313:
developments bring new issues to center stage and may affect voters' assessments of national problems. Such developments will certainly affect the strategies of candidates who have already entered the race; they may also create opportunities for new candidates. See A. Bickel, Reform and
Continuity 87-89 (1971). Yet Ohio's filing deadline prevents persons who wish to be independent candidates from entering the significant political arena established in the State by a Presidential election campaign - and creating new political coalitions of Ohio voters - at any time after mid-to-late March. 11 At this point developments in campaigns for the major-party nominations have only begun, and the major parties will not adopt their nominees and platforms for another five months. Candidates and supporters within the major parties thus have the political advantage of continued flexibility; for independents, the inflexibility imposed by the March filing deadline is a correlative disadvantage because of the competitive nature of the electoral process. --
347:
his supporters would have been injured by Ohio's ballot access requirements; by failing to comply with the filing deadline for nonparty candidates
Anderson would have been excluded from Ohio's 1980 general election ballot. But the Constitution does not require that a State allow any particular Presidential candidate to be on its ballot, and so long as the Ohio ballot access laws are rational and allow nonparty candidates reasonable access to the general election ballot, this Court should not interfere with Ohio's exercise of its Art. II, 1, cl. 2, power. --
31:
334:
party; the filing must occur no later than the 75th day before the first
Tuesday after the first Monday in June of the election year... If a candidate chooses to run as a nonparty candidate, he must file, by the same date as a party candidate participating in the primary, a statement of candidacy and a nominating petition bearing the signatures of 5,000 qualified voters. --
415:
346:
Today the Court holds that the filing deadline for nonparty candidates in this statutory scheme violated the First
Amendment rights of 1980 Presidential hopeful John Anderson and Anderson's supporters. Certainly, absent a court injunction ordering that his name be placed on the ballot, Anderson and
312:
An early filing deadline may have a substantial impact on independent-minded voters. In election campaigns, particularly those which are national in scope, the candidates and the issues simply do not remain static over time. Various candidates rise and fall in popularity; domestic and international
333:
Should a candidate decide to seek the nomination of a political party participating in Ohio's primary election by capturing delegate votes for the party's national convention, the candidate must file a declaration of candidacy and a nominating petition bearing signatures from 1,000 members of the
2844:
2088:
421:
2056:
1912:
341:
The dissent additionally stated that states had discretion in allowing or refusing to allow national candidates on their ballots. In light of a sensible system of petitioning, the
Supreme Court should not interfere:
974:
1180:
3305:
1234:
772:
2868:
1665:
1078:
3310:
1760:
582:
280:
216:
3335:
1824:
966:
487:
402:
368:
72:
2655:
1720:
1046:
2543:
2203:
2072:
926:
275:
by placing too high of a burden to petition the government. Second, the deadline was earlier than that required by candidates in the major parties, thereby violating the
3325:
1840:
1517:
272:
212:
3315:
2719:
2008:
1928:
1800:
1094:
881:
1325:
2876:
2227:
1984:
1832:
1625:
2679:
2591:
1218:
3300:
3046:
1477:
3330:
3168:
2978:
2703:
2235:
1250:
573:
3144:
249:
3320:
2516:
1381:
982:
849:
264:. At that time, the primary election was held on the Tuesday following the first Monday in June. In 1980, the deadline would have been March 20.
1888:
1062:
873:
1242:
361:
2080:
2064:
1968:
2393:
110:
Ohio's early filing deadline places an unconstitutional burden on the voting and associational rights of petitioner
Anderson's supporters.
3001:
1976:
1086:
439:
McCleskey, Clifton (1984). "Parties at the Bar: Equal
Protection of Freedom of Association and the Rights of Political Organizations".
2987:
2792:
2508:
2433:
1697:
230:
35:
2852:
792:
998:
2671:
1541:
1944:
1421:
1266:
780:
1936:
2647:
2251:
1109:
284:
308:
overturned the appellate court's ruling and reinstated that of the district court. Among other points, the majority stated:
2971:
893:
632:
566:
2735:
2551:
3340:
3160:
2211:
1649:
1501:
1453:
1194:
809:
268:
329:
of the court pointed to Ohio's deadline for partisan candidates, which was the same as that of independent candidates:
3265:
2535:
1705:
1006:
857:
305:
288:
2385:
3022:
1920:
1657:
2048:
3233:
3091:
2860:
2267:
2259:
1872:
1293:
1226:
257:
3249:
2964:
2892:
2836:
2000:
1557:
1525:
950:
934:
559:
1156:
260:
rejected the petition because it had not been filed by the state's deadline of seventy-five days prior to the
3152:
3104:
2900:
2767:
2465:
2321:
1582:
1509:
902:
817:
276:
253:
1641:
534:
3120:
3062:
2131:
1880:
234:
177:
133:
2711:
2361:
1848:
1022:
3273:
3070:
2820:
2663:
2631:
2219:
1768:
1014:
716:
608:
491:
406:
64:
2687:
2599:
2457:
2449:
2345:
2243:
2828:
1992:
498:
3014:
2956:
2812:
2559:
2425:
2409:
2302:
2107:
2040:
2024:
1816:
1549:
1485:
1365:
1202:
1030:
990:
942:
348:
335:
261:
2727:
2337:
2139:
2743:
2695:
2639:
2575:
2567:
2500:
2417:
2377:
2353:
2016:
1960:
1904:
1896:
1533:
1413:
1397:
1274:
1054:
1038:
732:
616:
516:
157:
3257:
3128:
2804:
2623:
2615:
2441:
2401:
2286:
2155:
2147:
2115:
2032:
1856:
1808:
1784:
1752:
1673:
1617:
1609:
1461:
1357:
1172:
841:
756:
685:
596:
464:
456:
326:
2369:
525:
3202:
3136:
2939:
2931:
2884:
2607:
2481:
2195:
1952:
1792:
1776:
1727:
1713:
1689:
1445:
1429:
1389:
1317:
1258:
958:
865:
801:
748:
640:
551:
314:
169:
165:
145:
2187:
2163:
1744:
1493:
1469:
1333:
740:
708:
656:
507:
448:
271:
ruled that the statute was unconstitutional on two grounds. First, the statute violated the
245:
125:
3241:
3189:
3112:
1601:
1341:
1210:
764:
724:
648:
2751:
2583:
2329:
2294:
2171:
1681:
1437:
1349:
1118:
624:
409:
153:
3294:
2473:
1864:
1736:
1405:
1373:
1301:
1164:
1070:
918:
833:
468:
3054:
3030:
2759:
2123:
1309:
664:
67:
54:
John B. Anderson, et al. v. Anthony J. Celebrezze, Jr., Secretary of State of Ohio
2009:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of
America v. Jacksonville
1633:
910:
825:
697:
141:
2179:
83:
2845:
Florida
Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
252:. On May 16, 1980, Anderson's supporters filed a nominating petition to the
79:
543:
2089:
Students for Fair
Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
460:
2057:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
1913:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
100:
Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
452:
975:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
3221:
3187:
3089:
2999:
2960:
2919:
2790:
1580:
1181:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
683:
594:
555:
30:
1235:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
233:
case in which the Court held that Ohio's filing deadline for
2869:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
773:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
1666:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
422:
public domain material from this U.S government document
1079:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
1761:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
281:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
194:
Stevens, joined by Burger, Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun
3306:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
1825:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
967:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
369:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 460
2656:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
1721:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
1047:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
2544:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
2527:
2492:
2313:
2278:
2099:
1593:
1285:
1105:
892:
791:
696:
206:
198:
190:
185:
114:
104:
96:
91:
59:
49:
42:
23:
2204:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
2073:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
927:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
1841:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
1518:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
273:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
2720:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
1929:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
1801:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
1326:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
3311:United States freedom of association case law
2972:
2877:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
2228:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
1985:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
1833:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
1626:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
567:
8:
3336:United States presidential elections in Ohio
1095:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
999:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
882:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
202:Rehnquist, joined by White, Powell, O'Connor
2680:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
2592:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
1219:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
3218:
3184:
3086:
3047:Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board
2996:
2979:
2965:
2957:
2916:
2787:
1945:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
1590:
1577:
1478:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
693:
680:
591:
574:
560:
552:
283:. That decision was later reversed by the
20:
3169:Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee
2704:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
2236:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
1251:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
384:
3326:1980 United States presidential election
3145:Crawford v. Marion County Election Board
1937:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
3316:United States equal protection case law
2648:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
2517:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
1382:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
983:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
850:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
380:
1889:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
1243:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
362:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission
287:, which was itself overturned by the
18:1983 United States Supreme Court case
7:
1969:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
1110:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
2736:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
2552:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
1977:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
1087:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
1063:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
874:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
2509:Arlington County Board v. Richards
2434:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
2212:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
1698:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
583:United States Fourteenth Amendment
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3301:United States Supreme Court cases
2853:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
2394:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
494:780 (1983) is available from:
248:was a declared candidate for the
3331:United States elections case law
3266:Munro v. Socialist Workers Party
2672:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
2081:Fisher v. University of Texas II
1542:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
413:
29:
2386:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
2065:Fisher v. University of Texas I
1422:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
1267:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
781:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
3321:1983 in United States case law
2252:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
285:United States Court of Appeals
1:
1921:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
1126:McNeese v. Board of Education
633:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
229:, 460 U.S. 780 (1983), was a
3161:Husted v. Randolph Institute
1650:Hirabayashi v. United States
1502:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
1454:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
1195:Owen v. City of Independence
810:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
2988:United States Supreme Court
2536:United States v. Cruikshank
1706:Brown v. Board of Education
1007:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
858:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
306:United States Supreme Court
289:United States Supreme Court
231:United States Supreme Court
3357:
3023:Burroughs v. United States
1658:Korematsu v. United States
544:Oyez (oral argument audio)
420:This article incorporates
250:1980 presidential election
3234:Newberry v. United States
3228:
3217:
3197:
3183:
3099:
3085:
3009:
2995:
2926:
2915:
2861:United States v. Morrison
2799:
2786:
2268:United States v. Skrmetti
2260:United States v. Virginia
1873:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
1589:
1576:
1294:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
1227:Gonzaga University v. Doe
692:
679:
603:
590:
258:Anthony J. Celebrezze Jr.
211:
119:
109:
28:
3250:United States v. Classic
2893:United States v. Georgia
2837:City of Boerne v. Flores
2001:United States v. Fordice
1558:Williams v. Pennsylvania
1526:Washington v. Glucksberg
3153:Shelby County v. Holder
3105:Williams v. Mississippi
2901:Shelby County v. Holder
2466:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
2322:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
1583:Equal Protection Clause
1510:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
903:United States v. Vuitch
818:Griswold v. Connecticut
277:Equal Protection Clause
254:Ohio Secretary of State
43:Argued December 6, 1982
3121:Guinn v. United States
3063:Chiafalo v. Washington
3039:Anderson v. Celebrezze
2990:election-related cases
2768:Armour v. Indianapolis
2132:Moritz v. Commissioner
1188:Procunier v. Navarette
1106:Civil rights liability
894:Abortion jurisprudence
484:Anderson v. Celebrezze
399:Anderson v. Celebrezze
352:
339:
318:
269:federal district court
237:was unconstitutional.
235:independent candidates
226:Anderson v. Celebrezze
134:William J. Brennan Jr.
45:Decided April 19, 1983
24:Anderson v. Celebrezze
3274:Rucho v. Common Cause
3071:Texas v. Pennsylvania
3002:Presidential election
2821:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
2664:Richardson v. Ramirez
2632:Boddie v. Connecticut
2220:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
2049:Johnson v. California
1769:McLaughlin v. Florida
1157:O'Connor v. Donaldson
717:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
609:Slaughter-House Cases
344:
331:
310:
256:'s office. Secretary
213:U.S. Const. amends. I
86:145; 51 U.S.L.W. 4375
3015:McPherson v. Blacker
2813:Katzenbach v. Morgan
2560:Breedlove v. Suttles
2410:Graham v. Richardson
2303:Obergefell v. Hodges
2108:Breedlove v. Suttles
2041:Grutter v. Bollinger
1881:Jefferson v. Hackney
1550:Obergefell v. Hodges
1486:Edwards v. Aguillard
1366:Epperson v. Arkansas
1203:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
1138:Jenkins v. McKeithen
1031:Mazurek v. Armstrong
991:Hodgson v. Minnesota
951:Bellotti v. Baird II
943:Colautti v. Franklin
698:Economic substantive
349:William H. Rehnquist
336:William H. Rehnquist
295:Opinion of the Court
262:presidential primary
78:103 S. Ct. 1564; 75
3341:1980 Ohio elections
3137:Purcell v. Gonzalez
2744:Gregory v. Ashcroft
2712:Mills v. Habluetzel
2696:Zablocki v. Redhail
2640:Eisenstadt v. Baird
2576:Oyama v. California
2568:Skinner v. Oklahoma
2501:Shapiro v. Thompson
2418:Sugarman v. Dougall
2362:Porterfield v. Webb
2354:Terrace v. Thompson
2017:Missouri v. Jenkins
1961:Hunter v. Underwood
1905:Milliken v. Bradley
1897:Norwood v. Harrison
1849:McDaniel v. Barresi
1534:Troxel v. Granville
1414:Mathews v. Eldridge
1398:Taylor v. Louisiana
1275:Connick v. Thompson
1055:Gonzales v. Carhart
1039:Stenberg v. Carhart
1023:Lambert v. Wicklund
935:Bellotti v. Baird I
733:Lochner v. New York
617:Minor v. Happersett
535:Library of Congress
441:Journal of Politics
178:Sandra Day O'Connor
158:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
3258:Williams v. Rhodes
3129:Oregon v. Mitchell
2805:Civil Rights Cases
2793:Enforcement Clause
2624:Oregon v. Mitchell
2616:Williams v. Rhodes
2442:Nyquist v. Mauclet
2402:Hernandez v. Texas
2287:Bowers v. Hardwick
2279:Sexual orientation
2156:Stanton v. Stanton
2148:Geduldig v. Aiello
2116:Goesaert v. Cleary
2033:Gratz v. Bollinger
1857:Palmer v. Thompson
1809:Hunter v. Erickson
1785:Loving v. Virginia
1753:Anderson v. Martin
1674:Shelley v. Kraemer
1618:Plessy v. Ferguson
1610:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
1462:Kolender v. Lawson
1358:Loving v. Virginia
1173:Imbler v. Pachtman
1150:Wood v. Strickland
1015:Leavitt v. Jane L.
842:Bowers v. Hardwick
757:Buchanan v. Warley
686:Due Process Clause
597:Citizenship Clause
327:dissenting opinion
321:Dissenting opinion
130:Associate Justices
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3213:
3212:
3203:Taylor v. Beckham
3179:
3178:
3081:
3080:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2940:Trump v. Anderson
2932:Gold Clause Cases
2911:
2910:
2885:Tennessee v. Lane
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2688:Trimble v. Gordon
2608:Levy v. Louisiana
2600:Rinaldi v. Yeager
2482:Bernal v. Fainter
2458:Ambach v. Norwick
2450:Foley v. Connelie
2346:Crane v. New York
2244:Lehr v. Robertson
2196:Caban v. Mohammed
1953:Palmore v. Sidoti
1793:Lee v. Washington
1777:Reitman v. Mulkey
1728:Gebhart v. Belton
1714:Briggs v. Elliott
1690:Sweatt v. Painter
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1446:Parratt v. Taylor
1430:Duren v. Missouri
1390:Arnett v. Kennedy
1318:Powell v. Alabama
1259:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
1144:Scheuer v. Rhodes
959:H. L. v. Matheson
866:Lawrence v. Texas
802:Meyer v. Nebraska
749:Coppage v. Kansas
675:
674:
641:Perez v. Brownell
315:John Paul Stevens
222:
221:
166:William Rehnquist
146:Thurgood Marshall
3348:
3219:
3185:
3087:
2997:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2958:
2917:
2829:Dellmuth v. Muth
2788:
2188:Parham v. Hughes
2164:Edwards v. Healy
1993:Freeman v. Pitts
1748:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
1745:Browder v. Gayle
1591:
1578:
1494:Turner v. Safley
1470:Hudson v. Palmer
1334:NAACP v. Alabama
793:Right to privacy
741:Muller v. Oregon
709:Mugler v. Kansas
694:
681:
657:Rogers v. Bellei
592:
576:
569:
562:
553:
548:
542:
539:
533:
530:
524:
521:
515:
512:
506:
503:
497:
472:
426:
417:
416:
396:
300:Majority opinion
246:John B. Anderson
126:Warren E. Burger
115:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3280:
3242:Nixon v. Condon
3224:
3209:
3193:
3190:Electoral fraud
3175:
3113:Giles v. Harris
3095:
3077:
3005:
2991:
2985:
2955:
2946:
2922:
2907:
2795:
2774:
2523:
2488:
2426:In re Griffiths
2370:Webb v. O'Brien
2309:
2274:
2095:
2025:Texas v. Lesage
1817:Hadnott v. Amos
1602:Pace v. Alabama
1585:
1564:
1342:Hoyt v. Florida
1281:
1211:Felder v. Casey
1107:
1101:
888:
787:
765:Adams v. Tanner
725:Holden v. Hardy
699:
688:
671:
649:Afroyim v. Rusk
599:
586:
580:
546:
540:
537:
531:
528:
522:
519:
513:
510:
504:
501:
495:
479:
453:10.2307/2130966
438:
435:
433:Further reading
430:
429:
414:
397:
382:
377:
357:
323:
302:
297:
243:
170:John P. Stevens
168:
156:
144:
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3354:
3352:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3010:
3007:
3006:
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2752:Vacco v. Quill
2748:
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2728:Clark v. Jeter
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2584:Oyler v. Boles
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2338:Heim v. McCall
2334:
2330:Truax v. Raich
2326:
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2299:
2295:Romer v. Evans
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2256:
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2240:
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2208:
2200:
2192:
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2172:Craig v. Boren
2168:
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2144:
2140:Kahn v. Shevin
2136:
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1642:Smith v. Texas
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1434:
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1350:Oyler v. Boles
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1129:
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1103:
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690:
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625:Elk v. Wilkins
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477:External links
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447:(2): 346–368.
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2474:Plyler v. Doe
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2378:Frick v. Webb
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1865:Coit v. Green
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1737:Lucy v. Adams
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1406:Goss v. Lopez
1403:
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1387:
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1376:
1375:
1374:In re Winship
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1302:Zucht v. King
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1165:Paul v. Davis
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1071:Azar v. Garza
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919:Doe v. Bolton
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834:Doe v. Bolton
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3069:
3061:
3055:Bush v. Gore
3053:
3045:
3038:
3037:
3031:Ray v. Blair
3029:
3021:
3013:
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2766:
2760:Bush v. Gore
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2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2124:Reed v. Reed
2122:
2114:
2106:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1310:Buck v. Bell
1308:
1300:
1292:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
973:
965:
957:
949:
941:
933:
925:
917:
909:
901:
880:
872:
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
808:
800:
779:
771:
763:
755:
747:
739:
731:
723:
715:
707:
665:Saenz v. Roe
663:
655:
647:
639:
631:
623:
615:
607:
483:
444:
440:
419:
398:
360:
345:
340:
332:
324:
311:
303:
266:
244:
225:
224:
223:
207:Laws applied
173:
161:
149:
137:
92:Case history
71:
53:
15:
3223:Other cases
1685:(Cal. 1948)
1634:Lum v. Rice
911:Roe v. Wade
826:Roe v. Wade
700:due process
142:Byron White
3295:Categories
2180:Orr v. Orr
375:References
241:Background
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:547; 1983
2493:Residency
469:154903753
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
2314:Alienage
585:case law
482:Text of
355:See also
191:Majority
1709:(1954)
508:Findlaw
461:2130966
279:of the
199:Dissent
105:Holding
3277:(2019)
3269:(1986)
3261:(1968)
3253:(1941)
3245:(1932)
3237:(1921)
3206:(1900)
3172:(2021)
3164:(2018)
3156:(2013)
3148:(2008)
3140:(2006)
3132:(1970)
3124:(1915)
3116:(1903)
3108:(1898)
3074:(2020)
3066:(2020)
3058:(2000)
3050:(2000)
3042:(1983)
3034:(1952)
3026:(1934)
3018:(1892)
2943:(2024)
2935:(1935)
2904:(2013)
2896:(2006)
2888:(2004)
2880:(2003)
2872:(2001)
2864:(2000)
2856:(2000)
2848:(1999)
2840:(1997)
2832:(1989)
2824:(1976)
2816:(1966)
2808:(1883)
2771:(2012)
2763:(2000)
2755:(1997)
2747:(1991)
2739:(1988)
2731:(1988)
2723:(1985)
2715:(1982)
2707:(1979)
2699:(1978)
2691:(1977)
2683:(1976)
2675:(1974)
2667:(1974)
2659:(1973)
2651:(1973)
2643:(1972)
2635:(1971)
2627:(1970)
2619:(1968)
2611:(1968)
2603:(1966)
2595:(1966)
2587:(1962)
2579:(1948)
2571:(1942)
2563:(1937)
2555:(1928)
2547:(1886)
2539:(1876)
2520:(1985)
2512:(1977)
2504:(1969)
2485:(1984)
2477:(1982)
2469:(1982)
2461:(1979)
2453:(1978)
2445:(1977)
2437:(1976)
2429:(1973)
2421:(1973)
2413:(1971)
2405:(1954)
2397:(1948)
2389:(1927)
2381:(1923)
2373:(1923)
2365:(1923)
2357:(1923)
2349:(1915)
2341:(1915)
2333:(1915)
2325:(1914)
2306:(2015)
2298:(1996)
2290:(1986)
2271:(2024)
2263:(1996)
2255:(1994)
2247:(1983)
2239:(1982)
2231:(1981)
2223:(1981)
2215:(1980)
2207:(1979)
2199:(1979)
2191:(1979)
2183:(1979)
2175:(1976)
2167:(1975)
2159:(1975)
2151:(1974)
2143:(1974)
2135:(1972)
2127:(1971)
2119:(1948)
2111:(1937)
2092:(2023)
2084:(2016)
2076:(2014)
2068:(2013)
2060:(2007)
2052:(2005)
2044:(2003)
2036:(2003)
2028:(1999)
2020:(1995)
2012:(1993)
2004:(1992)
1996:(1992)
1988:(1991)
1980:(1989)
1972:(1986)
1964:(1985)
1956:(1984)
1948:(1982)
1940:(1982)
1932:(1978)
1924:(1977)
1916:(1977)
1908:(1974)
1900:(1973)
1892:(1973)
1884:(1972)
1876:(1971)
1868:(1971)
1860:(1971)
1852:(1971)
1844:(1971)
1836:(1969)
1828:(1969)
1820:(1969)
1812:(1969)
1804:(1968)
1796:(1968)
1788:(1967)
1780:(1967)
1772:(1964)
1764:(1964)
1756:(1964)
1740:(1955)
1701:(1950)
1693:(1950)
1677:(1948)
1669:(1948)
1661:(1944)
1653:(1943)
1645:(1940)
1637:(1927)
1629:(1899)
1621:(1896)
1613:(1886)
1605:(1883)
1561:(2016)
1553:(2015)
1545:(2009)
1537:(2000)
1529:(1997)
1521:(1990)
1513:(1989)
1505:(1989)
1497:(1987)
1489:(1987)
1481:(1985)
1473:(1984)
1465:(1983)
1457:(1982)
1449:(1981)
1441:(1979)
1433:(1979)
1425:(1977)
1417:(1976)
1409:(1975)
1401:(1975)
1393:(1974)
1385:(1974)
1377:(1971)
1369:(1968)
1361:(1967)
1353:(1962)
1345:(1961)
1337:(1958)
1329:(1950)
1321:(1932)
1313:(1927)
1305:(1922)
1297:(1905)
1278:(2011)
1270:(2010)
1262:(2009)
1254:(2009)
1246:(2005)
1238:(2003)
1230:(2002)
1222:(1989)
1214:(1988)
1206:(1982)
1198:(1980)
1190:(1978)
1184:(1978)
1176:(1976)
1168:(1976)
1160:(1975)
1152:(1975)
1146:(1974)
1140:(1969)
1134:(1967)
1128:(1963)
1122:(1961)
1108:under
1098:(2022)
1090:(2020)
1082:(2019)
1074:(2018)
1066:(2016)
1058:(2007)
1050:(2006)
1042:(2000)
1034:(1997)
1026:(1997)
1018:(1996)
1010:(1992)
1002:(1990)
994:(1990)
986:(1989)
978:(1986)
970:(1983)
962:(1981)
954:(1979)
946:(1979)
938:(1976)
930:(1976)
922:(1973)
914:(1973)
906:(1971)
885:(2022)
877:(2016)
869:(2003)
861:(1992)
853:(1989)
845:(1986)
837:(1973)
829:(1973)
821:(1965)
813:(1925)
805:(1923)
784:(1937)
776:(1931)
768:(1917)
760:(1917)
752:(1915)
744:(1908)
736:(1905)
728:(1898)
720:(1897)
712:(1887)
668:(1999)
660:(1971)
652:(1967)
644:(1958)
636:(1898)
628:(1884)
620:(1875)
612:(1873)
547:
541:
538:
532:
529:
526:Justia
523:
520:
514:
511:
505:
502:
496:
467:
459:
418:
401:,
365:(1995)
176:
174:·
172:
164:
162:·
160:
152:
150:·
148:
140:
138:·
136:
3192:cases
3094:cases
3004:cases
2921:Other
2528:Other
1286:Other
490:
465:S2CID
457:JSTOR
405:
97:Prior
1594:Race
492:U.S.
407:U.S.
325:The
304:The
267:The
73:more
65:U.S.
63:460
2100:Sex
488:460
449:doi
410:780
403:460
217:XIV
68:780
3297::
486:,
463:.
455:.
445:46
443:.
383:^
291:.
215:,
2980:e
2973:t
2966:v
575:e
568:t
561:v
471:.
451::
424:.
76:)
70:(
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