158:, to Scottish ship captain Andrew Craigie and his Nantucket-born wife Elizabeth, Andrew Craigie Jr. attended the Boston Latin School before being appointed by the Committee of Safety of the Province of Massachusetts on 30 April 1775 to take care of its medical stores. He was listed in a manuscript of "Medical Men in the American Revolution" deposited in the Library of Congress by Dr. J. M. Toner, who gave him the title of "Surg. Gen. Hosp." The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts Bay referred to Craigie as the "commissary of medicinal stores" and charged him with providing beds, linen, and other supplies necessary for patient care to the troops gathering around Boston. He is believed to have attended the wounded at Bunker Hill two months after his appointment.
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family, although Allen never lived in his household. Allen is known to have lived as a girl with the family of Joel Barlow, the poet and diplomat, and a friend of
Craigie. Another friend of Craigie, Mrs. David Jackson of Philadelphia, told Allen about her parents’ relationship after both had died. Craigie sent Mary Allen to the Moravian Boarding School for Girls in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1879. Allen joined the Moravians and served as a teacher in Bethlehem and as superintendent of the Single Sisters' House in Nazareth. She died in Bethlehem in 1849.
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ammunition for their plans. On
October 27, 1807, Craigie and twelve associates were given the authority to build the Canal Bridge. It was called "Canal Bridge" because one-third of the shares were to be held by the individual proprietors of the Middlesex Canal Corporation, but it soon came to be familiarly called "Craigie's Bridge." The original bridge was completed and opened for travel in August, 1809. The original toll bridge became toll-free in 1858 and was replaced by the current
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Highway/Massachusetts Route 28). Craigie and his associates, who formed the
Lechemere Point Corporation, benefited from the building boom that followed, spurred on by their efforts to expand the public street grid. Their rerouting of roads to steer traffic toward what was originally a toll bridge, however, was criticized by some at the time.
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reorganization of the military medical department in 1780 concentrated the authority for operations in all four districts in one medical staff. The title of "Apothecary" or "Apothecary
General" was conveyed on Craigie at that time, and he became America's first official Apothecary General. Although he never met General
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in East
Cambridge grew, Craigie was able to exert significant influence over the areas development. The construction of the bridge prompted the laying out of roads to the center of Cambridge (now Cambridge Street, running to Harvard Square) and Somerville/Medford (Bridge Street, now Monsignor O'Brien
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In 1791 or 1792 (accounts vary), Craigie purchased the
Vassall House and farm, comprising approximately 150 acres, which had served as Washington’s headquarters during the war. The house came to be known as the “Craigie Mansion,” and later through its most famous tenant as the "Longfellow House," and
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Meanwhile, Craigie continued to invest in land speculation, much of it in East
Cambridge. He secretly acquired 300 acres around Lechmere Point with several partners, and revived plans to construct a bridge from Lechmere Point to Boston, using the success of the Charlestown and West Boston Bridges as
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and speculator Daniel Parker. Parker played the lead role in organizing a business concern to purchase the post-war debt due to France from the United States in 1788. The men in
Hamilton’s circle had insider knowledge of his plan for the new federal government to assume the war debts of the states,
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On
January 10, 1793, Andrew Craigie was married to Elizabeth (“Betsy”) Nancy Shaw. The parties continues, with guests that included Queen Victoria’s father and the French diplomat Talleyrand, among many others. His biographer described Craigie as someone who "entertained without regard to expense,
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in 1778, and
Craigie was stationed there for a period. During his time in Pennsylvania, Craigie met and fathered a child, Mary ("Polly") Allen, with a Philadelphia Quaker woman whose family forbade her to marry Craigie, a non-Quaker. Craigie evidently supported Allen without aid from the mother’s
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After his work treating the wounded at Bunker Hill and building his practice at the hospital, he was recommended by Dr. John Morgan, director-general and chief surgeon of the army hospital, to become one of several Apothecaries General in 1777, responsible for the northern district. A subsequent
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On 27 July 1775, the Continental Congress created "an hospital" (the forerunner of the U.S. Army's medical department) for its army of 20,000 soldiers. An apothecary was among the personnel specified in the resolution, and in time Craigie assumed that duty. His legacy in defining what ultimately
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After his sudden death from a stroke in 1819, the Craigie estate was divided between his nephews and nieces, and Elizabeth Craigie received the house and the land immediately surrounding it. His wife became so financially burdened that she sold many effects of the mansion, and began to take in
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During and immediately after his time with the army, Craigie sold drugs and medicines wholesale with a partner in New York City. He also became a financier and land speculator, buying and selling parcels of property in New England and Ohio, amassing a large fortune in the process. Craigie was
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By 1789, he had given up the wholesale pharmacy business he had started during the war, but continued to invest in real estate. He held substantial tracts in upstate New York, Oxford, Maine, and in East Cambridge, and speculated in both domestic and foreign money markets.
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became the roles of U.S. Army Medical Service Corps pharmacists and medical logistics officers is commemorated by the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States, which recognizes a federal government pharmacist each year with the Andrew Craigie Award.
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As time went on, however, Craigie become involved in debt, fueled at least in part by his work to restore the house and by the extravagant social events held at his estate, and eventually secluded himself in his house for fear of arrest for debt collection.
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218:. The house served as a social center of Cambridge. Craigie installed gardens, a greenhouse and an icehouse, and held numerous parties and dances at what was described as his "princely bachelor’s establishment."
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Paper read by John W. Jordan at the annual meeting of the Moravian Historical Society, 1884, in Records of the Moravian Historical Society at the Moravian Archives in Bethlehem, PA, ref. nr. 1042mhs
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After he became the first apothecary general in the colonial army in 1777, Craigie recommended the creation of a central supply for medications. This supply facility was established in
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and was responsible for the construction of the Canal Bridge connecting East Cambridge and Boston, which later became known as the Craigie Bridge and later was rebuilt as the
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thereby making state debt certificates a better bet. Craigie bought up large amounts of discounted South Carolina paper at a good profit.
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The Medical Department of the United States Army: Legislative and Administrative History During the Period of the Revolution (1776-1786)
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Finding Aid for the Mary Allen (1779-1849) – Andrew Craigie (1754-1819) Correspondence, 1797-CA. 1941 (Bulk Dates: 1797-1816)
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mustered out of the army in 1783. It is during this early post-war period that he became acquainted with then-Treasury Secretary
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175:, he came to Gen. Washington's attention, who mentioned Craigie in a letter written to "an influential member of Congress."
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in 1910. The new bridge, situated next to the Museum of Science, is still referred to as Craigie's Bridge by many.
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Elizabeth Craigie died on May 5, 1841. One of her more famous longer-term boarders,
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Craigie was also fundamental in convincing Middlesex County authorities to move the
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boarders. Short-term residents of the home included Washington biographer
479:. U.S. Army Medical Department Office of Medical History. Archived from
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who kept dozens of servants and well stocked stables and wine cellars."
602:"The Streets of Cambridge- Some Accounts of Their Origin and History"
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364:"Andrew Craigie: Brief life of a patriot and scoundrel: 1754-1819"
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Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S. Andrew Craigie Award
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Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
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Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
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Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
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U.S. Coast Pilot, volume 1, Atlantic Coast: Eastport to Cape Cod
506:. American Institute of the History of Pharmacy. p. 164.
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John Vassal Tomb, Old Burial Ground, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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through his relationships with New York financial promoter
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Alexander Hamilton; Harold C. Syrett; Jacob Cooke (1962).
426:. American Pharmaceutical Association. 1928. p. 63.
465:. Northeast Museum Services Center. 2007. p. 11.
299:, a.k.a. the "Craigie Bridge" or "Craigie's Bridge"
118:(1754–1819) is best known for serving as the first
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604:. The Cambridge Historical Society. Archived from
424:Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association
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575:. Cambridge Historical Society. Archived from
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653:Continental Army officers from Massachusetts
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317:Middlesex County Courthouse (Massachusetts)
243:Middlesex County Courthouse (Massachusetts)
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556:The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, Volume 1
530:"ANDREW CRAIGIE, JR. (1754-1819), c. 1800"
502:Edward Kremers; Glenn Sonnedecker (1986).
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558:. Columbia University Press. p. 572.
504:Kremers and Urdang's History of Pharmacy
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249:-designed building in East Cambridge.
198:William Duer (Continental Congressman)
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281:, bought the house after her death.
663:People from colonial Massachusetts
573:"Craigie Estate Papers, 1792-1855"
335:-helmed Craigie on Main restaurant
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209:Cambridge Socialite and Developer
93:Doctor, Pharmacist, Businessman
535:. American Antiquarian Society
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245:from Harvard Square to a new
156:Province of Massachusetts Bay
136:East Cambridge, Massachusetts
53:Province of Massachusetts Bay
214:which today is known as the
134:, Craigie developed much of
130:. The one-time owner of the
109:Andrew and Elizabeth Craigie
101:Elizabeth "Betsy" Nancy Shaw
658:People from colonial Boston
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648:Boston Latin School alumni
444:. Paul Hoeber. p. 19.
279:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
477:"Early Military Medicine"
408:. M. King. 1881. p.
405:King's Handbook of Boston
329:Craigie Street, Cambridge
233:As the area now known as
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440:William O. Owen (1920).
297:Charles River Dam Bridge
272:Joseph Emerson Worcester
228:Charles River Dam Bridge
140:Charles River Dam Bridge
74:Cambridge, Massachusetts
643:American apothecaries
270:, and lexicographer
180:Lititz, Pennsylvania
392:. 2008. p. 69.
128:American Revolution
366:. Harvard Magazine
194:Alexander Hamilton
120:Apothecary General
173:George Washington
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610:. Retrieved
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82:Burial place
638:1819 deaths
633:1754 births
612:11 February
583:11 February
539:11 February
487:11 February
370:11 February
253:Later years
126:during the
627:Categories
340:References
162:Apothecary
146:Early life
333:Tony Maws
106:Parent(s)
150:Born in
122:of the
65: (
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285:Legacy
152:Boston
98:Spouse
76:, U.S.
49:Boston
533:(PDF)
614:2016
585:2016
541:2016
489:2016
390:NOAA
372:2016
315:The
308:The
302:The
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67:1820
63:1819
60:Died
42:1754
38:1754
35:Born
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