359:
themselves". He added that the situation was 'like buying a hammer and expecting a house to be built. It's simply a tool, and it requires a professional to use that tool and run the program.' Drake warned that programs can get out of control if officials do not develop stringent protocols for how to respond to alerts and do not manage how alerts are generated: "I see agencies with so many alerts that they can't deal with them," Drake said. "They end up just throwing their hands up and saying they can't keep up with them." In
Colorado, a review of alert and event data, obtained from the Colorado Department of Corrections under an open-records request, was conducted by matching the names of parolees who appeared in that data with those who appeared in jail arrest records. The data revealed that 212 parole officers were saddled with the duty of responding to nearly 90,000 alerts and notification generated by electronic monitoring devices in the six months reviewed.
129:, rejected a manuscript submitted by Ralph Kirkland Schwitzgebel, and included a letter which read in part: "I get the impression from your article that we are going to make automatons out of our parolees and that the parole officer of the future will be an expert in telemetry, sitting at his large computer, receiving calls day and night, and telling his parolees what to do in all situations and circumstances Perhaps we should also be thinking about using electronic devices to rear our children. Since they do not have built-in consciences to tell them right from wrong, all they would have to do is to push the 'mother' button, and she would take over the responsibility for decision-making."
289:
440:, (Anna Sorokin), is a Russian con-artist who posed as a wealthy New York socialite and conned hotels, banks, and friends out of hundreds of thousands of dollars. She did this by convincing people she was a wealthy German heiress, leading to her arrest and conviction on multiple counts of theft and grand larceny. After serving time in prison, she was released but is now under house arrest, requiring her to wear an ankle monitor to ensure she complies with the conditions of her release.
239:, has generated controversy and media attention. Elderly people in care homes can be tagged with the same electronic monitors used to keep track of young offenders. For people suffering from dementia, electronic monitoring might be beneficially used to prevent them from wandering away. The controversy regarding medical use relates to two arguments, one about the safety of the patients and the other about their privacy and human rights. At over 40%, there is a high prevalence of
33:
350:. In the paper, which was later published in the Justice Quarterly, the authors described 'the new surveillance' technology as sharing some ethos and the information-gathering techniques found in maximum-security prisons thereby allowing them to diffuse into the broader society. They remarked that 'we appear to be moving toward, rather than away from, becoming a "maximum-security society". The authors acknowledged the
316:
compared to those on home detention without. The factors thought to influence the success or failure of community supervision, including type of electronic monitoring device used and criminal history, were measured. The results showed that offenders who wore electronic tags were both 91.2 percent less likely to abscond and 94.7 percent less likely to commit new offenses, than unmonitored offenders.
523:
agreed to repay £109 million. The duopoly were subsequently stripped of their contract, with Capita taking over the contract. In 2017, another criminal investigation saw police make a number of arrests in relation to allegations that at least 32 criminals on tag had paid up to £400 to Capita employees in order to have 'loose' tags fitted, allowing them to remove their tags.
418:, one of the most famous fugitives from American justice in the world, was arrested in 2009 in Switzerland. The terms of his release included $ 4.5 million bail, house arrest wearing an ankle bracelet at his chalet, known as Milky Way, in the Swiss ski resort of Gstaad, after having spent sixty-seven days in a
519:
service - which gave little scope for police or probation services to make use of electronic monitoring. The report, Future of
Corrections, also criticized the cost of the service, highlighting an apparent differential between what the UK taxpayer was charged and what could be found in the United States.
585:
Electronic monitoring as a pilot project was started in March 2012, involving 150 offenders, mostly prisoners serving life terms. The project was rolled out to reduce the South Africa's prison population. It consequently would also reduce the taxpayer's burden on correctional facilities. South Africa
522:
Subsequently, there were a number of scandals in relation to electronic monitoring in
England and Wales, with a criminal investigation opened by the Serious Fraud Office into the activities of Serco and G4S. As a result of the investigation, Serco agreed to repay £68.5 million to the taxpayer and G4S
557:
the surveillance must be proportionate to the risk of re-offense. It is also required that, the surveillance of the offender is minimally intrusive for other people who live at the premises. Electronic tagging of a person is part of different electronic monitoring systems in
Australia. Correctional
498:
Since electronically monitored curfews were rolled out throughout
England and Wales their use has increased sharply, from 9,000 cases in 1999–2000 to 53,000 in 2004–05. In 2004–05, the Home Office spent £102.3 million on the electronic monitoring of curfews and electronically monitored curfews are
311:
in
England and Wales commissioned a survey to examine the experiences of electronically monitored offenders and the members of their family. The survey revealed that there was common agreement among survey respondents that electronic monitoring was a more effective punitive measure than fines, and
243:
among patients with dementia. Of the several methods deployed to keep them from wandering, it is reported that 44% of wanderers with dementia have been kept behind closed doors at some point. Other solutions have included constant surveillance, use of makeshift alarms and, the use of various drugs
510:
is not available, whilst most arrangements utilize the mobile phone system to communicate with the monitoring company. If the tag is not functioning or within range of the base station during curfew hours, or if the base is disconnected from the power supply, or the base station is moved then the
315:
In 2006, Kathy
Padgett, William Bales, and Thomas Bloomberg conducted an evaluation of 75,661 Florida offenders placed on home detention from 1998 to 2002, in which only a small percentage of these offenders was made to wear an electronic monitoring device. Offenders with electronic tagging were
358:
In 2013, it was reported that many electronic monitoring programs throughout the US were not staffed appropriately. George Drake, a consultant who worked on improving the systems said "Many times when an agency is budgeted for electronic-monitoring equipment, it is only budgeted for the devices
518:
In 2012, the Policy
Exchange think tank examined the use of electronic monitoring in England and Wales and made comparisons with technologies and models seen in other jurisdictions, particularly the United States. The report was critical of the Ministry of Justice's model of a fully privatized
299:
Several factors have been identified as necessary to render electronic monitoring effective: appropriately selecting offenders, robust and appropriate technology, fitting tags promptly, responding to breaches promptly, and communication between the criminal justice system and contractors. The
179:
breach. In 1983, judge Jack Love in a state district court imposed home curfew on three offenders who had been sentenced to probation. The home detention was a probation condition and entailed 30 days of electronic monitoring at home. The NIMCOS electronic ankle tag was trialed on those three
148:. Advances in computer-aided technology made offender monitoring feasible and affordable. After all, the Schwitzgebel prototype had been built out of surplus missile tracking equipment. A collection of early electronic monitoring equipment is housed at the National Museum of Psychology in
428:, the financier accused in a $ 50 billion fraud case before trial was ordered under house arrest, with electronic monitoring, and posting $ 10 million bail against his $ 7 million Manhattan apartment, and against his wife's homes in Montauk, NY, and Palm Beach, FL.
434:(Andre Young), American rapper and record producer, was arrested in 1992 for assaulting record producer Damon Thomas and later pleaded guilty to assault on a police officer, eventually serving house arrest and wearing a police monitoring ankle bracelet.
163:, Michael T. Goss, to start a monitoring company, National Incarceration Monitor and Control Services (NIMCOS). The NIMCOS company built several credit card-sized transmitters that could be strapped onto an ankle. The electronic ankle tag transmitted a
312:
that it was generally more effective than community service. An interviewed offender is credited with saying: "You learn more about other crimes and I think it gives you a taste to do other crimes because you've sat listening to other people."
411:
failed to appear at a mandatory hearing, and a warrant was issued for her arrest. The judge ordered Lohan to wear a SCRAM bracelet, an electronic device that monitors the sweat for alcohol and alerts authorities if prohibited substances are
264:
A company in Japan has created GPS-enabled uniforms and backpacks. School children in distress can hit a button on electronic devices in their uniforms or backpacks, immediately summoning a security agent to their location.
103:. The head of this research project was Ralph Kirkland Schwitzgebel and his twin brother collaborator, Robert Schwitzgebel (family name later shortened to Gable). The main base-station antenna was mounted on the roof of the
558:
agency statistics are collected in
Australia for so called "restricted movement orders". In South Australia, a drive-by facility allows the monitorer to drive past a building in which the tagged person is supposed to be.
920:
Julian C Hughes and
Stephen J Louw, 'Electronic Tagging of People with Dementia who Wander: Ethical Considerations are Possibly more Important than Practical Benefits' (2002) 325(7369) British Medical Journal 847﹘848
536:
announced a one-year pilot to track migrants who arrived on small boats on "dangerous and unnecessary routes" with GPS devices that will help "maintain regular contact" and more "effectively process their claims".
569:. The number of 13 year olds wearing ankle bracelets rose from one in 2019/2020 to nine in 2022/2023. The vast majority teenagers subject to electronic monitoring were males, with 2,011 reported in July 2023.
124:
and a myth emerged, according to which the prototype electronic tagging project used brain implants and transmitted verbal instructions to volunteers. The editor of a well-known U.S. government publication,
74:
The electronic monitoring of humans found its first commercial applications in the 1980s. Portable transceivers that could record the location of volunteers were first developed by a group of researchers at
354:
capacity of electronic monitoring devices when they stated that "data in many different forms, from widely separated geographical areas, organizations, and time periods, can easily be merged and analyzed".
1062:
Kathy Padgett, William Bales and Thomas Blomberg (2006) "Under Surveillance: An Empirical Test of the Effectiveness and Consequences of Electronic Monitoring" Criminology and Public Policy, pages 61 - 91
484:
324:
The electronic monitoring of a person, on whom an electronic tag is fitted, does not physically restrain this person from leaving a certain area, nor does it prevent this person from
502:
Typically, offenders are fitted with an electronic tag around their ankle which sends a regular signal to a receiver unit installed in their home. Some systems are connected to a
870:
577:
In August 2010, Brazil awarded a GPS Offender Monitoring contract to kick start its monitoring of offenders and management of the Brazilian governments early release programme.
276:
vehicles are outfitted with electronic monitoring devices that communicate with GPS systems, tracking their location. App developers have integrated this technology with
167:
every 60 seconds, which could be picked up by a receiver that was no more than 45 metres (148 ft) away from the electronic tag. The receiver could be connected to a
529:
Electronic tagging has begun being used on psychiatric and dementia patients, prompting concern from mental health advocates who state that the practice is demeaning.
1514:
682:
Evjen, V.H., 1966, Nov.16. Letter to R.Schwitzgebel from Victor H Evjen, Assistant Chief of Probation, Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Washington, D.C.
1545:
1025:
605:
1100:
Ronald Corbett and Gary T. Marx, 'Critique: No Soul in the New Machine: Technofallacies in the Electronic Monitoring Movement' (1991) Justice Quarterly
180:
probationers, two of whom re-offended. Thus, while the goal of home confinement was satisfied, the aim of reducing crime through probation was not.
566:
1152:
Molly Carney, Correction through Omniscience: Electronic Monitoring and the Escalation of Crime Control, 40 Wash. U. J. L. & Pol'y 279 (2012)
561:
In New Zealand, the electronic tagging of offenders began 1999, when home detention could be imposed instead of imprisonment. By late July 2023,
308:
133:
in 1973 published information on the failed attempts by those involved in the project to find a commercial application for electronic tagging.
296:
The use of ankle bracelets, or other electronic monitoring devices, have proven to be effective in research studies and possibly deter crime.
199:
According to Alcohol Monitoring Systems (AMS), Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitoring (SCRAM) is currently available in 35 U.S. states.
136:
In the U.S., the 1970s saw an end of rehabilitative sentencing, including for example discretionary parole release. Those found guilty of a
1422:
1373:
934:
McShane R et al, 'Getting Lost in Dementia: A Longitudinal Study of a Behavioral Symptom' (1998) 5 International Psychogeriatrics 239﹘245
526:
The monitoring of sex offenders via electronic tagging is currently in debate due to certain rights offenders have in England and Wales.
1210:
863:
301:
1391:
887:
58:
conditions. It is also used in healthcare settings and in immigration contexts. Electronic tagging can be used in combination with the
1436:
600:
1497:
1472:
1342:
1082:
847:
822:
797:
772:
726:
701:
634:
462:
in England and Wales (with separate legislation applying in Scotland). Alternatively offenders may be released from a prison on a
1113:
492:
343:
335:
the primary aim of probation. Furthermore, the public perception of home detention is that it is a form of lenient punishment.
1560:
Dept. of Correctional services: Rep of South Africa, South Africa's first ever Electronic of a Remand Detainee, 15 April 2014.
981:
741:
National Museum of Psychology, Center for the History of Psychology, University of Akron, 73 S. College St, Akron, OH 44325,
553:
existing law permits the use of electronic monitoring as condition for bail, probation or parole. But, according to the 2004
235:
The use of electronic monitoring in medical practice, especially as it relates to the tagging of the elderly and people with
1524:
1004:
Stuart S Yeh (2010). "Cost-benefit analysis of reducing crime through electronic monitoring of parolees and probationers".
160:
1189:
669:
Robert S. Gable, "The ankle bracelet is history: An informal review of the birth and death of a monitoring technology",
104:
1018:
652:
Robert S. Gable, Ralph Kirkland Gable, "Remaking the electronic tracking of offenders into a 'persuasive technology
595:
565:
reported that 2,230 teenagers had been subject to electronic monitoring since 2019, citing figures released by the
512:
459:
253:
100:
59:
1404:
1282:
1042:
304:
thinks that for electronic monitoring to be effective, it should serve to halt a developing criminal career.
144:
became more common, as judges saw the potential of electronic tagging, leading to an increasing emphasis on
108:
288:
96:
1576:
864:"Document Title: Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitoring (SCRAM) Technology Evaluability Assessment"
463:
207:
1308:
511:
monitoring company are alerted, who in turn, notify the appropriate authority such as the police, the
1581:
1163:
391:
240:
159:
until, in 1982, Arizona state district judge, Jack Love, convinced a former sales representative of
50:
In some jurisdictions, an electronic tag fitted above the ankle is used for people as part of their
1441:
959:
533:
379:
in her Brussels apartment with an electronic ankle bracelet in April 2023, after being detained in
372:
172:
116:
76:
1139:
1358:
753:
Cassidy, J. District judge tests electronic monitor, Albuquerque Journal, 1983, 18 March, p. A1
1493:
1468:
1338:
1078:
843:
818:
793:
768:
722:
697:
630:
483:
Additionally, electronic monitoring may be used for those subject to a curfew given under the
342:
criticized the use of electronic monitoring in a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the
1220:
394:
273:
137:
32:
214:
in October of the previous year. It monitors sweat samples every 30 minutes and alerts the
1519:
1019:"Quaker Council for European Affairs (2010). "Investigating Alternatives to Imprisonment""
562:
63:
922:
466:. Released prisoners under home detention are allowed out during curfew hours only for:
425:
415:
398:
219:
176:
130:
156:
1570:
1374:"MoJ paid G4S & Serco millions for electronic tagging during fraud investigation"
1215:
488:
408:
402:
80:
114:
Reviewers of the prototype electronic tagging strategy were sceptical. In 1966, the
1409:
1283:"The Electronic Monitoring of Adult Offenders - National Audit Office (NAO) Report"
1043:"The Electronic Monitoring of Adult Offenders - National Audit Office (NAO) Report"
380:
376:
339:
194:
164:
145:
83:
as underpinning for their academic project. The portable electronic tag was called
44:
904:
206:, so-called sobriety tags started being rolled out for some offenders who commit
550:
437:
351:
149:
62:(GPS), but for short-range monitoring of a person that wears an electronic tag,
277:
17:
1490:
Electronically Monitored Punishment: International and Critical Perspectives
1465:
Electronically Monitored Punishment: International and Critical Perspectives
1075:
Electronically Monitored Punishment: International and Critical Perspectives
546:
384:
368:
347:
215:
168:
141:
55:
944:
419:
401:
match in 2005 while wearing an electronic tag; he had received the tag for
79:
in the early 1960s. The researchers cited the psychological perspective of
280:. Now, passengers are able to receive accurate public transit timetables.
140:
were sent to prison, leading to sudden increase in the prison population.
1234:
503:
236:
175:. The design aim of the electronic tag was the reporting of a potential
1546:
SecureAlert Signs First-Ever GPS Offender Monitoring Contract in Brazil
1260:
454:
Those subject to electronic monitoring may be given curfews as part of
431:
203:
1437:"Britain will electronically tag some asylum seekers with GPS devices"
171:, so that the data from the electronic ankle tag could be sent to a
888:"Sobriety tags launched in England to tackle alcohol-fuelled crime"
287:
211:
31:
1335:
Future of Corrections: Exploring the Use of Electronic Monitoring
95:. Messages were supposed to be sent to the tag, so as to provide
455:
252:
Smartphones feature location-based apps to use information from
51:
586:
locks up more people than any other country on the continent.
507:
292:
An ankle monitor used for electronic tagging in Massachusetts.
256:(GPS) networks to determine the phone's approximate location.
742:
1423:
GPS tracking mental health patients - human rights concerns
1114:"Electronic monitoring of Colorado parolees has pitfalls"
485:
Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011
1488:
Mike Nellis, Kristel Beyens & Dan Kaminski (2013).
1463:
Mike Nellis, Kristel Beyens & Dan Kaminski (2013).
1073:
Mike Nellis, Kristel Beyens & Dan Kaminski (2013).
916:
914:
470:
A wedding or funeral (service only) of a close relative
1405:
Electronic tagging of offenders raises rights concerns
1000:
998:
47:
that uses an electronic device affixed to a person.
1392:"Criminals 'paid £400' for loose electronic tags"
899:
897:
555:Standard Guidelines for Corrections in Australia
1211:"Dr. Dre: Biography | Rolling Stone Music"
1096:
1094:
1333:Roy Geoghegan; Chris Miller (1 October 2012).
8:
648:
646:
515:or the prison the person was released from.
982:"Real time GPS locations on transport apps"
87:and could transmit data two-ways between a
1309:"8.6.2 Electronic Monitoring of Offenders"
1058:
1056:
606:Electronic monitoring in the United States
99:to the young offender and thus assist in
1515:"Is 13 too young for an ankle bracelet?"
1361:. Serious Fraud Office. 4 November 2013.
1108:
1106:
945:"IOS 6: Understanding Location Services"
244:that carry the risk of adverse effects.
155:The attempt to monitor offenders became
960:"GPS-enabled school uniforms hit Japan"
658:Journal of Technology in Human Services
617:
1556:
1554:
1190:"How do you qualify for house arrest?"
338:In the US in 1990, Ronald Corbett and
980:Shakibaei, Bambui (15 January 2013).
7:
1031:from the original on 9 October 2022.
905:"Electronic tagging for Alzheimer's"
876:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1140:"'Tagged' footballer Pennant freed"
890:. Government of the United Kingdom.
302:Quaker Council for European Affairs
107:; the minister was the dean of the
1219:. 28 December 2010. Archived from
671:The Journal of Offender Monitoring
601:Decarceration in the United States
25:
499:considered cheaper than custody.
120:ridiculed the electronic tags as
493:Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005
458:conditions, sentenced under the
91:and a volunteer who simulated a
1435:Francis, Ellen (18 June 2022).
405:and driving while disqualified.
371:, former Vice President of the
344:American Society of Criminology
85:behavior transmitter-reinforcer
1513:Wilson, Libby (29 July 2023).
907:. BBC News. 27 September 2002.
1:
1394:. Sky News. 15 February 2017.
1372:Ian Dunt (15 February 2017).
1359:"G4S and Serco investigation"
1235:"Home Detention Curfew (HDC)"
817:. Routledge. pp. 97–98.
189:Sweat alcohol content monitor
161:Honeywell Information Systems
1239:Prisoners' Families Helpline
476:Acting as a witness in court
383:for 4 months as part of the
105:Old Cambridge Baptist Church
1006:Journal of Criminal Justice
1598:
1261:"Q&A: TPims explained"
1142:. BBC News. 31 March 2005.
838:Dan Phillips, ed. (1995).
813:Dan Phillips, ed. (1995).
788:Dan Phillips, ed. (1995).
763:Dan Phillips, ed. (1995).
717:Dan Phillips, ed. (1995).
692:Dan Phillips, ed. (1995).
660:, 2016, vol. 34, pp. 13-31
625:Dan Phillips, ed. (1995).
596:Automatic vehicle location
513:National Probation Service
210:after testing the tags in
192:
1492:. Routledge. p. 82.
1467:. Routledge. p. 84.
1077:. Routledge. p. 95.
842:. Routledge. p. 98.
792:. Routledge. p. 98.
767:. Routledge. p. 97.
743:http://www.uakron.edu/chp
721:. Routledge. p. 97.
696:. Routledge. p. 96.
673:, 2015, vol. 27, pp. 4-8.
629:. Routledge. p. 95.
567:Department of Corrections
541:Australia and New Zealand
460:Criminal Justice Act 2003
254:global positioning system
60:global positioning system
1548:, TMCnet, 23 August 2010
66:technology can be used.
1164:"The Celebrity Defense"
487:(previously known as a
226:Non-justice-system uses
184:Additional technologies
109:Harvard Divinity School
36:An electronic ankle tag
1425:, BMH UK, 22 June 2010
293:
208:alcohol-related crimes
97:positive reinforcement
37:
1287:National Audit Office
1047:National Audit Office
464:Home Detention Curfew
390:English professional
309:National Audit Office
291:
202:On 31 March 2021, in
35:
1223:on 28 December 2010.
840:Probation and Parole
815:Probation and Parole
790:Probation and Parole
765:Probation and Parole
719:Probation and Parole
694:Probation and Parole
627:Probation and Parole
122:Schwitzgebel Machine
93:young adult offender
27:Form of surveillance
1442:The Washington Post
1337:. Policy Exchange.
534:British Home Office
373:European Parliament
1241:. 10 December 2010
532:In June 2022, the
506:in the case where
375:, was released to
294:
231:Medical and health
173:mainframe computer
117:Harvard Law Review
77:Harvard University
41:Electronic tagging
38:
1263:. 4 November 2013
1188:Lapidos, Juliet.
1162:Toobin, Jeffrey.
422:detention centre.
363:Notable instances
127:Federal Probation
16:(Redirected from
1589:
1561:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1523:. Archived from
1510:
1504:
1503:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1413:, 12 August 2010
1402:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1257:
1251:
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1201:
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1153:
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1144:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1110:
1101:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1049:. February 2006.
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1009:
1002:
993:
992:
990:
988:
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
955:
949:
948:
941:
935:
932:
926:
918:
909:
908:
901:
892:
891:
884:
878:
877:
875:
868:
860:
854:
853:
835:
829:
828:
810:
804:
803:
785:
779:
778:
760:
754:
751:
745:
739:
733:
732:
714:
708:
707:
689:
683:
680:
674:
667:
661:
655:
650:
641:
640:
622:
395:Jermaine Pennant
334:
333:
329:
274:Public transport
138:criminal offense
21:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1527:on 31 July 2023
1512:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1433:
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1421:
1417:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1289:. February 2006
1281:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1118:The Denver Post
1112:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1003:
996:
986:
984:
979:
978:
974:
964:
962:
957:
956:
952:
943:
942:
938:
933:
929:
919:
912:
903:
902:
895:
886:
885:
881:
873:
866:
862:
861:
857:
850:
837:
836:
832:
825:
812:
811:
807:
800:
787:
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1577:Surveillance
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1582:Punishments
1173:14 December
551:New Zealand
438:Anna Delvey
352:data mining
278:mobile apps
218:service if
150:Akron, Ohio
1571:Categories
1318:22 October
1293:22 October
1267:22 October
1245:22 October
1195:15 January
1124:22 October
612:References
491:under the
392:footballer
320:Criticisms
248:Commercial
193:See also:
547:Australia
412:consumed.
397:played a
385:Qatargate
369:Eva Kaili
348:Baltimore
269:Vehicular
241:wandering
216:probation
169:telephone
142:Probation
56:probation
1531:15 April
1313:le.ac.uk
1026:Archived
965:14 April
871:Archived
590:See also
504:landline
260:Parental
237:dementia
157:moribund
1448:18 June
432:Dr. Dre
387:affair.
332:
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220:alcohol
204:England
70:History
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420:Zürich
1520:Stuff
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867:(PDF)
563:Stuff
212:Wales
1533:2024
1494:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1450:2022
1339:ISBN
1320:2019
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1269:2019
1247:2019
1197:2009
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1126:2019
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