494:, said that because the hyena's clitoris is higher on the belly than the vagina in most mammals, the male hyena "must slide his rear under the female when mating so that his penis lines up with ". In an action similar to pushing up a shirtsleeve, the "female retracts the on itself, and creates an opening into which the male inserts his own penis". The male must practice this act, which can take a couple of months to successfully perform. Female spotted hyenas exposed to larger doses of androgen have significantly damaged ovaries, making it difficult to conceive. After giving birth, the pseudo-penis is stretched and loses much of its original aspects; it becomes a slack-walled and reduced prepuce with an enlarged orifice with split lips. Approximately 15% of the females die during their first time giving birth, and over 60% of their species' firstborn young die.
551:
animal. 85 percent and 15 percent of the labeled cells were located in the S1 and S2 dorsal root ganglia, respectively. The average cross sectional area of clitoral afferent neuron profiles was 1.479±627 μm2." They also stated that light "constant pressure on the clitoris produced an initial burst of single unit firing (maximum frequencies 170–255 Hz) followed by rapid adaptation and a sustained firing (maximum 40 Hz), which was maintained during the stimulation" and that further examination of tonic firing "indicate that the clitoris is innervated by mechano-sensitive myelinated afferent fibers in the pudental nerve which project centrally to the region of the dorsal commissure in the L7-S1 spinal cord".
235:, the clitoris is especially developed and has an interior passage, or urethra, that makes it almost identical to the penis, and it retains and distributes urine droplets as the female spider monkey moves around. Scholar Alan F. Dixson stated that this urine "is voided at the bases of the clitoris, flows down the shallow groove on its perineal surface, and is held by the skin folds on each side of the groove". Because spider monkeys of South America have pendulous and erectile clitorises long enough to be mistaken for a penis, researchers and observers of the species look for a scrotum to determine the animal's sex; a similar approach is to identify
398:
378:; author John C. Wingfield stated that "the resemblance to male genitalia is so close that sex can be determined with confidence only by palpation of the scrotum". The pseudo-penis can also be distinguished from the males' genitalia by its greater thickness and more rounded glans. The female possesses no external vagina, as the labia are fused to form a pseudo-scrotum. In the females, this scrotum consists of soft adipose tissue. Like male spotted hyenas with regard to their penises, the female spotted hyenas have small
474:, and the females who have been exposed to higher levels of androgen than average become higher-ranking than their female peers. Subordinate females lick the clitorises of higher-ranked females as a sign of submission and obedience, but females also lick each other's clitorises as a greeting or to strengthen social bonds; in contrast, while all males lick the clitorises of dominant females, the females will not lick the penises of males because males are considered to be of lowest rank.
497:
hyena" and that "orsal nerves of the penis/clitoris in humans and male spotted hyenas tracked along both sides of the corporeal body to the corpus spongiosum at the 5 and 7 o'clock positions. The dorsal nerves penetrated the corporeal body and distally the glans in the hyena", and in female hyenas, "the dorsal nerves fanned out laterally on the clitoral body. Glans morphology was different in appearance in both sexes, being wide and blunt in the female and tapered in the male".
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310:, and testosterone levels are raised, but female fetuses are still "protected" from excess testosterone. These "masculinized" genitalia are often found alongside other traits, such as female-dominated social groups, reduced sexual dimorphism that makes females the same size as males, and even ratios of sexes in adult populations. This phenomenon that has been dubbed the "lemur syndrome". A 2014 study of
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520:, wherein the female ovary also is mostly made up of sterile testicular tissue that secretes testosterone with only a small portion of the gonad containing ovarian tissue. Genetic studies have revealed that females of these species have an XX genotype and do not have any translocated Y-linked genes. Detailed developmental studies of
541:
Female
European moles are highly territorial and will not allow males in to their territory outside of breeding season, the probable cause of this behavior being the high levels of testosterone secreted by the female ovotestes. During the non-breeding season, their vaginal opening is covered by skin,
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A 2006 Baskin et al. study concluded, "The basic anatomical structures of the corporeal bodies in both sexes of humans and spotted hyenas were similar. As in humans, the dorsal nerve distribution was unique in being devoid of nerves at the 12 o'clock position in the penis and clitoris of the spotted
413:. Principal abbreviations (from Schmotzer & Zimmerman) are: T, testis; VD, vas deferens; BU, bulbus urethrae; Ur, urethra; R, rectum; P, penis; S, scrotum; O, ovarium; FT, tuba Fallopii; RL, ligamentum uteri; Ut, uterus; CC, corpus clitoridis. Remaining abbreviations, in alphabetical order, are:
563:
sheep and two male pseudo-intersex sheep were recorded with the aim of identifying any characteristics that could predict a failure to breed. The vagina's length and the size and shape of the vulva and its clitoris were among the aspects analyzed. While the study reported that "a number of physical
393:
said makes "the clitoris tip feel like soft sandpaper". She added that the clitoris "extends away from the body in a sleek and slender arc, measuring, on average, over 17 cm from root to tip. Just like a penis, is fully erectile, raising its head in hyena greeting ceremonies, social displays,
261:
stated that female bonobos rub their clitorises together rapidly for ten to twenty seconds, and this behavior, "which may be repeated in rapid succession, is usually accompanied by grinding, shrieking, and clitoral engorgement"; he added that, on average, they engage in this practice "about once
253:
is larger and more externalized than in most mammals; Natalie Angier said that a young adolescent "female bonobo is maybe half the weight of a human teenager, but her clitoris is three times bigger than the human equivalent, and visible enough to waggle unmistakably as she walks". Female bonobos
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were sometimes referred to as pseudohermaphrodites and scientists of ancient and later historical times believed that they were hermaphrodites, modern scientists do not refer to them as such. That designation is typically reserved for those who simultaneously exhibit features of both sexes; the
550:
Researchers studying the peripheral and central afferent pathways from the feline clitoris concluded that "afferent neurons projecting to the clitoris of the cat were identified by WGA-HRP tracing in the S1 and S2 dorsal root ganglia. An average of 433 cells were identified on each side of the
572:
In a study concerning the clitoral structure of mice, the mouse perineal urethra was documented as being surrounded by erectile tissue forming the bulbs of the clitoris. The researchers stated, "In the mouse, as in human females, tissue organization in the corpora cavernosa of the clitoris is
294:
is the most well-studied. They are described as having "elongated, pendulous clitorises that are tunneled by a urethra". The urethra is surrounded by erectile tissue, which allows for significant swelling during breeding seasons, but this erectile tissue differs from the typical male
1561:
Baskin, Laurence S.; Yucel, Selcuk; Cunha, Gerald R.; Glickman, Stephen E.; Place, Ned J. (January 2006). "A Neuroanatomical
Comparison of Humans and Spotted Hyena, a Natural Animal Model for Common Urogenital Sinus: Clinical Reflections on Feminizing Genitoplasty".
534:, was found to be expressed in female germ cells before meiosis, however no Sertoli cells were present in the fully-developed ovotestes. Additionally, the female germ cells only enter meiosis postnatally, a phenomenon that has not been found in any other
210:. Although the bears have been described as having "a birth canal that runs through the clitoris rather than forming a separate vagina" (a feature that is estimated to make up 10 to 20 percent of the bears' population), scientists state that female
262:
every two hours", and as bonobos sometimes mate face-to-face, "evolutionary biologist
Marlene Zuk has suggested that the position of the clitoris in bonobos and some other primates has evolved to maximize stimulation during sexual intercourse".
477:
The female spotted hyenas urinate, copulate and give birth through the clitoris since the urethra and vagina exit through the clitoral glans. This trait makes mating more laborious for the male than in other mammals, and also makes attempts to
1403:
Carmona, F. David; Motokawa, Masaharu; Tokita, Masayoshi; Tsuchiya, Kimiyuki; Jiménez, Rafael; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. (15 May 2008). "The evolution of female mole ovotestes evidences high plasticity of mammalian gonad development".
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and behavioural abnormalities were detected," it also concluded that "the only consistent finding in all 23 animals was a short vagina which varied in length from 3.1 to 7.0 cm, compared with 10 to 14 cm in normal animals."
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Due to their higher levels of androgen exposure during fetal development, the female hyenas are significantly more muscular and aggressive than their male counterparts; social-wise, they are of higher rank than the males, being
105:
61:
290:. Some of these species also exhibit a membrane seal across the vagina that closes the vaginal opening during the non-mating seasons, most notably mouse and dwarf lemurs. The clitoral morphology of the
1862:
Kawatani, Masahito; Tanowitza, Michael; et al. (February 1994). "Morphological and electrophysiological analysis of the peripheral and central afferent pathways from the clitoris of the cat".
538:. Phylogenetic analyses have suggested that, like in lemuroids, this trait must have evolved in a common ancestor of the clade, and has been "turned off and on" in different talpid lineages.
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in which the female urinates, mates and gives birth via an enlarged, erectile clitoris, female spotted hyenas are the only female mammals devoid of an external vaginal opening.
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Glickman, Stephen E.; Cunha, Gerald R.; Drea, Christine M.; Conley, Alan J.; Place, Ned J. (2006). "Mammalian sexual differentiation: lessons from the spotted hyena".
362:
Female spotted hyenas have a clitoris 90 percent as long and the same diameter as a male penis (171 millimetres long and 22 millimetres in diameter), and this
969:
Drea, Christine M.; Weil, Anne (30 October 2007). "External genital morphology of the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta): Females are naturally "masculinized"".
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essentially similar to that of the penis except for the absence of a subalbugineal layer interposed between the tunica albuginea and the erectile tissue."
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1130:"The lemur syndrome unresolved: extreme male reproductive skew in sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi), a sexually monomorphic primate with female dominance"
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are the only non-intersex female mammals devoid of an external vaginal opening, and whose sexual anatomy is distinct from usual intersex cases.
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moles exhibit peniform clitorises that are tunneled by the urethra and are found to have erectile tissue, most notably species from the
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Smith, K. C.; Parkinson, T. J.; Long, S. E.; Barr, F. J. (2000). "Anatomical, cytogenetic and behavioural studies of freemartin ewes".
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299:. Non-pregnant adult ring-tailed females do not show higher testosterone levels than males, but they do exhibit higher
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1071:"Eco-evo-devo of the lemur syndrome: did adaptive behavioral plasticity get canalized in a large primate radiation?"
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146:- few detailed studies of the anatomy of the clitoris in non-humans exist. The clitoris is especially developed in
397:
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species exhibit elongated clitorises that are either fully or partially tunneled by the urethra, including
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Elements of the
Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrate Animals: Designed Especially for the Use of Students
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during dominance displays, which indirectly influences the squirrel monkeys' reproductive success.
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Sinclair, Adriane
Watkins; Glickman, Stephen E.; Baskin, Laurence; Cunha, Gerald R. (March 2016).
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370:-independent because it appears in the female fetus before differentiation of the fetal ovary and
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Martin-Alguacil, Nieves; Pfaff, Donald W.; Shelley, Deborah N.; Schober, Justine M. (June 2008).
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Male and female reproductive systems of the spotted hyena, from
Schmotzer & Zimmerman,
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genetic makeup of female spotted hyenas "are clearly distinct" from male spotted hyenas.
2194:"Communicative Behaviors Hormone–Behavior Interactions, and Reproduction in Vertebrates"
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masculinization proposed that behavioral and morphological masculinization in female
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236:
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178:, crocodiles, and in species of birds in which the male counterpart has a penis. The
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Although the clitoris exists in all mammal species, most studies deal with the human
2123:
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female bears mate and give birth through the tip of the clitoris; these species are
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Primate
Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans
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and estrogen levels during seasonal aggression. During pregnancy, estrogen, A
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374:. The spotted hyenas have a highly erectile clitoris, complete with a false
179:
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mammals, often contains a small bone. In females, this bone is known as the
163:
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Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People
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have revealed that the female gonads develop in a "testis-like pattern".
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841:
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is an ancestral trait that likely emerged after their split from
2492:
793:
791:
789:
787:
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genus found in Europe. Unique to this clade are the presence of
2267:
2036:[About the female sexual organs of the spotted hyena].
1240:
1238:
254:
often engage in the practice of genital-genital (GG) rubbing.
151:
44:
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The external phenotype and reproductive behavior of 21
394:
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1458:
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542:
akin to the condition seen in mouse and dwarf lemurs.
482:(physically force sexual activity on) females futile.
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The Story of V: A Natural History of Female Sexuality
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690:
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619:
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239:glands that may also be present on the clitoris.
881:Primates : comparative anatomy and taxonomy
1398:
1396:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
382:on the head of their clitorises, which scholar
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2279:
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815:
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1196:Rosenzweig, Leiman & Breedlove 1996
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582:
530:, a gene that regulates development of
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827:
752:
705:
657:
2179:from the original on 30 November 2012
1294:from the original on 19 November 2012
182:is one-half of a paired structure in
7:
3029:Infra-corporeal residual spongy part
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2251:
2237:
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1037:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01640.x
334:This section is an excerpt from
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69:
25:
3025:Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa
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457:, musculus retractor penis;
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366:' formation seems largely
333:
222:
3183:External urethral orifice
3174:Vestibular gland openings
2961:Posterior labial arteries
1737:10.1016/j.tem.2006.09.005
1147:10.1007/s00265-007-0528-6
718:Girshick & Green 2009
407:Male reproductive anatomy
405:(1922). Abb. 1 (Fig. 1.)
336:Clitoris § Spotted hyenas
170:. The clitoris exists in
3092:Superficial dorsal veins
3082:Internal pudendal artery
1905:. Rastogi Publications.
1829:(Carnivora, Viverridae)"
1642:Dixson, Alan F. (2012).
1531:Balcombe, Jonathan Peter
590:Wagner, Rudolph (1845).
445:, musculus levator ani;
3252:Uterine venous plexuses
3107:Internal pudendal veins
2932:Posterior labial nerves
1833:Biology of Reproduction
1650:Oxford University Press
461:, canalis urogenitalis.
242:The clitoris erects in
2966:Posterior labial veins
2937:Anterior labial nerves
2766:Pubocervical ligaments
1973:. Sinauer Associates.
1899:Kotpal, R. L. (2010).
492:evolutionary biologist
462:
351:
3257:Vaginal venous plexus
2761:Uterosacral ligaments
2108:10.1136/vr.146.20.574
2055:The Anatomical Record
2038:Anatomischer Anzeiger
1970:Biological psychology
971:Journal of Morphology
433:, corpus spongiosum;
403:Anatomischer Anzeiger
400:
345:
3300:Uterotubal junctions
2922:Posterior commissure
2787:Urogenital diaphragm
2676:Supravaginal portion
2598:Vesicular appendages
2563:Suspensory ligaments
2507:Fallopian tubes
2260:at Wikimedia Commons
1760:Goodman, S. (2009).
1184:Glickman et al. 2006
1075:Frontiers in Zoology
741:Glickman et al. 2006
647:Sinclair et al. 2016
626:, pp. 1407–1413
437:, glans clitoridis;
425:, glandula Cowperi;
384:Catherine Blackledge
204:American black bears
3295:Vesicouterine pouch
3039:Commissure of bulbs
3004:Suspensory ligament
2917:Anterior commissure
2540:Intramural segments
2420:Germinal epithelium
2404:Perivitelline space
1418:10.1002/jez.b.21209
1230:Szykman et al. 2007
920:2015NatSR...5E9631P
636:Hawkins et al. 2002
421:, vesica urinaria;
417:, glandula analis;
409:. Abb. 2 (Fig. 2.)
3290:Rectouterine pouch
3009:Fundiform ligament
2852:Support structures
2807:Bartholin's glands
2756:Cardinal ligaments
2568:Pampiniform plexus
2399:Membrana granulosa
1827:Cryptoprocta ferox
1564:Journal of Urology
1461:, pp. 574–578
1351:Sexual Development
1330:, pp. 357–358
1318:, pp. 276–283
1316:Baskin et al. 2006
1232:, pp. 815–846
1215:, pp. 232–236
1186:, pp. 349–356
983:10.1002/jmor.10594
908:Scientific Reports
743:, pp. 349–356
523:Talpa occidentalis
463:
352:
218:Non-human primates
3308:
3307:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3097:Deep dorsal veins
3077:Arteries of bulbs
3021:Corpora cavernosa
2971:Interlabial sulci
2912:Labiocrural folds
2865:
2864:
2800:Vestibular glands
2795:
2794:
2613:
2612:
2580:Wolffian vestiges
2558:Ovarian ligaments
2501:
2500:
2377:Follicular antrum
2256:Media related to
2207:978-0-12-515402-4
2096:Veterinary Record
2044:(12/13): 257–264.
2024:978-0-520-24073-5
2001:978-0-565-00723-2
1980:978-0-87893-775-2
1932:(11): 1407–1413.
1912:978-81-7133-891-7
1808:978-0-12-319060-4
1775:978-84-96553-49-1
1708:978-1-58465-683-8
1687:978-1-61731-439-1
1659:978-0-19-954464-6
1627:978-0-19-988994-5
1606:978-0-8135-3455-8
1546:978-0-520-26024-5
1515:978-1-4039-8602-3
1494:978-0-395-69130-4
1459:Smith et al. 2000
1363:10.1159/000338768
929:10.1038/srep09631
883:. Edinburgh U.P.
865:978-0-12-395562-3
596:. J. S. Redfield.
348:urogenital system
297:corpus spongiosum
292:ring-tailed lemur
259:Jonathan Balcombe
3338:
3212:Ovarian arteries
3138:Tunica albuginea
2927:Dartos muliebris
2885:
2876:
2624:
2435:Cumulus oophorus
2425:Tunica albuginea
2382:Follicular fluid
2326:
2317:
2308:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2255:
2241:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2155:
2137:
2127:
2090:
2080:
2070:
2068:10.1002/ar.23309
2045:
2028:
2016:
2005:
1984:
1959:
1941:
1916:
1895:
1858:
1848:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1778:. Archived from
1756:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1691:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1610:
1598:
1587:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1498:
1486:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1449:, pp. 26–36
1444:
1438:
1437:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1357:(1–3): 147–162.
1346:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1277:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1216:
1210:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1140:(6): 1007–1015.
1125:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1090:
1081:(Suppl 1): S15.
1066:
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1011:
1010:
966:
960:
959:
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931:
899:
893:
892:
876:
870:
869:
843:
834:
825:
819:
813:
804:
795:
782:
776:Roughgarden 2004
773:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:Roughgarden 2004
715:
709:
703:
697:
688:
677:
655:
649:
644:
638:
633:
627:
621:
610:
604:
598:
597:
587:
536:eutherian mammal
506:Many species of
484:Joan Roughgarden
470:or dominant and
429:, corpus penis;
392:
249:The clitoris of
244:squirrel monkeys
114:
110:
109:
108:
107:
100:
97:
96:
93:
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31:
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3336:
3335:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3285:Perineal sponge
3280:Urethral sponge
3263:
3232:Spiral arteries
3189:
3163:Vaginal orifice
3144:
3067:Dorsal arteries
3044:Pars intermedia
2975:
2861:
2816:
2791:
2770:
2751:Broad ligaments
2746:Round ligaments
2732:
2687:
2609:
2588:Gartner's ducts
2574:
2544:
2497:
2456:
2408:
2297:
2292:
2226:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2153:10.1.1.630.5755
2135:
2130:
2102:(20): 574–578.
2093:
2048:
2031:
2025:
2008:
2002:
1987:
1981:
1965:Breedlove, Marc
1962:
1919:
1913:
1898:
1861:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1782:on 25 July 2011
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1477:Angier, Natalie
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1401:
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1279:
1278:
1269:
1258:
1254:
1245:Blackledge 2003
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605:
601:
589:
588:
584:
579:
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548:
504:
499:
498:
480:sexually coerce
441:, glans penis;
386:
339:
331:
324:
323:
309:
304:
228:
220:
104:
103:
102:
72:
68:
60:
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58:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3333:
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3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3227:Vaginal artery
3224:
3222:Arcuate artery
3219:
3217:Uterine artery
3214:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
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3136:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3122:Pudendal nerve
3119:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3102:Veins of bulbs
3099:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
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2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2942:Perineal nerve
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2907:Pudendal cleft
2899:
2893:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2812:Skene's glands
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
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2437:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:Zona pellucida
2391:
2389:Corona radiata
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2225:
2224:External links
2222:
2220:
2219:
2206:
2189:
2146:(7): 815–846.
2128:
2091:
2061:(3): 385–399.
2046:
2029:
2023:
2006:
2000:
1985:
1979:
1960:
1917:
1911:
1896:
1864:Brain Research
1859:
1839:(3): 610–615.
1820:
1807:
1792:
1774:
1757:
1731:(9): 349–356.
1720:
1707:
1692:
1686:
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1658:
1639:
1626:
1611:
1605:
1588:
1570:(1): 276–283.
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1467:
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1463:
1451:
1439:
1412:(3): 259–266.
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1234:
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1200:
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1161:
1120:
1058:
1031:(4): 221–226.
1012:
977:(4): 451–463.
961:
894:
871:
864:
835:
820:
805:
798:Wingfield 2006
783:
757:
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503:
500:
449:, praeputium;
356:spotted hyenas
340:
332:
330:
329:Spotted hyenas
327:
307:
302:
233:spider monkeys
229:
221:
219:
216:
212:spotted hyenas
123:) is a female
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3:
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3242:Ovarian veins
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3129:Clitoral hood
3127:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Dorsal nerves
3115:
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3089:
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3072:Deep arteries
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2494:
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2489:
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2484:
2483:Ootidogenesis
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:Oocytogenesis
2473:
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2343:Hemorrhagicum
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2250:
2248:at Wiktionary
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1511:
1508:. Macmillan.
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1328:Rosevear 1974
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1213:Blumberg 2009
1209:
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1198:, p. 438
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816:Balcombe 2011
812:
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772:
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755:, p. 364
754:
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708:, p. 394
707:
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629:
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609:, p. 111
608:
607:Balcombe 2007
603:
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583:
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567:
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546:Domestic cats
545:
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532:Sertoli cells
529:
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372:adrenal gland
369:
365:
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354:While female
349:
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326:
321:
317:
313:
305:
298:
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281:
280:
275:
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267:
266:strepsirrhine
263:
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245:
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238:
237:scent-marking
234:
226:
217:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:grizzly bears
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:os clitoridis
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
106:
99:
62:
55:
22:
3247:Uterine vein
3202:Blood supply
2949:Labia minora
2902:Labia majora
2452:Retia ovarii
2429:
2337:
2244:
2230:
2211:. Retrieved
2197:
2181:. Retrieved
2143:
2139:
2099:
2095:
2058:
2054:
2041:
2037:
2012:
1990:
1969:
1929:
1925:
1901:
1870:(1): 26–36.
1867:
1863:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1812:. Retrieved
1797:
1784:. Retrieved
1780:the original
1765:
1728:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1697:
1676:
1663:. Retrieved
1644:
1631:. Retrieved
1616:
1594:
1567:
1563:
1550:. Retrieved
1535:
1519:. Retrieved
1504:
1482:
1454:
1442:
1409:
1405:
1354:
1350:
1323:
1296:. Retrieved
1285:
1255:
1191:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1078:
1074:
1028:
1024:
974:
970:
964:
911:
907:
897:
880:
874:
847:
823:
818:, p. 88
748:
736:
713:
701:
674:Goodman 2009
653:
642:
631:
602:
592:
585:
571:
558:
549:
540:
521:
511:
505:
476:
464:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
364:pseudo-penis
361:
353:
325:
320:Lorisiformes
316:Lemuriformes
311:
277:
274:dwarf lemurs
270:mouse lemurs
248:
241:
230:
180:hemiclitoris
141:
120:
116:
20:
18:
2723:Parametrium
2716:Perimetrium
2706:Endometrium
2671:External os
2666:Internal os
2525:Infundibula
1469:Works cited
1287:LiveScience
914:(1): 9631.
828:Angier 1999
778:, pp.
753:Dixson 2012
728:, pp.
706:Kotpal 2010
660:, pp.
658:Angier 1999
387: [
208:polar bears
200:brown bears
127:present in
3331:Sex organs
3315:Categories
2897:Mons pubis
2857:Epithelium
2728:Epithelium
2711:Myometrium
2605:Paroophora
2213:27 October
1814:27 October
1714:27 October
1665:27 October
1633:27 October
1552:27 October
1521:27 October
1298:7 November
1262:, p.
1247:, p.
830:, p.
800:, p.
720:, p.
693:, p.
668:, p.
577:References
561:freemartin
256:Ethologist
135:and other
121:clitorides
117:clitorises
3208:Arteries
3150:Vestibule
3063:Arteries
2738:Ligaments
2593:Epoophora
2550:Ligaments
2462:Oogenesis
2330:Follicles
2148:CiteSeerX
2140:Behaviour
1426:1552-5007
1371:1661-5433
1156:0340-5443
1097:1742-9994
1053:145424854
1045:0963-7214
991:0362-2525
938:2045-2322
889:504203609
666:Hall 2005
518:ovotestes
488:ecologist
282:species,
164:placental
133:ostriches
125:sex organ
3321:Clitoris
3057:Frenulum
2981:Clitoris
2954:Frenulum
2871:External
2845:Fornices
2530:Fimbriae
2520:Ampullae
2470:Oogonium
2353:Albicans
2303:Internal
2258:Clitoris
2245:clitoris
2174:Archived
2124:35207213
2116:10839234
2087:26694958
1967:(1996).
1956:31132967
1948:18454796
1892:20616698
1855:11870065
1753:18227659
1745:17010637
1584:16406926
1533:(2011).
1479:(1999).
1434:18085526
1379:22626995
1292:Archived
1115:26816515
1007:29073999
999:17972270
956:25950904
468:dominant
368:androgen
192:intersex
144:clitoris
137:amniotes
21:clitoris
3178:Urethra
3113:Nerves
2775:General
2651:Isthmus
2627:Regions
2447:Medulla
2370:Interna
2365:Externa
2321:Ovaries
2183:26 June
2170:4536481
2078:4752857
1884:7519963
1786:26 June
1387:8721211
1106:4722368
947:4423346
916:Bibcode
376:scrotum
346:With a
312:Eulemur
288:galagos
284:lorises
279:Eulemur
251:bonobos
190:. Some
184:lizards
176:ratites
172:turtles
129:mammals
3275:G-spot
3238:Veins
3141:Septum
3134:Fascia
3088:Veins
3053:Corona
2822:Vagina
2782:Glands
2693:Layers
2656:Cervix
2644:Fundus
2639:Cavity
2619:Uterus
2515:Isthmi
2478:Oocyte
2440:Stroma
2430:Cortex
2360:Thecae
2348:Luteum
2338:Corpus
2312:Adnexa
2204:
2168:
2150:
2122:
2114:
2085:
2075:
2021:
1998:
1977:
1954:
1946:
1909:
1890:
1882:
1853:
1805:
1772:
1751:
1743:
1705:
1684:
1656:
1624:
1603:
1582:
1543:
1512:
1491:
1432:
1424:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1154:
1113:
1103:
1095:
1051:
1043:
1005:
997:
989:
954:
944:
936:
887:
862:
508:talpid
380:spines
276:, all
188:snakes
156:lemurs
148:fossas
3268:Other
3168:Hymen
3158:Fossa
3049:Glans
3033:Angle
2999:Bulbs
2994:Crura
2889:Labia
2880:Vulva
2840:Walls
2835:Rugae
2830:Canal
2683:Horns
2661:Canal
2535:Ostia
2488:Ootid
2413:Other
2177:(PDF)
2166:JSTOR
2136:(PDF)
2120:S2CID
1952:S2CID
1888:S2CID
1749:S2CID
1383:S2CID
1049:S2CID
1003:S2CID
780:37–40
730:37–40
662:68–69
555:Sheep
528:DMRT1
513:Talpa
502:Moles
486:, an
472:alpha
391:]
264:Many
160:moles
101:
57:
3016:Body
2989:Root
2701:Wall
2634:Body
2493:Ovum
2215:2015
2202:ISBN
2185:2012
2112:PMID
2083:PMID
2019:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1944:PMID
1926:BJUI
1907:ISBN
1880:PMID
1851:PMID
1816:2015
1803:ISBN
1788:2012
1770:ISBN
1741:PMID
1716:2015
1703:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1667:2015
1654:ISBN
1635:2015
1622:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1580:PMID
1554:2015
1541:ISBN
1523:2015
1510:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1430:PMID
1422:ISSN
1410:310B
1375:PMID
1367:ISSN
1300:2012
1152:ISSN
1111:PMID
1093:ISSN
1041:ISSN
995:PMID
987:ISSN
952:PMID
934:ISSN
885:OCLC
860:ISBN
802:2023
568:Mice
490:and
286:and
206:and
186:and
152:apes
19:The
2158:doi
2144:144
2104:doi
2100:146
2073:PMC
2063:doi
2059:299
1934:doi
1930:101
1872:doi
1868:646
1841:doi
1733:doi
1572:doi
1568:175
1414:doi
1359:doi
1264:260
1142:doi
1101:PMC
1083:doi
1033:doi
979:doi
975:269
942:PMC
924:doi
852:doi
670:344
459:UCG
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113:pl.
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