494:
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28:
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by providing an indication of successful brain development despite potential early-life stressors, such as lack of food. Social transmission of songs allows for development of local dialects of song, and female songbirds also typically prefer to choose mates producing local song dialects. One
866:
initially produce variable, rambling versions of adult song, called subsong. As learning progresses, the subsong is replaced with a more refined version containing elements of adult song, called plastic song. Finally, the song learning crystallizes into adult song. For song learning to occur
668:
songs involve shorter notes to attract potential mates, and are followed by longer tones to repel males. Frequency of sounds produced generally negatively correlates with body size both within and among species, and allows competing males to assess body size of vocalizing neighbouring
937:
are generally predisposed to favour learning of conspecific songs, and will typically preferentially learn the song form conspecific animals rather than heterospecifics. However, song learning is not completely restricted to within-species songs. If exposed to heterospecific
765:, for example, often use vocalization patterns to recognize their mate upon reunion during the breeding season. In many colonial nesting birds, parent-offspring recognition is critical to allow parents to locate their own offspring upon return to nesting sites.
466:
territorial displays. In some species, a single song incorporates several note types which serve different purposes, with one type of note eliciting responses from females, and another note of the same song responsible for warning competitor males of
878:
must be exposed to song tutoring varies across species, but typically occurs within the first year of life. Birds in which song learning is limited to the initial sensitive period are referred to as closed-ended learners, whereas some birds (e.g.
994:
produce various songs over their lifetime, which are learned from other males in the population. Males in a population conform to produce the same mating song, consisting of a highly stereotyped vocal display involved in mate attraction. The
398:), have been especially well-studied for sound production. These insects use scraper-like structures on one wing to sweep over file-structures on an opposing wing to create vibrations, producing a variety of trilling and chirping sounds.
780:
223:
also use structures called vocal sacs, elastic membranes in the base of the mouth which inflate during sound production. These sacs provide both amplification and fine-tuning of sounds, and also allow air to be pushed back into the
1007:
576:
increase the complexity of their calls, adding additional note types when greater numbers of competitor males are present, which has been found to attract greater numbers of female frogs. Some species change their
50:. Some sources distinguish between simpler vocalizations, termed “calls”, reserving the term “song” for more complex productions. Song-like productions have been identified in several groups of animals, including
999:
of these songs has been found to occur across great geographic distances over years, with one study noting song transmission across the western and central South
Pacific Ocean populations over an 11-year period.
861:
memorize the song of a tutor animal, forming a template representation of the species-specific song. The sensorimotor phase follows and may overlap with the sensory phase. During the sensorimotor phase, young
760:
typically contains sufficient individual variability to allow discrimination of individual vocal patterns by conspecifics. Such discrimination is important to mate recognition of many monogamous species.
228:
during vocalizations. This allows air used in sound production to be recycled, and is thought to have evolved to increase song efficiency. Increased efficiency of sound production is important, as some
619:)), switch from long-range loud trilling sounds to short-range quieter chirps when females move closer, which is thought to allow mate attraction without alerting competitor males to female locations.
857:
must be exposed to song from tutor animals in order to develop normal singing as adults. Song learning occurs in two stages: the sensory phase and the sensorimotor phase. During the sensory phase,
539:
often assess potential mates using song, based on qualities such as high song output, complexity and difficulty of songs, as well as presence of local dialect. Song output serves as a
1953:
Garland, Ellen C.; Goldizen, Anne W.; Rekdahl, Melinda L.; Costantine, Rochelle; Garrigue, Claire; Hauser, Nan
Daeschler; Poole, Michael; Robbins, Jooke; Noad, Michael J. (2011).
781:
131:, which can be adjusted to produce various changes in sound output, providing refinement of vocalizations. Although morphological differences between species affect production of
867:
properly, young birds must be able to hear and refine their vocal productions, and birds deafened before the development of subsong do not learn to produce normal adult song.
493:
477:
2527:
O'Loghlen, Adrian L; Rothstein, Stephen I (2002). "Ecological effects on song learning: delayed development is widespread in wild populations of brown-headed cowbirds".
543:
indicator of males, since vocalizations require both energy and time to produce, and thus males capable of producing high song output for long durations may have higher
990:
While vertical transmission (parent-offspring) is a common element of song learning, horizontal transmission among animals of the same generation can also occur. Male
2199:
Curé, C; Mathevon, N; Aubin, T (2016). "Mate vocal recognition in the
Scopoli's shearwater Calonectris diomedea: Do females and males share the same acoustic code?".
243:), for example, spends hours producing up to 38,000 calls in a single night, which is made possible through the efficient recycling of air by the vocal sac.
1015:, which, because of the unusual frequency of the sound and the lack of other whales sounding at the frequency, is considered the "world's loneliest whale."
779:
458:, several distinct types of notes are incorporated to form songs, which are sung in different situations and serve distinct functions. For example, many
775:) have been demonstrated to preferentially respond to parental songs at a young age, providing a means of vocalization-based offspring recognition.
476:
2721:
374:) are well known for their ability to produce loud song, however the mechanism of sound production differs greatly from most other animals. Many
151:) pass air through a system of air sacs and muscular phonic lips, which vibrate to produce audible vocalizations, thus serving the function of
2132:
1138:
552:
hypothesis for this phenomenon is that selecting local mates allows the female to choose genes specially adapted to suit local conditions.
484:
sings both day and night. It is believed the day song is territorial in nature while the nocturnal song is intended to attract a mate.
2063:
1873:
1501:
1268:
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to learn their species-specific songs. Song learning generally involves a sensitive learning period in early life, during which young
1178:
2403:
Brenowitz, Eliot A.; Beecher, Michael D. (2005). "Song learning in birds: Diversity and plasticity, opportunities and challenges".
1441:
Nowicki, Stephen (1987). "Vocal tract resonances in oscine bird sound production: Evidence from birdsongs in a helium atmosphere".
475:
1006:
996:
1005:
2245:
Beecher, Michael D.; Stoddard, Philip K.; Loesche, Patricia (1985). "Recognition of parents' voices by young cliff swallows".
982:. In other words, the interactive nature of a live tutor seems to trump the familiarity of the recordings from conspecifics.
2446:
Bell, D. A.; Trail, P. W.; Baptista, L. F. (1998). "Song learning and vocal tradition in
Nuttall's white-crowned sparrows".
2907:
726:), playing song recordings slows the rate at which males establish territories in an unoccupied region, suggesting these
2854:
2759:
2274:"Songbird: a unique animal model for studying the molecular basis of disorders of vocal development and communication"
731:
2679:(over 300,000 audio recordings from various species of mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, arthropods and reptiles).
1757:"Reproduction-Related Sound Production of Grasshoppers Regulated by Internal State and Actual Sensory Environment"
1342:"The avian respiratory system: A unique model for studies of respiratory toxicosis and for monitoring air quality"
2714:
2597:
Garland, Ellen C.; Gedamke, Jason; Rekdahl, Melinda L.; Noad, Michael J.; Garrigue, Claire; Gales, Nick (2013).
1394:"Peripheral mechanisms for vocal production in birds - differences and similarities to human speech and singing"
1004:
771:
239:
2688:
2661:
593:, but is changed to a short chirping song when a female approaches. Several species (e.g. dendrobatid frogs (
2861:
2806:
21:
2707:
2682:
1240:
Reidenberg, Joy (2017). "Terrestrial, Semiaquatic, and Fully
Aquatic Mammal Sound Production Mechanisms".
1064:
Ferreira, Adriana R. J.; Smulders, Tom V.; Sameshima, Koichi; Mello, Claudio V.; Jarvis, Erich D. (2006).
960:
766:
642:
Another major function of song output is to indicate aggression among males during breeding seasons. Both
595:
355:, and can be controlled independently, allowing some birds to produce two separate notes simultaneously.
46:
is in more common use. Song generally consists of several successive vocal sounds incorporating multiple
2897:
975:
955:
615:
348:
296:
280:
246:
2011:
Nowicki, Stephen; Searcy, William A. (2004). "Song function and the evolution of female preferences".
2610:
1902:
1815:
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1450:
1025:
916:
894:
736:
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etc.), song production is more common in males of the species, and is often used to attract females.
831:
learn songs from adult males of the same species, typically fathers. This was first demonstrated in
2902:
2744:
2599:"Humpback whale song on the Southern ocean feeding grounds: Implications for cultural transmission"
1889:
Odom, Karan J.; Hall, Michelle L.; Riebel, Katharina; Omland, Kevin E.; Langmore, Naomi E. (2014).
677:
typically approach higher frequency sounds more readily than lower frequencies, likely because the
655:
335:
330:
234:
923:, occurring approximately one year after hatching. This may be an adaptation to prevent the young
889:), continue to learn new songs later in life, and are called open-ended learners. Some species of
794:
103:
42:
is not a well-defined term in scientific literature, and the use of the more broadly defined term
2579:
2544:
2471:
2428:
2224:
2036:
1831:
1519:"How a songbird with a continuous singing style modulates its song when territorially challenged"
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27:
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688:, males increase song production rate when neighbouring males encroach on their territory. In
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than less vocal males. It is thought that song complexity may serve as an indicator of male
532:
518:
387:
367:
313:
160:
1716:"Sound radiation and wing mechanics in stridulating field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)"
1657:"Stridulatory Sound-Production and Its Function in Females of the Cicada Subpsaltria yangi"
135:, neural control is thought to be more essential factor in producing the variations within
2665:
1955:"Dynamic horizontal cultural transmission of humpback whale song at the ocean basin scale"
1030:
920:
885:
880:
871:
17:
568:
563:
2614:
2150:"A large-capacity memory system that recognizes the calls and songs of individual birds"
1906:
1819:
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1454:
442:
thus produce a variety of sounds, using various mechanisms distinct from other animals.
190:
2791:
2633:
2598:
2562:
Baptista, Luis F. (1987). "Imitations of white-crowned sparrow songs by song sparrow".
2347:
2322:
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have a year in which to find conspecifics, and learn their own species-specific song.
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2176:
2149:
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may use trilling notes in mate attraction, but switch to different vocal patterns in
395:
391:
172:
144:
2548:
2475:
2432:
2228:
2040:
589:), a long frequency-modulated vocalization is produced upon noticing another nearby
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1478:
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411:
379:
1308:
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raised in social isolation develop abnormal songs, however playing recordings of
730:
rely on song output in establishing territorial boundaries. Experimentally muted
414:
by rubbing hind legs against pegs on wing surfaces in an up and downward motion.
2832:
2766:
2676:
1568:"Breathtaking songs: Coordinating the neural circuits for breathing and singing"
1409:
1045:
753:
694:
600:
403:
216:
152:
148:
128:
124:
2416:
2154:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1583:
163:, which can be changed in shape to control and direct vocalizations. Unlike in
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2097:
2080:
1971:
1954:
1534:
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651:
582:
468:
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383:
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generate sound by mechanical rubbing of body structures, a mechanism known as
344:
340:
326:
322:
308:
304:
2323:"Sons learn songs from their social fathers in a cooperatively breeding bird"
1773:
2289:
2258:
2024:
1628:
689:
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producing the sound is assessed to be a smaller, less dangerous competitor.
450:
Vocalizations can play a wide variety of different roles. In groups such as
407:
371:
2642:
2540:
2459:
2424:
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2220:
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2106:
2032:
1980:
1934:
1792:
1741:
1700:
1601:
1552:
1427:
1326:
1226:
1115:
954:, tutor-student interaction may be important in some species. For example,
946:
will often adopt the song of the species to which it was exposed. Although
311:, and may sing continuously for several minutes. For example, the skylark (
2467:
2185:
1636:
1470:
1375:
927:
from learning the songs from the foreign bird species. Instead, the young
626:, the function is still somewhat elusive. It is thought to be involved in
16:
This article is about song by animals. For the song by Savage Garden, see
2796:
1357:
816:
812:
536:
268:
47:
2491:"Song learning in birds: Possible models for human language acquisition"
1835:
1097:
950:
are capable of learning song production purely from audio recordings of
634:, and singing behaviour becomes more common during the breeding season.
2583:
1915:
1890:
1732:
1715:
1615:
Stephen, R. O.; Hartley, J. C. (1995). "Sound production in crickets".
1217:
1200:
820:
762:
431:
284:
264:
233:
may produce calls lasting for several hours during mating seasons. The
180:
140:
87:
59:
51:
1925:
823:, however the most well-established examples of learned singing is in
740:) lose control of their territories to other males. Thus, territorial
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1089:
439:
435:
427:
419:
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399:
375:
363:
288:
212:
168:
156:
136:
120:
112:
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622:
Although highly complex song-like production has been identified in
219:, which are used to create vibrations in sound production. However,
2776:
1066:"Vocalizations and associated behaviors of the sombre hummingbird (
911:
such that the heterospecific bird raises the chicks. Although most
159:. Sound vibrations are conveyed to an organ in the head called the
2658:
1002:
808:
777:
623:
522:
473:
189:
176:
164:
132:
79:
55:
26:
2321:
Greig, Emma I.; Taft, Benjamin N.; Pruett-Jones, Stephen (2012).
1714:
Montealegre-Z, Fernando; Jonsson, Thorin; Robert, Daniel (2011).
497:
Mating display (including song production) by red-vented bulbul (
317:) is capable of producing non-stop song for up to one hour. Some
82:. Social transmission of song has been found in groups including
2699:
947:
943:
939:
934:
928:
924:
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908:
904:
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863:
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741:
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555:
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116:
83:
75:
71:
67:
63:
2703:
2054:
Pough, F. Harvey; Janis, Christine M.; Heiser, John B. (2013).
1806:
Bennet-Clark, Henry C. (1998). "How cicadas make their noise".
1201:"Acoustic communication in terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates"
807:
Learned vocalizations have been identified in groups including
2148:
Chew, Sek Jin; Vicario, David S.; Nottebohm, Fernando (1995).
1291:
Starnberger, Iris; Preininger, Doris; Hödl, Walter (2014).
1161:
942:
of another species in absence of same-species birds, young
175:
are able to recycle air used in vocal production, allowing
744:
often rely on song production to repel conspecific males.
143:
vocalizations are an exception to this general mechanism.
1131:
434:
behind the wings. Muscle contraction rapidly deforms the
2693:
2123:
Narins, Peter; Feng, Albert S.; Fay, Richard R. (2006).
1340:
Brown, Richard E.; Brain, Joseph D.; Wang, Ning (1997).
1293:"The anuran vocal sac: A tool for multimodal signalling"
1755:
Heinrich, Ralf; Kunst, Michael; Wirmer, Andrea (2012).
1891:"Female song is widespread and ancestral in songbirds"
438:
membrane, emitting several different types of sounds.
303:
are capable of producing continuous song during both
2375:
2846:
2815:
2784:
2737:
299:and the membranes within vibrate to produce sound.
2685:has more than 150,000 recordings of 10,000 species
1263:. Melbourne, AU: Melbourne University Publishing.
581:calls when females are especially nearby. In male
263:inhale, air is passed from the mouth, through the
907:species, laying their eggs in the nests of other
343:interspersed with lower-rate trills during short
650:use singing in territorial displays to confer
115:species produce sound by passing air from the
2715:
2125:Hearing and sound communication in Amphibians
915:acquire song learning within the first year,
422:) produce sound at much greater volumes than
139:and song compared to those of other mammals.
8:
1868:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
505:Vocalizations play an important role in the
339:) alternates between rapid trilling during
2722:
2708:
2700:
2013:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1517:Geberzahn, Nicole; Aubin, Thierry (2014).
1492:Farner, Donald S.; King, James R. (1972).
1163:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
198:) with inflated vocal sac while vocalizing
2632:
2622:
2506:
2346:
2297:
2175:
2165:
2096:
1970:
1924:
1914:
1782:
1772:
1731:
1690:
1680:
1591:
1542:
1417:
1365:
1316:
1216:
1199:Ladich, Friedrich; Winkler, Hans (2017).
1105:
785:Lone herring gull call caught in a storm.
321:change their song characteristics during
1566:Schmidt, Marc F.; Goller, Franz (2016).
793:
492:
245:
107:Toothed whale (Odontocete) vocal anatomy
102:
1866:The ecology and behaviour of amphibians
1056:
127:. Sound then enters the supralaryngeal
2668:400 examples of animal songs and calls
2522:
2520:
2518:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2118:
2116:
283:, which is located at the fork of the
2272:Chihiro, Mor; Kazuhiro, Wada (2015).
2240:
2238:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1392:Riede, Tobias; Goller, Franz (2010).
426:, relying on a pair of organs called
7:
1387:
1385:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
964:) preferentially learn the songs of
803:Learning and development of birdsong
558:song also plays a prominent role in
179:to sing without releasing air. Some
2058:. New York, NY: Pearson Education.
1617:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1523:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
986:Cultural transmission of whale song
798:Stages of song development in birds
531:is thought to have evolved through
250:Avian respiratory and vocal anatomy
2694:International Bioacoustics Council
1655:Luo, Changqing; Cong, Wei (2015).
1070:) and the rufous-breasted hermit (
638:Aggression and territorial defense
14:
2689:Canadian Centre for Wolf Research
2683:The British Library Sound Archive
1828:10.1038/scientificamerican0598-58
1346:Environmental Health Perspectives
509:of many animals. In many groups (
2775:
2696:many links to animal sound sites
2327:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
1496:. New York: NY: Academic Press.
974:) when exposed to recordings of
790:Social transmission and learning
20:. For songs named "Animal", see
1720:Journal of Experimental Biology
1205:Journal of Experimental Biology
187:, sing continuously for hours.
2508:10.1080/00437956.1986.11435775
1171:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00821-X
1:
1309:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.07.027
1242:Acoustical Society of America
275:. The primary vocal organ of
2855:And God Created Great Whales
2677:Cornell Animal Sound Library
2624:10.1371/journal.pone.0079422
2213:10.1016/j.beproc.2016.04.013
1682:10.1371/journal.pone.0118667
1133:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
587:Hyalinobatachium fleichmanni
291:. As air passes through the
1410:10.1016/j.bandl.2009.11.003
94:Anatomy of sound production
2924:
2417:10.1016/j.tins.2005.01.004
2377:Nature Education Knowledge
2127:. New York, NY: Springer.
2079:Janik, Vincent M. (2009).
1584:10.1152/physiol.00004.2016
1259:Reynolds, John E. (1999).
446:Functions of vocalizations
15:
2773:
2098:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.026
1972:10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.019
1761:Frontiers in Neuroscience
1535:10.1007/s00265-013-1616-4
1261:Biology of Marine Mammals
1068:Aphantochroa cirrhocloris
827:. In many species, young
2672:Washington U. Mice Songs
1774:10.3389/fnins.2012.00089
772:Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
347:. The two halves of the
287:, and is not present in
240:Trachycephalus hadroceps
2807:Thai Elephant Orchestra
2405:Trends in Neurosciences
2290:10.1538/expanim.15-0008
2025:10.1196/annals.1298.012
1629:10.1242/jeb.198.10.2139
1129:Arbib, Michael (2013).
849:songs allows the young
732:Scott's seaside sparrow
267:, which forks into two
22:Animal (disambiguation)
2862:Catalogue of the Birds
2541:10.1006/anbe.2001.1951
2489:Wiener, Linda (1986).
2460:10.1006/anbe.1997.0644
2339:10.1098/rspb.2011.2582
2167:10.1073/pnas.93.5.1950
1016:
976:white-crowned sparrows
961:Zonotrichia leucophrys
956:white-crowned sparrows
799:
786:
748:Individual recognition
596:Mannophryne trinitatis
569:Engystomops pustulosus
502:
485:
251:
199:
108:
36:
2259:10.1093/auk/102.3.600
2201:Behavioural Processes
1895:Nature Communications
1864:Wells, K. D. (2007).
1010:
997:cultural transmission
917:brown-headed cowbirds
797:
784:
705:Luscinia megarhynchos
616:Dendrobates speciosus
611:splendid poison frogs
496:
480:
249:
193:
106:
30:
2908:Animal communication
2785:Solo & ensembles
2278:Experimental Animals
1623:(Pt 10): 2139–2152.
1358:10.1289/ehp.97105188
1165:. pp. 115–121.
1026:Animal communication
903:), parasitize other
895:brown-headed cowbird
737:Ammodramus maritimus
661:Geocrinia victoriana
656:Eastern smooth frogs
489:Mating and courtship
351:connect to separate
194:Red-eyed tree frog (
2745:Animal echolocation
2615:2013PLoSO...879422G
2333:(1741): 3154–3160.
1907:2014NatCo...5.3379O
1820:1998SciAm.278e..58B
1808:Scientific American
1673:2015PLoSO..1018667L
1455:1987Natur.325...53N
628:courtship behaviour
430:on the base of the
386:insects, including
235:New River tree frog
2664:2016-09-22 at the
1916:10.1038/ncomms4379
1733:10.1242/jeb.056283
1398:Brain and Language
1218:10.1242/jeb.132944
1017:
800:
787:
606:Cophixalus ornatus
503:
486:
482:Common Nightingale
271:connecting to the
252:
200:
109:
37:
2885:
2884:
2134:978-0-387-47796-1
1726:(12): 2105–2117.
1211:(13): 2306–2317.
1140:978-0-262-01810-4
1008:
971:Melospiza melodia
838:Fringilla coelabs
782:
478:
293:respiratory tract
2915:
2828:Dario Martinelli
2779:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2701:
2659:Listen to Nature
2647:
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2529:Animal Behaviour
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2189:
2179:
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2160:(5): 1950–1955.
2145:
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2076:
2070:
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1463:10.1038/325053a0
1438:
1432:
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1421:
1389:
1380:
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1297:Animal Behaviour
1288:
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1237:
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1196:
1185:
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1158:
1145:
1144:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1090:10.2307/25150225
1084:(4): 1129–1148.
1072:Glaucis hirsutus
1061:
1011:The song of the
1009:
921:sensitive period
872:sensitive period
783:
664:), for example,
632:sexual selection
533:sexual selection
507:mating behaviour
499:Pycnonotus cafer
479:
372:family Gryllidae
336:Spizella breweri
331:Brewer's sparrow
123:, vibrating the
33:Passerina cyanea
31:Indigo bunting (
2923:
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2888:
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2666:Wayback Machine
2655:
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2576:10.2307/1368579
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2085:Current Biology
2078:
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2073:
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2056:Vertebrate life
2053:
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2048:
2010:
2009:
1988:
1959:Current Biology
1952:
1951:
1942:
1888:
1887:
1883:
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1863:
1862:
1843:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1667:(2): e0118667.
1654:
1653:
1644:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1449:(6099): 53–55.
1440:
1439:
1435:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1271:
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1234:
1198:
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1160:
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1141:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1031:Animal language
1022:
1003:
992:humpback whales
988:
919:have a delayed
886:Serinus canaria
805:
792:
778:
750:
684:In territorial
640:
491:
474:
448:
361:
314:Alauda arvensis
257:
205:
196:Litoria chloris
185:humpback whales
101:
96:
25:
18:The Animal Song
12:
11:
5:
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2760:Lateralization
2752:
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2654:
2653:External links
2651:
2649:
2648:
2609:(11): e79422.
2589:
2570:(2): 489–492.
2554:
2535:(3): 475–486.
2514:
2501:(3): 159–175.
2481:
2454:(4): 939–956.
2438:
2411:(3): 127–132.
2386:
2362:
2313:
2284:(3): 221–230.
2264:
2253:(3): 600–605.
2234:
2191:
2140:
2133:
2112:
2091:(3): 109–111.
2071:
2065:978-0321773364
2064:
2046:
1986:
1965:(8): 687–691.
1940:
1881:
1875:978-0226893341
1874:
1841:
1798:
1747:
1706:
1642:
1607:
1578:(6): 442–451.
1558:
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1503:978-1483238616
1502:
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1381:
1352:(2): 188–200.
1332:
1276:
1270:978-1588342508
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1186:
1179:
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1139:
1121:
1055:
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1049:
1048:
1043:
1041:Vocal learning
1038:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1013:52-hertz whale
987:
984:
900:Molothrus ater
893:, such as the
804:
801:
791:
788:
767:Cliff swallows
749:
746:
639:
636:
490:
487:
447:
444:
360:
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279:is called the
256:
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207:Like mammals,
204:
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173:toothed whales
145:Toothed whales
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2731:Zoomusicology
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1494:Avian Biology
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564:tĂşngara frogs
561:
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418:(superfamily
417:
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44:vocalizations
41:
34:
29:
23:
19:
2898:Zoosemiotics
2876:Vox Balaenae
2874:
2860:
2853:
2847:Compositions
2838:Dave Soldier
2823:Shinji Kanki
2749:
2606:
2602:
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2532:
2528:
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2250:
2246:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2124:
2088:
2084:
2081:"Whale song"
2074:
2055:
2049:
2016:
2012:
1962:
1958:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1865:
1814:(5): 58–61.
1811:
1807:
1801:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1664:
1660:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1493:
1487:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1404:(1): 69–80.
1401:
1397:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1300:
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1260:
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1241:
1235:
1208:
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989:
969:
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869:
836:
806:
770:
751:
735:
713:
703:
700:nightingales
693:
683:
659:
654:intent. For
641:
621:
614:
604:
601:ornate frogs
594:
586:
567:
554:
527:
504:
498:
449:
424:Orthopterans
404:grasshoppers
380:stridulation
362:
334:
312:
258:
238:
206:
195:
137:human speech
110:
43:
39:
38:
35:) vocalizing
32:
2833:Roger Payne
2750:Animal song
2019:: 704–723.
1529:(1): 1–12.
1303:: 281–288.
843:Chaffinches
833:chaffinches
754:human voice
695:Parus major
583:glass frogs
384:Orthopteran
345:inhalations
217:vocal folds
153:vocal folds
149:Odontocetes
129:vocal tract
125:vocal folds
119:across the
40:Animal song
2903:Song forms
2892:Categories
2767:Whale song
2564:The Condor
2207:: 96–102.
1926:1887/54638
1572:Physiology
1052:References
1046:Whale song
724:Passeridae
710:blackbirds
690:great tits
652:aggressive
469:aggression
464:aggressive
420:Cicadoidea
412:stridulate
406:(suborder
402:and other
341:exhalation
327:exhalation
323:inhalation
309:exhalation
305:inhalation
211:possess a
183:, such as
167:and other
2755:Bird song
1036:Bird song
978:and live
874:in which
847:chaffinch
813:elephants
758:bird song
752:Like the
666:courtship
579:courtship
560:courtship
537:songbirds
535:. Female
529:Bird song
408:Caelifera
181:cetaceans
155:in other
113:mammalian
88:cetaceans
52:cetaceans
48:syllables
2797:Hatebeak
2662:Archived
2643:24278134
2603:PLOS ONE
2549:54408999
2476:10763446
2433:14586913
2425:15749165
2357:22593105
2308:25912323
2229:31565353
2221:27126987
2107:19211045
2041:13034962
2033:15313801
1981:21497089
1935:24594930
1901:: 3379.
1836:26057783
1793:22737107
1742:21613528
1701:25710637
1661:PLOS ONE
1602:27708050
1553:24436508
1428:20153887
1327:25389375
1248:: 35–43.
1227:28679789
1116:18802498
1098:25150225
1020:See also
952:birdsong
881:canaries
821:primates
763:Seabirds
722:(family
720:sparrows
572:), male
519:crickets
394:(family
392:katydids
388:crickets
368:crickets
366:such as
269:bronchii
141:Cetacean
60:dolphins
2792:Caninus
2738:Animals
2634:3835899
2611:Bibcode
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