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Anna's brother, the missionary for the
Moravian Church, Hans Haastrup Wolter worked and lived. They could not recruit any black Christians. They feared that they would be enslaved again. Meanwhile, Halleut went directly to the Gold Coast to prepare the grounds for their arrival. With the assistance of James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, the Governor of Jamaica at the time, the Rev. Jacob Zorn, the Superintendent of the Moravian Mission in Jamaica, the Rev. J. F. Sessing and the Rev. J. Miller, a representative of the Africa Civilization Society, Riis was able to recruit candidates after a mass advertisement drive across the island and a thorough selection interview process. Many of the prospective candidates were deemed unfit for the task ahead: quite a few were lapsed Christians, one fellow was ecstatic about adventurism, including gold mining in Africa, another had a sick wife who as unable to travel while other potential recruits wished to go to the motherland as part of the "Back to Africa" movement, evangelism being of least importance to them. Riis and other Basel missionaries almost gave up on the initiative as finding the right missionaries became exceedingly difficult.
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administrator increased. Riis and another Basel missionary, Simon Süss were forced by the situation to trade and barter in order to get money to buy food and other needs of his expanding mission staff and local workers. The missionaries faced many difficulties and one of the many charges leveled against them by detractors was that they had become commercial traders instead of church missionaries. Riis and his men started evangelising to the rural people around
Akropong, so the Basel Mission became colloquially known as "rural or bush" church. Riis wanted to evangelise inland and master Twi language spoken more widely in the hinterlands of the Gold Coast. By 1851, eight years after the arrival of the Caribbean missionaries, twenty-one Akropong natives had converted to Christianity.
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unable to take credit for a single conversion and baptism of a native to
Christianity. In the face of very unfavourable conditions, the Basel Mission authorities decided to recall Riis to Switzerland and the mission was to be closed. According to oral traditions, at the valedictory durbar organized in honour of Riis, the paramount chief, Okuapehene, Nana Addo Dankwa, is known to have remarked, "How can you expect so much from us? You have been staying among us all along for a short time only. When God created the world, He made the Book (Bible) for the European and animism (fetish) for the African, but if you could show us some Africans who could read the Bible, then we would surely follow you".
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Christiansborg, Gold Coast on Easter Sunday, 16 April or Easter Monday, 17 April 1843 at about 8 p.m. local time, GMT after sixty-eight days and nights of voyage, enduring a five-day tropical storm on the
Caribbean sea, shortage of fresh water and an oppressive heat aboard the vessel. A brief welcome event was organised by the Basel Mission at the Christiansborg Castle and the team was received by Edvard James Arnold Carstensen, the Danish Governor at the time, together with George Lutterodt, a personal friend of Andreas Riis who had earlier been Acting Governor of the Gold Coast. Their surnames included, Clerk, Greene, Hall, Horsford, Miller, Mullings, Robinson, Rochester and Walker.
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labourer-foreman, Ashong, at the behest of Riis. When the cane broke, Riis continued the "punishment" by punching
Horsford with his fists while simultaneously, kicking him with his boots. Horsford, who was then in his early twenties, fled to Christiansborg, where he stayed with Basel missionary, Frederick Schiedt. He later returned to Akropong but had frequent verbal clashes with the Basel missionaries. Horsford wished to observe traditional practices of the natives such as funerals, cultural festivals and "fetish" dances. After being criticised by missionary, Johannes Christian Dieterle, he ran away to Accra and later,
369:. In his application essay, he noted, "for some time, I pursued in the carelessness of youth and when my conscience spoke, I tried to quieten it by saying: 'there is yet ample time for the conversion, I want first to enjoy the pleasures of this world.' But I could not find any rest until I had surrendered my whole life to the dear Saviour." In 1827, Andreas Christian Matthiesson, a Lutheran minister wrote a recommendation letter for Riis for his admission to the seminary. Although Riis did not have much prior exposure to formal education, he easily received an admission offer based on his bilingualism in
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Schiedt's co-workers, Widmann, Stanger and
Meischel. Schiedt also sabotaged the careers of his accusers. His other charges "included were accusations of mismanagement of Mission property, associated with a 'debauched' chaplain in the Danish settlement in Christiansborg, refusing legitimate orders from his superiors, and misappropriating the mail of his fellow missionaries, thus interfering with the lines of communication between the Committee and the field." As punishment, Schiedt was exiled to the United States where he became a Lutheran pastor to the German-speaking churches there.
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529:, Andreas Riis wrote several ethnographic and cartographic extracts on the natural landscape and cultural observations situated against his own European upbringing and experience. In the late 1830s and 1840s, he even sent specimens of seeds, insects and stuffed birds to Basel to be studied by experimentalists and for eventual display in the city's museum. With a pair of binoculars he had obtained on 14 June 1837 from arriving missionaries, Riis and two other missionaries, Andreas Stranger and Johannes Murdter toured the northeast towns and villages near the
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Akuapem, Nana Addo Dankwa I. The king asked Riis to seek permission from the Danish
Governor before the traditional stool could allow him to settle at Akropong. Akropong was then a town that was part of the Danish protectorate. He embarked on his next trip to Akropong on 19 March 1834 accompanied by a Danish colonial soldier, two servants and a "mulatto" interpreter. After consultation with his traditional elders and fetish priests, the paramount chieftain, Addo Dankwa gave land to Andreas Riis to set up a mission station. In the edition of the
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965:"Søgeord: Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon Kirke_og_tro Missionær Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon Kirke_og_tro Missionær Sprog,_religion_og_filosofi Religion_og_mystik Protestantisk_mission Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon Kirke_og_tro Missionær Sprog,_religion_og_filosofi Religion_og_mystik Reformationen_og_lutherske_kirke Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon Kirke_og_tro Missionær Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon Kirke_og_tro Præst Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon Kirke_og_tro Missionær Johannes_Krogh | Gyldendal - Den Store Danske"
442:. As the lone survivor of the trio, Riis sought to permanently return to Europe. Riis highlighted the bleak prospects of the mission due to the high death toll, in a letter to the Home Committee, dated 10 August 1832. The missionary mortality was accentuated in a bulletin on 9 January 1833 in which the Home Committee noted the death of as many as six missionaries by the summer of 1832. A follow-up letter on 16 January 1833 even suggested to Riis to entirely close the mission station.
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efforts led to the streamlining of the Basel mission's work. This eventually led to the establishment of the
Presbyterian Church of Ghana and its pioneering role in the development of formal education, mechanised agriculture, infrastructure, modern healthcare and the expansion of economic opportunities for the native people of the Gold Coast through commerce and industry in the arts and crafts over a ninety-year period, between 1828 and 1918. A boarding house, Riis House, at the
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treatment. The healing process consisted of washing the body with soap, lemon and cold water and drinking a boiled potion containing naturally occurring quinine from tree bark, which proved to be quite effective. Riis' decision to visit the traditional healer for his medication was considered an "abomination" by
Westerners at the time due to misconceptions about the local culture which they perceived as "heathenism". However, his recovery vindicated him.
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skilled tradesmen with practical training experience in pottery, carpentry, shoe-making, masonry, joinery hat-making and black-smithing. The four missionaries arrived in
Christiansborg on 18 December 1828 and had their first church service at a coastal enclave, Osu Amanfon on 28 December 1828. All but Johannes Henke died within eight months of their arrival (August 1829) from malaria and other tropical diseases. Henke eventually died on 22 November 1831.
361:. His mother was Anna Maria F. Philipsen (1765–1850). Riis' father had been married previously to an older woman, Maren Petersdatter (1728–1791). In his teenage years, Riis became an apprentice in his father's workshop. According to Riis, he "engaged in frivolous behaviour" in his youth. He later went through an existential evangelical experience, resulting in his personal decision to become a Christian missionary. He applied to the
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by a colleague of meddling in local politics. The missionary, Widmann accused Riis of being thin-skinned and unable to accept criticism Riis belittled and defamed other missionaries using sarcasm and irony Some scholars have posited that extreme loneliness had affected Riis' psyche Sometimes, he left his family for several weeks to travel, even when his wife or child was sick.
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645:. He informed the Home Committee of this new development. However, the farm workers were really indentured labourers and in some cases, domestic slaves. This was a violation of the protocol, ordinance and ethos of the Basel mission. He was also accused of barter trade in shot guns, gunpowder, flints and brandy, all strictly prohibited by the Basel Mission.
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as mango seedlings which they were going to introduce to the Gold Coast economy. Other tropical seedlings brought by the West Indian missionaries include cocoa, coffee, breadnut, breadfruit, guava, yam, cassava, plantains, cocoyam, banana and pear. Cocoyam, for example, is now a Ghanaian staple. Later on in 1858, the missionaries experimented with
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used to building round mud structures as opposed cuboid stone buildings. The locals named him "Osiadan", meaning "builder" in the Akan language. Riis ate local foods and spoke Akuapem Twi just like the people of Akropong. Riis lived like the locals at the time, spending weeks in the forest, sleeping on palm branches and feeding on
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755:, Anders Hansen (c. 1748 – 1789). When Margaretha Christophersdatter died, H. J. Wolter married a second time, to Maren Kirstine Haastrup (c. 1775 – 1811). After the death of Haastrup in 1811, Hans Wolter married his third wife and Anna Margaretha Wolters' mother, Johanne Jacobsen, born c. 1775 and died in 1820.
357:. In Pietist towns and villages, a traditional rural lifestyle was commonplace as were the local production and supply of food and occupations in the crafts such as carpentry, welding and blacksmithing. Andreas Riis' father, Andreas Petersen Riis (c. 1744 – 1819) was a farm owner, a window maker and a
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Among those who came with Wolter in 1835 were the Basel missionaries, Andreas Stanger and Johannes Murdter. Riis married Wolter in December 1836 on the Gold Coast. Andreas Riis and Anna Wolter had three children, Johannam, Hanna and Christian. Johannam died at the close of 1838. Hanna married Theodor
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When he appeared before the committee, he boldly defended his actions on the Gold Coast. He contested the use of indentured labour on the mission farm as he believed he had bought the freedom of domestic slaves, including a ten-year-old boy, from slave traders and offered them a source of livelihood.
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Petty squabbles and backbiting were not uncommon. Another complaint by a fellow missionary, Hermann Halleur accused Riis of instigating general anxiety and conflict. Johann Georg Widmann on the other hand counter-accused Halleur of nurturing a deep hatred against Riis and having an attitude that made
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Riis had an authoritarian businesslike leadership style at the mission house. Riis had unconventional energy and believed in the supremacy of organisational authority. This was aggravated by the personal losses he suffered when he lost his entire nuclear family to tropical diseases. He had a tendency
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who became school principal the Danish-run Christiansborg Castle School in Osu which had been taken over by the Basel Mission. Riis also had the Reverend J. G. Widmann, a German clergyman as his assistant. They also had donkeys, horses, mulls and other animals and agricultural seeds and cuttings such
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Riis arrived at the Basel headquarters on 7 July 1840 and consulted with the Home Committee that had already decided to close the mission's West African station. Riis asked the committee to rethink their decision by narrating Addo Dankwa's farewell address to the Basel directors. They agreed to go to
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In August 1845, the Home Committee recalled Andreas Riis and his wife Anna Wolters to Basel so he could be afforded a fair hearing before a panel of missionaries responsible for enforcing discipline. On 13 August 1845 at 4p.m, he sailed from the Gold Coast to London. In London, he transferred to the
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but died at sea on his way home. This incident happened after J. G. Widmann reported to the Home Committee in 1844, about how Riis treated the West Indians. Another Basel missionary, Ernst Sebald noted that "the West Indians had their faults but were wrongly treated by Riis who had nevertheless good
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Some of the complaints against Riis appeared exaggerated. In a report dated 13 December 1846, Schiedt stated that "Riis never acknowledges any fault – he cannot stand contradictions –he neglects his proper missionary work, even with his own houseboy. He had promised freedom for his slaves in the day
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Due to fraught interpersonal relations with his missionary colleagues and locals, "the Home Committee requested a general summation of Riis' practices on the Gold Coast." Among his alleged crimes was the charge of financial irregularities - the renovation of his private house at Christiansborg using
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to go to Jamaica to recruit black Christians. Andreas Riis, his wife, Anna Wolter, Widmann and Thompson left Basel for the British leeward island of Antigua in the West Indies with a transit in Liverpool to select mission recruits. The first station was St. Jan (now St. John US Virgin Islands) where
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On 18 January 1834, Andreas Riis set out to visit Akropong with his friend George Lutterodt, arriving exactly a week later on 25 January after a respite on Lutterodt's inland plantation along the way. Amid fanfare and drumming, the duo were warmly received, on friendly terms, by the then Omanhene of
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Five weeks after the arrival of Riis and his colleagues, Christian Heinze died from malaria-induced fever and dysentery on 26 April 1832. In a letter dated 6 June 1832, to the Basel Home Committee, Riis described in graphic detail the debilitating nature of Heinze's illness. Peter Jager also died on
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The West Indian missionaries also petitioned the Basel Mission Inspector, recounting the ill-treatment they received at the hands of Andreas Riis. Some disagreements among the Caribbean missionaries over the distribution of clothing supplies resulted in the flogging of Antiguan, Jonas Horsford by a
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Riis' alleged self-centeredness, narrow-mindedness, inflexibility and unwillingness to compromise alienated him from his fellow missionaries leading to a deteriorated relationship with them. He was called stubborn, an impatient man and relentless. He was also accused in an 1845 Basel mission report
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In a metaphor of the Biblical Joseph story, a team of 24 Jamaicans and one Antiguan (6 distinct families and 3 bachelors) sailed from the Jamaican Port of Kingston on 8 February 1843 aboard the Irish brigantine, The Joseph Anderson, rented for £600, and according to differing narratives, arrived in
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This chief's philosophical parting words gave Riis and the Basel Mission something worthy of consideration. The watershed moment for missions in Africa materialised when contacts were made to involve freed former slaves and their offspring from the Caribbean in the mission to Africa. A similar idea
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Riis' poor health condition, the rough terrain and the high mortality of European missionaries, sometimes reaching eighty percent, coupled with the failure of the missionary work compelled the Basel Missionary Society to abandon the work and recall Riis in 1839. For nearly eight years Riis had been
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Andreas Riis finally moved and settled at Akropong on 26 March 1835. Riis built his solid timber house on stone foundation, almost entirely on his own as he refused to pay the Akropong natives in kind with brandy or gin. By February 1836, his house had been fully built. Furthermore, the locals were
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After his recovery, Riis, on the request of the then Governor, Helmuth von Ahrensdorf, became a minister at Christiansborg, under the supervision of the castle chaplain. Shortly after his appointment, the chaplain died and Riis assumed additional responsibilities as the chaplain, teacher and school
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After becoming ill from tropical fever two months later, Riis sought treatment with the Danish doctor at Christiansborg, Dr. Tietz but his condition worsened each day for the next week. Upon the recommendation of his mulatto trader friend, George Lutterodt, he went to a native African herbalist for
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Earlier in March 1827, the Basel Mission had selected four young men from rural Switzerland and southern Germany between the ages of 23 and 27 years. These recruits were Karl F. Salbach (27), Gottlieb Holzwath (26), Johannes Henke (23) and the Swiss-born Johannes Gottlieb Schmidt (24). The men were
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After settling for a year on the Gold Coast, circa 1834, and with the approval of the Home Committee of the Basel Mission, Riis arranged to get a wife, Anna Margaretha Wolter, a twenty year old Danish woman who was described as pious, anaemic, sickly, and talented. She was born on 12 March 1815 in
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in 1837 and by 1840, Murdter had succumbed to tropical ailments too. In 1840, Andreas Riis, travelled through Akwamu, Shai, Kroboland, Akim Abuakwa, and Cape Coast and around New Year, arrived in the Ashanti capital, Kumasi where he spent two weeks and wrote observations on the traditional society
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Peter Christian Riis, born on 12 March 1837 in Løgumkloster. On 7 June 1867 when he was 30 years old, Peter Riis married an older woman, Marie Andersen. Andersen was born on 11 December 1827 in the town of Emmerske in Denmark and was the daughter of Niels Andersen and Marie F. Simonsen. Peter and
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Schiedt, nonetheless, was also dismissed from the Gold Coast mission later for separate offences – multiple accusations of character assassination, habitual lateness, crudeness, insufficient piety, disparaging the Home Committee and threatening to become a Methodist. These claims mostly came from
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to find suitable missionaries of African descent who could perhaps adapt quickly to the West African climate. After Riis left the Gold Coast, the Danes attempted to permanently ban Riis from re-entry into the Gold Coast. The issue was eventually resolved by the Home Committee on 31 January 1842.
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had invited Riis to start a mission there which the Danish colonial administration objected to, as this could have created a political standoff with the Danish Governor, Frederick Siegfried Moerck. Riis had also been critical of the Danish Governor, Moerck's outward religiosity while pursuing a
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leading to the endurance of the Basel mission, in spite of difficulties encountered in the early years, including loneliness in a faraway land, alienation from his colleagues, the loss of his entire nuclear family to disease and external circumstances pertaining to inter-ethnic conflict. Riis'
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Initially, Riis, as local President of the mission, had to be master of all trades: pastor, administrator, bursar, accountant, carpenter, architect and a public relations officer between the Mission and the traditional rulers. As more missionaries were recruited for the mission, the burden of
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policies. As a result, Riis was legally prevented from abandoning the Christiansborg office of the chaplain until the arrival of a new Danish pastor in 1835. There were prior tensions between Riis and the Danes as well as colonial rivalry between the Danes and British – the English Governor,
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Lutterodt then advised Riis to move to the more isolated woody hilly countryside in Akropong – Akuapem where the climate is much cooler and had a more conducive environment for evangelisation to due to a lack of acculturation in comparison to coastal towns. Riis also wanted to master the
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to "direct, regulate and command his subordinates" according to his "will and purpose." Yet, he intensely disliked the patriarchal hierarchy of the Basel Mission Home Committee whose members he described as "armchair evangelists" without any knowledge of missionary field work.
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As per archival records, the Home Committee later paid Riis his pension regularly in acknowledgment of his twelve-year service to the society and as the main driver of Basel Mission activity on the Gold Coast. Andreas Riis entered new missionary work in the coastal town of
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him extremely difficult to work with. Riis viewed Halleur as lazy and selfish and prone to mood swings. In the end, disillusioned and depressed, Halleur and another missionary resigned altogether from the Basel mission and returned to their respective hometowns.
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in 1839, the Basel Mission's magazine, an article, "Riis: Missionsreise von Akropong in das Aquambu", celebrated Riis' exploits in the establishment of the Akropong mission station as a preliminary triumph of the sole Basel missionary survivor on the Gold Coast.
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Riis' treatment of his co-workers was described as unfairly severe. New missionaries could hardly cope with his authoritarian style of doing things. For instance, as a disciplinarian, Riis suspended and placed on probation the Americo-Liberian missionary,
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mistress at Christiansborg This allegation was made by the Basel missionary, Friedrich Schiedt in a letter to the Home Committee in Basel which was discussed by the board on 24 March 1847. It was noted that Schiedt frequently clashed with Riis.
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as a missionary in 1845. In 1850, he returned to Europe as a result of ill-health. Hans Riis lived in Basel from 1850 to 1858. He moved to the United States, where he lived from 1858 to 1869. He became a parish priest in Reisby in
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mission funds. His detractors also alleged that his tenant, a Danish alcoholic, Dr. Hansen sold rum on Riis' property, even on Sundays. He had also sold for profit the clothes which were to have been given to the West Indians.
998:"Søgeord: Geografi_og_historie Tyskland,_Østrig,_Schweiz_og_Liechtenstein Østrig_1748_-_1866 Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon Landbrug,_skovbrug_og_gartneri Gårdejer Andreas_Hansen&offset=2 | Gyldendal - Den Store Danske"
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The Danish colonial government did not take kindly to the decision by Riis to relocate to Akropong. The Danish authorities viewed the relocation as an intrusion on colonial control on the coast and a rejection of
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932:"Søgeord: Geografi_og_historie Tyskland,_Østrig,_Schweiz_og_Liechtenstein Østrig_1748_-_1866 Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon Handel_og_industri Købmand Andreas_Bjørn&offset=2 | Gyldendal - Den Store Danske"
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was named after Andreas Riis. In 1958, a memorial plaque was unveiled at Riis' birthplace in his hometown, Løgumkloster in Southern Jutland. A 1958 scholarly piece authored by the
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377:, his conviction, work ethic, sense of purpose and determination – values conveyed in his application essay. After completing mandatory military service, Riis enrolled at the
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in 1845 for an alleged extra-marital affair with two women. Thompson had earlier been posted from Akropong to Christiansborg to help start an English language middle school,
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planting at Akropong, more than two decades before Tetteh Quarshie brought cocoa seedlings to the Gold Coast from the island of Fernando Po, then a Portuguese protectorate.
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intentions. He thinks that the West Indians should live like the natives." Occasionally, Riis became violent against locals as well and verbally abused them during meals.
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794:. and his second wife, Sofie Amalie Smith (1778–1836). Christian Pharo was also a widower who had earlier been married to Margrete Gjertsdatter Langfeldt (1767–1800).
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along the German-Danish border. Historians have described the town as one in which inhabitants had a strong work-ethic and missionary interests, in line with the
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was named in his memory. The Presbyterian Book Depot in Kumasi was named A-Riis Company Limited in his honour. A branch of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana in
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in 1835, he laid the groundwork for the first mission house, eventually resulting in the founding of the first Christian church there which later became the
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Carlson, William G.; Gehrz, Christopher; Winn, Christian T. Collins; Holst, Eric; Collins, Gehrz; Christopher, Carlson; William, G. (25 October 2012).
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882:. Framed as a tragic character and what Jon Miller called a "strategic deviant", Riis' complex legacy is connected to his personal traits: charisma,
709:, on grounds of deteriorating physical and mental health. In effect, Andreas Riis had been summarily dismissed from his post as a Basel missionary.
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As a bachelor, Riis was also accused of sexual misconduct and daliances with multiple local women. Additionally he was rumoured to have fathered an
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Pitfalls of Trained Incapacity: The Unintended Effects of Integral Missionary Training in the Basel Mission on its Early Work in Ghana (1828-1840)
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2328:"A short centenary sketch : the settlement of West Indian Immigrants on the Goldcoast under the Auspices of the Basel Mission 1843–1943"
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Marie Riis had no children. Marie Riis died on 13 February 1905 in Løgumkloster at the age 78. In 1860, Peter Christian Riis was a farmer in
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In 1842, the Home Committee selected the Rev. Johan Georg Widmann, Hermann Halleur and the German-trained Americo-Liberian Basel missionary,
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state politics, including a chieftaincy dispute between the Akwapem and the Guan, fearing the growing influence of the British in that area.
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Andreas Riis, born on 27 September 1819 in Løgumkloster and died of natural causes in the same town on 1 April 1900 at the age of 80 years
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2380:"Bischoff.no – Bischoff.no is the personal blog of Eirik Anfinsen – co-founder of Cymra, anthropologist, and general tech-enthusiast"
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and died in the same town on 15 January 1877 at the age of 79. Christian Riis married Christine Ingeborg Geerdsen on 2 June 1820 in
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After moving to Norway, Andreas Riis remarried on 8 September 1849 to Hilleborg Pharo who was christened on 24 February 1814 in
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paganist hedonistic lifestyle. As punishment, Riis was detained at Christiansborg from May to June 1837. Moerck also meddled in
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911:, on Riis' life dubbed him, albeit in hagiographic and hyperbolic terms, as the "Moses of the Ghana Presbyterian Church".
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Missionary Zeal and Institutional Control: Organizational Contradictions in the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast 1828-1917
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strength, stamina, audacity, persuasion, imagination, ingenuity, strong will, persistence or tenacity to survive on the
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Enchanted Calvinism: Labor Migration, Afflicting Spirits, and Christian Therapy in the Presbyterian Church of Ghana
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was a separate non-political, international entity, Riis did not want to be viewed as colonial agent of the Danes.
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in 1828. He studied for almost five years at the training school and was consecrated a missionary at the
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Ghana-Caribbean Relations – From Slavery Times to Present: Lecture to the Ghana-Caribbean Association
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Another nephew of Andreas Riis was Hans Nicolai Riis (27 January 1822 – 14 July 1890) who arrived in
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Kwakye, Abraham Nana Opare (2018). "Returning African Christians in Mission to the Gold Coast".
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but the final decision on West Indian recruitment was motivated by the chief's message to Riis.
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Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana
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Sarasin- Bischoff from Basel Switzerland. On 5 September 1845 Riis' wife Anna Riis died from
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out of anger and humiliation. Upon his request, Jonas Horsford was voluntarily repatriated to
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The Contribution of Ramseyer to the Development of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana in Asante
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minister and pioneer missionary who is widely regarded by historians as the founder of the
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Autobiography of Rev. Peter Hall: First Moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana
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there and what he perceived as the unfavourable and grim prospects for mission work.
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for farming to be undertaken by the mission. Purchase costs amounted to forty-seven
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by some accounts. He also enjoyed the locally brewed beer, Pito, and freshly tapped
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manager in charge of the boys' and girls' castle schools for the next two years.
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In 1846, the jury gave its verdict which was to revoke Riis' appointment to the
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friend of the mission, George Lutterodt who assisted them in renting a house.
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515:
411:
726:
a short while later and became a travelling preacher and a chaplain of the
583:
Also accompanying the group was an Angolan-born, Jamaican trained teacher,
385:
in 1832 and shortly thereafter ordained a minister at a Lutheran church in
2025:. Kumasi: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. p. 56.
1781:
438:
18 July 1832. At that point, the missionaries had just begun learning the
349:
of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, inspired by German theologians
875:
871:
842:
783:
511:
322:
84:
1595:
Pioneers of the Faith: Biographical Studies from Ghanaian Church History
883:
830:
740:
678:
634:
419:
358:
306:
302:
99:
862:
Andreas Riis died on 13 January 1854 at the age of 50 in Naksby near
837:. In 1907 when he was 70 years, he remarried an unnamed Danish woman.
782:. Pharo was the daughter of Christian Rosenberg Pharo (1767–1848), a
779:
723:
552:
318:
126:
37:
1179:
896:
764:
687:
556:
507:
407:
366:
337:
Andreas Riis was born on 12 January 1804 in a small artisan town,
286:
1940:
851:
825:
Johann Friedrich Riis, born on 7 November 1829 in Løgumkloster
455:
439:
822:
Johann Friedrich Riis, born on 24 July 1826 in Løgumkloster.
2379:
850:. H. N. Riis published a grammar book and glossary in the
410:
on the Gold Coast together with Peter Petersen Jager, a
525:
In his role as an amateur naturalist and experimental
2179:. Cyberjournal for Pentecostal-Charismatic Research.
819:
Maria Riis, born on 18 September 1823 in Løgumkloster
797:
Andreas Riis had an older brother, Christian Riis, a
2222:"The Beginnings of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana"
321:
in colonial Ghana. As the first Basel missionary in
2142:"Brief History of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana"
1184:
Research Review of the Institute of African Studies
265:
254:
249:
231:
210:
202:
140:
119:
105:
95:
72:
47:
23:
426:on 21 March 1832 and were received by a Ga-Danish
2173:"Pentecostalism in Ghana: An African Reformation"
1344:Missionary Practices on the Gold Coast, 1832-1895
1793:
1791:
1593:Knispel, Martin and Kwakye, Nana Opare (2006).
1885:"History-Christ Presbyterian Church, Akropong"
2294:"Akyem Abuakwa Presbytery Youth: PCG History"
1672:"Andreas Riis | Gyldendal - Den Store Danske"
743:in southern Denmark. She was a member of the
8:
1607:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1180:"Andreas Riis: a lifetime of colonial drama"
551:had been passed on by English missions in
309:in 1843 to aid the work of the mission in
285:(12 January 1804 – 13 January 1854) was a
36:
20:
625:Alleged infractions, recall and dismissal
167:
2075:"NUPS-G KNUST>>PCG>>History"
1801:. National Commission on Culture, Ghana:
1776:(1). Edinburgh University Press: 25–45.
189:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
920:
475:(2 February 1801 – 22 May 1847) at the
397:Missionary activities on the Gold Coast
2437:
2435:
2249:
2247:
2232:from the original on 12 September 2017
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2069:
2067:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1870:from the original on 21 November 2017.
1860:"A Ghanaian church built by Jamaicans"
1834:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1827:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
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1733:
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1600:
1588:
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1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
518:, often whiling away the night in the
2321:
2319:
2183:from the original on 23 December 2010
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2032:from the original on 13 December 2016
1879:
1877:
1853:
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1045:
1043:
992:
990:
959:
957:
926:
924:
778:. Pharo died on 28 September 1900 in
542:Recruitment of West Indian volunteers
163:
7:
2085:from the original on 7 February 2005
2016:Asamoah-Prah, Rexford Kwesi (2011).
1704:Herppich, Birgit (31 October 2016).
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1444:
1442:
1440:
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1426:
1219:
1217:
1215:
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1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
833:, living within the vicinity of the
327:Christ Presbyterian Church, Akropong
295:Basel Evangelical Missionary Society
236:Basel Evangelical Missionary Society
2274:from the original on 18 August 2018
1905:The Pietist Impulse in Christianity
1194:from the original on 17 April 2017.
893:Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School
705:and force his resignation from the
2528:Gold Coast (British colony) people
2390:from the original on 30 March 2017
2367:from the original on 13 June 2018.
2304:from the original on 25 April 2017
1922:from the original on 13 June 2018.
1724:from the original on 13 June 2018.
1597:. Accra: Akuapem Presbytery Press.
1535:from the original on 13 June 2018.
1361:from the original on 13 June 2018.
747:. Her father was a thrice-widowed
14:
2451:from the original on 22 July 2018
2447:(in Norwegian). T.A. Hoeg. 1854.
2338:from the original on 3 April 2018
1988:from the original on 22 July 2018
1951:from the original on 19 July 2018
1891:from the original on 24 May 2013.
1710:. James Clarke Company, Limited.
1682:from the original on 19 July 2018
1008:from the original on 22 July 2018
975:from the original on 22 July 2018
942:from the original on 22 July 2018
907:church historian and theologian,
2533:Protestant missionaries in Ghana
422:, born in 1804. They arrived in
220:Anna Maria F. Philipsen (mother)
2513:People from Tønder Municipality
2363:. Waterville Publishing House.
809:. The couple had six children:
600:Management and leadership style
522:tapper's hut with his friends.
185:
159:
2523:Danish Protestant missionaries
2298:Akyem Abuakwa Presbytery Youth
217:Andreas Petersen Riis (father)
16:Danish minister and missionary
1:
2470:svendHistorie (30 May 2018).
2110:. Brill Archive. p. 62.
1770:Studies in World Christianity
868:former Norwegian municipality
874:, which now forms a part of
2543:19th-century Danish farmers
2107:West African Church History
1941:"-ØSTERGADE - www.bbeim.dk"
1515:Miller, Jon (22 May 2014).
880:Der Evangelische Heidenbote
801:born on 24 October 1797 in
533:. Johannes Stanger died on
317:and the propagation of the
2559:
2538:19th-century Danish clergy
416:Christian Friedrich Heinze
1978:"600.jpg | | FotoWeb 8.0"
1797:Anquandah, James (2006).
730:until his death in 1854.
728:Danish Missionary Society
713:Life after the Gold Coast
414:native, born in 1808 and
276:
245:
241:
227:
35:
2472:"Ghana – The Gold Coast"
2260:. Boydell & Brewer.
2104:Agbeti, J. Kofi (1986).
734:Personal life and family
418:, a medical doctor from
333:Early life and education
2079:www.nupsgknust.itgo.com
1982:fotoarkiv.danmission.dk
1908:. Casemate Publishers.
2444:Norsk missions-tidende
2171:Amanor, Jones Darkwa.
379:Basel Mission Seminary
363:Basel Mission Seminary
355:August Hermann Francke
149:Anna Margaretha Wolter
110:Basel Mission Seminary
2326:Clerk, N. T. (1943).
1782:10.3366/swc.2018.0203
1399:Sill, Ulrike (2010).
909:Hans Werner Debrunner
650:illegitimate daughter
615:George Peter Thompson
573:George Peter Thompson
2357:Hall, Peter (1965).
1858:Dawes, Mark (2003).
813:Johan Friedrich Riis
633:Riis bought land at
406:Riis then sailed to
166:; died
2254:Mohr, Adam (2013).
661:of their baptism."
347:Württemberg Pietism
2518:Danish Protestants
2332:www.bmarchives.org
621:in November 1843.
585:Catherine Mulgrave
367:Basel, Switzerland
343:Duchy of Schleswig
301:missionaries from
114:Basel, Switzerland
66:Duchy of Schleswig
2378:Anfinsen, Eirik.
1676:denstoredanske.dk
1419:on 30 March 2017.
1347:. Cambria Press.
1002:denstoredanske.dk
969:denstoredanske.dk
936:denstoredanske.dk
477:Cape Coast Castle
280:
279:
89:Sweden and Norway
2550:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2420:on 29 March 2017
2416:. Archived from
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2228:. 30 June 2015.
2218:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2148:. Archived from
2137:
2126:
2125:
2120:. Archived from
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2071:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2013:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1945:123hjemmeside.dk
1937:
1924:
1923:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1864:Jamaican Gleaner
1855:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1809:. Archived from
1808:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1765:
1726:
1725:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1668:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1537:
1536:
1512:
1421:
1420:
1415:. Archived from
1396:
1363:
1362:
1339:
1196:
1195:
1175:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
994:
985:
984:
982:
980:
961:
952:
951:
949:
947:
928:
858:Death and legacy
639:Danish rigsdaler
311:formal education
193:
191:
187:
171:
169:
165:
161:
79:
57:
55:
40:
21:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2268:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2220:
2219:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2152:on 25 July 2017
2139:
2138:
2129:
2124:on 21 May 2021.
2118:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2073:
2072:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1916:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1857:
1856:
1843:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1816:on 30 July 2016
1813:
1806:
1804:"Archived copy"
1802:
1796:
1789:
1767:
1766:
1729:
1718:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1670:
1669:
1616:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1540:
1529:
1514:
1513:
1424:
1413:
1398:
1397:
1366:
1355:
1341:
1340:
1199:
1178:Seth, Quartey.
1177:
1176:
1021:
1011:
1009:
996:
995:
988:
978:
976:
963:
962:
955:
945:
943:
930:
929:
922:
917:
860:
745:Moravian Church
736:
715:
627:
602:
544:
499:
490:Mission Magazin
404:
399:
351:Philipp Spenern
335:
223:
198:
195:
183:
179:
178:Hilleborg Pharo
173:
157:
153:
150:
136:
91:
81:
77:
76:13 January 1854
68:
59:
58:12 January 1804
53:
51:
43:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2462:
2431:
2401:
2370:
2349:
2315:
2285:
2266:
2243:
2194:
2163:
2127:
2116:
2096:
2043:
1999:
1962:
1925:
1914:
1894:
1873:
1841:
1787:
1727:
1716:
1693:
1614:
1538:
1527:
1422:
1412:978-9004188884
1411:
1364:
1353:
1197:
1019:
986:
953:
919:
918:
916:
913:
859:
856:
839:
838:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
769:Gulf of Guinea
735:
732:
714:
711:
626:
623:
601:
598:
543:
540:
498:
495:
473:George Maclean
424:Christiansborg
403:
400:
398:
395:
391:Baden, Germany
334:
331:
293:branch of the
278:
277:
274:
273:
267:
263:
262:
256:
252:
251:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
225:
224:
222:
221:
218:
214:
212:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
197:
196:
181:
177:
176:
174:
155:
151:
148:
147:
144:
142:
138:
137:
135:
134:
129:
123:
121:
117:
116:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
82:
80:(aged 50)
74:
70:
69:
60:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
29:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2555:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2350:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2273:
2269:
2267:9781580464628
2263:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2182:
2178:
2177:www.pctii.org
2174:
2167:
2164:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2097:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1950:
1947:(in Danish).
1946:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1915:9780227680001
1911:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1717:9780227905883
1713:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1681:
1678:(in Danish).
1677:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1528:9781136876189
1524:
1521:. Routledge.
1520:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
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2475:
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2443:
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2418:the original
2414:osusalem.org
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2150:the original
2146:pcgonline.io
2145:
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2078:
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1981:
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1944:
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1811:the original
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1675:
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968:
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935:
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840:
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803:Løgumkloster
796:
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757:
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716:
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690:-bound ship
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432:
428:Euro-African
405:
341:in northern
339:Løgumkloster
336:
283:Andreas Riis
282:
281:
266:Consecration
83:Naksby near
78:(1854-01-13)
62:Løgumkloster
42:Andreas Riis
30:Andreas Riis
26:The Reverend
18:
2508:1854 deaths
2503:1804 births
2410:"Osu Salem"
2384:Bischoff.no
2187:25 November
848:Nordslesvig
835:town square
565:West Indies
531:Volta River
527:ethnologist
497:Ethnography
402:Early years
315:agriculture
299:West Indian
120:Occupations
96:Nationality
2497:Categories
2481:2 December
2117:9964912706
915:References
901:Copenhagen
888:Gold Coast
703:Gold Coast
675:Cape Coast
643:Gold Coast
504:peppersoup
291:Gold Coast
255:Ordination
132:Missionary
54:1804-01-12
2278:18 August
2036:3 October
1603:cite book
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854:in 1853.
799:shoemaker
788:shipowner
761:dysentery
753:innkeeper
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652:with his
520:palm wine
516:palm wine
458:. As the
412:Schleswig
127:Clergyman
106:Education
2476:Historie
2449:Archived
2424:29 March
2394:29 March
2388:Archived
2365:Archived
2336:Archived
2302:Archived
2272:Archived
2230:Archived
2226:yldaniel
2181:Archived
2089:29 March
2083:Archived
2027:Archived
1986:Archived
1949:Archived
1920:Archived
1889:Archived
1868:Archived
1830:cite web
1722:Archived
1680:Archived
1533:Archived
1359:Archived
1192:Archived
1006:Archived
973:Archived
940:Archived
876:Grimstad
864:Grimstad
843:Akropong
784:merchant
776:Grimstad
720:Grimstad
512:wormfish
323:Akropong
203:Children
85:Grimstad
2455:22 July
2342:3 April
2308:14 June
2156:28 July
1992:22 July
1955:19 July
1820:3 April
1686:19 July
1012:22 July
979:22 July
946:22 July
884:Pietist
679:Antigua
635:Abokobi
482:Akuapem
420:Sachsen
387:Lörrach
359:glazier
307:Antigua
303:Jamaica
259:Lörrach
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724:Norway
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508:snails
375:Danish
371:German
319:Gospel
287:Danish
272:, 1832
261:, 1832
250:Orders
232:Church
188:
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2140:PCG.
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1957:2018
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