645:'We are Namibians, and not South Africans. We do not now, and will not in the future, recognise your right to govern us; to make laws for us, in which we had no say; to treat our country as if it was your property and us as if you are our masters. We have always regarded South Africa as an intruder in our country. This is how we have always felt and this is how we feel now and it is on this basis that we have faced this trial'.
490:
countrymen, when called to battle to defend civilisation, resorted to sabotage against their own fatherland. I volunteered to face German bullets, and as a guard of military installations, both in South West Africa and the
Republic, was prepared to be the victim of their sabotage. Today, they are our masters and are considered the heroes, and I am called the coward.
335:
595:, ELOC subsequently gave its support to this national liberation movement. Members and supporters of OPO were also members of the congregation. The people, church and national liberation movement coincided. On its anniversary, 19 April 1960, OPO reconstituted itself as the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) in New York,
755:
After retiring from active politics, Toivo devoted his time to his wife, Vicki
Erenstein, an American labor lawyer, and two daughters, Mutaleni and Nashikoto, and ran various businesses. He died on the evening of 9 June 2017 at his home in Windhoek at the age of 92 years. Ya Toivo was laid to rest at
677:
there, and the two became personal friends. On 1 March 1984, Toivo was released from Robben Island, having served 16 of his 20 years. Of all his fellow
Namibian guerrillas he was serving the longest sentence on the notorious Robben Island prison. Nevertheless, on his day of release he had to be lured
639:
died during the trial in
Pretoria. The Terrorism Act was applied retroactively to convict these political activists from Namibia. The speech he made on behalf of his group after his conviction gained renown for its pronouncements denying South Africa the right to try South West African citizens or to
489:
My lord, you found it necessary to brand me a coward. During the Second World War, when it became evident that both my country and your country were threatened by the dark clouds of Nazism, I risked my life to defend both of them, wearing a uniform with orange bands on it. But some of your
709:, which was in place from November 1989 to March 1990, immediately prior to independence, and upon independence in March 1990 he became a member of the National Assembly. He was also Minister of Mines and Energy from 1990 until his appointment as
668:
A few meters from my cell, warders tried to push Toivo ya Toivo intolerably around. Andimba unleashed a hard open-hand smack on the young warder's cheek, sending cap flying and the young warder wailing 'Die kaffer het my geslaan'"
664:, where he spent much of his time isolated from his fellow countrymen. As a prisoner he was not an easy fellow, never showing remorse and often up for a fight with the authorities. Fellow Robben Island inmate Mike Dingake remembers:
655:
Toivo was held in solitary confinement in
Pretoria for more than a year before the sentence. On 26 January 1968, he was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment by the Pretoria Supreme Court. He was incarcerated at
1647:
1244:
1602:
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553:(SWANLA). The organisation also mobilised against the incorporation of Namibia into South Africa, and therefore shared a political allegiance with other organisations in South Africa.
744:(RDP), a party that had been founded as a split from SWAPO shortly before the congress. Toivo denied being linked to the RDP, but the claim was believed to have influenced the vote.
1657:
1617:
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rule their country. His speech from the dock made headlines and became an internationally circulated key document to rally support for the
Namibian liberation struggle.
603:(SWALA), in 1962, and oversaw the beginning of an armed insurgency against the South African administration in 1965. On 26 August 1966 the first armed clash of the
619:
Because of his political activities in support of
Namibian independence, Toivo was arrested in 1966 by the South African authorities. In his trial in August 1967,
1637:
817:
530:. He became the deputy chairman of the MYS, which organised festivals, lectures, discussion groups and night schools for activists who pursued further education.
682:
to rejoin his comrades in exile. He subsequently became a member of the SWAPO Central
Committee and Politburo and was elected SWAPO Secretary General in 1984.
526:
in 1951 and was employed as a railway police officer between 1952 and 1953. He joined political movements such as the Modern Youth
Society (MYS), where he met
550:
1426:
376:
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in order to be admitted. He completed
Standard 6 but stayed on until 1950, graduating as a teacher, whereafter he successfully operated a store at
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out of his cell, not happy to have gained freedom by himself with many comrades still behind bars. After a brief stay in Windhoek he left for
1456:
673:
Later during his prison term Ya Toivo was transferred to Section D where other anti-apartheid activists were serving their sentences. He met
1567:
Interview with Andimba Toivo ya Toivo by Tor Sellström within the project Nordic Documentation on the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa
1632:
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514:. Toivo taught at St Cuthberth's School at Onamutayi and St. Mary's Odibo before travelling to South Africa for further studies in 1951.
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698:, who had spent many years in exile, and Toivo, incarcerated at Robben Island. Toivo avoided this conflict, "settling" for the post of
572:
was refused permission by the South African authorities to represent his people at the United Nations. This was used to petition the
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in Silver, awarded in 2009 for "his courageous contribution to the fight for independence and freedom in South Africa and Namibia"
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635:(PLAN), the armed military wing of SWAPO, were tried in the first trial under South Africa's Terrorism Act of 21 June 1967.
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of SWAPO at the party's August 2002 congress. At SWAPO's November 2007 congress, Toivo failed to be elected to the SWAPO
710:
110:
747:
At the SWAPO Congress on 2 December 2012, Andimba ya Toivo was elected as a permanent member of the central committee.
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721:. He remained Minister of Prisons for the remainder of the legislative period but chose not to run for a seat in the
537:(ANC) at Cape Town in 1957. Later that year, he co-founded the Ovamboland People's Congress (OPC), forerunner of the
1124:
875:
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422:, Zambia. Ya Toivo returned to Namibia in 1989 in the wake of the country's independence and served as a member of
599:
was reconfirmed President of the new organisation. After its reconstitution, SWAPO founded its military wing, the
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418:, to whom he was a personal friend. He was released in 1984 and rejoined SWAPO as secretary general in exile in
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for the first time in the party's history. This was attributed to Toivo's purported link to the opposition
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and Windhoek and later to Ovamboland, where he was placed under house arrest in his home village Okaloko.
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but was herding cattle often, as was common for boys in this area. He trained to become a carpenter at
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during his service. When he was tried for terrorism in the 1960s he remembered his motivation thusly:
434:'s first government. He retired from active politics in 2006. Ya Toivo is a national hero of Namibia.
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and attended school at St Mary's Mission School to learn English. He had to change his religion from
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549:. The OPC sought to fight for the rights of migrant workers, some of whom had defected from the
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447:
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Andimba Toivo ya Toivo was born on 22 August 1924 as second of seven children in Omangundu in
346:
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375:. Ya Toivo was active in the pre-independence movement, and is one of the co-founders of the
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Ya Toivo was declared a national hero of Namibia and accorded a state funeral in Windhoek's
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1125:"The Sun will Rise: Statements from the Dock by Southern African Political Prisoners"
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694:(SWAPO). In the advent of Namibia's independence, a showdown was expected between
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541:(OPO). He also established close contacts with the two South African parties the
713:
on 26 March 1999. After over three years in that position, he was appointed as
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30 minute documentary on Toivo ya Toivo and the Namibian liberation struggle
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In December 1958, Toivo, with the assistance of Goldberg, sent a tape to
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1079:"Julius Shaambeni Shilongo Mnyika: the guerilla fighter (1938 to 2003)"
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Several entities in Namibia have been named after ya Toivo, among them:
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Never Follow the Wolf, The Autobiography of a Namibian Freedom Fighter
607:
took place when the South African forces attacked SWAPO guerrillas at
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398:(ANC). Back in Namibia he became one of the early petitioners to the
732:
Toivo received the eleventh-most votes (358) in the election to the
1152:"Andimba Herman Toivo ya Toivo 'My teacher, my mentor, my friend'"
924:"Andimba Toivo Ya Toivo, Namibian Independence Leader, Dies at 92"
823:
691:
499:
300:
1195:"World mourns death of Ya Toivo … the Namibian liberation icon"
406:. Due to his political activism he was tried in 1966 under the
410:, and sentenced to 20 years in prison. He served 16 years in
1497:"De Beers Marine Namibia Buys Namco Mining Assets For $ 20M"
772:. Some of the various other honours bestowed upon him are:
1010:(ya Toivo 90th birthday supplement ed.). p. 10.
963:(ya Toivo 90th birthday supplement ed.). p. 13.
908:(ya Toivo 90th birthday supplement ed.). p. 10.
576:. Consequently, he was deported from Cape Town, first to
394:
in the 1950s. He became politicised there and joined the
1648:
Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo
1163:(ya Toivo 90th birthday supplement ed.). p. 5.
690:
From 1984 to 1991, he was the secretary general of the
1457:"IUM Awards Hon. Toivo ya Toivo an Honorary Doctorate"
1024:. Confidente Newspaper. 29 August 2014. Archived from
379:(SWAPO) in 1960, and before that, its predecessor the
952:"Prison authorities had to trick him out of the cell"
895:
Nembwaya, Hileni; Shivute, Oswald (22 August 2014).
782:
In 2014 an honorary doctorate in civil law from the
1470:. October–December 2014. p. 14. Archived from
1100:"Andimba Toivo ya Toivo: SWAPO Leader: August 2003"
367:(22 August 1924 – 9 June 2017) was a Namibian anti-
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876:"Toivo ya Toivo ...gave meaning to the word icon"
1603:South African military personnel of World War II
1051:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 35–36.
643:
818:Andimba Toivo ya Toivo Senior Secondary School
715:Minister of Prisons and Correctional Services
47:Minister of Prisons and Correctional Services
8:
1065:. South African History Online. 3 July 2013.
822:The St Mary's Mission School dining hall in
583:Toivo stayed in constant close contact with
551:South West African Native Labour Association
1658:South West African anti-apartheid activists
1427:"Ya Toivo an icon of nationhood – Namwandi"
1245:List of members of the Constituent Assembly
1150:Shityuwete, Helao Joseph (22 August 2014).
591:(ELOC). Because of OPO's deep roots in the
1618:Members of the National Assembly (Namibia)
1342:"The ruling party's new Central Committee"
1224:"Biographies of Namibian Personalities, T"
589:Evangelical Lutheran Ovambo-Kavango Church
31:
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458:Industrial School between 1939 and 1942.
1623:Members of the African National Congress
1258:"Two-prong strategy in latest reshuffle"
897:"Hilundwa and his best friend, ya Toivo"
717:on 27 August 2002, switching posts with
386:Andimba grew up in the northern part of
377:South West African People's Organisation
917:
915:
835:
692:South West Africa People's Organization
568:violations in South West Africa, after
494:After the war he worked on a farm near
477:. He fought on the British side of the
357:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
123:26 March 1999 – 27 August 2002
1468:International University of Management
1402:"National Orders awards 27 March 2009"
1373:Maletsky, Christof (3 December 2007).
850:Profile at Namibian Parliament website
845:
843:
841:
839:
784:International University of Management
650:— Andimba Herman Toivo ya Toivo, 1967.
185:21 March 1990 – 26 March 1999
1638:Mines and energy ministers of Namibia
1285:Maletsky, Christof (28 August 2002).
1214:
1212:
1210:
621:The state v. Tuhadeleni and 36 Others
7:
1406:South African Government Information
1313:Amupadhi, Tangeni (4 October 2004).
1076:Sasman, Catherine (27 August 2010).
729:, saying that he had "done enough".
1536:. via allafrica.com. Archived from
1528:"School Renamed to Honour Ya Toivo"
997:Nembwaya, Hileni (22 August 2014).
633:People's Liberation Army of Namibia
450:. He attended the church school at
1526:Mvula, Toivo (27 September 2004).
1287:"Nujoma shuffles the Cabinet pack"
1193:Nakale, Albertina (12 June 2017).
25:
1608:Namibian people imprisoned abroad
1315:"Major shift in Swapo leadership"
702:, leaving Nujoma the presidency.
623:, he appeared as Accused No. 21.
601:South West Africa Liberation Army
1350:. 27 August 2002. Archived from
950:Dingake, Mike (22 August 2014).
874:Hopwood, Graham (12 June 2017).
742:Rally for Democracy and Progress
705:Toivo was a SWAPO member of the
539:Ovamboland People's Organization
465:Ya Toivo voluntarily joined the
390:, however he spent some time in
381:Ovamboland People's Organization
333:
1598:Namibian people of World War II
1063:"Andimba Herman Toivo ya Toivo"
795:Andimba Toivo ya Toivo Airport
59:27 August 2002 – 2005
1:
1643:Security ministers of Namibia
922:Cowell, Alan (10 June 2017).
760:in Windhoek on 24 June 2017.
631:amongst other members of the
481:. and attained the rank of a
365:Herman Andimba Toivo ya Toivo
700:Minister of Mines and Energy
173:Minister of Mines and Energy
1633:Labour ministers of Namibia
1466:. Vol. 6, no. 3.
777:Grand Companion of OR Tambo
1679:
1663:National heroes of Namibia
1180:, London 1990, pp. 246–47.
999:"Ya Toivo gave me Namibia"
983:. 16 June 2017. p. 6.
1375:"Swapo big names dropped"
1022:"Tate Andimba in summary"
725:again at the time of the
535:African National Congress
396:African National Congress
371:activist, politician and
325:
310:Vicky Erenstein ya Toivo
231:
178:
116:
52:
41:
1653:Namibian revolutionaries
1613:Inmates of Robben Island
1047:Goldberg, Denis (2016).
605:South African Border War
1560:24 January 2014 at the
975:"Defiant and inspiring"
810:, a ship renamed as MV
615:Trial and incarceration
414:in the same section as
404:independence of Namibia
671:
647:
498:until he came back to
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341:This article contains
36:Andimba Toivo ya Toivo
18:Andimba Toivo Ya Toivo
1569:– dated 17 March 1995
1501:business.highbeam.com
855:30 March 2004 at the
666:
543:Congress of Democrats
487:
475:Union of South Africa
467:Native Military Corps
402:, advocating for the
1247:, parliament.gov.na.
707:Constituent Assembly
214:Position established
1540:on 11 January 2013.
1477:on 8 September 2017
629:Nathaniel Maxuilili
471:racially segregated
27:Namibian politician
1593:People from Oshana
1437:on 25 January 2019
1049:A Life for Freedom
929:The New York Times
764:Awards and honours
711:Minister of Labour
686:After independence
625:Eliaser Tuhadeleni
570:Chief Hosea Kutako
373:political prisoner
312:(m. 29 March 1990)
111:Minister of Labour
1628:SWAPO politicians
1226:. klausdierks.com
1131:on 26 August 2014
734:central committee
723:National Assembly
448:South West Africa
353:rendering support
347:Khoekhoe language
329:
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262:South West Africa
16:(Redirected from
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518:Political career
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1380:The Namibian
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161:Succeeded by
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1588:2017 deaths
1583:1924 births
1441:8 September
1386:23 December
1358:23 December
1326:23 December
1298:23 December
1270:23 December
797:, formerly
446:, northern
438:Early years
279:9 June 2017
209:Preceded by
149:Preceded by
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1431:Confidente
830:References
807:Challenger
696:Sam Nujoma
597:Sam Nujoma
444:Ovamboland
432:Sam Nujoma
424:parliament
283:2017-06-10
258:Ovamboland
248:1924-08-22
193:Sam Nujoma
131:Sam Nujoma
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1511:4 October
1464:IUM Voice
1135:25 August
814:after him
786:, Namibia
738:politburo
662:Cape Town
587:from the
524:Cape Town
456:Ongwediva
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292:, Namibia
254:Omangundu
190:President
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55:In office
1558:Archived
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545:and the
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318:Children
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1533:New Era
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1411:13 June
1230:13 June
1200:New Era
1085:New Era
801:Airport
660:, near
452:Onayena
426:and as
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1032:27 May
680:Lusaka
420:Lusaka
307:Spouse
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301:SWAPO
266:(now
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560:and
276:Died
241:Born
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