
672:,
668:,
664:,
656:,
652:,
644:,
624:,
620:,
616:,
604:,
600:,
596:,
524:.
400:-ū
387:n-
357:tʃ
255:,
251::
236:..
3671:e
3664:t
3657:v
3623::
3610:.
3579:.
3555:.
3531:.
3270::
3231:.
3181:.
3175::
3148:.
3113:.
3059::
3041:.
3027::
2963:.
2915:.
2883:.
2596:)
2570:(
2552:(
2473:)
2467:(
2462:)
2458:(
2454:.
2440:.
2388:(
2378:(
2248:'
2242:(
2161:u
2153:o
2147:/
2145:a
2143:/
2137:ɒ
2129:u
2121:o
2113:ɑ
2107:/
2105:a
2103:/
2093:i
2085:e
2079:/
2077:a
2075:/
2071:/
2069:u
2067:/
2063:/
2061:i
2059:/
2053:o
2045:e
2035:/
2031:/
2027:/
2023:/
1997:/
1993:/
1989:/
1987:ɡ
1985:/
1981:/
1979:p
1977:/
1964:ɪ
1956:e
1948:ɛ
1883:ر
1854:ظ
1846:ض
1809:w
1801:v
1793:f
1785:β
1777:b
1760:ɡ
1752:ج
1744:ɡ
1736:ق
1721:ʒ
1705:ج
1689:ʔ
1681:ʕ
1673:ʔ
1665:w
1657:j
1649:ʔ
1633:k
1625:q
1617:ق
1564:.
1544:p
1512:~
1502:ɾ
1499:~
1496:r
1472:w
1465:j
1458:ɫ
1451:l
1431:ʕ
1424:ʁ
1418:ɣ
1406:~
1396:z
1389:ð
1381:v
1378:~
1375:β
1372:(
1360:h
1353:ħ
1346:χ
1340:x
1333:ʃ
1319:s
1312:θ
1305:f
1279:ɡ
1276:(
1271:ʒ
1268:~
1256:d
1247:b
1233:ʔ
1224:q
1217:k
1196:t
1184:~
1181:p
1167:/
1145:n
1136:m
1042:/
1038:/
1033:/
1031:a
1029:/
1017:/
1013:/
1008:/
1004:/
999:/
997:u
995:/
990:/
988:i
986:/
867:(
739:(
502:.
402:(
389:(
359:/
355:/
351:/
349:p
347:/
247:(
210:.
145:)
141:(
61:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
