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self-reflexivity, and honesty about our complex histories and scholarly investments is motivated by the desire to strengthen ethical
Indigenous scholarship by both Indigenous and non-Indigenous scholars." They also noted the names of numerous Indigenous scholars who have made contributions in the same field as Smith, saying that they had sometimes been overlooked. They continued, "Andrea Smith has a decades-long history of self-contradictory stories of identity and affiliation testified to by numerous scholars and activists, including her admission to four separate parties that she has no claim to Cherokee ancestry at all." The scholars have claimed that Smith's actions damaged trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous scholars and were used to advance her own professional career.
528:, announced in a press release that Smith would resign from the university with effect in August 2024 to become an emerita professor. Thirteen faculty members at Riverside alleged that Smith had "made fraudulent claims to Native American identity in violation of the Faculty Code of Conduct provisions concerning academic integrity." While Smith denied the charges, the "separation agreement and release of all claims", with the resignation/retirement date, was mutually agreed to by Smith and the University.
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Five
Cherokee women scholars, including Dr. Patti Jo King, published an open letter, saying that Smith's false claims damaged tribal integrity and kinship, and that she had tried to build her career on a false base. King said, "since Andrea Smith has never been affiliated with any of our communities,
458:
in July 2015, Cornsilk stated that the
Cherokee are a very well-documented people, and he asserts that Cherokee citizenship is based on recognition by the Cherokee people and participation in the community, not by an individual such as Smith asserting a belief in a self-derived, independent identity.
333:
Smith's work makes a critical intervention in Native
American Studies which she argues has a tendency to dismiss patriarchy as outside the purview of analysis of Native scholarship. Most Native scholars dismiss patriarchy because they identify it as a uniquely Western manifestation forced onto Native
486:
Native
American studies ethnographer David Shorter wrote, "Andrea Smith surely thinks she is Cherokee; or she did at some point. She has been asked repeatedly to either stop claiming Cherokee identity or to either authenticate her claims through a reliable kinship, through ties to a specific family,
417:
but it was not widely read. Smith failed to set the record straight, and her lack of documented
Cherokee descent became "something of an open secret" until 2015. She continued to be identified at professional events as Cherokee or Native American, and claimed it was part of the reason for her denial
1648:
an anonymous Tumblr titled "Andrea Smith Is Not
Cherokee" that collected stories and documentation disputing Smith's identity as well as her sister's. That attention prompted David Cornsilk to speak publicly about his genealogical work for Smith; and with him as a key source, The Daily Beast ran an
305:
as a Bunche Fellow, coordinating the research project on sexual violence and
American Indian women. She represented the Indigenous Women's Network and the American Indian Law Alliance at the United Nations World Conference Against Racism in 1991. In 2005, Smith, in recognition of her research and
235:
for Smith. The controversy over Smith's claim to be
Cherokee received relatively little attention outside academic circles until 2015, when her claim was more widely publicized in more mainstream media outlets. A number of Native American scholars, including a group of Cherokee women in academia,
297:, Smith co-founded INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence in 2000, and she plays a prominent role in its National Planning Committee. INCITE! is a national grassroots organization that engages in direct action and critical dialogue to end violence against women of color and their communities.
220:. In August 2023, the university announced that she would resign from the university in August 2024 to become an emerita professor, due to charges that she "made fraudulent claims to Native American identity in violation of the Faculty Code of Conduct provisions concerning academic integrity."
478:
However, Native
American scholars and activists have largely spoken in opposition to Smith. An open letter, signed by twelve Native American women scholars, reads in part, "Asking for accountability to our communities and collectivities is not limited to Andrea Smith. Asking for transparency,
370:
at the University of Michigan. This decision attracted "an unusual degree of attention from scholars, both at Ann Arbor and nationally." Some 30 faculty and students concluded "the University's tenure evaluation process discriminates against women of color and interdisciplinary professors."
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populations through assimilation. Smith argues that despite the fact that patriarchy is not intrinsic to Native society, its fundamental importance in the domination and extermination of Native peoples and Native women in particular should not be discounted.
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Smith was also a founding member of the Boarding School Healing Project (BSHP). According to its website, the BSHP "seeks to document Native boarding school abuses so that Native communities can begin healing ... and demand justice." Smith has worked with
475:, "We support Andy Smith and the self-determination of all First Nations People. Incite would rather place our collective resources into abolishing settler colonialism than in perpetuating this ideology by policing her racial and tribal identity."
507:
Andrea Smith responded to the protests and accusations in July 2015 with a statement on her blog asserting that her "enrollment status does not impact Cherokee identity," and that she always has been and always will be Cherokee.
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stated that Smith "told her employment depended on finding proof of Indian heritage." When she was denied tenure by the University of Michigan, she suggested discrimination on the basis of her "Native American descent".
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Smith's sister, Justine, has also claimed Cherokee ancestry and is likewise accused of ethnic fraud. She allegedly falsified a tribal card of the Cherokee Nation. Justine, who has the same parents as Andrea, also claims
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325:
Smith's critical work centers on genocide and acts of violence against Native women. She discusses patriarchy as a tool of settler colonial violence used to subdue and eradicate Native women. In her text
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in Oklahoma, but left after three months after being confronted about her identity when the Cherokee Nation disputed her claim. Justine Smith is a pastor at the First American United Methodist Church in
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by Ruth-Gaby Vermot-Mangold, a Swiss parliament member. As of March 2013, Smith serves as the U.S. Coordinator for the Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians.
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330:, Smith gives a genealogical study of state-sanctioned violence against Native women and against their reproductive health from early America to the 19th century.
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Smith has long been active in anti-violence activism, serving as a rape crisis counselor and starting the Chicago chapter of Women of All Red Nations. Along with
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has claimed that Smith hired him twice in the 1990s to research her genealogy and that he found no proof of Cherokee ancestry. In an open letter published in
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she is a cultural outsider." King added that "it is Smith’s deception—not her enrollment status and not her advocacy—that constitutes the central issue.'
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although she has never been enrolled in any federally recognized Cherokee tribe, and no Cherokee ancestry has ever been found for her.
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detailed how Smith has continued to be published as an academic despite overwhelming evidence that she is not Cherokee as she claims.
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to Cherokee citizens and scholars Patti Jo King and Richard Allen, apologizing and agreeing to set the record straight. Native lawyer
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Cornsilk has written that "fact speaks loud and clear that not only is Andrea Smith not enrolled, SHE IS NOT A CHEROKEE".
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262:. She has one sister. Although her family is descended primarily from British and Scandinavian immigrants to the US,
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Smith's misrepresentations about her identity also played a role in the tenure dispute. Cherokee genealogist
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work regarding violence against women of color in the US, was among 1000 women nominated as a group for the
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1281:. North American Institute for Indigenous Theological Studies. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015
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Gendered Citizenships. Transnational Perspectives on Knowledge Production, Political Activism, and Culture
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of tenure at the University of Michigan (see above). Following the media attention surrounding activist
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1539:"An Open Letter to Defenders of Andrea Smith: Clearing Up Misconceptions about Cherokee Identification"
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1088:"INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence: An Interview with co-founders Nadine Naber and Andrea Smith"
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106:
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Pamela Thurman; Ellen Whitehouse; Pamela Kingfisher; Carol Cornsilk; Patti Jo King (July 17, 2015).
1401:"Statement of University of Michigan Students and Faculty in Support of Andrea Smith's Tenure Case"
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Smith was born to Helen Jean Wilkinson and Donald R. Smith in San Francisco, and grew up in
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1455:"More than 30 faculty, students sent letter to LSA dean alleging pattern of discrimination"
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958:"The Bible and the American Myth: A Symposium on the Bible and Constructions of Meaning"
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Andy Smith (November/December 1991), "For All Those Who Were Indian in a Former Life,"
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Unreconciled: From Racial Reconciliation to Racial Justice in Christian Evangelicalism,
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227:. However, she has never been enrolled in a recognized Cherokee tribe, and genealogist
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Claiming Tribal Identity: The Five Tribes and the Politics of Federal Acknowledgment,
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Native Americans and the Christian Right: The Gendered Politics of Unlikely Alliances
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At a conference in 2007, Smith was said to admit her uncertainty regarding possible
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In the ensuing controversy, some supporters of Smith started a group blog entitled
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1738:"Open Letter From Indigenous Women Scholars Regarding Discussions of Andrea Smith"
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1024:"Global Feminisms Comparative Case Studies of Women's Activism and Scholarship"
231:, who has said Smith hired him twice to research her claims of heritage, found
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The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex
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1701:"Rachel Dolezal Outs Andrea Smith Again; Will Anybody Listen This Time?"
701:"Professor Leaving University After Being Dubbed 'Pretendian' for Years"
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in 2015, who falsely claimed African-American identity, an anonymous
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in Comparative Study of Religion, and her Masters of Divinity at the
1316:"Not an Indian Tradition: The Sexual Colonization of Native Peoples"
933:"Global Feminisms Project:Project Site: United States: Interviewees"
801:"Cherokee Women Scholars' and Activists' Statement on Andrea Smith"
487:
or through the Cherokee Nation’s official process for enrollment."
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picked up Smith's story, and it attracted national attention. The
205:, the Boarding School Healing Project, and the Chicago chapter of
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heritage. She was announced as Native American when hired by the
212:
Smith is currently employed as a professor in the Department of
173:, and activist. Smith's work has primarily focused on issues of
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American people who self-identify as being of Cherokee descent
905:"Andrea Smith Releases Statement on Current Media Controversy"
727:"Prominent Scholar Who Claimed to Be Native American Resigns"
16:
American academic, women's rights and anti-violence activist
1649:
article calling Smith the 'Native American Rachel Dolezal.'
315:
North American Institute for Indigenous Theological Studies
1063:. INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence. Archived from
586:
Smith edited and/or co-edited the following anthologies:
313:
Smith and her sister Justine were faculty members at the
366:
On February 22, 2008, Smith was denied tenure from the
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Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide
387:
Since at least 1991, Smith has publicly claimed to be
345:
Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide
328:
Conquest: Sexual Violence And American Indian Genocide
1345:"2005 Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award Winners"
443:dubbed Smith "the Native American Rachel Dolezal".
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1769:"Four Words for Andrea Smith: 'I'm Not an Indian'"
1672:"Tribes Blast 'Wannabe' Native American Professor"
469:, the collective that Smith helped to found, told
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643:Evangelical Theologies of Liberation and Justice,
343:Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award (2005) for
1299:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1818:"My Statement on the Current Media Controversy"
1232:"U-M professor among those nominated for Nobel"
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223:Since at least 1991, Smith has claimed to be
112:University of California Irvine School of Law
8:
591:The Color of Violence: The INCITE! Anthology
536:Smith is the author of the following books:
277:in 1997. In 2002, she received her Ph.D. in
1947:University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
1942:University of California, Riverside faculty
1791:"Native American United Methodist Churches"
1532:
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1251:"INCITE! Andrea Smith to Speak at UA, JVYC"
368:College of Literature, Science and the Arts
1571:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013
185:women. Formerly an assistant professor of
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1867:21st-century American non-fiction writers
1857:20th-century American non-fiction writers
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1583:"Russell: When Does Ethnic Fraud Matter?"
1488:"Meet the Native American Rachel Dolezal"
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1166:"Native Americans to demand compensation"
1001:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2009. p. 206.
962:Studies in American Biblical Hermeneutics
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874:"Meet the Native American Rachel Dolezal"
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350:California State University (Northridge)
1892:American people of Scandinavian descent
1375:California State University, Northridge
1347:. Gustavus Myers Center. Archived from
975:"Unitas Distinguished Alumni/ae Awards"
686:
203:INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence
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1116:
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524:In August 2023, Smith's employer, the
269:Smith earned her bachelor's degree at
246:has dubbed Smith "the Native American
1922:20th-century American women academics
1902:21st-century American women academics
1090:(22). Critical Moment. Archived from
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464:Against a Politics of Disposability.
181:and their communities, specifically
103:University of California, Santa Cruz
1872:21st-century American women writers
1862:20th-century American women writers
1434:from the original on March 14, 2008
1424:"Concern Over Michigan Tenure Case"
1381:from the original on August 3, 2010
632:University of Arizona Press (2015)
526:University of California, Riverside
218:University of California, Riverside
135:University of California, Riverside
1907:American women non-fiction writers
1887:American people of British descent
1705:Indian Country Today Media Network
1587:Indian Country Today Media Network
1371:"The Phenomenal Woman Awards 2010"
805:Indian Country Today Media Network
14:
1797:. United Methodist Communications
1190:. Boarding School Healing Project
1188:"Boarding School Healing Project"
872:Allen, Samantha (June 30, 2015).
410:in a 2008 editorial published by
1670:Samantha Allen (July 11, 2015).
1581:Russell, Steve (April 4, 2008).
1537:David Cornsilk (July 10, 2015).
1486:Allen, Samantha (July 1, 2015).
1422:Scott Jaschik (March 10, 2008).
725:Patel, Vimal (August 27, 2023).
233:no evidence of Cherokee ancestry
1962:20th-century American academics
1957:21st-century American academics
1767:Shorter, David (July 1, 2015).
1699:Russell, Steve (July 1, 2015).
1631:"The Native Scholar Who Wasn't"
1453:Elizabeth Lai (March 6, 2008).
1249:Mari Herreras (March 7, 2013).
833:Jasnick, Scott (July 6, 2015).
770:"The Native Scholar Who Wasn't"
47:San Francisco, California, U.S.
1952:University of Michigan faculty
1744:. July 7, 2015. Archived from
1608:"Andrea Smith is not Cherokee"
1022:Maria Cotera (June 24, 2003).
289:Activism and professional work
201:, she is also a co-founder of
1:
1937:Sexual abuse victim advocates
1816:Andrea Smith (July 9, 2015).
1629:Viren, Sarah (May 25, 2021).
1210:"Annual General Meeting 2003"
1061:"National Planning Committee"
768:Viren, Sarah (May 25, 2021).
658:Duke University Press (2020)
619:Duke University Press (2014)
575:Duke University Press (2019)
497:Saint Paul School of Theology
352:Phenomenal Woman Award (2010)
1771:. Indian Country Today Media
1314:Andrea Smith (Spring 2003).
1164:Marty Logan (May 24, 2004).
1086:Max Sussman (May 29, 2007).
977:. Union Theological Seminary
903:ICTMN Staff (July 9, 2015).
428:Andrea Smith is not Cherokee
406:) publicly accused Smith of
1212:. Amnesty International USA
1033:. p. 3. Archived from
518:The New York Times Magazine
511:In May 2021, an article by
1983:
1334:. Retrieved March 24, 2013
645:InterVarsity Press (2019)
617:Theorizing Native Studies,
541:Sacred Sites, Sacred Rites
275:Union Theological Seminary
94:Union Theological Seminary
1917:Harvard University alumni
1912:Feminist studies scholars
1882:American feminist writers
1877:Activists from California
264:like some white Americans
169:is an American academic,
160:
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630:Native Studies Keywords,
279:History of Consciousness
254:Early life and education
207:Women of All Red Nations
1636:New York Times Magazine
774:New York Times Magazine
383:Cherokee ancestry claim
153:Native American studies
1115:Cite journal requires
1031:University of Michigan
543:(1998) ISBN B0006R030E
236:have rejected Smith's
195:University of Michigan
175:violence against women
130:University of Michigan
532:Selected publications
448:United Keetoowah Band
303:Amnesty International
1742:Indian Country Today
1543:Indian Country Today
909:Indian Country Today
456:Indian Country Today
413:Indian Country Today
37:Andrea Smith in 2011
1842:Andrea Smith's blog
1567:Mark Edwin Miller,
1403:. February 27, 2008
1351:on December 4, 2007
260:Southern California
238:self-identification
199:Ann Arbor, Michigan
74:Academic background
1748:on August 10, 2015
1549:on August 10, 2015
1460:The Michigan Daily
1238:on April 21, 2014.
1145:on August 12, 2007
731:The New York Times
271:Harvard University
85:Harvard University
1932:Radical feminists
1711:on August 5, 2015
1467:on March 14, 2008
1168:. Final Call News
1067:on August 4, 2007
1040:on March 23, 2011
939:on March 23, 2011
664:978-1-4780-0838-5
656:Otherwise Worlds,
651:978-0-8308-5246-8
638:978-0-8165-3150-9
625:978-0-8223-5679-0
612:978-0-89608-766-8
599:978-0-89608-762-0
581:978-1-4780-0640-4
568:978-0-8223-4163-5
555:978-0-89608-743-9
308:Nobel Peace Prize
240:as Cherokee, and
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502:Norman, Oklahoma
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396:Cherokee descent
187:American Culture
167:Andrea Lee Smith
150:Feminist studies
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