293:. This isolation of sub-populations allowed the simultaneous increase in diversification between these sub-populations and increase in uniformity within them. Human intervention through artificial selection of animals with desirable characteristics further increased the differentiation among and uniformity within breeds. Examples of traits that have been deliberately selected by humans include growth rate, milk or egg production, coat color, meat quality, and age of maturity, among many others. The process of artificial selection has been the main reason for gains in output from commercial breeds, whereas the adaptation of indigenous livestock to diverse and challenging environments (natural selection) has been the main factor for their continued survival and production value. Overall, selection, whether it be natural or artificial,
1022:(SNPs) with associations in economically important traits. SNPs are important in marker-assisted breeding for the identification of traits such as meat or milk quality. At the same time, patenting activity involving transgenic livestock also increased. However, work on patents and characterization of AnGR declined sharply from 2001, caused by a combination of factors including an increasingly restrictive approach to the patentability of DNA sequences by patent offices and a lack of markets for food products from transgenic animals. Trends in activity arising from genome sequencing projects merit careful attention with regard to their implications (positive or negative) for animal genetic resources management.
402:
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961:(CGRFA), which is a body of FAO. In May 1997, The CGRFA established an Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITWG-AnGR). The ITWG-AnGR's objectives are to review the situation and issues related to agrobiodiversity of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. With this knowledge it can make recommendations and advise the Commission on these matters, and consider progress resulting from proposed interventions. This group worked with many partners and countries to produce the First Report on the State of Animal Genetic Resources, which served as the basis for creating the
414:
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have been successfully domesticated. The proportion of domesticated birds used for food and agriculture is even lower- 10 out of 10,000. The reason these numbers are so low is because it is rare to find species with all of the behavioral and physiological traits necessary for domestication. These traits include lack of aggression towards humans, a strong gregarious instinct, a "follow the leader" dominance hierarchy, a tendency not to panic when disturbed, a diet that can be easily supplied by humans (herbivores), a rapid growth rate, relatively short intervals between births, and large litter size.
173:
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728:. These techniques allow us to map genomes and then analyze their implications through bioinformatics and statistical analysis. Molecular genetic studies, especially genome-wide association studies and whole-genome sequencing allow adaptive traits to be linked to genomic regions, genes, or even mutations. For example, horn size, meat quality, gait, and prenatal growth in cattle all have single genes found to be responsible for these phenotypic traits.
888:
989:"By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed."
161:
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980:. The Nagoya Protocol entered into force on 12 October 2014 and aims to provide a legal framework for the fair and equitable distribution of benefits arising from the utilization of all genetic resources, including animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. This protocol may have both positive and negative impacts on the exchange of animal genetic resources between signatory countries.
185:
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310:. Before the end of the 19th century, several breeds had been absorbed by other populations. In the 19th century, railways and steamships increased the long-distance transportation of livestock. After the Second World War, artificial insemination became common in cattle and pig breeding. As a result of these developments, a limited number of
965:(GPA). In 2007, the GPA was adopted by 109 countries as the first agreed international framework for the management of livestock biodiversity. The implementation of the GPA is overseen, monitored and evaluated by the CGRFA. The funding for this program arrives from a wide range of actors, under the guidelines of the
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disadvantages to each. While it is more difficult and costly to find land for livestock in peri-urban settings, incorporating livestock to small-scale farms can greatly increase the local food supply, reduce garden waste, and provide manure. Peri-urban environments can also provide excellent foraging for
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have contributed to the diversification of animal genetic resources and increased the variety of environments and production systems that livestock keeping takes place. Relatively few species have been domesticated; out of the world's 148 non-carnivorous species weighing more than 45 kg, only 15
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systems involves livestock keeping integrated with other agricultural activities. These systems are similar to small-scale systems, but tend to be in a more rural setting, given the need for larger tracts of land for crop production. As with small-scale livestock production, access to formal markets
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that can be devastating to a colony. Conversely, rural small-scale livestock production is traditionally more common, and allows for larger-scale operations (although much smaller than industrial systems). However, access to formal markets, both to acquire inputs and to sell outputs, is critical for
762:
Some general conclusions from recent molecular studies show that individual breeds within species show variation at only about 1% of the genome, whereas the variation of genetic material between species is about 80%. Additionally, breeds with well-defined and appreciated traits tend to be inbred and
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follow an irregular pattern of movement. Current issues that pastoralists face include conflict over land rights, access to water, limited food resources, integration into global markets, and animal diseases. Climate change has been believed to harm pastoralists, but evidence suggests that the root
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Some general conclusions from recent molecular studies show that individual breeds only differ by typically 40% in total genetic molecular composition; species differ by about 80% of their genetic material. Additionally, breeds with well-defined and appreciated traits tend to be inbred and have low
439:
Local breeds that were developed by a given community often have a huge cultural significance for that community. Livestock are often a source of wealth and are critical for its maintenance. They appear frequently in art and often play key roles in traditional customs, such as religious ceremonies,
440:
sporting events and weddings. Cultural ecosystem services also create significant economic opportunities in fields such as tourism (including, in the context of food and agriculture, farm holidays and visits to areas with historical or scenic farming or forest landscapes) and recreational hunting.
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Diversity also allows the flexibility to change breeding goals if needed and emphasize alternative traits in response to changes in markets or other conditions. For example, the
Holstein Friesian Cow, which is widely used for its whole milk production. Changes in cereal feed availability or demand
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involving the freezing of genetic materials. In many instances, both of these approached are used in a complementary manner. In order to establish and strengthen these programs, more research on methods and technologies must be undertaken, especially for less common livestock species, and greater
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Small-scale livestock production entails less intensive production cycles, access to outdoors or pasture, typically judicious use of antibiotics, and a connection to local niche markets. This type of livestock production can be maintained in peri-urban and rural settings. There are advantages and
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employs large-scale, principally landless systems. The animals are separated from the land where their feed is produced, and their environment is highly controlled by management interventions. Since a vast majority of consumers demand low-cost products, industrial livestock production has become
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and 58% are of unknown risk status, meaning that the problem may be underestimated. The world's pool of animal genetic resources is also currently shrinking, with rapid and uncontrolled loss of breeds and conjointly their often uncharacterized genes. Nearly 100 livestock breeds have gone extinct
305:
and performance recording and applying specific breeding objectives. This led to the fixation of breed-specific traits and an increase in productivity. Some breeds were interbred as distinct, isolated populations, while many breeds continued to interact with each other as a result of intentional
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Increasingly complex issues are emerging that require balancing the interests of many stakeholders. In a time of rapid and unregulated change, livestock and their products should be used sustainably, developed and ultimately conserved. National planning should integrate "consumer affairs, human
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One of the greatest threats to livestock diversity is pressure from large-scale commercial production systems to maintain only high-output breeds. Recent molecular studies have revealed that the diversity of today's indigenous livestock populations greatly exceeds that found in their commercial
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Besides their initial domestication, dispersion and migration of these domesticated species has had an equally important impact on shaping the composition of livestock diversity. The process of migration likely varied between regions, but certainly involved the movement of human populations and
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and the environment. In order to protect these unique traits, and the diversity they allow, collaborative global efforts towards the characterization and management of these genetic resources must be made. Unlike plants, which can be easily conserved in seed banks, a large portion of livestock
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There are many forms of livestock-keeping, that all have their own pros and cons in terms of maintaining genetic diversity. Systems range from completely human-controlled to wild. They differ in terms of animal management, animal treatment, environmental impact, and market infrastructure.
694:. Exploration of the past is essential to understand trends and to better characterize the current state of animal genetic resources. In 2009, six years after the completion of the human genome project, cattle became one of the first livestock species to have a fully mapped genome.
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plays an important role in livestock management and food security, since pastoralists can produce food where no crops can grow. This system usually relies entirely on publicly owned grasslands. Pastoralists move their livestock herds based on the season, which is also known as
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to diseases and pests, or ability to thrive on poor feed and cope with dry or hot climates can help humans be more resilient to changes in climate. Within breeds, greater genetic diversity allows for continued selection for improving a given trait, such as disease resistance.
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Characterization of animal genetic resources is a prerequisite for its management. Advances in molecular genetics have provided us with tools to better understand livestock origin and diversity. There are many technologies capable of determining genetic profiles, including
322:, have become very widespread and nowadays increasingly dominate livestock production globally. Thus, understanding the origins and the history of distribution of livestock are central to maintaining their current utilization and long-term conservation as resources.
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Although policies can have some negative consequences, they are nonetheless important. Lack of adequate policies can lead to the insufficient capacity to manage AnGRs, further a loss of genetic diversity and marginalization of relevant stakeholders, such as
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causes of land disputes are historical and political, rather than climate-related. Land rights are an issue for pastoralists, as many governments and organizations, including conservation efforts may restrict their access to valuable resources and land.
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Climate change and its impact on livestock is being studied. Changes in climate will affect livestock and food production in many ways. In Africa, different regions are predicted to experience different changes in weather patterns. For example, parts of
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and services for the benefit of humankind. The diversity of animal genetic resources allows livestock to be raised successfully in a diverse range of different environments and underpins the supply of a range of different products and services: from
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are used to detect geographic regions of domestication, reconstructing migration routes and the number of female founders. Drawing such inferences is possible because mitochondrial DNA sequences are transferred only through egg cells of the female.
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Indirect use value – results from the provision of support or protection to other activities that produce benefits, such as through the provision of regulating and supporting ecosystem services (e.g. cycling of soil nutrients, seed dispersal, fire
663:
Although many diverse species and breeds of animals are currently available for food and agricultural production, there is more work to be done on classifying their risk of extinction: in 2014, 17% of the world's farm animal breeds are at risk of
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For some breeds, opportunities for sustainable use are limited. For such breeds, to ensure that their critical genetic diversity is not lost, conservation programs are required. Several approaches for conservation can be applied, including
289:. Interbreeding within these sub-populations between individuals that thrived in the local prevailing environmental conditions (and were thus better able to reproduce) contributed to the formation of distinct groups of animals, known as
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Over the past 250 years the greatest changes in livestock diversity and creation of formal breeds have occurred mainly due to changes that began in
England in the late 18th century. These changes have included development of systematic
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that are not linked to specific traits are now more commonly used as markers for genetic diversity studies. Different levels of genetic diversity information can be obtained from different kinds of genetic markers. For example,
284:
selection have also played a role in shaping the diversity of livestock populations. As animal populations migrated away from their original sites of domestication, sub-populations were formed through geographic and
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Thornton, P.K.; van de Steeg, J.; Notenbaert, A.; Herrero, M. (2009). "The impacts of climate change on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries: A review of what we know and what we need to know".
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and molecular studies are being used to characterize livestock diversity and to reconstruct the events that have shaped the present diversity patterns, including ancestry, prehistoric and historical migrations,
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Option value – results from the potential benefits of having a given resource available for the future; for example, having genetic variability available that can be used to respond to market and environmental
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time period changed our human evolution and lifestyles. This ability to control food production led to major demographic, technological, political and military changes. Consecutively, thousands of years of
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and within-breed level. Known are currently 8,800 different breeds of birds and mammals within 38 species used for food and agriculture. The main animal species used for food and agriculture production are
1357:. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. pp. 76–77.
1230:. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. pp. 10–15.
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Many countries are currently operating conservation programs for their animal genetic resources, at least for some species and breeds. In situ conservation programs are the most commonly used approach.
1671:. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. p. 110.
1590:. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. p. 122.
1544:. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. p. 512.
1119:. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. p. 5.
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Liebig, M. A.; Gross, J. R.; Kronberg, S. L.; Phillips, R. L. (1 May 2010). "Grazing
Management Contributions to Net Global Warming Potential: A Long-term Evaluation in the Northern Great Plains".
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between 2000 and 2014. With the loss of these breeds comes the loss of their unique adaptive traits, which are often under the control of many different genes and complex interactions between the
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The wide number of livestock breeds and the genetic diversity within them mean that animal genetic resources have a substantial value to society. The different breeds provide a wide range of
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Naderi, Saeid; Rezaei, Hamid-Reza; Pompanon, François; Blum, Michael G. B.; Negrini, Riccardo; Naghash, Hamid-Reza; Balkız, Özge; Mashkour, Marjan; Gaggiotti, Oscar E. (18 November 2008).
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474:. Having access to a range of diverse livestock traits may allow for greater ability to cope with harsh climates and emerging diseases. Animals with unique adaptive abilities, such as
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health matters, and the management of new biotechnologies, as well as physical and spatial planning of animal production in the context of urban expansion and protected areas."
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There are many online databases for policies, national laws, treaties and regulations on food, agriculture and renewable natural resources, including animal genetic resources.
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Nardone, A.; Ronchi, B.; Lacetera, N.; Ranieri, M.S.; Bernabucci, U. (2010). "Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems".
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are only one example of many at risk of extinction. Despite the importance of animal genetic resources, their diversity has been continually decreasing over time.
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Increasing the direct use value will contribute to the economic sustainability of a breed and therefore to the potential for successful conservation activities."
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economic sustainability. Close rural-urban linkages are important to overcome constraints of feed scarcity and to better utilize the advantages of each system.
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Ecosystem
Services Provided By Livestock Species And Breeds, With Special Consideration To The Contributions Of Small-Scale Livestock Keepers And Pastoralists
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447:, such as landscape management, vegetation control, and promotion of biodiversity, that are critical for maintaining those landscapes. For example, the
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Drucker, Adam G; Gomez, Veronica; Anderson, Simon (2001). "The economic valuation of farm animal genetic resources: a survey of available methods".
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are predicted to have a drier than average rainy season, while just north in parts of central Africa, a wetter
December–January season is expected.
515:– results only from the satisfaction of knowing that a given animal genetic resource exists, even if no other type of value can be derived from it.
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livestock feed on. In general, the livestock keeper has a fixed home and animals move around the property as needed to obtain freshly grown grass.
509:– results from benefits that might be obtained from the knowledge that others may derive benefits from the animal genetic resource in the future.
491:"From a formal economic perspective, AnGR can have various different types of value for conservation. These values can be categorized as follows
2155:
Tor A. Benjaminsen. Sept. 2016. International
Institute for Environment and Development. "Does climate change cause conflicts in the Sahel?"
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FAO. 2007. The State of the World's Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, pg 18. edited by B. Rischkowsky & D. Pilling. Rome
996:"2.5.1: Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium or long term conservation facilities.
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Direct use value – results from benefits obtained from the utilization of animal genetic resources, such as the production of milk or meat.
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Breeds that have been developed primarily through natural selection have effectively evolved with their environments and usually provide
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1498:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome. p. 65.
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Progress is being made in the characterization and management of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. Recent advances in
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Groeneveld, L. F.; Lenstra, J. A.; Eding, H.; Toro, M. A.; Scherf, B.; Pilling, D.; Negrini, R.; Finlay, E. K.; Jianlin, H. (2010).
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735:, include genes affecting observable traits and thus have statistically detectable associations with those traits. However, DNA
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To help regulate the ownership of genetic resources and control their utilization is one example where policies are necessary.
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is one approach that has been applied. Patenting of animal genetic resources reached its apex in the late 1990s, focusing on
806:. Living in densely packed cages or small spaces makes animals more prone to disease transmission from one animal to another.
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Bollongino, Ruth; Burger, Joachim; Powell, Adam; Mashkour, Marjan; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Thomas, Mark G. (1 September 2012).
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Margo Hale, Linda Coff ey, Terrell
Spencer, and Andy Pressman, NCAT Agriculture Specialists Published Sept. 2011 © NCAT
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94:. In the livestock world, these species are often referred to as "the big five". Some less-utilized species include the
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2002:"The goat domestication process inferred from large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis of wild and domestic individuals"
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2.5.2: Proportion of local breeds, classified as being at risk, not at risk or unknown level of risk of extinction."
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cultural exchanges between populations. In order to look back and determine where livestock domestication occurred,
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have low genetic diversity, while non-descript local populations tend to have high molecular genetic diversity.
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2261:"SDG 2. Zero hunger | Sustainable Development Goals | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
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Statutes of the
Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
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common. However, there are several issues with industrial livestock production systems including disease,
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species, which are used for food and agriculture purposes. AnGR is a subset of and a specific element of
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Felius, M.; Theunissen, B.; Lenstra, J.A. (2015). "On the conservation of cattle – the role of breeds".
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genetic diversity, while non-descript local populations tend to have high molecular genetic diversity.
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by removing plant material and encouraging regrowth and thus the movement of carbon from the air into
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2013:
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The management of issues regarding animal genetic resources on the global level is addressed by the
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Greater livestock diversity allows humans to be better prepared to meet future challenges, such as
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Funding
Strategy for the Implementation of the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources
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451:, which were near extinction in the 1980s, today help to preserve centuries-old grassland in the
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The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
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are used for population diversity estimates, estimation of genetic relationships and population
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The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
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Larson, Greger; Burger, Joachim (2013). "A population genetics view of animal domestication".
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The access and benefit sharing of animal genetic resources are currently regulated by the
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genetic diversity relies on live populations and their interactions with the environment.
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Intensification of production or decline of traditional production systems or small farms
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These systems revolve around access to privately owned or rented grasslands, which the
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for clothing, carpets and furniture and are often the basis for traditional garments.
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The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration
1935:
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The history of animal genetic resources begins about 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. The
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AnGR could be embodied in live populations or in conserved genetic materials such as
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have provided data on the history and current status of animal genetic resources.
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for low-solid-content milk may decrease the advantage of breeding Holstein cows.
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1639:. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. p. 122.
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1971:. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. p. 14.
1846:. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. p. 13.
1811:. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. p. 41.
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2061:"Modern Taurine Cattle Descended from Small Number of Near-Eastern Founders"
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Monitoring for Environment and Security in Africa. accessed October, 2016.
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The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
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The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
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Lack of infrastructure or support for production, processing or marketing
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Loss/lack of grazing land or other elements of the production environment
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1164:"Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication"
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for Sustainable Development, AnGR are addressed under the target 2.5:
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Implementing the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources
2236:"Hunger and food security - United Nations Sustainable Development"
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http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/genetics/angrvent.html
2112:. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
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Some major disease threats that livestock currently face include,
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65:. The diversity of animal genetic resources includes diversity at
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on Access and Benefit sharing, which is an agreement to the 1992
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Lack of/weak AnGR management policies, programmes or institutions
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1007:, who are valuable players in maintaining livestock diversity.
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Domestic Animal Genetic Resources Information System (DAGRIS)
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http://www.iied.org/does-climate-change-cause-conflicts-sahel
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Nations, Food Agriculture Organization of the United (2013).
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Number of local and transboundary breeds at global level 2018
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Aging farmers or lack of interest among the young generation"
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information from archaeological sites, and ancient livestock
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Nagoya Protocol from the Convention on Biological Diversity
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FAO Animal Production and Health website. accessed Nov 2016
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is one of the largest online databases, and is run by FAO.
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The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
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Migration from countryside/uptake of alternative employment
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Inbreeding or other problems in the management of breeding
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Breeds not profitable/competitive or have poor performance
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Monitoring for Environment and Security in Africa (MESA)
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Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
959:
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
2108:
Scherf, Beate D.; Pilling, Dafydd, eds. (6 June 2018).
1965:
Scherf, Beate D.; Pilling, Dafydd, eds. (6 June 2018).
1840:
Scherf, Beate D.; Pilling, Dafydd, eds. (6 June 2018).
1805:
Scherf, Beate D.; Pilling, Dafydd, eds. (6 June 2018).
1633:
Scherf, Beate D.; Pilling, Dafydd, eds. (6 June 2018).
2346:
2314:
626:
Current state of the world's animal genetic resources
2714:
2613:
2564:
2508:
2447:
2342:Foodtank: Protecting Disappearing Livestock Breeds
1281:, edited by B. Rischkowsky & D. Pilling. Rome.
963:Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources
1794:http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1250e/a1250e00.htm
231:of major crop and livestock species in the early
17:Animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
1496:In vivo conservation of animal genetic resources
993:Which is monitored by the following indicators:
2006:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1329:; From, Tatiana; Boerma, David (October 2014).
575:Value of locally adopted breeds not appreciated
2210:Funding Strategy for the Global Plan of Action
1920:"Genetic diversity in farm animals - a review"
1273:
1271:
1269:
584:Globalization, trade liberalization or imports
2387:
641:(FAO) has taken initiative and published two
8:
2315:Domestic Animal Diversity Information System
1048:
1046:
707:Characterization of animal genetic resources
643:global assessments of livestock biodiversity
622:(PPR), also known as sheep and goat plague.
767:Sustainable use of animal genetic resources
569:Changes to consumer/retailer demand/ habits
545:Introduction/increased use of exotic breeds
2394:
2380:
2372:
2367:International Livestock Research Institute
1526:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2076:
2035:
2025:
1187:
2286:"World Intellectual Property Indicators"
927:Conservation of animal genetic resources
629:
625:
326:Benefits and uses of livestock diversity
2727:List of genetics research organizations
1042:
538:"Factors as causes of genetic erosion:
361:
156:
2240:United Nations Sustainable Development
2191:
2189:
1886:"Scientists Unravel Genome of the Cow"
1692:
1611:
1565:
1519:
1378:
1251:
1140:
702:Management of animal genetic resources
297:results in reduced genetic variation.
2362:Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity
7:
1890:The Washington Post and Times-Herald
1343:from the original on 17 August 2021.
459:shrubs. Grazing livestock also help
953:Policy for animal genetic resources
793:Industrial livestock production or
578:Unspecified economic/market factors
223:History of animal genetic resources
2352:The American Livestock Conservancy
978:Convention on Biological Diversity
945:financial investment is required.
936:with live animal populations, and
487:Values of animal genetic resources
428:Different breeds produce specific
14:
2786:Food and Agriculture Organization
731:Specific regions of DNA, such as
39:of actual or potential value) of
2740:
2739:
2347:Global Databank for AnGR- DAD-IS
2143:Small-Scale Livestock Production
1936:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02038.x
1402:Journal of Environmental Quality
1162:Diamond, Jared (8 August 2002).
820:Small-scale livestock production
542:(Indiscriminante) cross-breeding
412:
400:
388:
376:
364:
207:
195:
183:
171:
159:
2065:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1293:Journal of Agricultural Science
1020:single nucleotide polymorphisms
789:Industrial livestock production
314:commercial breeds, such as the
2776:Animals by conservation status
1884:Brown, David (24 April 2009).
1012:Patenting of genetic resources
523:Threats to livestock diversity
1:
1465:10.1016/s0921-8009(00)00242-1
733:quantitative trait loci (QTL)
306:cross-breeding or unintended
25:farm animal genetic resources
2686:Missing heritability problem
1728:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.011
829:, with less exposure to the
2807:
1772:10.1016/j.agsy.2009.05.002
620:Peste des petits ruminants
557:Disease/disease management
265:studies are useful tools.
2735:
2409:
1305:10.1017/s0021859614000124
1087:10.1016/j.tig.2013.01.003
871:or grass-based production
779:Intensive Chicken Farming
49:agricultural biodiversity
2223:https://www.cbd.int/abs/
804:ethical animal treatment
795:intensive animal farming
2027:10.1073/pnas.0804782105
1016:expressed sequence tags
726:DNA microarray analysis
714:whole genome sequencing
407:Dung used as fertilizer
2766:Biodiversity databases
1699:: CS1 maint: others (
1618:: CS1 maint: others (
1572:: CS1 maint: others (
1385:: CS1 maint: others (
1258:: CS1 maint: others (
1147:: CS1 maint: others (
892:
780:
660:
635:
616:foot and mouth disease
268:Other factors such as
29:livestock biodiversity
2781:Agricultural research
2722:List of genetic codes
2078:10.1093/molbev/mss092
890:
778:
659:
633:
240:and human selection,
2621:Behavioural genetics
1752:Agricultural Systems
1453:Ecological Economics
1422:10.2134/jeq2009.0272
1063:Section A, p 5. Rome
938:ex situ conservation
934:in situ conservation
915:Nomadic pastoralists
2771:Information systems
2701:Population genomics
2691:Molecular evolution
2651:Genetic engineering
2018:2008PNAS..10517659N
2012:(46): 17659–17664.
1764:2009AgSys.101..113T
1414:2010JEnvQ..39..799L
1189:10.1038/nature01019
1180:2002Natur.418..700D
465:soil organic matter
2661:Genetic monitoring
2330:2018-09-18 at the
2225:accessed Oct. 2016
1075:Trends in Genetics
1059:2018-09-18 at the
893:
781:
718:shotgun sequencing
679:molecular genetics
661:
636:
445:ecosystem services
2791:Agrarian politics
2753:
2752:
2676:He Jiankui affair
2666:Genetic genealogy
2656:Genetic diversity
2585:the British Isles
2490:Genetic variation
1716:Livestock Science
1174:(6898): 700–707.
753:mitochondrial DNA
749:genetic admixture
692:genetic isolation
529:Pantaneiro cattle
287:genetic isolation
33:genetic resources
23:), also known as
2798:
2743:
2742:
2706:Reverse genetics
2681:Medical genetics
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2071:(9): 2101–2104.
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942:cryoconservation
461:sequester carbon
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211:
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37:genetic material
2806:
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2600:the Middle East
2566:Archaeogenetics
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2332:Wayback Machine
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1924:Animal Genetics
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1061:Wayback Machine
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683:Genetic markers
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513:Existence value
489:
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332:animal products
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320:Large White pig
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2696:Plant genetics
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2636:Genome editing
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2614:Related topics
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2448:Key components
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2304:External links
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2295:. 6 June 2018.
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623:
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602:
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583:
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577:
574:
572:Mechanization
571:
568:
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562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
540:
539:
536:
534:
530:
522:
520:
514:
511:
508:
507:Bequest value
505:
501:
497:
494:
493:
492:
486:
484:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
437:
435:
431:
426:
419:Draught Power
415:
410:
403:
398:
391:
386:
383:Meat and eggs
379:
374:
367:
362:
360:
358:
357:draught power
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
312:transboundary
309:
308:introgression
304:
298:
296:
292:
288:
283:
279:
275:
274:genetic drift
271:
266:
264:
260:
254:
251:
250:crossbreeding
247:
243:
242:genetic drift
239:
234:
230:
229:domestication
222:
220:
210:
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198:
193:
186:
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174:
169:
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157:
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137:
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117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:cryoconserved
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
2646:Genetic code
2580:the Americas
2556:Quantitative
2526:Cytogenetics
2521:Conservation
2414:Introduction
2293:www.wipo.int
2292:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2239:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2141:
2136:
2109:
2103:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1967:
1960:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1889:
1879:
1870:
1842:
1835:
1807:
1800:
1788:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1668:
1663:
1635:
1628:
1587:
1582:
1541:
1536:
1495:
1489:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1354:
1349:
1321:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1227:
1222:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1116:
1111:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1028:
1024:
1009:
1005:pastoralists
1001:
998:
995:
992:
988:
982:
971:
966:
956:
947:
930:
911:transhumance
900:
867:
854:is critical.
845:
819:
788:
770:
761:
730:
710:
696:
676:
662:
650:
646:
637:
609:
597:
593:
537:
526:
518:
490:
469:
442:
438:
432:, hairs and
427:
423:
329:
316:Holstein cow
299:
294:
267:
255:
226:
218:
53:
28:
24:
20:
16:
15:
2626:Epigenetics
2265:www.fao.org
2195:FAO. 2007.
2179:FAO, 2016.
1459:(1): 1–18.
1299:: 152–162.
1277:FAO. 2007.
1052:FAO. 2015.
1018:(ESTs) and
985:Agenda 2030
983:Within the
906:Pastoralism
901:Pastoralism
891:Pastoralism
837:, and even
649:(2007) and
259:osteometric
2760:Categories
2631:Geneticist
2605:South Asia
2551:Population
2531:Ecological
2500:Amino acid
2480:Nucleotide
2455:Chromosome
2208:FAO, 2010.
1037:References
839:pesticides
751:, whereas
666:extinction
612:rinderpest
605:Mozambique
601:Madagascar
476:resistance
455:by eating
282:artificial
246:inbreeding
112:guinea pig
2546:Molecular
2541:Microbial
2516:Classical
2128:939710260
2087:0737-4038
1987:939710260
1944:0268-9146
1898:0190-8286
1862:939710260
1827:939710260
1780:0308-521X
1736:1871-1413
1695:cite book
1687:676726229
1655:939710260
1614:cite book
1606:676726229
1568:cite book
1560:676726229
1522:cite book
1514:878605883
1473:0921-8009
1430:1537-2537
1381:cite book
1373:676726229
1254:cite book
1246:676726229
1214:205209520
1198:0028-0836
1143:cite book
1135:676726229
1095:0168-9525
742:autosomal
688:admixture
499:control).
480:tolerance
395:Dyed wool
295:generally
270:mutations
233:neolithic
140:partridge
96:dromedary
45:mammalian
2745:Category
2671:Heredity
2641:Genomics
2485:Mutation
2475:Heredity
2439:Glossary
2429:Timeline
2403:Genetics
2328:Archived
2095:22422765
2046:19004765
1952:20500753
1930:: 6–31.
1481:42725290
1438:20400576
1338:Archived
1313:85854023
1206:12167878
1103:23415592
1057:Archived
877:ruminant
869:Ranching
835:diseases
671:genotype
653:(2015).
503:changes.
457:invasive
303:pedigree
144:pheasant
88:chickens
2424:History
2419:Outline
2199:. Rome.
2037:2584717
2014:Bibcode
1760:Bibcode
1410:Bibcode
1176:Bibcode
434:leather
278:natural
238:natural
178:Chicken
136:ostrich
108:buffalo
67:species
63:embryos
35:(i.e.,
2590:Europe
2575:Africa
2509:Fields
2495:Allele
2470:Genome
2270:28 May
2245:28 May
2126:
2116:
2093:
2085:
2044:
2034:
1985:
1975:
1950:
1942:
1903:28 May
1896:
1860:
1850:
1825:
1815:
1778:
1734:
1685:
1675:
1653:
1643:
1604:
1594:
1558:
1548:
1512:
1502:
1479:
1471:
1436:
1428:
1371:
1361:
1311:
1244:
1234:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1168:Nature
1133:
1123:
1101:
1093:
1031:FAOLEX
690:, and
618:, and
533:Brazil
353:manure
291:breeds
248:, and
166:Cattle
152:turkey
150:, and
148:pigeon
120:rabbit
100:donkey
76:cattle
31:, are
2715:Lists
2595:Italy
2434:Index
2289:(PDF)
2212:Rome.
2183:Rome.
1477:S2CID
1341:(PDF)
1334:(PDF)
1309:S2CID
1210:S2CID
831:pests
190:Sheep
128:goose
116:horse
84:goats
80:sheep
71:breed
59:semen
41:avian
2272:2018
2247:2018
2124:OCLC
2114:ISBN
2091:PMID
2083:ISSN
2042:PMID
1983:OCLC
1973:ISBN
1948:PMID
1940:ISSN
1905:2018
1894:ISSN
1858:OCLC
1848:ISBN
1823:OCLC
1813:ISBN
1776:ISSN
1732:ISSN
1701:link
1683:OCLC
1673:ISBN
1651:OCLC
1641:ISBN
1620:link
1602:OCLC
1592:ISBN
1574:link
1556:OCLC
1546:ISBN
1528:link
1510:OCLC
1500:ISBN
1469:ISSN
1434:PMID
1426:ISSN
1387:link
1369:OCLC
1359:ISBN
1260:link
1242:OCLC
1232:ISBN
1202:PMID
1194:ISSN
1149:link
1131:OCLC
1121:ISBN
1099:PMID
1091:ISSN
827:bees
802:and
724:and
603:and
527:The
453:Alps
430:wool
371:Milk
355:and
349:fuel
345:eggs
343:and
341:milk
337:meat
318:and
280:and
276:and
214:Goat
132:duck
92:pigs
90:and
43:and
21:AnGR
2465:RNA
2460:DNA
2073:doi
2032:PMC
2022:doi
2010:105
1932:doi
1768:doi
1756:101
1724:doi
1720:130
1461:doi
1418:doi
1301:doi
1297:153
1184:doi
1172:418
1083:doi
940:or
531:of
478:or
347:to
263:DNA
202:Pig
124:yak
61:or
27:or
2762::
2568:of
2291:.
2263:.
2238:.
2188:^
2122:.
2089:.
2081:.
2069:29
2067:.
2063:.
2040:.
2030:.
2020:.
2008:.
2004:.
1981:.
1946:.
1938:.
1928:41
1926:.
1922:.
1892:.
1888:.
1856:.
1821:.
1774:.
1766:.
1754:.
1730:.
1718:.
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1307:.
1295:.
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1129:.
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1089:.
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969:.
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614:,
467:.
359:.
351:,
339:,
272:,
244:,
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146:,
142:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
118:,
114:,
110:,
106:,
102:,
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78:,
69:,
51:.
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2388:t
2381:v
2274:.
2249:.
2146:.
2130:.
2097:.
2075::
2048:.
2024::
2016::
1989:.
1954:.
1934::
1907:.
1864:.
1829:.
1782:.
1770::
1762::
1738:.
1726::
1703:)
1689:.
1657:.
1622:)
1608:.
1576:)
1562:.
1530:)
1516:.
1483:.
1463::
1440:.
1420::
1412::
1389:)
1375:.
1315:.
1303::
1262:)
1248:.
1216:.
1186::
1178::
1151:)
1137:.
1105:.
1085::
19:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.