248:, the book based on Vayda's Ph.D. dissertation, was first published in 1960. Now a classic, it has been regarded as the authoritative work on the subject of Maori warfare in its last stage of evolution before being greatly altered by European weapons and ways. As such, it continues to guide archaeological research in New Zealand and has been important also for anthropological and ecological studies of war. In the 1960s, Vayda extended his studies of intergroup fighting to societies in Borneo and New Guinea. His New Guinea findings have special value as products of field research carried out among groups contacted and pacified by outsiders only a few years earlier. The findings figure prominently in an important 1989 article, “Explaining Why Marings Fought.” In this, Vayda admitted to certain errors of reification and fallacies of functional explanation in some of his own earlier work and he showed how avoidable ambiguities in the meaning of questions about why people fight have led to long, unproductive, and acrimonious debates among scholars. This last theme was taken up again in a 1992 review article on the anthropology of war. Both articles are included in Vayda's 2009 essay collection,
279:. In addition, the projects are notable for certain conceptual and methodological innovations. Thus, breaking with the anthropological tradition of conducting holistic studies of communities or societies within which the activities of interest occurred, the projects concentrated on explaining the activities by relating them to the specific contexts in which they were occurring and by making the contexts themselves the objects of research to make them broader or denser in explanation-relevant ways. This is what Bonnie McCay has referred to as “progressive vs. a priori contextualization.” The methodology, as set forth in Vayda's article, “Progressive Contextualization; Methods for Research in Human Ecology,” has been adopted by many anthropologists, geographers, and others doing applied research, and the article has been and continues to be widely cited. Following the 1980s research related to deforestation, Vayda engaged in or directed other research in Indonesia in projects related to such subjects as integrated pest management, possibilities for relocation of settlers from a national park, and possibilities for control of forest and peat fires.
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The
Greening of Saint Lucia: Economic Development and Environmental Change in the Eastern Caribbean, Kingston: University of West Indies Press), or “event ecology” (Vayda, A.P., and Walters, B.B., 1999. Against political ecology. Human Ecology 27: 167–179; Walters, B.B., and Vayda, A.P., 2009. Event ecology, causal historical analysis and human environment research. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99: 534–553). A 2013 article by Rodrigo Penna-Firme (Political and event ecology: Critiques and opportunities for collaboration, Journal of Political Ecology 20: 199–216) commended this version for its methods for identifying causes of environmental changes but criticized it for not dealing more with local people's perceptions of those changes.
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Walters, B.B., McCay, B.J., West, P., and Lees, S., eds., Against the Grain: The Vayda
Tradition in Human Ecology and Ecological Anthropology, Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, pp. 27–39. It should, however, be noted that some of Vayda's interpretations have been questioned in some fairly recent studies of Maori warfare (e.g.,
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Vayda himself had previously been partial to. The criticisms have pertained, inter alia, to the following for being based on theories, assumptions, and/or methodologies whereby broad conclusions either poorly supported or actually contradicted by evidence are drawn and/or practical conclusions fail to be drawn:
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failed to produce the ethnographic monograph expected at the time from extended anthropological fieldwork. However, it did result in a number of articles, including some on such unconventional topics as the relation of island size to sexual activity and to openness to cultural innovations. Throughout
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Vayda, A.P., Leeds, A., and Smith, D.B., 1961. The place of pigs in
Melanesian subsistence. In: Proceedings of the 1961 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, pp. 69–77; Vayda, A.P., 1961. A re-examination of Northwest Coast economic systems. Transactions of the New York Academy
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The main goal of research and explanation was seen as simply answering why-questions about concrete changes or events of interest and not as the kind of development or evaluation of general theories or models favored by many scholars, although theories or models were sometimes used as sources of the
323:
The methodological approach favored by Vayda and his frequent collaborator, Bradley
Walters, drew on pragmatic features of the work of such philosophers as David Lewis on causal explanation and Charles S. Peirce on abductive reasoning. The approach had the following key features (or “admonitions” as
948:
Vayda, A.P., 2006. Causal explanation of
Indonesian forest fires: Concepts, applications, and research priorities. Human Ecology 34: 615–635; Goldstein, J.E., Graham, L., Ansori, S., Vetrita, Y., Thomas, A., Applegate, G., Vayda, A.P., Saharjo, B.H., and Cochrane, M.A., 2020. Beyond slash-and-burn:
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Explanation and explanation-oriented research proceed from the events that are regarded as the effects to be explained (i.e., the explananda) to their causes and not vice versa, thus reducing the confirmation bias which, according to Vayda and
Walters, was promoted by the causes-to-effects research
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The approach has been used most recently in: Walters, B.B., and Vayda, A.P., 2020. Mechanisms and causal histories: Explanation-oriented research in human ecology. Human
Ecology 48: 641–650. This was called “abductive causal eventism” (ACE) in some later publications (e.g., in Walters, B.B., 2019,
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Vayda, A.P., 1986. Holism and individualism in ecological anthropology. Reviews in
Anthropology 13: 295–313; also, Vayda, A.P., 1996. Methods and Explanations in the Study of Human Actions and Their Environmental Effects. A CIFOR/WWF Special Publication. Jakarta: Center for International Forestry
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Kartawinata, K., and Vayda, A.P., 1984. Forest conversion in East
Kalimantan, Indonesia: The activities and impact of timber companies, shifting cultivators, migrant pepper farmers, and others. In: Di Castri, F., Baker, F.W.G., and Hadley, M., eds., Ecology in Practice, Pt. I, Dublin, Tycooly, pp.
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on his life and work as of April 2008. The interview took place on April 5, 2008 in
Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada, and was conducted by Dr. Patricia Kelly Spurles of Mount Allison University. Uploaded to YouTube by Professor Alan Macfarlane of King's College, Cambridge University, the video is
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McCoy, M.D., and Ladefoged, T.N., 2019. In pursuit of Māori warfare: New archaeological research on conflict in pre-European contact New Zealand. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 56 (December); Scaglion, R., 2008. Maori Warfare: Prefiguring contemporary directions in ecological science. In:
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Vayda's critiques of views and approaches accepted by and popular among colleagues in the social sciences and human ecology are numerous and varied. They have been described as “creative destruction” resulting in influential intellectual innovation. Included in the approaches critiqued were some
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Vayda, A.P., and Walters, B.B., 1999. Against political ecology. Human Ecology 27: 167–179; Vayda, A.P., 2009. Explaining Human Actions and Environmental Changes. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, pp. 29–36 on “the problem of confirmation bias”; Vayda, A.P., 2014. Against spiritual ecology: Reply to
241:
Vayda's long and varied career featured historical, anthropological, ecological, philosophical, and interdisciplinary research. He is known also for his criticisms of the work of others for failures of causal reasoning and explanation and for undue generalizing and theorizing in the absence of
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Vayda, A.P., and Setyawati, I., 1998. Questions about culture-related considerations in research on cognition and agro-ecological change: Illustrations from studies of agricultural pest management in Java. Antropologi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Social and Cultural Anthropology) 55:
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Vayda, A.P., 2011. Confirmation bias in consequence explanations. In: Vayda, A.P., and Walters, B.B., eds., Causal Explanation for Social Scientists: A Reader, Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, pp. 281–284; Vayda, A.P., 2012, Rejoinder to Lansing and de Vet. Human Ecology 40:
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Vayda, A.P., 1983. Progressive contextualization: Methods for research in human ecology. Human Ecology 11:265–281; see also Vayda, A.P., Colfer, C.J.P., and Brotokusomo, M., 1980. Interactions between people and forests in East Kalimantan. Impact of Science on Society
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Vayda, A.P., Walters, B.B., and Setyawati, I., 2004. Doing and knowing: Questions about studies of local knowledge. In: Bicker, A., Sillitoe, P., and Pottier, J., eds., Investigating Local Knowledge: New Directions, New Approaches, London: Ashgate Publishing, pp.
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McCay, B.J., 2008. An intellectual history of ecological anthropology. In: Walters, B.B., McCay, B.J., West, P., and Lees, S., eds., Against the Grain: The Vayda Tradition in Human Ecology and Ecological Anthropology, Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, pp.
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Vayda, A.P., and Sahur. A., 1996. Bugis Settlers in East Kalimantan's Kutai National Park: Their Past and Present and Some Possibilities for Their Future. A CIFOR Special Publication. Jakarta: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).54
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Events, including human actions, were made the usual objects of explanation. Among examples from Vayda's work were the events comprising deforestation, intergroup fighting, migration, forest fires, and adoption or non-adoption of integrated pest
336:
Multiple and/or alternative causal possibilities were investigated, with some usually being eliminated while others, comprising some portion of the causal histories of the explanandum events, were left to stand as likely or possible
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Walters, B.B., and McCay, B.J., 2008. Introduction. In: Walters, B.B., McCay, B.J., West, P., and Lees, S., eds., Against the Grain: The Vayda Tradition in Human Ecology and Ecological Anthropology, Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, pp.
287:
Earlier anthropologists’ emphasis on the social and/or ceremonial character of such institutions as potlatches in North America and pig feasts in Melanesia, with no recognition and not even consideration of their significance for
275:. The projects resulted in useful data on how, why, and to what extent did specific activities such as legal and illegal logging, pepper farming by migrants from another island, and shifting cultivation, contribute to
318:
Such whole fields as political ecology and spiritual ecology, criticized for their promotion of confirmation bias by virtue of their causes-to-effects rather than effects-to-causes research methodology (see
252:. The 1989 article is noteworthy also as an extended illustration of Vayda's abiding interest in analyzing and explaining explanation itself and in engaging with the philosophical literature on explanation.
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E.g., Vayda, A.P., 2013. Causal explanation for environmental anthropologists. In: Kopnina, H., and Ouimet, E.S., eds., Environmental Anthropology: Future Directions, London: Routledge, pp. 207–224.
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in 1972 and served on the editorial boards of this and other journals through the years. From 2002, he was an independent scholar with a home base in New York City and also an adjunct professor at
853:
Vayda, A.P., 1994. Actions, variations, and change: The emerging anti-essentialist view in anthropology. In: Borofsky, R., ed., Assessing Cultural Anthropology, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 320–329.
181:(1958–1960). Beginning in the 1960s and continuing into his retirement years, he taught also at various European, American, Australian, and Indonesian universities for periods of a year or less.
267:'s Man and Biosphere Program, Vayda directed or co-directed in the 1970s and 1980s a series of interdisciplinary projects on the causes of deforestation in the Indonesian province of
1000:
Walters, B. B., Doolittle, W. E., Klooster, D., Rocheleau, D., Turner, B. L., II, and Vayda, A. P., 2011. “Book review forum: Explaining human actions and environmental changes” .
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ResearchGate's almost complete list of Vayda's publications, many of them available for free download (www.researchgate.net). (There is a much less complete list at Academia.edu.)
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Vayda, A.P., and Rappaport, R.A., 1968. Ecology: cultural and noncultural. In: Clifton, J.A., ed., Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 476–497.
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of Science, 2d ser., 23: 618—624; Vayda, A.P., 1967. Pomo trade feasts. In: Dalton, G., ed., Tribal and Peasant Economies, Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, pp. 494–500.
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Walters, B.B., McCay, B.J., West, P., and Lees, S., eds., 2008. Against the Grain: The Vayda Tradition in Human Ecology and Ecological Anthropology, Lanham, MD: Altamira Press
260:
his career, Vayda's efforts have been directed mainly towards the production of critical, analytic articles on various topics rather than big books with overarching themes.
233:
Vayda died on January 15, 2022, at the age of 90. A virtual obituary, with pictures from Vayda's various excursions and of him and his loved ones, was created in his honor.
1035:
920:
Peirce, C.S., 1932. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (C. Hartshorne and P. Weiss, eds.), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Vol. 2, pp. 495–499 and passim.
949:
The roles of human activities, altered hydrology and fuels in peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 41: 190–208.
188:
in 1956–57, in Papua New Guinea during the 1960s, and in Indonesia at various times and on various islands since the 1970s until 2017. He founded the journal
177:
in New Brunswick, New Jersey, from 1972 until his retirement in 2002, he had also been a professor at Columbia University (1960–1972) and a lecturer at the
1060:
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Vayda, A.P., 1995. Failures of explanation in Darwinian ecological anthropology: Parts I and II. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 25:219–249, 360–375.
230:. A festschrift in his honor was published in 2008. In December 2021, Human Ecology published a tribute to Vayda in celebration of his 90th birthday.
1045:
315:
The undue claims made for the holistic study of local knowledge systems as practical guides to economic development and environmental conservation.
1055:
134:(December 7, 1931 – January 15, 2022) was a Hungarian-born American anthropologist and ecologist who was a distinguished professor emeritus of
428:
392:
242:
adequate supporting evidence. His published works include some hundred articles and three books. He has also edited or co-edited four books.
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Robbins, P., 2012. Review, Causal Explanation for Social Scientists: A Reader, A.P. Vayda and B.B. Walters, eds., Human Ecology 40: 657–659.
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Lewis, D. K., 1986. Philosophical Papers, Vol. 2. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 214–240 (chap. 22 on “Causal Explanation”).
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McCay, B.J., 2008. “An intellectual history of ecological anthropology.” In: Walters, B.B., McCay, B.J., West, P., and Lees, S., eds.,
159:
48:
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2003, Taua: ‘Musket wars’, ‘land wars’ or tikanga? Warfare in Maori society in the early nineteenth century, Auckland: Penguin Books).
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Vayda, A. P., and McCay, B.J., 1975. New directions in ecology and ecological anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology 4:293–306.
345:
In his last decades Vayda used this methodological approach in explanation-oriented research on forest and peat fires in Indonesia.
615:
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166:, obtaining his B.A. in 1952 and his Ph.D. in anthropology in 1956. His dissertation, based on library research he had done in
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Vayda, A.P., 1960. Maori Warfare. Polynesian Society Maori Monographs, No. 2, Wellington: Polynesian Society (reprinted 1970).
178:
115:
503:
373:, with a concluding chapter by him on “Causal Explanation as a Research Goal,” was published in 2008 by AltaMira Press.
162:, on December 7, 1931. He came to the United States in 1939 with his mother. He grew up in New York City. He attended
463:
Kevin Flesher, Research Director, Centro de Estudos de Biodiversidade, Michelin Ecological Reserve, Ituberá, Brazil.
309:
Cognitive anthropologists’ failure to deal with the knowledge bases of practical human activities or actions.
747:
Vayda, A.P., 1959. Polynesian cultural distributions in new perspective. American Anthropologist 61:817–828.
448:(co-edited with Anthony Leeds), Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1965.
369:, co-edited by him and Bradley B. Walters, published by AltaMira Press in 2011. A festschrift in his honor,
207:
190:
119:
306:
The adaptationism of human behavioral ecologists (called “Darwinian Ecological Anthropologists” by Vayda).
469:
Jay F. Kelly, Associate Professor of Biology and Environmental Science, Raritan Valley Community College.
478:
Christine Padoch, Senior Curator Emerita of the Institute of Economic Botany, New York Botanical Garden.
357:, a selection of his essays on explanation and explanation-oriented research in the social sciences and
256:
185:
653:
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Social and ecological field research was conducted and/or directed by Vayda in the coral atolls of the
312:
Steve Lansing's selective use of evidence to support his modelling of Balinese agro-ecological change.
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Vayda, A.P., 1989. Explaining why Marings fought. Journal of Anthropological Research 45:159–177.
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The “calorific obsession” and equilibrium bias of some ecologists and ecological anthropologists.
174:
143:
107:
493:
Bradley B. Walters, Professor of Geography & Environment at Mount Allison University, Canada
640:
A Tribute to Andrew P. Vayda on his 90th Birthday this December. Hum Ecol 49, 669–670 (2021).
424:
388:
195:
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Vayda, A.P., 1987. Explaining what people eat: A review article. Human Ecology 15: 493–510.
460:
Cristina Eghenter, Social Development Deputy Director, World Wide Fund for Nature Indonesia.
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Iwan Tjitradjaja (deceased), Head, Department of Anthropology, University of Indonesia.
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Vayda, A.P., 1992. Review, The Anthropology of War, J. Haas, ed. Anthropos 87:268–272.
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Timothy C. Jessup, Indonesia Green Growth Specialist, Global Green Growth Institute.
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Against the Grain: The Vayda Tradition in Human Ecology and Ecological Anthropology
579:
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Against the Grain: The Vayda Tradition in Human Ecology and Ecological Anthropology
135:
671:
475:, Board of Governors Distinguished Service Professor-Emerita, Rutgers University.
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Walters, B.B., 2013. “Vayda, Andrew P.” In: McGee, R.J., and Warms, R.L., eds.,
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Man, Culture, and Animals: The Role of Animals in Human Ecological Adjustments
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the geographer/political ecologist Paul Robbins has called some of them):
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Vayda, A.P., 1976. War in Ecological Perspective. New York: Plenum Press.
155:
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in 1954–1955, was a detailed description and analysis of Maori warfare.
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423:(co-edited with Bradley B. Walters), Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press. 2011
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Vayda published some hundred articles and several books, including
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Julian Steward's cultural ecology and Charles Frake's ethno-ecology.
223:
211:
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Vayda, A.P., 1994. “Intellectual roots.” In: Borofsky, R., ed.,
484:(deceased), Professor of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
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Vayda, A.P., 1961. Love in Polynesian atolls. Man 61:204–205.
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Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia
406:, Wellington, NZ: Polynesian Society, 1960, reprinted 1970.
975:, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 889–891.
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Patricia J. Vondal, International Development Consultant.
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A distinguished professor of anthropology and ecology at
219:
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Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
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characteristic of such fields as political ecology.
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442:, Garden City, NY: The Natural History Press. 1968
436:, Garden City, NY: The Natural History Press. 1969
421:Causal Explanation for Social Scientists: A Reader
385:Explaining Human Actions and Environmental Changes
367:Causal Explanation for Social Scientists: A Reader
355:Explaining Human Actions and Environmental Changes
255:Vayda's year (1956–57) in the coral atolls of the
250:Explaining Human Actions and Environmental Changes
220:Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
997:included in a series of interviews with scholars.
989:, New York: McGraw-Hill. 1994, pp. 339–340.
902:Sponsel's comments. Human Ecology 42: 803–805.
303:Marshall Sahlins's essentialist structuralism.
982:, Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, pp. 11–26.
8:
642:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-021-00292-3
20:
218:, and a senior research associate of the
1036:Hungarian emigrants to the United States
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300:Marvin Harris's cultural materialism.
7:
524:"Bookshelf | Columbia College Today"
297:Roy Rappaport's metaphysical holism.
440:Peoples and Cultures of the Pacific
387:, Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press. 2009
16:American anthropologist (1931–2022)
1061:Columbia College (New York) alumni
994:53-minute video interview of Vayda
654:"Andrew 'Pete' Vayda, in Memoriam"
14:
434:Environment and Cultural Behavior
341:causal possibilities considered.
1046:Environmental social scientists
987:Assessing Cultural Anthropology
400:, New York: Plenum Press. 1976.
549:"Human Ecology at Rutgers SEB"
455:Past Graduate and PhD students
179:University of British Columbia
116:University of British Columbia
1:
1056:Scientists from New York City
504:Progressive contextualization
398:War in Ecological Perspective
1002:Dialogues in Human Geography
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1041:Rutgers University faculty
575:"Profile: Andrew P. Vayda"
263:Having become involved in
658:anthropology.columbia.edu
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1051:Scientists from Budapest
1031:American anthropologists
835:Research (CIFOR). 44 pp.
613:Andrew P. Vayda homepage
594:Andrew P. Vayda homepage
528:www.college.columbia.edu
672:"Pete Vayda, 1931–2022"
208:University of Indonesia
150:Biographical background
120:University of Indonesia
132:Andrew P. "Pete" Vayda
622:, Rutgers University.
618:May 12, 2008, at the
603:, Rutgers University.
599:May 12, 2008, at the
257:Northern Cook Islands
186:Northern Cook Islands
164:Columbia University
112:Columbia University
80:Columbia University
175:Rutgers University
154:Vayda was born in
144:Rutgers University
108:Rutgers University
676:forevermissed.com
429:978-0-7591-1325-1
393:978-0-7591-0323-8
271:on the island of
196:Monash University
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559:November 27,
557:. Retrieved
553:the original
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531:. Retrieved
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136:anthropology
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104:Institutions
97:Anthropology
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61:(2022-01-15)
18:
1026:2022 deaths
1021:1931 births
777:30:179–199.
700:Ballara, A.
329:management.
168:New Zealand
68:Nationality
1015:Categories
1004:1:370–389.
510:References
37:1931-12-07
228:Indonesia
216:Indonesia
204:Australia
200:Melbourne
82:(BA, PhD)
882:469–470.
616:Archived
597:Archived
533:June 15,
498:See also
156:Budapest
71:American
45:Budapest
757:98–126.
319:below).
160:Hungary
140:ecology
99:Ecology
49:Hungary
892:35–58.
872:44–52.
767:11–26.
427:
391:
273:Borneo
265:UNESCO
94:Fields
224:Bogor
212:Depok
797:1–7.
561:2020
535:2022
425:ISBN
389:ISBN
138:and
56:Died
31:Born
787:pp.
222:in
210:in
198:in
142:at
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35:(
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