407:
sub-cylindrical posteriorly. The average length of these snakes is about 0.9 metres (3.0 ft), but they can grow to about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) regularly, although the longest specimen found measured 1.8 metres (5.9 ft). Adults come in three color patterns: a) Uniform glossy black above, with indistinct black monocle hood mark. Glossy dark-gray below. Head black, with pale white patches on shields. b) Light brown or creamish above, with indistinct black lines round the body and tail and indistinct black monocle hood mark, with brown centre. Pale brown below. Head light brown, spotted with black. c) Uniform grayish above, with distinct black narrow, irregular cross-bars on the body and tail and distinct black monocle hood mark, with gray centre. Grayish below. Head black, with pale white patches on shields.
92:
50:
223:
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31:
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487:
over 3–7 days. Such wounds may be extensive, can sometimes involve underlying tissues, and may be difficult to heal. There is a potential for both secondary infection and long term morbidity. Squamous cell carcinoma can develop in such long-term sores. In addition to these local effects, there may be
411:
have broad black cross-band on throat or underside of neck. Juveniles are glossy black above with a series of narrow, white, irregular cross-bars on body and tail, which show 'A' shape marks when seen from the side. There is a distinct white monocle mark, with black centre. Monocle mark becomes black
420:
Head broad, slightly distinct from neck. Eye medium, with round pupil; nostrils large; frontal small; no loreal; 1 preocular in contact with posterior nasal; 3 postoculars; temporals 2+1 or 2+2. Scales smooth, in 27-29 : 21-23 : 15-17 rows; supralabials 7 ( 3rd and 4th in contact with the
406:
The
Andaman cobra is medium to large sized snake in length, is a heavy bodied snake with long cervical ribs capable of expansion to form a hood when threatened, it may also spit its venom into the eyes, although not as accurately as the true spitting cobras. Body is compressed dorsoventrally and
475:, this isn't a “true spitting cobra”. It may, in rare instances, eject venom. If venom gets into the eye, it can cause intense pain and blindness if left untreated. Cobras that cause both extensive & local effects, with or without flaccid paralysis, such as
500:
vary between studies, but it appears necrosis will develop in about 10-40% of cases, while paralysis occurs in >50% of cases. Infection of the bite area is also common, as high as 58% of cases. Dry bites constitute roughly 20-40% of all bites.
488:
systemic symptoms, such as headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and less commonly, evidence of mild, sometimes moderate to severe flaccid paralysis. This may develop within a few hours or be delayed (greater than 12 hrs before onset).
265:. The name of this cobra comes from the Islands itself. The species has a very potent venom, and is capable of “spitting”, although this defensive behavior is very rare and the aim is poor and not as efficient as “true spitting cobras”.
1092:
496:, then if it progresses, dysarthria, dysphagia, poor tongue extrusion, drooling, limb weakness, lastly respiratory paralysis. Relative rates of necrosis versus paralysis for
421:
eye ), 7th longest, elongated; cuneates 1 on each side; infralabials 8, first 4 touching the first pair of genials; ventrals 172–184; subcaudals 60–64, paired; anal entire.
1009:
1143:
1048:
670:"The phylogeny, phylogeography, and diversification history of the westernmost Asian cobra (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja oxiana) in the Trans-Caspian region"
1128:
983:
1022:
846:"Venomics of the Enigmatic Andaman Cobra ( Naja sagittifera) and the Preclinical Failure of Indian Antivenoms in Andaman and Nicobar Islands"
1148:
412:
with the age, also a broad white band below monocle mark disappears with age. Black below. Head black, with some shields blueish-white.
828:
1153:
54:
803:
1027:
588:
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develops, there is often discolouration of the skin and/or blistering first. This may progress to full thickness skin
615:
642:
1138:
1053:
293:
212:
442:
91:
897:
727:"Taxonomic changes and toxinology: Systematic revisions of the asiatic cobras (Naja naja species complex)"
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196:
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330:
39:
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86:
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Kazemi, Elmira; Nazarizadeh, Masoud; Fatemizadeh, Faezeh; Khani, Ali; Kaboli, Mohammad (2021).
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demonstrates a single evolutionary lineage, suggesting historic rapid range expansion.
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Attarde, S; Khochare, S; Iyer, A; Dam, P; Martin, G; Sunagar, K (25 October 2021).
222:
1105:
449:) were evaluated in a murine model of envenoming. The results indicated that the
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protocols, venom potencies of this species and its congener from mainland India (
996:
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798:(1st ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Hollywood Import & Export. p. 148.
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479:, generally cause a painful bite, with progressive swelling and, if
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153:
76:
70:
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281:
251:
173:
895:
643:"Latin definition for: sagittifer, sagittifera, sagittiferum"
362:. Noticeably, despite population separation caused by the
343:
is Latin and means “arrow-bearing” or “carrying arrows”.
904:
775:. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team
358:) have been demonstrated to be sister clades to
543:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T202848A2757313.en
429:This species is endemic to Andaman and Little
328:
8:
892:
796:TERRALOG: Venomous Snakes of Asia, Vol. 14
649:. Latin Dictionary & Grammar Resources
221:
48:
29:
20:
871:
861:
701:
541:
518:Mohapatra, P.; Achyuthan, N.S. (2021).
510:
492:is usually the first sign, followed by
394:An Andaman cobra in a defensive posture
610:
608:
7:
1144:Endemic fauna of the Andaman Islands
529:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
230:Distribution of the Andaman cobra
14:
823:(Reprint ed.). Draco Books.
1129:IUCN Red List endangered species
821:Snakes of India, The Field Guide
819:Whitaker, R; Captain, A (2008).
90:
725:Wüster, Wolfgang (1996-04-01).
460:venom was 0.475 mg/kg via
773:"Andaman & Nicobar Snakes"
1:
620:Clinical Toxinology Resources
743:10.1016/0041-0101(95)00139-5
292:. It was first described by
322:
1170:
1149:Reptiles described in 1913
863:10.3389/fphar.2021.768210
850:Frontiers in Pharmacology
329:
315:is a Latinization of the
229:
220:
202:
195:
87:Scientific classification
85:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1154:Taxa named by Frank Wall
622:. University of Adelaide
374:is a non-spitter unlike
335:), meaning "cobra”. The
276:is classified under the
403:
395:
242:Andaman spitting cobra
674:Ecology and Evolution
536:: e.T202848A2757313.
462:intravenous injection
402:With its hood lowered
401:
393:
593:The Reptile Database
565:"Appendices | CITES"
346:The Caspian cobra (
188:N. sagittifera
40:Conservation status
616:"Naja sagittifera"
589:"Naja sagittifera"
404:
396:
250:) is a species of
1139:Reptiles of India
1116:
1115:
1075:Open Tree of Life
898:Taxon identifiers
794:Vogel, G (2006).
686:10.1002/ece3.7144
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950:Naja_sagittifera
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936:Naja sagittifera
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906:Naja sagittifera
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680:(5): 2024–2039.
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522:Naja sagittifera
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360:Naja sagittifera
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274:Naja sagittifera
247:Naja sagittifera
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206:Naja sagittifera
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16:Species of snake
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494:ophthalmoplegia
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443:WHO-recommended
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431:Andaman Islands
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259:Andaman Islands
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89:
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42:
17:
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5:
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830:978-8190187305
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737:(4): 399–406.
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580:
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458:N. sagittifera
452:
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380:N. sagittifera
352:Monocled cobra
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24:Andaman cobra
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641:Mahoney, KD.
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498:Naja kaouthia
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477:Naja kaouthia
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356:Naja kaouthia
353:
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307:in 1913. The
306:
305:herpetologist
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238:Andaman cobra
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197:Binomial name
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777:. Retrieved
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624:. Retrieved
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425:Distribution
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18:
1093:sagittifera
997:iNaturalist
930:Wikispecies
469:N. kaouthia
386:Description
376:N. kaouthia
366:mountains,
348:Naja oxiana
341:sagittifera
73:Appendix II
1123:Categories
856:: 768210.
805:3936027935
598:2021-05-17
574:2022-01-14
505:References
364:Hindu Kush
294:Frank Wall
150:Suborder:
55:Endangered
751:0041-0101
694:2045-7758
653:25 August
569:cites.org
447:Naja naja
416:Scalation
409:Juveniles
372:N. oxiana
368:N. oxiana
301:physician
182:Species:
154:Serpentes
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
1101:Species+
1015:10359983
921:Q2712316
915:Wikidata
882:34759827
712:33717439
647:La°tdict
485:necrosis
481:necrosis
339:epithet
337:specific
317:Sanskrit
290:Elapidae
269:Taxonomy
164:Elapidae
160:Family:
144:Squamata
134:Reptilia
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
989:2470365
976:1055804
873:8573199
759:8735239
731:Toxicon
703:7920780
549:6 March
473:N. atra
309:generic
298:British
285:of the
257:to the
255:endemic
170:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
58: (
1080:848712
1067:101603
1054:195058
1041:202848
1028:700638
880:
870:
827:
802:
779:2 June
757:
749:
710:
700:
692:
626:2 June
490:Ptosis
441:Using
350:) and
287:family
215:, 1913
1106:11007
1010:IRMNG
1002:30483
963:45KXZ
467:Like
437:Venom
319:word
311:name
278:genus
263:India
252:cobra
77:CITES
71:CITES
1134:Naja
1049:NCBI
1036:IUCN
1023:ITIS
984:GBIF
878:PMID
825:ISBN
800:ISBN
781:2021
755:PMID
747:ISSN
708:PMID
690:ISSN
655:2022
628:2021
551:2022
534:2021
471:and
378:and
323:nāgá
313:Naja
303:and
296:, a
282:Naja
236:The
213:Wall
175:Naja
971:EoL
958:CoL
945:ADW
868:PMC
858:doi
739:doi
698:PMC
682:doi
538:doi
456:of
331:नाग
261:of
240:or
1125::
1103::
1090::
1088:RD
1077::
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1038::
1025::
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999::
986::
973::
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917::
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854:12
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745:.
735:34
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678:11
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607:^
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451:LD
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
