322:
611:, positively charged ions such as sodium and calcium enter the cell through ion channels, depolarising or reversing this polarity. After a contraction has taken place, the cell restores its polarity (or repolarises) by allowing positively charged ions such as potassium to leave the cell, restoring the membrane to its relaxed, polarised state. The genetic mutation found in those with Andersen–Tawil decreases the flow of potassium, slowing the rate of repolarisation which can be seen in individual cardiac muscle cells as a longer action potential and on the surface ECG as a prolonged QT interval.
677:. Clinical diagnostic criteria have been proposed which suggest that a diagnosis can be made if two of the following four criteria are met: (1) periodic paralysis; (2) ventricular arrhythmias (frequent ventricular ectopic beats or ventricular tachycardia), a prolonged QT interval when corrected for rate, and/or a prominent U wave; (3) at least two of the following dysmorphic features: low-set ears, wide-set eyes, a small mandible, fifth-digit clinodactyly, and syndactyly; and (4) a family member with confirmed Andersen–Tawil syndrome.
615:
53:
796:
1269:"2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC)"
360:
662:
627:. Early afterdepolarisations, occurring before the cell has fully repolarised, arise due to reactivation of calcium and sodium channels that would normally be inactivated until the next heartbeat is due. Under the right conditions, reactivation of these currents can cause further depolarisation of the cell, facilitated by the
631:. Early afterdepolarisations may occur as single events, but may occur repeatedly leading to multiple rapid activations of the cell. Delayed afterdepolarisations, occurring after repolarisation has completed, arise from the spontaneous release of calcium from the intracellular calcium store known as the
786:
should also be avoided as these can worsen the tendency to periodic paralysis and arrhythmias. Conversely, potassium-containing supplements to increase blood potassium levels may be helpful. Very strenuous or competitive sport should be discouraged as these may increase the risk of arrhythmias,
487:
gene alter the usual structure and function of potassium channels or prevent the channels from being inserted correctly into the cell membrane. Many mutations prevent a molecule called PIP2 from binding to the channels and effectively regulating their activity. These changes disrupt the flow of
356:. The ventricular tachycardia seen in Andersen–Tawil syndrome often takes a form known as bidirectional ventricular tachycardia. The arrhythmias seen in association with the condition can cause sudden cardiac death, but the risk of this is lower than in other forms of long QT syndrome.
635:. This calcium release then leaves the cell through the sodium calcium exchanger in exchange for sodium, generating a net inward current and depolarising the cell membrane. If this transient inward current is large enough, a premature action potential is triggered.
401:
The third key feature of
Andersen–Tawil syndrome is intermittent muscle weakness. This can last from seconds to minutes, but in some cases may last for days at a time. Weakness often occurs at times when the levels of potassium in the blood are lower than normal
642:. The depolarised resting membrane potential means that sodium channels which are responsible for initiating action potentials are unable to fully recover from inactivation, leading to a less excitable membrane and less forceful muscle contraction.
1522:
1507:
622:
The prolonged action potentials can lead to arrhythmias through several potential mechanisms. The frequent ventricular ectopy and bidirectional VT typical of
Andersen–Tawil syndrome are initiated by a triggering beat in the form of an
742:
As a genetic condition, Andersen–Tawil syndrome cannot be cured. However, many of symptoms of
Andersen–Tawil such as blackouts due to abnormal heart rhythms or periodic paralysis can be successfully treated with
406:), and is referred to as hypokalaemic periodic paralysis. This weakness can however occur at times when potassium levels are normal, triggered by other factors including exercise, cold, or even menstruation.
431:
Two types of
Andersen–Tawil syndrome have been described, distinguished by the genetic abnormality that is detected. Type 1 Andersen–Tawil, accounting for about 60% of cases, is caused by mutations in the
233:
affecting several parts of the body. The three predominant features of
Andersen–Tawil syndrome include disturbances of the electrical function of the heart characterised by an abnormality seen on an
683:
can be used to identify the specific mutation in an affected person, which if found can assist with screening family members. Other investigations that may be helpful in making a diagnosis include
1411:
Tawil R, Ptacek LJ, Pavlakis SG, DeVivo DC, Penn AS, Ozdemir C, Griggs RC (March 1994). "Andersen's syndrome: potassium-sensitive periodic paralysis, ventricular ectopy, and dysmorphic features".
863:
Andersen–Tawil syndrome is very rare, and as of 2013 approximately 200 cases had been described in the medical literature. The condition is estimated to affect one person in every 1,000,000.
370:
The physical abnormalities associated with
Andersen–Tawil syndrome typically affect the head, face, limbs and spine. Abnormalities of the head and face include an unusually small lower jaw (
2903:
2306:
720:
3406:
321:
302:. The condition is very rare and is estimated to affect one person in every million. The three groups of features seen in this condition were first described in 1971 by
588:– the characteristic pattern of voltage changes across the cell membrane that occur with each heart beat, and depolarises the resting membrane potential of cardiac and
3598:
2975:
2951:
2826:
1368:
Andersen ED, Krasilnikoff PA, Overvad H (September 1971). "Intermittent muscular weakness, extrasystoles, and multiple developmental anomalies. A new syndrome?".
747:
or implantable devices. The rarity of the condition means that many of these treatments are based on consensus opinion as there are too few patients to conduct
803:
As in other forms of long QT syndrome which predispose those affected to dangerous heart rhythm disturbances, the risk of arrhythmias can be reduced by taking
645:
The mechanisms underlying the skeletal abnormalities seen in
Andersen–Tawil syndrome have not been fully explained. Possibilities include impaired function of
618:
Mechanisms underlying early afterdepolarisations (EADs) and delayed afterdepolarisations (DADs) responsible for the arrhythmias seen in
Andersen–Tawil syndrome
3651:
2908:
1947:
638:
The muscle weakness seen in those with
Andersen–Tawil syndrome arises from the depolarisation of the resting membrane potential caused by a decrease in /
3637:
1637:
2732:
2364:
1051:
Donaldson MR, Yoon G, Fu YH, Ptacek LJ (2004). "Andersen-Tawil syndrome: a model of clinical variability, pleiotropy, and genetic heterogeneity".
576:
Andersen–Tawil syndrome increases the risk of abnormal heart rhythms by disturbing the electrical signals that are used to coordinate individual
3728:
3417:
3314:
1681:
832:
291:
182:
875:
who described the triad of symptoms in 1971, and Rabi Tawil who made significant contributions to the understanding of the condition in 1994.
726:
The intermittent weakness seen in
Andersen–Tawil syndrome also occurs in other forms of periodic paralysis – hypokalaemic periodic paralysis,
942:
3584:
3504:
3367:
2359:
2168:
2005:
603:
than on the outer side, referred to as their membranes being polarised. The main ion current responsible for maintaining this polarity is /
2173:
2163:
1752:
1541:
3519:
3268:
3207:
2470:
2301:
1915:
704:
167:
770:
as these drugs can promote abnormal heart rhythms. Lists of medications associated with prolongation of the QT interval can be found
3302:
2758:
2341:
345:
340:, a measure of how long it takes the heart to relax after each heart beat. This, as in other forms of long QT syndrome, can lead to
933:
Tristani-Firouzi M, Etheridge SP (2013). "Chapter 32 – Andersen-Tawil and Timothy Syndromes". In Gussak I, Antzelevitch C (eds.).
3733:
3066:
3061:
2336:
3565:
687:
to assess for arrhythmias, measurement of blood potassium levels at baseline and during periods of weakness, and measurement of
3570:
3150:
2994:
2205:
1986:
727:
607:, and a decrease in this current leads to less polarity at rest, or a depolarised resting membrane potential. When these cells
719:. The frequent ventricular ectopy and bidirectional ventricular tachycardia seen in Andersen–Tawil syndrome can also occur in
3678:
3632:
3193:
2989:
2840:
2281:
2276:
2200:
315:
250:
2000:
835:– a small device implanted under the skin which can detect dangerous arrhythmias and automatically treat them with a small
3554:
3478:
3381:
3004:
2845:
2783:
2627:
2503:
2432:
2264:
3288:
3179:
2946:
2773:
2622:
2415:
2398:
2331:
2251:
1630:
871:
Although a description of the condition had probably been made by Klein in 1963, Andersen–Tawil syndrome is named after
848:
488:
potassium ions, leading to the periodic paralysis and abnormal heart rhythms characteristic of Andersen–Tawil syndrome.
295:
446:, have been identified in some of those with type 2 Andersen–Tawil, but in many cases a genetic mutation is not found.
318:, and characteristic physical features, although some of those affected will not exhibit all aspects of the condition.
3713:
3560:
2725:
1910:
3608:
673:
Andersen–Tawil syndrome is generally diagnosed based on symptoms, the findings on examination, and the results of an
386:). Abnormalities of the limbs and spine include an abnormal curvature of the fingers, particularly the fifth finger (
1309:
1161:
Wit, Andrew L. (2018-06-19). "Afterdepolarizations and triggered activity as a mechanism for clinical arrhythmias".
2447:
1935:
1920:
650:
379:
314:
Andersen–Tawil Syndrome classically comprises three groups of features: abnormal electrical function of the heart,
2222:
3078:
2525:
2190:
2117:
1844:
3273:
2475:
700:
3718:
2649:
2405:
2195:
2092:
2073:
1903:
1676:
1552:
628:
585:
715:
in which a prolonged QT interval is combined with abnormalities in the structure of the heart, in addition to
3723:
3125:
2682:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2617:
2351:
2293:
2097:
2078:
1730:
1670:
1623:
1099:"How does the shape of the cardiac action potential control calcium signaling and contraction in the heart?"
1013:
Nguyen HL, Pieper GH, Wilders R (December 2013). "Andersen-Tawil syndrome: clinical and molecular aspects".
872:
349:
329:
303:
98:
2999:
2884:
2718:
2271:
2237:
2180:
2158:
1980:
1962:
1898:
1765:
1718:
1646:
1603:
731:
688:
632:
158:
827:
may also be helpful. Those at highest risk of recurrent arrhythmias such as those who have already had a
3693:
3533:
2035:
2030:
1925:
1735:
1267:
Priori SG, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Blom N, Borggrefe M, Camm J, et al. (November 2015).
699:
The differential diagnosis for a prolonged QT interval includes other forms of long QT syndrome such as
3099:
2889:
2531:
2059:
2040:
1940:
1851:
1794:
816:
425:
163:
580:. The genetic mutation disturbs an ion channel responsible for the flow of potassium, reducing the /
2536:
2393:
2388:
2311:
2215:
2185:
2144:
1770:
1687:
1526:
783:
703:
in which only the electrical activity of the heart is affected without involving any other organs;
674:
624:
577:
325:
279:
234:
440:
mutation is not identified. Mutations in a related gene encoding a similar potassium ion channel,
3613:
3603:
3436:
2639:
2437:
2259:
2210:
1835:
1782:
1692:
1436:
1393:
1194:
1076:
748:
608:
257:
90:
85:
1215:
Statland JM, Fontaine B, Hanna MG, Johnson NE, Kissel JT, Sansone VA, et al. (April 2018).
479:
of muscle cells and is therefore critical for maintaining the normal functions of skeletal and
3450:
3353:
3278:
3254:
3141:
2699:
2550:
2508:
2423:
2241:
2139:
1856:
1799:
1697:
1563:
1428:
1385:
1350:
1342:
1290:
1246:
1186:
1178:
1136:
1118:
1068:
1030:
948:
938:
910:
476:
148:
69:
935:
Electrical diseases of the heart. Volume 1, Basic foundations and primary electrical diseases
3492:
3397:
3348:
3329:
3283:
3240:
3226:
3212:
3037:
3032:
3018:
2970:
2859:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2672:
2564:
2457:
2153:
1420:
1377:
1332:
1324:
1280:
1236:
1228:
1170:
1126:
1110:
1060:
1022:
712:
341:
242:
230:
171:
141:
3663:
3431:
3412:
3165:
3056:
3051:
2956:
2821:
2778:
2749:
2694:
2086:
2067:
2054:
1861:
1740:
716:
680:
614:
589:
554:
Also known as GIRK4, encodes G protein-sensitive inwardly rectifying potassium channels (K
414:
Andersen–Tawil syndrome is a genetic disorder which in the majority of cases is caused by
905:. In Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJ, Stephens K, Amemiya A (eds.).
2924:
2687:
2595:
2493:
2485:
2383:
1893:
1886:
1873:
1535:
1531:
1381:
1308:
Woosley, Raymond L.; Black, Kristin; Heise, C. William; Romero, Klaus (February 2018).
1241:
1216:
1131:
1098:
828:
751:
684:
480:
461:
17:
3707:
3464:
2741:
2677:
2588:
1723:
852:
836:
600:
383:
375:
299:
246:
202:
198:
1440:
1397:
1198:
3472:
2609:
2583:
2427:
2375:
2048:
2024:
1994:
1971:
1840:
1830:
1080:
804:
771:
708:
387:
371:
363:
353:
287:
359:
1615:
1557:
1026:
46:
Cardiodysrhythmic potassium-sensitive periodic paralysis, long QT syndrome type 7
3672:
2544:
2442:
2232:
2149:
2131:
1957:
1930:
1881:
1822:
1587:
1114:
808:
454:
403:
337:
271:
238:
61:
52:
1454:
795:
595:
Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, when relaxed, have fewer positively charged
2572:
2122:
1592:
1516:
1328:
1285:
1268:
1064:
902:
820:
812:
779:
767:
744:
666:
646:
391:
306:, and significant contributions to its understanding were made by Rabi Tawil.
283:
194:
189:
74:
1568:
1346:
1182:
1122:
952:
928:
926:
924:
824:
428:
manner, but may occur due to a new genetic mutation in the affected person.
415:
395:
275:
78:
2710:
1354:
1294:
1250:
1190:
1140:
1072:
1034:
914:
762:
Medications should be avoided that further prolong the QT interval such as
1432:
1424:
1389:
1097:
Santana, Luis F.; Cheng, Edward P.; Lederer, W. Jonathan (December 2010).
3545:
2498:
1655:
1598:
775:
596:
261:
1337:
1174:
799:
Labelled chest X-ray showing an implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
763:
661:
1499:
1232:
3527:
3486:
3375:
3361:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3093:
3087:
2853:
2834:
2815:
2791:
2767:
2578:
2558:
1713:
1511:
465:
458:
436:
gene. In type 2 Andersen–Tawil, accounting for about 40% of cases, a
265:
3513:
3458:
3444:
3425:
3337:
3296:
3262:
3248:
3234:
3220:
3201:
3187:
3173:
3159:
3045:
3026:
3012:
2983:
2964:
2940:
794:
613:
548:
517:
442:
420:
358:
320:
294:
may sometimes be required. Periodic paralysis can be treated with
129:
3645:
3626:
3622:
3592:
3578:
3323:
2897:
2878:
1546:
542:
511:
464:. This specific channel (the inward rectifier potassium channel
2714:
1619:
1217:"Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Periodic Paralysis"
707:
in which a prolonged QT interval is combined with congenital
336:
Andersen–Tawil syndrome affects the heart by prolonging the
282:. The arrhythmias seen in the condition can be treated with
133:
mutation positive), Type 2 (genetic mutation not identified)
424:
gene. The condition is often inherited from a parent in an
1262:
1260:
1478:
649:, cells which regulate bone growth, or disruption of the
245:, physical characteristics including low-set ears and a
774:. Drugs which reduce blood levels of potassium such as
249:, and intermittent periods of muscle weakness known as
93:, periodic paralysis, characteristic physical features
721:
catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
378:), a broad forehead and nasal root, a high arched or
366:– abnormal curvature of 5th finger towards 4th finger
1489:
3662:
3544:
3503:
3396:
3313:
3149:
3140:
3077:
2932:
2923:
2870:
2757:
2748:
2665:
2608:
2517:
2484:
2456:
2414:
2373:
2350:
2324:
2292:
2250:
2231:
2130:
2116:
2016:
1970:
1956:
1872:
1821:
1814:
1751:
1706:
1663:
1654:
1578:
1493:
332:
in a 9-year-old female with Andersen–Tawil syndrome
208:
188:
177:
157:
147:
137:
123:
115:
107:
97:
84:
68:
42:
37:
1477:This article incorporates public domain text from
1046:
1044:
1455:"Andersen's syndrome (Ellen Damgaard Andersen)"
1210:
1208:
787:although gentle exercise should be encouraged.
1092:
1090:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
901:Veerapandiyan A, Statland JM, Tawil R (2015).
2726:
1631:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
847:Periodic paralysis may be improved by taking
523:Encodes inward rectifying potassium current K
8:
1103:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
256:Andersen–Tawil syndrome is inherited in an
3146:
2929:
2754:
2733:
2719:
2711:
2247:
2127:
1967:
1948:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
1818:
1660:
1638:
1624:
1616:
1490:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
909:. Seattle (WA): University of Washington.
51:
34:
3638:Progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia
1336:
1284:
1240:
1130:
260:pattern. It is caused in most cases by a
3652:Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
660:
490:
27:Rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder
1310:"CredibleMeds.org: What does it offer?"
884:
558:3.4) which carry the potassium current
468:) carries a potassium current known as
3599:Keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome
3418:Congenital absence of the vas deferens
1682:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
833:implantable cardioverter defibrillator
394:), short stature, and a curved spine (
183:implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
1479:The U.S. National Library of Medicine
1163:Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology
475:which is responsible for setting the
374:), low-set ears, widely spaced eyes (
7:
2006:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
457:that transports potassium ions into
1015:International Journal of Cardiology
527:2.1 carrying the potassium current
3269:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
3208:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
2302:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
1382:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1971.tb06990.x
937:(2nd ed.). London: Springer.
705:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
168:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
25:
1317:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
3679:Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 2
3067:Congenital insensitivity to pain
3062:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder
2990:Hypokalemic periodic paralysis 2
2841:Hypokalemic periodic paralysis 1
728:hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis
3571:Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
3382:Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 2
2995:Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
2846:Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 1
1987:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
539:Type 2 Andersen–Tawil syndrome
508:Type 1 Andersen–Tawil syndrome
251:hypokalaemic periodic paralysis
3633:Erythrokeratodermia variabilis
3585:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease X1
3289:Familial atrial fibrillation 3
3194:Spinocerebellar ataxia type-13
3180:Familial atrial fibrillation 7
2947:Familial hemiplegic migraine 3
2774:Familial hemiplegic migraine 1
584:current. This prolongs of the
483:. Pathogenic mutations in the
316:hypokalemic periodic paralysis
1:
3729:Syndromes affecting the heart
3479:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
3005:Potassium-aggravated myotonia
2784:Spinocerebellar ataxia type-6
2504:Pulseless electrical activity
2433:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
2307:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
1370:Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica
849:carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
296:carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
1027:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.10.010
3566:Hallermann–Streiff syndrome
3561:Oculodentodigital dysplasia
3126:Pseudohypoaldosteronism 1AR
1115:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.09.005
599:on the inner side of their
60:This condition affects the
3750:
2448:Wandering atrial pacemaker
1995:non-infective endocarditis
1936:Endocardial fibroelastosis
811:that block the effects of
651:bone morphogenetic protein
477:resting membrane potential
390:), fused fingers or toes (
382:, and a long narrow head (
3689:
2526:hexaxial reference system
2471:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
2001:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
1329:10.1016/j.tcm.2017.07.010
1065:10.1080/17431380410032490
903:"Andersen-Tawil Syndrome"
685:ambulatory ECG monitoring
292:implantable defibrillator
153:Clinical, genetic testing
59:
50:
2742:Diseases of ion channels
2406:Ventricular fibrillation
1677:Coronary artery aneurysm
717:autism-spectrum disorder
629:sodium-calcium exchanger
586:cardiac action potential
449:The protein made by the
3734:Cardiogenetic disorders
3344:Andersen–Tawil syndrome
2683:Diastolic heart failure
2657:Athletic heart syndrome
2618:Ventricular hypertrophy
2352:Pre-excitation syndrome
2206:Left posterior fascicle
1731:Acute coronary syndrome
1671:Coronary artery disease
1593:Andersen-Tawil syndrome
1286:10.1093/europace/euv319
350:ventricular tachycardia
330:Ventricular Tachycardia
219:Andersen–Tawil syndrome
38:Andersen–Tawil syndrome
18:Andersen-Tawil syndrome
3609:Bart–Pumphrey syndrome
3000:Paramyotonia congenita
2885:Malignant hyperthermia
2201:Left anterior fascicle
1981:infective endocarditis
1766:Hibernating myocardium
1647:Cardiovascular disease
800:
732:paramyotonia congenita
695:Differential diagnosis
670:
633:sarcoplasmic reticulum
619:
367:
342:abnormal heart rhythms
333:
328:showing bidirectional
270:gene which encodes an
243:abnormal heart rhythms
159:Differential diagnosis
91:Abnormal heart rhythms
3534:Mucolipidosis type IV
3079:Constitutively active
2365:Wolff–Parkinson–White
2325:Premature contraction
2223:Adams–Stokes syndrome
1926:Loeffler endocarditis
1736:Myocardial infarction
1425:10.1002/ana.410350313
798:
664:
617:
590:skeletal muscle cells
362:
324:
3465:Osteopetrosis A2, B4
3274:Romano–Ward syndrome
2890:Central core disease
2532:Right axis deviation
2494:Sudden cardiac death
1852:Pericardial effusion
1795:Ventricular aneurysm
831:may benefit from an
817:antiarrhythmic drugs
815:on the heart. Other
701:Romano–Ward syndrome
669:– fusion of two toes
653:signalling cascade.
280:cardiac muscle cells
241:) and a tendency to
164:Romano-Ward syndrome
3019:Long QT syndrome 10
2537:Left axis deviation
2394:Atrial fibrillation
2389:Ventricular flutter
2312:Torsades de pointes
2186:Bundle branch block
2145:Sick sinus syndrome
1931:Cardiac amyloidosis
1916:Tachycardia-induced
1771:Myocardial stunning
1719:Prinzmetal's angina
1688:Coronary thrombosis
1413:Annals of Neurology
784:bendroflumethiazide
625:afterdepolarisation
3714:Cardiac arrhythmia
3614:Vohwinkel syndrome
3604:Ichthyosis hystrix
3493:Bartter syndrome 3
3437:Myotonia congenita
3349:Long QT syndrome 7
3330:Bartter syndrome 2
3284:Long QT syndrome 1
3241:Brugada syndrome 5
3227:Long QT syndrome 6
3213:Long QT syndrome 5
3057:Febrile seizure 3B
3038:Long QT syndrome 3
3033:Brugada syndrome 1
2971:Brugada syndrome 6
2957:Febrile seizure 3A
2860:Brugada syndrome 4
2808:Long QT syndrome 8
2803:Brugada syndrome 3
2640:Atrial enlargement
2438:Pacemaker syndrome
2360:Lown–Ganong–Levine
2282:Junctional ectopic
2277:AV nodal reentrant
1783:Myocardial rupture
1693:Coronary vasospasm
1579:External resources
1459:www.whonamedit.com
1221:Muscle & Nerve
1175:10.1111/pace.13419
1053:Annals of Medicine
843:Periodic paralysis
801:
749:adequately powered
671:
665:Foot with partial
620:
426:autosomal dominant
368:
346:ventricular ectopy
334:
310:Signs and symptoms
258:autosomal dominant
227:long QT syndrome 7
3701:
3700:
3392:
3391:
3354:Short QT syndrome
3279:Short QT syndrome
3255:Short QT syndrome
3166:Episodic ataxia 1
3142:Potassium channel
3136:
3135:
3100:Liddle's syndrome
2919:
2918:
2822:Ocular albinism 2
2779:Episodic ataxia 2
2708:
2707:
2700:Obstructive shock
2604:
2603:
2551:Short QT syndrome
2518:Other / ungrouped
2509:Sinoatrial arrest
2424:Ectopic pacemaker
2320:
2319:
2140:Sinus bradycardia
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
1857:Cardiac tamponade
1810:
1809:
1800:Dressler syndrome
1698:Myocardial bridge
1613:
1612:
1233:10.1002/mus.26009
1059:(Suppl 1): 92–7.
944:978-1-4471-4881-4
675:electrocardiogram
569:
568:
326:Electrocardiogram
235:electrocardiogram
223:Andersen syndrome
216:
215:
149:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3741:
3398:Chloride channel
3315:Inward-rectifier
3147:
2930:
2798:Timothy syndrome
2755:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2673:Cardiac fibrosis
2565:T wave alternans
2458:Long QT syndrome
2252:Supraventricular
2248:
2181:Intraventricular
2128:
1968:
1819:
1664:Coronary disease
1661:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1491:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1340:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1158:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1010:
957:
956:
930:
919:
918:
898:
758:General measures
713:Timothy syndrome
689:thyroid function
491:
274:that transports
231:genetic disorder
172:Timothy syndrome
55:
35:
21:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3719:Channelopathies
3704:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3685:
3658:
3540:
3499:
3432:Thomsen disease
3413:Cystic fibrosis
3388:
3309:
3132:
3073:
3052:Erythromelalgia
2915:
2866:
2750:Calcium channel
2744:
2739:
2709:
2704:
2695:Rheumatic fever
2661:
2600:
2513:
2480:
2452:
2410:
2369:
2346:
2316:
2288:
2235:
2227:
2121:
2104:
2012:
1961:
1952:
1868:
1862:Hemopericardium
1806:
1747:
1741:Unstable angina
1714:Angina pectoris
1707:Active ischemia
1702:
1650:
1644:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1574:
1573:
1502:
1488:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1279:(11): 1601–87.
1266:
1265:
1258:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1160:
1159:
1148:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1012:
1011:
960:
945:
932:
931:
922:
900:
899:
886:
881:
869:
861:
845:
793:
760:
752:clinical trials
740:
697:
681:Genetic testing
659:
641:
606:
583:
574:
564:
557:
533:
526:
474:
412:
312:
247:small lower jaw
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3747:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3724:Rare syndromes
3721:
3716:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3451:Dent's disease
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3155:
3153:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2936:
2934:
2927:
2925:Sodium channel
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2688:Cardiac asthma
2685:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2596:Strain pattern
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2486:Cardiac arrest
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2466:Andersen–Tawil
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2386:
2384:Atrial flutter
2380:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2156:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1894:Cardiomyopathy
1891:
1890:
1889:
1887:Chagas disease
1878:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1560:
1549:
1538:
1519:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:Classification
1487:
1486:External links
1484:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1470:
1446:
1403:
1360:
1300:
1256:
1227:(4): 522–530.
1204:
1169:(8): 883–896.
1146:
1109:(6): 901–903.
1086:
1040:
958:
943:
920:
883:
882:
880:
877:
873:Ellen Andersen
868:
865:
860:
857:
844:
841:
837:electric shock
829:cardiac arrest
792:
789:
759:
756:
739:
736:
696:
693:
658:
655:
639:
604:
581:
573:
570:
567:
566:
562:
555:
552:
545:
540:
536:
535:
531:
524:
521:
514:
509:
505:
504:
501:
498:
495:
481:cardiac muscle
472:
453:gene forms an
411:
408:
311:
308:
304:Ellen Andersen
221:, also called
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
192:
186:
185:
179:
175:
174:
161:
155:
154:
151:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
88:
82:
81:
72:
66:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3746:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3151:Voltage-gated
3148:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:Voltage-gated
2931:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2759:Voltage-gated
2756:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:Heart failure
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2589:ST depression
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:Trifascicular
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2099:
2098:regurgitation
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:regurgitation
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:regurgitation
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:regurgitation
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:Stable angina
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:(3): 326–30.
1418:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:(5): 559–64.
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
959:
954:
950:
946:
940:
936:
929:
927:
925:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
885:
878:
876:
874:
866:
864:
858:
856:
854:
853:acetazolamide
850:
842:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:beta blockers
797:
790:
788:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
750:
746:
737:
735:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
676:
668:
663:
656:
654:
652:
648:
643:
636:
634:
630:
626:
616:
612:
610:
602:
601:cell membrane
598:
593:
591:
587:
579:
571:
561:
553:
551:
550:
546:
544:
541:
538:
537:
530:
522:
520:
519:
515:
513:
510:
507:
506:
502:
499:
496:
493:
492:
489:
486:
482:
478:
471:
467:
463:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
444:
439:
435:
429:
427:
423:
422:
417:
409:
407:
405:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:scaphocephaly
381:
377:
376:hypertelorism
373:
365:
361:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
331:
327:
323:
319:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
300:acetazolamide
297:
293:
289:
288:beta-blockers
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
211:
207:
204:
203:acetazolamide
200:
199:beta-blockers
196:
193:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
162:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
100:
99:Complications
96:
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
71:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3694:ion channels
3691:
3671:
3644:
3621:
3591:
3577:
3553:
3526:
3512:
3485:
3471:
3457:
3443:
3424:
3405:
3374:
3360:
3343:
3336:
3322:
3295:
3261:
3247:
3233:
3219:
3200:
3186:
3172:
3158:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3092:
3086:
3044:
3025:
3011:
2982:
2963:
2939:
2896:
2877:
2871:Ligand gated
2852:
2833:
2814:
2790:
2766:
2610:Cardiomegaly
2584:ST elevation
2571:
2557:
2543:
2524:
2465:
2428:Ectopic beat
2376:fibrillation
2211:Bifascicular
2085:
2066:
2047:
2023:
1993:
1979:
1972:Endocarditis
1911:Hypertrophic
1845:Constrictive
1831:Pericarditis
1789:
1777:
1760:
1597:
1586:
1562:
1551:
1540:
1521:
1506:
1476:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:
1449:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1338:10150/627826
1323:(2): 94–99.
1320:
1316:
1303:
1276:
1272:
1224:
1220:
1166:
1162:
1106:
1102:
1056:
1052:
1018:
1014:
934:
906:
870:
862:
859:Epidemiology
846:
802:
761:
741:
725:
698:
679:
672:
644:
637:
621:
594:
575:
559:
547:
528:
516:
484:
469:
450:
448:
441:
437:
433:
430:
419:
413:
404:hypokalaemia
400:
388:clinodactyly
380:cleft palate
372:micrognathia
369:
364:Clinodactyly
354:palpitations
335:
313:
266:
255:
229:, is a rare
226:
222:
218:
217:
181:Medication,
128:
103:Sudden death
29:
3505:TRP channel
2476:Romano–Ward
2443:Parasystole
2342:Ventricular
2294:Ventricular
2233:Tachycardia
2150:Heart block
2132:Bradycardia
1958:Endocardium
1921:Restrictive
1882:Myocarditis
1823:Pericardium
1588:GeneReviews
1021:(1): 1–16.
907:GeneReviews
809:propranolol
791:Arrhythmias
647:osteoclasts
578:heart cells
455:ion channel
338:QT interval
272:ion channel
239:QT interval
212:1:1,000,000
108:Usual onset
62:QT interval
43:Other names
3708:Categories
3692:See also:
2374:Flutter /
2337:Junctional
2272:Junctional
2265:Multifocal
2238:paroxysmal
2154:Sinoatrial
2123:arrhythmia
2118:Conduction
1874:Myocardium
1564:DiseasesDB
1464:2019-09-16
879:References
821:flecainide
813:adrenaline
780:furosemide
768:amiodarone
745:medication
667:syndactyly
572:Mechanisms
392:syndactyly
284:flecainide
195:Flecainide
190:Medication
75:Cardiology
64:(in blue).
2633:Pulmonary
2416:Pacemaker
2087:pulmonary
2068:tricuspid
1904:Alcoholic
1347:1873-2615
1183:1540-8159
1123:1095-8584
953:841465583
825:verapamil
776:diuretics
738:Treatment
657:Diagnosis
416:mutations
396:scoliosis
290:, but an
276:potassium
209:Frequency
178:Treatment
79:Neurology
70:Specialty
3546:Connexin
2499:Asystole
2399:Familial
2093:stenosis
2074:stenosis
2055:stenosis
2036:stenosis
2031:prolapse
1753:Sequelae
1656:Ischemia
1599:Orphanet
1441:22070260
1398:12236896
1355:28801207
1295:26318695
1273:Europace
1251:29125635
1199:49310809
1191:29920724
1141:20850450
1073:15176430
1035:24383070
915:20301441
851:such as
819:such as
807:such as
709:deafness
609:contract
352:causing
344:such as
298:such as
262:mutation
237:(a long
127:Type 1 (
119:Lifelong
116:Duration
86:Symptoms
2976:GEFS+ 1
2952:GEFS+ 2
2835:CACNA1S
2816:CACNA1F
2792:CACNA1C
2768:CACNA1A
1899:Dilated
1841:Chronic
1649:(heart)
1558:D050030
1433:8080508
1390:4106724
1242:5867231
1132:3623268
1081:7362563
867:History
764:sotalol
418:in the
278:out of
264:in the
142:Genetic
3528:TRPML1
3487:CLCNKB
3376:KCNJ18
3362:KCNJ11
3120:SCNN1G
3114:SCNN1B
3108:SCNN1A
3094:SCNN1G
3088:SCNN1B
2854:CACNB2
2827:CSNB2A
2579:J wave
2332:Atrial
2260:Atrial
2049:aortic
2025:mitral
2017:Valves
1963:valves
1815:Layers
1684:(SCAD)
1547:170390
1536:794.31
1532:426.82
1439:
1431:
1396:
1388:
1353:
1345:
1293:
1249:
1239:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1139:
1129:
1121:
1079:
1071:
1033:
951:
941:
913:
772:online
730:, and
711:; and
563:K(ACh)
543:600734
512:170390
503:Notes
466:Kir2.1
459:muscle
138:Causes
3664:Porin
3520:FSGS2
3514:TRPC6
3473:BEST1
3459:CLCN7
3445:CLCN5
3426:CLCN1
3368:TNDM3
3338:KCNJ2
3324:KCNJ1
3303:BFNS1
3297:KCNQ2
3263:KCNQ1
3249:KCNH2
3235:KCNE3
3221:KCNE2
3202:KCNE1
3188:KCNC3
3174:KCNA5
3160:KCNA1
3046:SCN9A
3027:SCN5A
3013:SCN4B
2984:SCN4A
2965:SCN1B
2941:SCN1A
2909:ARVD2
2904:CPVT1
2666:Other
2650:Right
2628:Right
2242:sinus
2191:Right
1941:Viral
1836:Acute
1790:weeks
1761:hours
1673:(CAD)
1604:37553
1517:I45.8
1437:S2CID
1394:S2CID
1313:(PDF)
1195:S2CID
1077:S2CID
778:like
549:KCNJ5
518:KCNJ2
500:Gene
497:OMIM
494:Type
485:KCNJ2
462:cells
451:KCNJ2
443:KCNJ5
438:KCNJ2
434:KCNJ2
421:KCNJ2
410:Cause
267:KCNJ2
130:KCNJ2
124:Types
111:Birth
3673:AQP2
3646:GJB6
3627:GJB4
3623:GJB3
3593:GJB2
3579:GJB1
3555:GJA1
3407:CFTR
2898:RYR2
2879:RYR1
2645:Left
2623:Left
2240:and
2196:Left
1778:days
1553:MeSH
1542:OMIM
1527:9-CM
1429:PMID
1386:PMID
1351:PMID
1343:ISSN
1291:PMID
1247:PMID
1187:PMID
1179:ISSN
1137:PMID
1119:ISSN
1069:PMID
1031:PMID
949:OCLC
939:ISBN
911:PMID
823:and
782:and
766:and
597:ions
225:and
1569:700
1523:ICD
1508:ICD
1421:doi
1378:doi
1333:hdl
1325:doi
1281:doi
1237:PMC
1229:doi
1171:doi
1127:PMC
1111:doi
1061:doi
1023:doi
1019:170
398:).
348:or
286:or
3710::
2573:ST
2545:QT
2426:/
2174:3°
2169:2°
2164:1°
2159:AV
2152::
1843:/
1602::
1591::
1567::
1556::
1545::
1534:,
1530::
1515::
1512:10
1457:.
1435:.
1427:.
1417:35
1415:.
1392:.
1384:.
1374:60
1372:.
1349:.
1341:.
1331:.
1321:28
1319:.
1315:.
1289:.
1277:17
1275:.
1271:.
1259:^
1245:.
1235:.
1225:57
1223:.
1219:.
1207:^
1193:.
1185:.
1177:.
1167:41
1165:.
1149:^
1135:.
1125:.
1117:.
1107:49
1105:.
1101:.
1089:^
1075:.
1067:.
1057:36
1055:.
1043:^
1029:.
1017:.
961:^
947:.
923:^
887:^
855:.
839:.
754:.
734:.
723:.
691:.
640:K1
605:K1
592:.
582:K1
565:.
556:ir
534:.
532:K1
525:ir
473:K1
253:.
201:,
197:,
170:,
166:,
77:,
3625:/
3616:)
3117:/
3111:/
3091:/
2734:e
2727:t
2720:v
2559:T
2244:)
2236:(
2120:/
1960:/
1639:e
1632:t
1625:v
1525:-
1510:-
1500:D
1467:.
1443:.
1423::
1400:.
1380::
1357:.
1335::
1327::
1297:.
1283::
1253:.
1231::
1201:.
1173::
1143:.
1113::
1083:.
1063::
1037:.
1025::
955:.
917:.
560:I
529:I
470:I
402:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
