Animals in ancient Greece and Rome

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that are toxic or unpalatable to other hoofed animals. For example, in preparation for the sowing of vegetables or other crops, sheep and/or goats would help the farmers to clear a lot or field by eating all the unwanted, overgrown plant material. The animals would also be fertilizing the soil (with

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Although there are a wide variety of images of lobsters throughout ancient Greece or Rome, very few are anatomically accurate. The ancient Romans knew that lobsters had five arms and they had detailed information about their claws and other external features. Pliny considered them bloodless animals.

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once said: “My horse knew me not by the thousand approximate notions of title, function, and name which complicate human friendship, but solely by my just weight as a man. He shared my every impetus; he knew perfectly, and perhaps better than I, the point where my strength faltered under my will.”

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and social “custom” to hit others in the head with quails, and men would walk around with quails under their coats in case a challenge appeared. Love stories between different species are common in Classical literature. They were usually seen as comical or scandalous by the people of the classical

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Aristocrats likely had a less personal relationship with their horses. Wealthy Greeks likely would replace horses for the sake of novelty. This would demonstrate wealth as horses were expensive and it required a high level of wealth and prestige to afford to consistently replace them. People kept

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wrote that the best hens had an upright comb, uneven claws, black feathers, and red beaks. The ancient Romans and Greeks had detailed knowledge of Chicken biology and behavior. Chickens were also relevant to classical religion. Athena had a helmet with a chicken on it and people partaking in the

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Buschmann, Alejandro H.; Camus, Carolina; Infante, Javier; Neori, Amir; Israel, Álvaro; Hernández-González, María C.; Pereda, Sandra V.; Gomez-Pinchetti, Juan Luis; Golberg, Alexander; Tadmor-Shalev, Niva; Critchley, Alan T. (2 October 2017). "Seaweed production: overview of the global state of

1059:, which means "repeller" because of this. Cock fights were a popular sport throughout all of antiquity. Their practice of crowing around daybreak became a wake-up call. Live chickens were also used as gifts for lovers. Beginning in the Sixth Century BCE the Romans began to use chickens as 523:

The Romans also knew that lobsters live in rocky terrain, their reproductive habits, and their seasonal movements. Roman authors provide accounts of how lobsters interacted with octopuses, which are their predators. Fishermen used this information to catch the lobsters using

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were associated with family and were believed to take good care of their family. The ancient Greeks and Romans would describe trustworthy people as behaving like storks. Their honesty was believed to lead the birds to be transformed into humans at the end of their lives. An

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that lived in Greece all year-long “Always-Scops Owls.” These owls were inedible, while the ones that only stayed in Greece for only a couple of days were considered nutritious. These species were silent and fatter while the other species was loud and skinnier. The

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differentiates between a variety of kinds of saltfish. One kind had hard flesh, another kind had soft flesh, another kinds had flesh somewhere in between. Some saltfish were fleshy and others were fatty. The fat saltfish were capable of floating on their stomach.

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also believed in vegetarianism, and Plutarch believed that animals were more virtuous than humans. Porphyry believed that animal sacrifice was inefficient as the gods did not want dead animals. He also argued against hurting animals or using them for labor. In

874:. Donkeys rub their sides on thorn bushes which hide the nests and eggs of the bird, thus destroying them. The birds would peck the sores on the donkey’s back. This species is described as producing many children and being lame in one foot. It may have been a 1752: 351:

the fish. After the fish was stabbed the harpooner would pull the weapon out of the body leaving behind the barbed spear point inside of the fish. The fisherman attached a rope to the spear point, which they would then use to pull the fish towards them.

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by loosening their ranks to allow the elephants to pass through their ranks and then throw javelins at them. Through this tactic, they would pierce the legs of the unarmored elephants, thus scaring them into fleeing back to their armie's lines. The

1011:. The Greeks also believed that owls were capable of foretelling weather. The early Romans believed that if one nailed a dead owl to a door it would protect that house from death. Owls signified death and defeat. In ancient Rome, the 2369:

world. Animals could be given as gifts, as they were a source of entertainment and proof of high social status. People would make apes drunk for their own amusement, sometimes with disastrous consequences. There may have once been a

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In the ancient world, people could have strong emotional connections to animals. People made personal connections with their cattle and other work animals. People would also form deep connections with their horses. For example,

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and ants. Wasps were thought to build their nests by roads, which would attract children, who would disturb the wasp nests. Wasps were said to attack anyone who walked near the nests due to this. Ancient Roman beekeepers kept

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in Rome and Greece. Bats were thought to have mythical properties. People would fasten bat heads to dovecotes to protect pigeons. Bat bodies could also serve as magic charms protecting sheepfolds and antidotes to snakebites.

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recommending the task of animal capture as a form of military exercise. Some of the soldiers would earn exemption from other tasks or duties in return for successfully partaking in these hunts. These men became known as the

1409:, one Athenian may have been accompanied by a dog. In the ancient world, dogs may have been used as guards and messengers for the military. They were seen as protectors and guardians of their owners and their property. 2033: 2080:

and livestock management as something practiced by the wealthy and powerful, with the larger herds generally belonging to respectable, higher-status men. Cattle were versatile animals, as they are today, valued as

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describes fishing techniques in his works. Boats would sail towards the fishing spot, with one sailor serving as a lookout. The lookout would signal to the other sailors when they had found fish. One sailor would

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in coastal rocks. Roman writers noted that this bird sometimes lived in trees or on rocks. In ancient Greece, this bird was known for diving into the sea. The Romans later wrote that it only did so to dive after

7349: 1246:, was described as being as red as flame and flying in such large numbers that people would mistake them for clouds. Another species was described as having a beautiful song and being colored like a 1953:

in the recesses in walls. Other hives were organized horizontally and vertically. Only the combs with honey would be removed from the hives. Hives could be made from a variety of materials such as

2201:. These performances involved the simulated “hunting” (and killing) of wild or exotic animals for public entertainment, usually within a stadium or colosseum. Outside of the colosseum setting, 2577:. Pets would sometimes be given names, but only those which could not be given to a human. Indicating that they were not seen as equals. Dogs were seen as a positive reflection of the owner’s 2569:

wrote that humans with difficult relationships with other people often find themselves close to dogs. People would sometimes build graves for their pets. One such burial is located behind the

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describes fishing in his work. He wrote that fisherman would use their oars to scare the fish into running into their nets made of buoyant flax which the fish thought was shelter. In ancient

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often debated about the nature of animals and humans. Many believed that the fundamental difference was that humans were capable of reason while animals were not. Philosophers such as

6727: 1326: 5451:"The Anabasis of Alexander; or, The history of the wars and conquests of Alexander the Great. Literally translated, with a commentary, from the Greek of Arrian, the Nicomedian" 1298:. Since meat was an expensive delicacy only available to the upper classes, animals such as rabbits were also only available as food to the wealthy. The Romans may have lumped 388:. Ancient whaling was a dangerous practice and whalers used long lines with animals skins at the end to catch the whale and prevent themselves from being dragged under by it. 2497:

believed that animals naturally achieved the stoic way of life. Ancient writers had a concept of “animal envy” which is the idea that animals were envious of human skills.

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might have been used in ancient Rome. Fisherman would sell their goods in the markets of Roman cities for profit. There were thriving fish markets across the Roman world.

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Which is an ancient Greek term for a bird which was said to have been Greek warriors under the command of Diomedes that were transformed into birds after being killed by

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and bravery. Birds were valuable pets in the ancient world. Talking birds were seen as useful for entertainment and attracting attention. Birds were popular pets among

2218:, which also may have served as a place of central organization for these hunts. Other groups were associated with hunting animals in ancient Rome. These included the 5798: 5389:

Foods that Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present

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at this altar. Following this sacrifice, there would be a feast where one man would eat a portion of the sacrificed people. They would then be turned into a wolf.

1468: 1687:. Sometimes they would be dyed to increase their value or make them resemble a Tortoise shell may also have been used to make a type of instrument known as a 1278:. The Italian species, the white Gaulic species, and the Spanish species. In ancient Greece in Rome rabbits had a sexual connotation and were associated with 7385: 7232: 941: 1330: 1993:. They would keep singing until they died and the muses turned them into cicadas. This myth was likely linked to the belief the cicadas exclusively ate 2391:

Animals were seen as mediators between the gods and humans. Many gods took anthropomorphic forms and had close associations with animals. For example,

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Geese were domesticated by the ancient Greeks and Romans. They were kept as pets and eaten as food. Geese also appeared in mythology and folklore. The

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are hatched blind, which may have led to an ancient misconception that if the eyes of a chick was removed, they would heal and would be granted sight.

1985:. Ants were thought to be capable of foretelling the future, including the weather. Cicadas were believed to have been men who were enthralled by the 5188: 1539:

and the Romans. It may have become an expression of loyalty to Rome and the emperor. The Romans possibly refrained from harming or hunting wolves. "

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was believed to be a signal that spring had arrived. This belief is the origin of an ancient proverb “One Swallow doesn’t make a spring”. Swallow

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depict the deceased hunting animals and therefore their bravery. Philosophers debated the differences between animals and humans. According to

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was connected with erotic magic in Ancient Rome and Greece. There are several explanations for this. One holds that the Wryneck was invented by

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The Utilization of Lobsters by Humans in the Mediterranean Basin from the Prehistoric Era to the Modern Era – An Interdisciplinary Short Review

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was believed to have transformed ants into the Myrmidons and to have transformed a group of men who stole their neighbor's fruit into ants.

585:, another Roman poet, once joked about "inspectors of seaweed," who waste time on trivial matters. The Romans would wrap the roots of their 2493:. Plutarch believed that animals were of higher moral virtue because they could not act against their moral nature, while humans can. The 6995: 987:

and fed at night. Therefore, it was rarely visible during the day. It may have lived in caves and rocks. This species may have been the

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was a safe haven for them. They were signs of victory and were believed to protect soldiers. Owls were also thought to watch over the

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Chen, C.; Fang, Y; Colonna, A.; Fontana, P.; Lloyd, D.J.; Martinez, L.; Mukomana, D.; Roberts, J.M.L; Schrouten, C.N. (2021-09-21).

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their sheep. It was also considered to be a greedy and malevolent animal that killed young children and stole from the people. The

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were also highly versatile animals. They served as sources of protein, but were mainly prized for their dairy products, including

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humans are separate from animals as they have the capacity for reason and are meant to achieve their best. Philosophers such as

1290:. Women would sacrifice hares to the gods in the hopes of improving their fertility. This animal was important to the goddesses 894:

screamed it was considered a sign of oncoming rain. However, if they screamed following a storm it was a sign of good weather.

7157: 7115: 1230:. Which, according to him, is a black bird that sings a song to lure in prey. It may have been a bird species belonging to the 6801:

Pereira, Leonel; Cotas, João (2019). "Historical Use of Seaweed as an Agricultural Fertilizer in the European Atlantic Area".

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due to the many changes they went through in their lives. Butterfly wings were associated with magic and dreams. The goddess

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believed that all funguses were made from decaying and damp earth, and were either inedible or had little nutritional value.

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had limited access to these fish. Fishes were also used to help guide seamen and as methods of foretelling the weather.

2272:, or pens. Numerous dangerous and exotic species were captured for display—and likely eventual public slaughter—such as the 1680:

may have been luxury goods imported from other parts of the world. They were often used to display the owner's wealth or to

6406: 6258: 925: 5465: 887: 662:. They were believed to provoke the bowels and the appetite. It was considered difficult to digest, although nutritious. 531:. Lobsters were considered a prestigious food in ancient Rome and Greece and the wealthy would hunt them to gather them. 2072:

in certain arranged-marriage scenarios, as they still do today in many African and Central Asian cultures. The works of

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Stories from the Mountains, Stories from the Sea: The Digressions and Similes of Oppian's Halieutica and the Cynegetica

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in ancient Rome. It was believed to be native to Greece and to have reproduced by laying two or three eggs after the

914:. It was considered stupid as it fed on sea foam, and therefore hunters could catch it by throwing sea foam at it. 7363: 2198: 1905: 1595: 1498: 1483:

the Romans and their enemies used war elephants. After the Punic Wars, the Romans brought back many elephants from

1307: 2214:. The hunters may likely have been assigned quotas of animals to hunt, by type, as well. Animals would be held in 1997:

as the Muses would transform the singers into cicadas because they would capable of living without food or water.

2586: 2065: 1008: 945: 903: 1691:. Different areas were thought to provide different tortoise shells. The best shells were said to come from the 242: 2478: 2436: 1574: 1492: 761: 681: 659: 392: 92: 72: 48: 2124:

their droppings) in the process and aerating the soil with their hooves, thus preparing an area for planting.

858:. Which may have formed half their diet. This formed the origin for an Ancient Greek proverb, “Bolder than an 231: 212:. Octopuses were stored in pots and they would be given as a gift. Fish was also used to make a popular Roman 7085: 6331: 5804: 5720: 1986: 1811: 1776: 1570: 1554: 1546: 1484: 1258:

or "Sun-runner." It was believed to only live for a year and follow the sun. This species may have been the

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Ambrose, Jamie; Beer, Amy-Jane; Harvey, Derek; Dipper, Francis; Ripley, Esther; Stow, Dorrik (2020-09-29).

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and Roman economies of antiquity, cattle were seen as a determiner of wealth, and herds often served as a

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was slang for an idiot in ancient Athens. This is because it was also the name of a bird which may be the

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were bear-hunters. Other forms of public entertainment involving animals in the classical world included

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The Politics of Aristotle: With an Introduction, Two Prefatory Essays and Notes Critical and Explanatory

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were thought of as a sign of spring and a marker that was used by farmers to determine when they should

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Dangerous World of Butterflies: The Startling Subculture of Criminals, Collectors, and Conservationists

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were not capable of accessing them. Nero once called them the food of the gods. The Romans knew of an

498:. The Romans built a model of this whale, which people would walk through. This site became a popular 292:

attached to the end of the line. These flies were made of small feathers and were made to imitate the

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were present in the Greek peninsula until classical times; the prestige of lion hunting was shown in

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were expensive delicacies in ancient Greece. In ancient Rome, many fish species were delicacies. The

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Birdwatcher's Daily Companion: 365 Days of Advice, Insight, and Information for Enthusiastic Birders

2119:. Sheep and goats were valued as natural “lawnmowers”, as well, being able to digest many weeds and 1377:, adopting Bastet's associations with cats and ascribing them to Artemis. Dogs were associated with 2531: 2404: 1655: 1615: 1439: 1431: 1111: 714: 455: 424: 309: 5824:

Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, and Rome

2441: 7174: 6826: 6688: 6680: 6349: 5785: 5777: 5636: 5224: 2502: 1897: 1835: 1830:. As food, mushrooms would only be served on special or festive occasions. The Greeks considered 1406: 1394: 1295: 829: 773: 709:, or "creature of the sun" was an ancient Greek term for a species of bird, which was likely the 590: 499: 403: 1047:

was domesticated by the ancient Greeks. It may have arrived during the seventh century BCE from

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The Mermaid Handbook: A Guide to the Mermaid Way of Life, Including Recipes, Folklore, and More

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although he still believed that they might have belonged to their own class of living things.

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were domesticated by the ancient Romans. Aristotle describes a seabird known in Greece as the

1107: 1048: 615: 491: 486:, and Dionysus, a Greek god both had such stories told about them. The Romans called dolphins 130: 6977: 5649: 1019:

were believed to signify the imminent death of any person related to a house they landed on.

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Algae Based Polymers, Blends, and Composites: Chemistry, Biotechnology and Materials Science

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a bell would announce the arrival of fishing boats. The ancient Greeks and Romans practiced

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Daily Life of Women: An Encyclopedia from Ancient Times to the Present [3 volumes]

2570: 2558: 2539: 2506: 2293: 2289: 2246: 2231: 2053: 2047: 2022: 1982: 1966: 1929: 1839: 1780: 1772: 1740: 1692: 1578: 1524: 1520: 1402: 1156: 1068: 899: 643: 467: 313: 6066:, Acta Classica: Proceedings of the Classical Association of South Africa, vol. 50, 5934:

Oceanography and Marine Biology, An Annual Review, Volume 41: An Annual Review: Volume 41

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Seaweed Biotechnology: Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Seaweeds and Their Applications

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malevolent and edible funguses risky foods to eat due to cases of accidental poisoning.

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into the same species. They likely were a common occurrence in ancient Rome due to poor

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Chanterelle dreams, amanita nightmares : the love, lore, and mystique of mushrooms

2400: 2333: 2309: 2164: 2082: 1878: 1817: 1619: 1452: 1398: 1259: 1195: 797: 411:. Roman and Greek writers were infatuated with the idea of a weather-beaten fisherman. 344: 301: 289: 250: 20: 1345:

Numerous animals were kept as pets in ancient Greece and Rome. These animals included

862:.” Sometimes two females of this species were said to have laid in the same nest. The 260: 7775: 7227: 7214: 7178: 6830: 6692: 6074: 5979: 5868: 5863: 5789: 2461: 2269: 2061: 1970: 1798: 1677: 1566: 1315: 1243: 1239: 1152: 1135: 1064: 930: 919: 875: 702: 634:. They were known for their hard shells, taste similar to the sea, and high level of 329: 269: 7517:

Dictionary of Daily Life in Biblical & Post-Biblical Antiquity: Food Consumption

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The Book of Beasts: Being a Translation From a Latin Bestiary of the Twelfth Century

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Rats and How to Destroy Them (Traps and Trapping Series - Vermin & Pest Control)

5228: 5051: 1234:, however, it is not described as a foreign word. Other possibilities are that is a 111: 2574: 2490: 2489:

placed animals in human situations to better convey the positives and negatives of

2408: 2329: 2285: 2202: 1716: 1540: 1426: 1287: 1212: 1191: 1187: 1051:. From this, it may have earned its name "The Persian bird." Chickens were used in 769: 575: 524: 321: 281: 246: 115: 24: 7006:

The Mythical Zoo: An Encyclopedia of Animals in World Myth, Legend, and Literature

6966: 5220: 1751: 7728: 7708: 7668: 7657: 7618: 7597: 7577: 7556: 7535: 7515: 7494: 7473: 7452: 7431: 7305: 7284: 7263: 7242: 7186: 7131: 7065: 7025: 7004: 6901: 6860: 6839: 6802: 6773: 6745: 6721: 6701: 6619: 6598: 6577: 6556: 6535: 6514: 6493: 6472: 6448: 6427: 6385: 6300: 6279: 6228: 6185: 6164: 6144: 6123: 6102: 6078: 6037: 6016: 5973: 5953: 5932: 5911: 5890: 5843: 5822: 5699: 5678: 5587: 5566: 5545: 5524: 5503: 5429: 5408: 5387: 5363: 5342: 5321: 5300: 5279: 5258: 5237: 5140: 5114: 5094: 5070: 2143:. Horses were considered a luxurious animal and a signifier of wealth and power. 7412: 7404: 7359: 6579:

The Magic of Mushrooms: Fungi in folklore, superstition and traditional medicine

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Stories Rabbits Tell: A Natural and Cultural History of a Misunderstood Creature

5170: 2578: 2112: 2108: 1917: 1704: 1681: 1639: 1603: 1590: 1480: 1464: 1362: 1231: 1028: 428: 416: 385: 369: 273: 193: 126: 6361: 6061: 478:. The ancient Greeks had numerous stories of people being rescued by dolphins. 7330: 6938: 6668: 6063:

Food in the Ancient World, John M. Wilkins & Shaun Hill : book review

5765: 5730: 2535: 2361: 2273: 2193: 2176: 2120: 2010: 1954: 1941: 1728: 1720: 1606:, and lions were depicted as prominent symbols of royalty, for example in the 1476: 1242:. He also writes about two other Indian birds. One of which, which may be the 1235: 1148: 1044: 1016: 1012: 843: 793: 663: 651: 602: 236: 189: 177: 7371: 7340: 6676: 5773: 5632: 5481: 2557:

in his writings. Arrian also describes humans trying to keep their dogs with

1630:

with the depiction of a fight of his dog against two lions. Early figurative

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The Dolphin in the Mirror: Exploring Dolphin Minds and Saving Dolphin Lives

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A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome

2565:, dogs are valuable pets as they provide unconditional love and affection. 850:,’’ were said to have laid more eggs than other birds and to have attacked 6804:

Seaweeds as Plant Fertilizer, Agricultural Biostimulants and Animal Fodder

6537:

The World of Ancient Greece: A Daily Life Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

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Boyett, Colleen; Tarver, H. Micheal; Gleason, Mildred Diane (2020-12-07).

1932:

in the shape of cicada and flies. Grasshoppers were also used to decorate

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were valuable delicacies in ancient Rome. They, along with guineafowl and

7399:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers (Doctoral Dissertation). p. 44. 2566: 2486: 2465: 2321: 2281: 2160: 1937: 1806: 1802: 1760: 1724: 1623: 1618:

has examples where groups of dogs defeat the 'king of beasts,' the lion.

1599: 1443: 1390: 1183: 1168: 1099: 1081: 988: 891: 718: 698: 594: 381: 339: 305: 157: 153: 100: 91:. Humans would form close relationships with their animals in antiquity. 52: 7091: 6018:

How to Raise Poultry: Everything You Need to Know, Updated & Revised

5913:

The Signs and Symbols Bible: The Definitive Guide to Mysterious Markings

5260:

Animals in Narrative Film and Television: Strange and Familiar Creatures

6747:

Octopuses, Squid & Cuttlefish: Seafood for Today and for the Future

6495:

North Atlantic Right Whales: From Hunted Leviathan to Conservation Icon

2399:. Numerous animals also appeared in Greco-Roman mythology, such as the 2325: 2317: 2277: 2090: 2014: 1950: 1842:

did not distinguish between mushroom species, instead calling them all

1611: 1550: 1386: 1370: 1251: 1247: 1186:

if the patient looked at the bird in the eyes. This species may be the

1123: 1103: 1093: 1024: 980: 957: 777: 749: 745: 738: 582: 551: 544: 471: 396: 377: 365: 348: 317: 254: 201: 169: 165: 141: 7638:

Migeotte, Léopold (1984), "L'emprunt public dans les cités grecques",

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A History of the Classical World: The Story of Ancient Greece and Rome

7332:

Enquiry into plants : and minor works on odours and weather signs

7236:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 26. 6684: 6652: 6387:

The Quest for the Perfect Hive: A History of Innovation in Bee Culture

5781: 5749: 5698:

Fossheim, Hallvard; Songe-Møller, Vigdis; Ågotnes, Knut (2019-08-22).

5640: 5608: 2525:, which were popular pets among the wealthy in ancient Greece and Rome 5038: 2548: 2522: 2412: 2349: 2258: 2205:

likely played a part in capturing animals for these spectacles, with

2128: 2057: 1974: 1958: 1767: 1732: 1700: 1688: 1627: 1512: 1448: 1378: 1374: 1346: 1311: 1271: 1119: 1000: 996: 871: 833: 781: 578: 412: 361: 353: 293: 185: 181: 145: 88: 84: 56: 40: 6706:, McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers (published October 31, 2019), 6922: 6881: 5302:

Education in Ancient Rome: From the Elder Cato to the Younger Pliny

1703:

were symbols of death and rebirth as they were believed to go into

7213:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2562: 2553: 2396: 2353: 2156: 2144: 2104: 2100: 2073: 2069: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1863: 1790: 1651: 1303: 1199: 1115: 951: 895: 813: 809: 734: 722: 646:

was known for its smoothness and taste. Another species, known as

610: 571: 538: 495: 479: 475: 415:

depicted the fisherman as heroic. The Greeks and Romans practiced

407: 217: 197: 173: 119: 44: 7241:

Stewart, David; Antram, David; Bergin, Mark; James, John (2005).

7153:"Daily Life in Ancient Greece at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston" 6211:

Cults and Rites in Ancient Greece: Essays on Religion and Society

5722:

Interactions between Animals and Humans in Graeco-Roman antiquity

2477:, animals were typically depicted as subservient to humans. Many 1900:

is usually depicted with butterfly wings. Butterflies show up in

1023:, an ancient Greek mythological figure was turned into an owl by 6600:

The Tragedy of the Commodity: Oceans, Fisheries, and Aquaculture

6597:

Longo, Stefano B.; Clausen, Rebecca; Clark, Brett (2015-06-25).

6356:, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 869–898, 2544: 2423:

was a common religious practice throughout the classical world.

2416: 2392: 2265: 2148: 2132: 2116: 2094: 2086: 1998: 1962: 1945: 1893: 1882: 1859: 1646:

possessed a dog that started a fight with two full-grown lions.

1562: 1536: 1532: 1382: 1275: 855: 825: 817: 760:

and lived in temples. Through Juno, they became associated with

676: 567: 503: 373: 325: 296:

that landed on the surface of the water. The ancient Greek word

149: 32: 28: 1727:

stated that the salamander could be used to make poison. While

347:

the boat towards the fish, while another man stood by ready to

5410:

The Story of Food: An Illustrated History of Everything We Eat

4771: 4769: 2370: 2136: 1994: 1921: 1354: 1350: 1334: 1299: 1144: 1114:

with their loud noises. For this, they were valued as guards.

992: 984: 851: 837: 623:, or as they were called in Greek, kheme. One species was the 80: 68: 64: 60: 7576:

Muhammad, Ali; Zia, Khalid; Zuber, Mohammad (June 19, 2017),

6703:

Ancient Roman Sports, A-Z: Athletes, Venues, Events and Terms

6000:. White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green Pub. p. 112. 1854:, the Roman word for all mushrooms, was also the Greek word. 729:

were farmed. Partridges were considered good for people with

2356:, in addition to various types of reptiles, including large 1349:, as they were seen as the ideal rodent killers, as well as 7024:

Sangeetha, Jeyabalan; Thangadurai, Devarajan (2022-10-06).

6213:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 198–231, 4481: 3015: 3013: 2152: 870:

is a bird described by Aristotle as fighting a war against

5323:

Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy

4309: 4307: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3247: 1110:. Geese also allegedly helped save Rome during the Gaul's 1027:

as punishment for informing her that Persephone had eaten

6450:

The Common Fisheries Policy: The Quest for Sustainability

5680:

Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome

3967: 3965: 3963: 2373:

or a similar garden, full of local and exotic animals in

1471:

made the first use of war elephants in Europe during his

6720:

Miyake, Makoto; Miyabe, Naozumi; Nakano, Hideki (2004),

4540: 4538: 4258: 4256: 3000: 2998: 2869: 2653: 906:

because of its color and its ability to conceal itself.

7047:

Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore

6767:

Beekeeping in Roman Age: Economy, production, symbolism

6728:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

5955:

Two Chefs, One Catch: A Culinary Exploration of Seafood

5207:

exploitation, farming and emerging research activity".

3369: 3367: 3318: 3316: 3091: 1826:, or little pigs. Mushrooms were cooked in pots called 7642:, Québec-Paris: éditions du Sphinx et Belles Lettres, 7324:, vol. 1, Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 5701:

Philosophy as Drama: Plato's Thinking through Dialogue

5470:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

4469: 4445: 6260:

Handbook of Marine Microalgae: Biotechnology Advances

5526:

Owls of the World: Their Lives, Behavior and Survival

5072:

Tuna Wars: Powers Around the Fish We Love to Conserve

697:

Birds in ancient Rome and Greece were eaten as food.

7730:

The Cosmopolitan Tradition: A Noble but Flawed Ideal

6618:

Lynch, Tosca A. C.; Rocconi, Eleonora (2020-06-29).

5952:

Guilas, Bernard; Oliver, Ronald (November 7, 2014),

5431:

Good beekeeping practices for sustainable apiculture

3223: 1928:

in ancient Greece and Rome. The Romans would create

1535:. As a consequence, the she-wolf became a symbol of 737:

have been hunted since antiquity and eaten as food.

490:, which translates to pig-fish. During the reign of 7351:

An Environmental History of Ancient Greece and Rome

6927:

Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae

5889:Garlough, Robert B.; Campbell, Angus (2012-11-16). 5655:

Classical Cats: The Rise and Fall of the Sacred Cat

2677: 1916:. There are numerous depictions of insects such as 391:Stories of fishermen and fishing appear throughout 6207:"Sacrifice and Animal Husbandry in Ancient Greece" 5867: 5281:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 2761: 1940:. Alongside this, the Greeks and Romans were also 423:for fish. Sometimes they would keep fish as pets. 7430:Widrig, Taylor; Scott, Briana Corr (2020-07-06). 6281:Emotion, Restraint, and Community in Ancient Rome 2773: 1731:may describe a way to use a salamander to make a 1122:and to release a beautiful song when near death. 979:was a bird said to be the size of a domesticated 898:were also used as messengers of the weather. The 886:. The Yellow Wagtail was valued for its usage to 705:would collect them and serve them at feasts. The 7514:Yamauchi, Edwin; Wilson, Marvin (May 17, 2022), 6744:Mouritsen, Ole G.; Styrbæk, Klavs (2021-05-06). 5931:Gibson, R. N.; Atkinson, R. J. A. (2003-07-31). 5434:. Food & Agriculture Org. pp. 21, 159. 4517: 4199: 3199: 2737: 19:Animals had a variety of roles and functions in 6474:Chickens: Their Natural and Unnatural Histories 3346: 2464:and believed that animals should be protected. 1194:as markers of time before the invention of the 433: 6723:Historical Trends of Tuna Catches in the World 6641:Marine Fisheries and the Ancient Greek Economy 6348:Kritsky, Gene; Smith, Jessee J. (2018-05-23), 5609:"The Capture of Animals by the Roman Military" 3115: 2701: 1634:places a strong emphasis on lions, especially 1314:. Rats and mice likely arrived in Rome due to 701:tongues were highly valuable in ancient Rome. 441:His trusty boat-and when his days were spent, 16:Zoology and biology in ancient Greece and Rome 7596:Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (2010-10-01). 6653:"Attitudes towards Animals in Ancient Greece" 4979: 4967: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4883: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4775: 4748: 4640: 4628: 4616: 4604: 4592: 4580: 3786: 1838:were used for assassination in ancient Rome. 1801:word βωλιτης. It was one of the most popular 1775:were highly valuable in ancient Rome and the 1707:. The ancient Greeks and Romans had numerous 1254:. The Greeks wrote of a bird they called the 1106:driven by geese and they appeared in many of 1063:. The Romans may have introduced chickens to 447:For which did through life his woes beguile, 444:Therein self-rowed, to ruthless Dis he went: 8: 7754:Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr 6621:A Companion to Ancient Greek and Roman Music 5958:, Lyons Press (published November 7, 2014), 5866:(1955). "The First Labour:The Nemean Lion". 4421: 3995: 3846: 3834: 3714: 3235: 3211: 2617: 1809:. Two other species the Romans knew of were 1163:is a species of bird that may have been the 581:wrote, "nothing is more vile than seaweed." 470:described a story of a boy who befriended a 71:. Many animals held important places in the 7599:Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation 7493:Warhol, Tom; Schneck, Marcus (2010-10-01). 5142:Oceanology: The Secrets of the Sea Revealed 4127: 4055: 3983: 3259: 2505:believed that animals were not part of the 2395:turned into a swan and was associated with 1789:, which translates to "Caesar's mushroom." 1190:. Greek and Roman farmers and sailors used 846:, or as they were known in ancient Greece, 840:were thought to have mythical properties. 824:into a wryneck because of her affairs with 7534:Yalden, Derek; Albarella, Umberto (2009). 7329:Theophrastus; Hort, Arthur Fenton (1916). 6230:Orphism and Christianity in Late Antiquity 6227:Jáuregui, Miguel Herrero de (2010-03-26). 5466:"Salted Fish Products in Ancient Medicine" 5257:Beeler, Karin; Beeler, Stan (2022-10-15). 4457: 2929: 2056:of livestock, particularly the rearing of 1981:believed that bee venom could be used for 1511:The ancient Greeks associated wolves with 558:in ancient Rome and the Greeks knew it as 288:. Roman fishing lines would often have an 148:, food, and entertainment. Fishes such as 7756:. Princeton: Hesperia. pp. 189–191. 7640:Recueil des documents et analyse critique 7620:Mushrooms: A Natural and Cultural History 6984:. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 7–48. 6432:. Springer Science & Business Media. 6408:The Totally Gross History of Ancient Rome 5892:Modern Garde Manger: A Global Perspective 4871: 4724: 4676: 4493: 4482:Fossheim, Songe-Møller & Ågotnes 2019 4163: 3402: 3067: 3031: 3019: 2797: 2689: 2573:in Athens. The ancient Greeks had unique 2415:, which are the practices of foretelling 1361:believed that female cats are "naturally 902:bird became a word for a branded runaway 450:Supplied the old man with a funeral pile. 6923:"The Lupa Romana in the Roman Provinces" 6838:Pederson, Maggie Campbell (2021-04-26). 6350:"Insect Biodiversity in Culture and Art" 5719:Fögen, Thomas; Thorsten, Edmund (2017). 5544:Davis, Susan E.; DeMello, Margo (2003). 5365:Illustrated Encyclopedia of Ancient Rome 5043:Roman History, Book 6, The wars in Spain 4736: 4712: 4544: 4529: 4373: 4337: 4313: 4139: 4067: 4007: 3870: 2893: 2881: 2551:describes his relationship with his dog 2516: 2445:Ancient Roman sarcophagus depicting the 2440: 2245:, which were further examples of animal 2180: 2032: 2005:would be bred in breeding pens known as 1873: 1750: 1665: 1557:, used imagery of wolves to discuss the 1515:, and the Romans associated wolves with 1497: 1411: 1325: 940: 924: 832:was known for traveling to the grave of 780:also appear in Greek myths such as with 688: 680: 513: 259: 241: 230: 110: 55:. It was common to keep animals such as 6582:(in Arabic). Welbeck Publishing Group. 6390:. Oxford University Press. p. 52. 5568:The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome 5050:Aelian (1958). Scholfield, A.F. (ed.). 4760: 4688: 4652: 4568: 4556: 4505: 4433: 4286: 4262: 4211: 4175: 3971: 3954: 3942: 3882: 3594: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3127: 3055: 2953: 2941: 2845: 2821: 2598: 741:eggs were also eaten, although rarely. 7265:The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World 7049:. Sharpe Reference. pp. 118–121. 5163:Birds in the Ancient World From A to Z 4799: 4409: 4361: 4349: 4298: 4235: 4187: 4151: 4115: 4091: 4043: 4019: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3810: 3798: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3618: 3606: 3582: 3570: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3385: 3322: 3295: 3079: 3043: 3004: 2989: 2977: 2857: 2833: 2725: 2641: 2629: 1531:, sons of Mars and future founders of 1438:to utilize the species in battle. The 1416:Ancient Roman depiction of an elephant 1178:. One species of seabird known as the 562:. In ancient Rome it was considered a 235:Trident on a sculpture of Poseidon in 7750:"The Early Mycenaean Lion up to Date" 7130:Sassine, Youssef Najib (2021-10-06). 7118:from the original on January 26, 2022 6068:Classical Association of South Africa 5874:. London: Penguin. pp. 465–469. 5505:Food in the Ancient World from A to Z 4787: 4700: 4664: 4274: 4223: 4103: 3373: 3358: 3334: 3307: 3283: 3103: 2917: 2905: 2749: 2264:Larger animals would be displayed in 2197:were some of the most popular public 1658:powerful dogs bred for lion-baiting. 1182:was believed to be capable of curing 1076:were forbidden from eating chickens. 693:Ancient Greek figurine of a clay bird 685:Ancient Roman fresco depicting a bird 527:, which became a popular metaphor in 502:. People would watch animals such as 438:And shore the same abode of poverty- 7: 7555:Yourcenar, Marguerite (2005-05-18). 7108:"Military Tactics of the Roman Army" 5916:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 5119:The SAGE Encyclopedia of Food Issues 5096:Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Greece 4385: 4325: 4247: 3858: 3822: 3630: 3139: 2965: 2809: 2785: 2713: 2665: 2605: 1862:. Aristotle classified mushrooms as 1545:", the Roman word for wolf became a 1459:, Alexander created the position of 1286:. Likely due to their high rates of 1211:required that people care for their 1118:were believed to be the servants of 922:which could replicate human speech. 7667:Netzley, Patricia D. (2009-06-25). 7151:Stransbury-O'Donnell, Mark (2019), 7064:Sutton, David (November 21, 2017), 6639:Lytle, Ephraim (February 3, 2006), 6516:HEALING FUNGI - The Way of Wellness 6411:. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. 6060:Henderson, W.J. (January 1, 2007), 6015:Heinrichs, Christine (2014-01-15). 4397: 4079: 3271: 591:preserve the freshness and humidity 7727:Nussbaum, Martha C. (2019-08-13). 6998:from the original on 27 July 2020. 6978:"Wildcat to Domestic Mousecatcher" 6862:Molds, Mushrooms & Other Fungi 6765:Kristensen, Kurt (July 21, 2007). 6447:Lado, Ernesto (February 4, 2016), 6327:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 6146:How People Lived in Ancient Greece 5069:Adolf, Steven (November 9, 2019), 4031: 1709:cultural depictions of salamanders 1602:' first labor, the killing of the 828:. One bird, which is possibly the 654:, which is where they were found. 435:The fisherman Diotimus had at sea 140:For the ancient Greeks and Romans 14: 7617:Money, Nicholas P. (2022-10-24). 6039:Food Culture in the Mediterranean 5827:. New York, New York: Routledge. 5299:Bonner, Stanley F. (2022-09-23). 5077:Springer International Publishing 2678:Boyett, Tarver & Gleason 2020 983:. Aristotle wrote that it hunted 756:in fields and were sacrificed to 7206: 6700:Matz, David (October 31, 2019), 6426:Kershaw, Diana R. (2012-12-06). 5386:Cumo, Christopher (2015-06-30). 3224:Sangeetha & Thangadurai 2022 2762:Miyake, Miyabe & Nakano 2004 2534:had a close bond with his horse 2509:as they were irrational beings. 2387:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology 2052:In ancient Greece and Rome, the 2037:Ancient Greek art depicting oxen 1892:were considered a symbol of the 1270:Varro spoke of three species of 547:, whose beard is made of seaweed 7659:The Economics of Ancient Greece 7602:. University of Chicago Press. 7354:, translated by Hill, Phillip, 7286:NRDC The Secret World of Whales 7283:Siebert, Charles (2011-04-20). 7158:American Journal of Archaeology 6968:Fishing from the earliest times 6933:(2). Akadémiai Kiadó: 335–360. 6576:Lawrence, Sandra (2022-08-09). 6299:King, Richard J. (2012-01-01). 6163:Irby, Georgia L. (2016-01-19). 6143:Hynson, Colin (July 15, 2008), 5683:. University of Chicago Press. 5326:. University of Chicago Press. 5278:Bowersock, Glen Warren (1999). 5236:Bartley, Adam Nicholas (2003). 2774:Longo, Clausen & Clark 2015 2419:through the movement of birds. 2407:. The ancient Greeks practiced 2185:Venatio fighting a lion in the 1944:and had extensive knowledge of 1577:, king of Arcadia, was said to 1147:. They have been identified as 1003:. Due to this association, the 929:Ancient Greek sculpture of the 376:. Usually, they would whale by 356:, a Greek writer who wrote the 264:Ancient Greek depiction of fish 7472:Wyse, Elizabeth (2022-10-01). 7454:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 7304:Sfetcu, Nicolae (2014-05-03). 6772:O'Connor, Kaori (2017-05-15). 6534:Lovano, Michael (2019-12-02). 6519:. Edizioni Il Fiorino Modena. 6492:Laist, David W. (2017-03-29). 6457:(published February 4, 2016), 5658:. London: Routledge. pp. 5592:. Cambridge University Press. 5589:Euripides: Iphigeneia at Aulis 5571:. Cambridge University Press. 5242:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 5113:Albala, Ken (March 27, 2015), 5056:. Loeb. p. Bk. 2, Sec. 30 5033:. Translated by White, Horace. 5029:Alexandrius, Appianus (1899). 3200:Muhammad, Zia & Zuber 2017 2060:, was an integral part of the 1858:believed they were created by 1743:also describe the salamander. 1226:describes a bird he calls the 494:, a whale was stranded on the 1: 7673:. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. 7185:Soni, Hiren B. (2022-06-13). 6906:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 6795:A Companion to Greek Religion 6513:Lapico, Marisa (2015-09-09). 6278:Kaster, Robert (2005-07-21). 5972:Gilbey, Henry (May 2, 2011), 5607:Epplett, Christopher (2001). 5449:Chinnock, E.J. (2016-10-23). 5221:10.1080/09670262.2017.1365175 5209:European Journal of Phycology 5009:, vol. 1, archived from 956:Ancient Roman depiction of a 836:and then killing each other. 324:. People would hunt and trap 7733:. Harvard University Press. 7537:The History of British Birds 7451:Wilson, Nigel (2013-10-31). 7268:. Cornell University Press. 7133:Mushrooms: Agaricus bisporus 6883:Ancient Greece Entertainment 6651:Lonsdale, Steven H. (1979). 6603:. Rutgers University Press. 6561:. Rowman & Littlefield. 6555:Laufer, Peter (2010-05-04). 6471:Lembke, Janet (2012-11-01). 6384:Kritsky, Gene (2010-02-24). 6205:Jameson, Michael H. (2015), 6107:. Harvard University Press. 5848:. Harvard University Press. 5565:Erdkamp, Paul (2013-09-05). 5502:Dalby, Andrew (2013-04-15). 5320:Bober, Phyllis Pray (2000). 5305:. Univ of California Press. 5284:. Harvard University Press. 5263:. Rowman & Littlefield. 5160:Arnott, W. Geoffrey (2007), 4518:Garlough & Campbell 2012 4200:Theophrastus & Hort 1916 2738:Mouritsen & Styrbæk 2021 2167:in ancient Rome and Greece. 1805:in ancient Rome, especially 1463:to lead his elephant units. 47:served as work animals. The 7688:Nossov, Konstantin (2008). 7393:Wallace, Ella Faye (2018). 6965:Radcliffe, William (1926). 6405:Klar, Jeremy (2015-12-15). 6320:Kazhdan, Alexander (2005), 6284:. Oxford University Press. 6257:Kim, Se-Kwon (2015-04-30). 6122:Hovell, Mark (2013-04-18). 6104:What is Ancient Philosophy? 5975:The Complete Fishing Manual 5407:Coren, Giles (2018-05-01). 3347:Yalden & Albarella 2009 1755:Ancient Roman depiction of 1310:and difficulty eradicating 518:Ancient Roman lobster claws 400:The Fisherman and the Clown 7818: 7520:, Hendrickson Publishers, 7364:Cambridge University Press 6948:Mushrooms & Toadstools 6362:10.1002/9781118945582.ch29 5842:Gere, Cathy (2011-06-01). 5797:Gargarin, Michael (2010), 5031:The Syrian Wars, IV, 16–20 3116:Gibson & Atkinson 2003 2702:Yamauchi & Wilson 2022 2559:chronic medical conditions 2430: 2384: 2199:spectacles in ancient Rome 2174: 2045: 1765: 1670:Detail of a Lizard on the 1588: 1424: 1373:with the Egyptian goddess 1091: 674: 650:, is possibly named after 421:artificial bodies of water 124: 7797:Economy of ancient Greece 7787:Culture of ancient Greece 7656:Michell, Humfrey (1963). 7262:Sallares, Robert (1991). 7188:Owl 'The Mysterious Bird' 7045:Sherman, Josepha (2008). 6939:10.1556/AArch.65.2014.2.4 6775:Seaweed: A Global History 6669:10.1017/S0017383500026887 6624:. John Wiley & Sons. 6252:. JHU Press. p. 148. 6184:Impelluso, Lucia (2004). 6169:. John Wiley & Sons. 6036:Helstosky, Carol (2009), 5910:Gauding, Madonna (2009). 5766:10.1017/S0017383500007427 5750:"Dogs in Ancient Warfare" 5731:10.1515/9783110545623-001 5704:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5523:Duncan, James R. (2003). 5362:Corbishley, Mike (2004), 4980:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4968:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4956:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4944:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4932:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4920:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4908:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4896:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4884:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4860:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4848:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4836:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4824:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4812:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4776:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4749:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4641:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4629:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4617:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4605:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4593:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4581:Fögen & Thorsten 2017 4238:, p. Bk. 2, Sec. 30. 3787:Warhol & Schneck 2010 2870:Stransbury-O'Donnell 2019 2575:animal naming conventions 2411:and the Romans practiced 2284:(of numerous forms), the 1797:, which derived from the 1695:. Tortoises inspired the 1250:. It may be a species of 87:and were associated with 7372:10.1017/CBO9780511843761 7341:10.5962/bhl.title.162657 7247:. Enchanted Lion Books. 6946:Laessøe, Thomas (1953). 6248:Stambaugh, John (1988). 5996:Marley, Greg A. (2010). 5586:Euripides (2012-05-17). 4422:Kritsky & Smith 2018 3996:Davis & DeMello 2003 3847:Davis & DeMello 2003 3835:Beeler & Beeler 2022 3715:Lynch & Rocconi 2020 3260:Widrig, Scott & 2020 3236:Pereira & Cotas 2019 2618:Guilas & Oliver 2014 2547:in Classical antiquity. 2479:ancient Roman sarcophagi 2456:, which was a school of 2437:Ancient Greek philosophy 2257:) and walk-through bird 2131:, other animals such as 1455:and javelins. After his 506:walk through the model. 393:Ancient Greek literature 7792:Economy of ancient Rome 7782:Culture of ancient Rome 7582:, Elsevier Publishing, 7478:. Arcturus Publishing. 7396:The Sorcerer's Pharmacy 7348:Thommen, Lukas (2012), 7233:Encyclopædia Britannica 6921:Rissanen, Mika (2014). 6886:, Compass Point Books, 6813:10.1201/9780429487156-1 6332:Oxford University Press 5821:Gates, Charles (2003). 5805:Oxford University Press 5748:Forster, E. S. (1941). 5648:Engels, D. W. (2001) . 5464:Curtis, Robert (1984), 5093:Ashworth, Leon (2006), 4056:Mech & Boitani 2010 1812:Formitopsis officinalis 1662:Reptiles and amphibians 1318:. They may have caused 970:. Aristotle called the 820:turned the daughter of 609:described the usage of 543:Roman mosaic depicting 268:Ancient fisherman used 206:meals in ancient Greece 7748:Thomas, Nancy (2004). 7315:Spanier, Ehud (2015), 7171:10.3764/aja.123.4.0699 7070:, Chapelfields Press, 6976:Rogers, K. M. (2006). 6950:. Collins. p. 6. 6880:Ross, Stewart (2007), 6859:Parker, Steve (2009). 6250:The Ancient Roman City 6190:. Getty Publications. 6187:Nature and Its Symbols 6101:Hadot, Pierre (2002). 5677:Faas, Patrick (2005). 5482:10.1093/jhmas/39.4.430 2585:and often played with 2526: 2458:Hellenistic philosophy 2449: 2381:Religious significance 2189: 2139:were crucial parts of 2085:as well as sources of 2038: 1886: 1763: 1674: 1503: 1489:North African elephant 1487:. The Romans used the 1417: 1337: 1331:Ancient Greek funerary 966:was the Greek for the 960: 949: 933: 880:Western Yellow wagtail 694: 686: 548: 519: 460: 300:referred to a type of 265: 257: 239: 144:served as a source of 122: 7707:Newman, W.L. (1987), 7335:. London: Heinemann. 7220:Schlesinger, Kathleen 7112:Spartacus Educational 7106:Simkin, John (1997). 7094:on September 13, 2022 6900:Reiss, Diana (2011). 6844:. The Crowood Press. 6233:. Walter de Gruyter. 5845:The Tomb of Agamemnon 3248:Buschmann et al. 2017 2520: 2444: 2253:(early aquariums and 2184: 2141:ancient Greek cuisine 2036: 1877: 1754: 1669: 1501: 1493:African bush elephant 1451:would be attacked by 1436:Persian war elephants 1415: 1329: 995:were associated with 955: 946:Ancient Greek pottery 944: 928: 912:European Storm Petrel 692: 684: 619:. Several species of 542: 517: 263: 245: 234: 114: 73:Graeco-Roman religion 7713:, pp. 189–190, 7415:. pp. 183–184. 7067:Rich Food, Poor Food 6971:. London: J. Murray. 5895:. Cengage Learning. 5370:J. Paul Getty Museum 5115:"Fishing For Sports" 2503:Christian theologian 2447:Calydonian boar hunt 2127:Alongside sheep and 1473:siege of Megalopolis 1469:Alexander's generals 1365:." The Greeks later 1074:Eleusinian mysteries 1055:and became known as 752:. They usually were 332:. Traps such as the 247:Ancient Roman mosaic 116:Ancient Roman mosaic 7289:. Chronicle Books. 7244:Inside Ancient Rome 7003:Sax, Boria (2001). 6750:. Springer Nature. 6354:Insect Biodiversity 6149:, PowerKids Press, 5625:10.1093/gr/48.2.210 5053:De Natura Animalium 4802:, pp. 189–190. 4559:, pp. 210–222. 4484:, pp. 148–149. 4226:, pp. 183–184. 4046:, pp. 189–191. 3945:, pp. 118–121. 3777:, pp. 246–247. 3705:, pp. 182–184. 3453:, pp. 208–209. 3388:, pp. 237–238. 3250:, pp. 391–406. 3092:Ambrose et al. 2020 2654:Stewart et al. 2005 2532:Alexander the Great 2364:. It was a popular 2115:, as well as their 1723:as a sign of rain. 1656:Alexander the Great 1432:Alexander the Great 1381:and were sacred to 768:. The arrival of a 463:Dolphins and whales 456:Alcaeus of Mytilene 368:. They hunted both 7802:Animals and humans 7623:. Reaktion Books. 7558:Memoirs of Hadrian 7307:Fish & Fishing 6793:Ogden, D. (2010), 6778:. Reaktion Books. 6477:. Skyhorse + ORM. 6305:. Reaktion Books. 6263:. Academic Press. 6128:. Read Books Ltd. 6080:Freshwater Fishing 6021:. Voyageur Press. 5021:Aeschylus (1982), 5004:Nicomachean Ethics 4826:, p. 237-238. 4691:, p. 198-231. 4424:, p. 875-876. 4118:, p. 189-191. 4106:, p. 136-137. 4094:, p. 465-469. 3957:, p. 115-117. 3298:, p. 430-445. 3166:, p. 227-228. 2968:, p. 169-170. 2956:, p. 286-290. 2527: 2450: 2346:white rhinoceroses 2240:theriotropheia and 2190: 2039: 1887: 1879:Ancient Roman coin 1870:Insects and snails 1764: 1719:both describe the 1675: 1610:to the citadel of 1504: 1434:was influenced by 1418: 1407:Battle of Marathon 1338: 1080:were important to 961: 950: 934: 816:. Another is that 695: 687: 601:were also used as 549: 520: 500:tourist attraction 395:. For example, in 266: 258: 240: 220:. Species such as 123: 39:. Species such as 7740:978-0-674-24298-2 7699:978-1-84603-268-4 7680:978-0-7377-4638-9 7630:978-1-78023-791-6 7609:978-0-226-51698-1 7589:978-012-812-361-4 7568:978-0-374-52926-0 7547:978-0-19-921751-9 7527:978-161-970-794-8 7506:978-1-61059-399-1 7485:978-1-3988-2428-7 7464:978-1-136-78799-7 7443:978-1-77108-866-4 7422:978-0-7509-0206-9 7381:978-051-184-376-1 7356:Universität Basel 7310:. Nicolae Sfetcu. 7296:978-1-4521-0574-1 7275:978-0-8014-2615-5 7254:978-1-59270-045-5 7198:978-93-5610-605-5 7143:978-1-80062-041-4 7087:Suda Encyclopedia 7056:978-0-7656-8047-1 7037:978-1-000-60898-4 7016:978-1-57607-612-5 6991:978-1-86189-292-8 6913:978-0-547-44572-4 6893:978-075-652-086-1 6872:978-0-7565-4223-8 6851:978-0-7198-3145-4 6822:978-0-429-48715-6 6807:. pp. 1–22. 6785:978-1-78023-799-2 6757:978-3-030-58027-8 6713:978-147-663-624-5 6657:Greece & Rome 6631:978-1-119-27549-7 6610:978-0-8135-7563-6 6589:978-1-80279-448-9 6568:978-0-7627-9981-7 6547:978-1-4408-3731-9 6526:978-88-7549-571-8 6505:978-1-4214-2099-8 6484:978-1-5107-2015-2 6464:978-111-908-566-9 6439:978-94-011-6035-3 6418:978-1-4994-3747-8 6397:978-0-19-974238-7 6371:978-1-118-94558-2 6341:978-019-504-652-6 6312:978-1-86189-994-1 6291:978-0-19-028636-1 6270:978-0-12-801124-9 6240:978-3-11-021660-8 6220:978-0-521-66129-4 6197:978-0-89236-772-6 6176:978-1-118-37297-5 6156:978-143-582-621-2 6135:978-1-4474-9937-4 6114:978-0-674-01373-5 6094:978-142-960-820-6 6053:978-031-334-626-2 6028:978-0-7603-4567-2 6007:978-1-60358-214-8 5989:978-075-668-527-0 5965:978-149-301-633-4 5944:978-0-203-18057-0 5923:978-1-4027-7004-3 5902:978-1-133-71511-5 5855:978-0-674-06824-7 5814:978-019-517-072-6 5754:Greece & Rome 5740:978-0-226-23347-5 5711:978-1-350-08250-2 5690:978-0-226-23347-5 5669:978-0-415-26162-3 5613:Greece & Rome 5599:978-1-107-60116-1 5578:978-0-521-89629-0 5557:978-1-59056-044-0 5550:. Lantern Books. 5536:978-1-55297-845-0 5529:. Firefly Books. 5515:978-1-135-95422-2 5441:978-92-5-134612-9 5420:978-1-4654-9478-8 5399:978-1-4408-3537-7 5379:978-089-236-705-4 5354:978-1-4408-4693-9 5333:978-0-226-06254-9 5312:978-0-520-34775-5 5291:978-0-674-51173-6 5270:978-1-6669-0482-6 5249:978-3-525-25249-9 5194:on August 4, 2022 5184:978-0-203-94662-6 5152:978-0-7440-3650-3 5132:978-150-631-730-4 5123:SAGE Publications 5106:978-184-234-268-8 5086:978-303-020-641-3 5045:. pp. 46–47. 4934:, pp. 64–65. 4886:, pp. 28–30. 4850:, pp. 24–25. 4607:, pp. 46–47. 4595:, pp. 35–44. 4142:, pp. 71–73. 4082:, p. la.812. 3921:, pp. 48–87. 3765:, pp. 80–82. 3669:, pp. 17–19. 3657:, pp. 28–29. 3489:, pp. 40–41. 2375:Alexandria, Egypt 2249:, as well as the 2212:venatores immunes 2203:Roman legionaries 2163:were all used as 1914:Greco-Roman world 1793:termed mushrooms 1697:testudo formation 1648:Claudius Aelianus 1644:Achaemenid Empire 1579:sacrificed humans 1529:Romulus and Remus 1205:ancient Roman law 1167:, or the Bird of 1161:Cory's Shearwater 1029:pomegranate seeds 948:depicting a goose 616:De Materia Medica 605:in ancient Rome. 492:Septimius Severus 419:and would create 320:that is used for 131:Aquatic ecosystem 7809: 7767: 7744: 7723: 7703: 7684: 7663: 7652: 7634: 7613: 7592: 7572: 7551: 7530: 7510: 7499:. Quarry Books. 7489: 7468: 7447: 7426: 7400: 7389: 7384:, archived from 7344: 7325: 7323: 7311: 7300: 7279: 7258: 7237: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7202: 7181: 7147: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7090:, archived from 7080: 7060: 7041: 7020: 6999: 6972: 6961: 6942: 6917: 6896: 6876: 6855: 6834: 6797: 6789: 6770: 6761: 6740: 6716: 6696: 6647: 6635: 6614: 6593: 6572: 6551: 6530: 6509: 6488: 6467: 6443: 6429:Animal Diversity 6422: 6401: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6344: 6316: 6295: 6274: 6253: 6244: 6223: 6201: 6180: 6159: 6139: 6118: 6097: 6070: 6056: 6032: 6011: 5992: 5968: 5948: 5927: 5906: 5885: 5873: 5859: 5838: 5817: 5793: 5744: 5715: 5694: 5673: 5644: 5603: 5582: 5561: 5540: 5519: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5445: 5424: 5403: 5382: 5358: 5337: 5316: 5295: 5274: 5253: 5232: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5193: 5187:, archived from 5168: 5156: 5135: 5109: 5089: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5046: 5034: 5025: 5023:Prometheus Bound 5015: 5013:on July 21, 2022 4983: 4982:, p. 70-71. 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4655:, p. 46-48. 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4571:, p. 95-97. 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4470:Chen et al. 2021 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4446:Chen et al. 2021 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4376:, p. 12-13. 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4128:Schlesinger 1911 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4034:, p. 46-47. 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3984:Alexandrius 1899 3981: 3975: 3969: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3741:, p. 59-60. 3736: 3730: 3729:, p. 12-13. 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3693:, p. 49-50. 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3645:, p. 43-44. 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3417:, p. 47-48. 3412: 3406: 3400: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3214:, p. 51-52. 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3106:, p. 36-39. 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3008: 3002: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2932:, p. 74-75. 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2836:, p. 20-21. 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2433:Roman philosophy 2421:Animal sacrifice 2324:(of all types), 2298:domestic buffalo 2230:were a group of 2207:Julius Africanus 2083:beasts-of-burden 2078:animal husbandry 2054:captive breeding 1820:. Boletus edulia 1786:amanita caesarea 1773:Edible mushrooms 1622:legend reflects 1569:, a mountain in 1320:plague outbreaks 1165:Diomēdeios Ornis 916:Emperor Claudius 884:Northern Lapwing 802:Eurasian Wryneck 711:Greater Flamingo 589:with seaweed to 458: 429:Greek lyric poet 402:or the comedian 7817: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7806: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7764: 7747: 7741: 7726: 7721: 7706: 7700: 7687: 7681: 7666: 7655: 7650: 7637: 7631: 7616: 7610: 7595: 7590: 7575: 7569: 7554: 7548: 7533: 7528: 7513: 7507: 7492: 7486: 7471: 7465: 7450: 7444: 7429: 7423: 7403: 7392: 7388:on May 31, 2022 7382: 7347: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7303: 7297: 7282: 7276: 7261: 7255: 7240: 7218: 7207: 7205: 7199: 7184: 7150: 7144: 7129: 7121: 7119: 7105: 7097: 7095: 7084:Mahoney, Anne, 7083: 7078: 7063: 7057: 7044: 7038: 7023: 7017: 7002: 6992: 6975: 6964: 6958: 6945: 6920: 6914: 6899: 6894: 6879: 6873: 6858: 6852: 6837: 6823: 6800: 6792: 6786: 6771: 6764: 6758: 6743: 6738: 6719: 6714: 6699: 6650: 6645:Duke University 6638: 6632: 6617: 6611: 6596: 6590: 6575: 6569: 6554: 6548: 6533: 6527: 6512: 6506: 6491: 6485: 6470: 6465: 6446: 6440: 6425: 6419: 6404: 6398: 6383: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6347: 6342: 6319: 6313: 6298: 6292: 6277: 6271: 6256: 6247: 6241: 6226: 6221: 6204: 6198: 6183: 6177: 6162: 6157: 6142: 6136: 6121: 6115: 6100: 6095: 6073: 6059: 6054: 6044:Greenwood Press 6035: 6029: 6014: 6008: 5995: 5990: 5971: 5966: 5951: 5945: 5930: 5924: 5909: 5903: 5888: 5882: 5862: 5856: 5841: 5835: 5820: 5815: 5796: 5760:(30): 115–117. 5747: 5741: 5718: 5712: 5697: 5691: 5676: 5670: 5647: 5606: 5600: 5585: 5579: 5564: 5558: 5543: 5537: 5522: 5516: 5501: 5494: 5492: 5463: 5455: 5453: 5448: 5442: 5427: 5421: 5406: 5400: 5385: 5380: 5361: 5355: 5340: 5334: 5319: 5313: 5298: 5292: 5277: 5271: 5256: 5250: 5235: 5205: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5166: 5159: 5153: 5138: 5133: 5112: 5107: 5092: 5087: 5068: 5059: 5057: 5049: 5037: 5028: 5020: 4996: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4643:, pp. 343. 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4458:Kristensen 2007 4456: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4190:, p. 1050. 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3238:, p. 1-22. 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3011: 3003: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2930:Corbishley 2004 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2571:Stoa of Attalus 2561:. According to 2540:Emperor Hadrian 2521:Depiction of a 2515: 2454:Neopythagoreans 2439: 2431:Main articles: 2429: 2389: 2383: 2334:Nile crocodiles 2232:animal trackers 2179: 2173: 2165:working animals 2050: 2048:Animal breeding 2044: 2031: 2023:Greek mythology 1912:throughout the 1885:and a butterfly 1872: 1840:Pliny the Elder 1836:Poisonous fungi 1832:fungal diseases 1781:edible mushroom 1770: 1749: 1741:Pliny the Elder 1693:Malay Peninsula 1664: 1593: 1587: 1565:was located at 1525:Capitoline Wolf 1521:Roman mythology 1509: 1502:Capitoline wolf 1457:Indian campaign 1429: 1423: 1403:Greek mythology 1343: 1333:sculpture of a 1268: 1221: 1157:Great Cormorant 1136:spring solstice 1096: 1090: 1041: 939: 900:Black Francolin 744:The Romans ate 679: 673: 613:as medicine in 603:soil fertilizer 537: 512: 474:by feeding him 468:Pliny the Elder 465: 459: 454: 314:Roman mythology 138: 133: 109: 79:. For example, 35:were served as 17: 12: 11: 5: 7815: 7813: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7768: 7762: 7745: 7739: 7724: 7719: 7704: 7698: 7685: 7679: 7664: 7662:. CUP Archive. 7653: 7648: 7635: 7629: 7614: 7608: 7593: 7588: 7573: 7567: 7552: 7546: 7540:. OUP Oxford. 7531: 7526: 7511: 7505: 7490: 7484: 7469: 7463: 7448: 7442: 7436:. Nimbus+ORM. 7427: 7421: 7401: 7390: 7380: 7345: 7326: 7312: 7301: 7295: 7280: 7274: 7259: 7253: 7238: 7228:Chisholm, Hugh 7203: 7197: 7182: 7165:(4): 699–705, 7148: 7142: 7127: 7103: 7081: 7076: 7061: 7055: 7042: 7036: 7021: 7015: 7000: 6990: 6973: 6962: 6956: 6943: 6918: 6912: 6897: 6892: 6877: 6871: 6856: 6850: 6835: 6821: 6798: 6790: 6784: 6762: 6756: 6741: 6736: 6717: 6712: 6697: 6663:(2): 146–159. 6648: 6636: 6630: 6615: 6609: 6594: 6588: 6573: 6567: 6552: 6546: 6531: 6525: 6510: 6504: 6489: 6483: 6468: 6463: 6444: 6438: 6423: 6417: 6402: 6396: 6381: 6370: 6345: 6340: 6317: 6311: 6296: 6290: 6275: 6269: 6254: 6245: 6239: 6224: 6219: 6202: 6196: 6181: 6175: 6160: 6155: 6140: 6134: 6119: 6113: 6098: 6093: 6085:Capstone Press 6075:Hopkins, Ellen 6071: 6057: 6052: 6033: 6027: 6012: 6006: 5993: 5988: 5969: 5964: 5949: 5943: 5928: 5922: 5907: 5901: 5886: 5880: 5860: 5854: 5839: 5833: 5818: 5813: 5794: 5745: 5739: 5725:. De Gruyter. 5716: 5710: 5695: 5689: 5674: 5668: 5645: 5619:(2): 210–222. 5604: 5598: 5583: 5577: 5562: 5556: 5541: 5535: 5520: 5514: 5499: 5476:(4): 430–445, 5461: 5446: 5440: 5425: 5419: 5404: 5398: 5383: 5378: 5359: 5353: 5338: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5296: 5290: 5275: 5269: 5254: 5248: 5233: 5215:(4): 391–406. 5203: 5183: 5157: 5151: 5136: 5131: 5110: 5105: 5090: 5085: 5066: 5047: 5035: 5026: 5018: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4972: 4960: 4948: 4936: 4924: 4912: 4900: 4888: 4876: 4872:Yourcenar 2005 4864: 4852: 4840: 4838:, p. 239. 4828: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4765: 4753: 4751:, p. 142. 4741: 4739:, p. 237. 4729: 4725:Bowersock 1999 4717: 4715:, p. 350. 4705: 4703:, p. 190. 4693: 4681: 4677:Aeschylus 1982 4669: 4667:, p. 151. 4657: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4534: 4532:, p. 147. 4522: 4520:, p. 396. 4510: 4508:, p. 174. 4498: 4494:Euripides 2012 4486: 4474: 4472:, p. 159. 4462: 4450: 4438: 4426: 4414: 4412:, p. 183. 4402: 4390: 4388:, p. 135. 4378: 4366: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4303: 4301:, p. 112. 4291: 4279: 4277:, p. 131. 4267: 4252: 4250:, p. 223. 4240: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4202:, p. 400. 4192: 4180: 4178:, p. 268. 4168: 4166:, p. 276. 4164:Impelluso 2004 4156: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4058:, p. 292. 4048: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3885:, p. 121. 3875: 3873:, p. 263. 3863: 3851: 3849:, p. 175. 3839: 3837:, p. 128. 3827: 3815: 3813:, p. 372. 3803: 3791: 3789:, p. 194. 3779: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3611: 3599: 3597:, p. 189. 3587: 3575: 3563: 3561:, p. 2-3. 3551: 3549:, p. 141. 3539: 3537:, p. 134. 3527: 3515: 3513:, p. 165. 3503: 3501:, p. 156. 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3441:, p. 119. 3431: 3429:, p. 114. 3419: 3407: 3403:Heinrichs 2014 3390: 3378: 3376:, p. 124. 3363: 3361:, p. 152. 3351: 3349:, p. 102. 3339: 3327: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3286:, p. 342. 3276: 3274:, p. 127. 3264: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3202:, p. 155. 3192: 3190:, p. 229. 3180: 3178:, p. 228. 3168: 3156: 3154:, p. 227. 3144: 3132: 3120: 3118:, p. 355. 3108: 3096: 3084: 3082:, p. 138. 3072: 3070:, p. 148. 3068:Stambaugh 1988 3060: 3048: 3046:, p. 142. 3036: 3034:, p. 122. 3032:Radcliffe 1926 3024: 3022:, p. 117. 3020:Radcliffe 1926 3009: 3007:, p. 141. 2994: 2992:, p. 291. 2982: 2970: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2872:, p. 704. 2862: 2860:, p. 512. 2850: 2838: 2826: 2824:, p. 136. 2814: 2812:, p. 865. 2802: 2800:, p. 166. 2798:Henderson 2007 2790: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2740:, p. 116. 2730: 2718: 2716:, p. 608. 2706: 2694: 2690:Helstosky 2009 2682: 2680:, p. 200. 2670: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2632:, p. 138. 2622: 2620:, p. 254. 2610: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2514: 2511: 2428: 2425: 2382: 2379: 2310:European bison 2306:Caspian tigers 2175:Main article: 2172: 2169: 2064:. In both the 2046:Main article: 2043: 2040: 2030: 2027: 1926:scorpion flies 1871: 1868: 1818:Boletus edulis 1766:Main article: 1748: 1745: 1678:Tortoiseshells 1663: 1660: 1586: 1583: 1561:. An altar of 1559:cruelty of men 1555:Roman comedian 1547:Roman cognomen 1508: 1505: 1425:Main article: 1422: 1419: 1342: 1339: 1267: 1264: 1260:Indian Courser 1220: 1217: 1153:European Shags 1108:Aesop's fables 1089: 1086: 1040: 1037: 938: 935: 672: 669: 660:Roman medicine 572:ankle swelling 536: 533: 511: 508: 484:Greek musician 464: 461: 452: 302:fishing basket 290:artificial fly 137: 134: 108: 105: 99:advocated for 21:ancient Greece 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7814: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7765: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7725: 7722: 7720:9781108011150 7716: 7712: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7691: 7690:War Elephants 7686: 7682: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7660: 7654: 7651: 7649:2-7298-0849-3 7645: 7641: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7594: 7591: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7561:. Macmillan. 7560: 7559: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7523: 7519: 7518: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7491: 7487: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7457:. Routledge. 7456: 7455: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7327: 7320: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7215:public domain 7204: 7200: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7128: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7104: 7098:September 17, 7093: 7089: 7088: 7082: 7079: 7077:9781843964810 7073: 7069: 7068: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7030:. CRC Press. 7029: 7028: 7022: 7018: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6963: 6959: 6957:1-870630-09-2 6953: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6898: 6895: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6841:Tortoiseshell 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6799: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6737:9789251051368 6733: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6498:. JHU Press. 6497: 6496: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6469: 6466: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6382: 6373: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6346: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6225: 6222: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5980:DK Publishing 5977: 5976: 5970: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5937:. CRC Press. 5936: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5881:0-14-001026-2 5877: 5872: 5871: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5834:0-415-12182-5 5830: 5826: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5508:. Routledge. 5507: 5506: 5500: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5198:September 19, 5190: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5099:, Cherytree, 5098: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5067: 5055: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5007: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4981: 4976: 4973: 4970:, p. 69. 4969: 4964: 4961: 4958:, p. 67. 4957: 4952: 4949: 4946:, p. 65. 4945: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4925: 4922:, p. 64. 4921: 4916: 4913: 4910:, p. 32. 4909: 4904: 4901: 4898:, p. 31. 4897: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4817: 4814:, p. 11. 4813: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4763:, p. 97. 4762: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4737:Nussbaum 2019 4733: 4730: 4727:, p. 70. 4726: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4713:Jáuregui 2010 4709: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4634: 4631:, p. 78. 4630: 4625: 4622: 4619:, p. 70. 4618: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4586: 4583:, p. 77. 4582: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4545:Migeotte 1984 4541: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4530:Lonsdale 1979 4526: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4499: 4496:, p. 48. 4495: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4451: 4448:, p. 21. 4447: 4442: 4439: 4436:, p. 52. 4435: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4403: 4400:, p. 52. 4399: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4374:Lawrence 2022 4370: 4367: 4364:, p. 31. 4363: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4343: 4340:, p. 10. 4339: 4338:Lawrence 2022 4334: 4331: 4328:, p. 74. 4327: 4322: 4319: 4316:, p. 12. 4315: 4314:Lawrence 2022 4310: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4217: 4214:, p. 44. 4213: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4140:Pederson 2021 4136: 4133: 4130:, p. 26. 4129: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4068:Rissanen 2014 4064: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4025: 4022:, p. 19. 4021: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4008:Chinnock 2016 4004: 4001: 3998:, p. 51. 3997: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3977: 3974:, p. 45. 3973: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3871:Sallares 1991 3867: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3756: 3753:, p. 46. 3752: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3717:, p. 30. 3716: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3621:, p. 84. 3620: 3615: 3612: 3609:, p. 94. 3608: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3588: 3585:, p. 83. 3584: 3579: 3576: 3573:, p. 10. 3572: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3525:, p. 32. 3524: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3405:, p. 54. 3404: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3340: 3337:, p. 47. 3336: 3331: 3328: 3325:, p. 98. 3324: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3310:, p. 47. 3309: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3212:O'Connor 2017 3208: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3142:, p. 58. 3141: 3136: 3133: 3130:, p. 25. 3129: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3058:, p. 38. 3057: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2980:, p. 40. 2979: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2923: 2920:, p. 43. 2919: 2914: 2911: 2908:, p. 42. 2907: 2902: 2899: 2896:, p. 12. 2895: 2894:Ashworth 2006 2890: 2887: 2883: 2882:Gargarin 2010 2878: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2764:, p. 19. 2763: 2758: 2755: 2752:, p. 87. 2751: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2731: 2728:, p. 18. 2727: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2692:, p. 53. 2691: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2668:, p. 30. 2667: 2662: 2659: 2656:, p. 35. 2655: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2608:, p. 10. 2607: 2602: 2599: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2524: 2519: 2513:Relationships 2512: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462:vegetarianism 2459: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2427:In philosophy 2426: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228:vestigiatores 2225: 2221: 2220:vestigiatores 2217: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2171:Entertainment 2170: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2041: 2035: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2013:were used by 2012: 2011:Triton shells 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1822:was known as 1821: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799:Ancient Greek 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1783:now known as 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636:Mycenaean art 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567:Mount Lykaion 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475:. During the 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1420: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1405:. During the 1404: 1401:were dogs in 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1341:Dogs and cats 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244:Scarlet Finch 1241: 1240:Masked Shrike 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1219:Foreign birds 1218: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1207:known as the 1206: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009:Greek economy 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 973: 969: 965: 959: 954: 947: 943: 936: 932: 931:Owl of Athena 927: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 876:White wagtail 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 691: 683: 678: 670: 668: 665: 661: 658:were used in 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 626: 622: 618: 617: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 554:was known as 553: 546: 541: 535:Other species 534: 532: 530: 529:Roman theatre 526: 525:lobster traps 516: 509: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488:porcus piscus 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 462: 457: 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409: 405: 401: 398: 394: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 374:killer whales 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 346: 341: 337: 335: 331: 330:seine fishing 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 262: 256: 252: 248: 244: 238: 233: 229: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 204:were popular 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 135: 132: 128: 121: 117: 113: 106: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 7753: 7729: 7709: 7689: 7669: 7658: 7639: 7619: 7598: 7578: 7557: 7536: 7516: 7495: 7474: 7453: 7432: 7408: 7395: 7386:the original 7350: 7331: 7317: 7306: 7285: 7264: 7243: 7231: 7187: 7162: 7156: 7132: 7120:. 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Retrieved 5052: 5042: 5030: 5022: 5016: 5011:the original 5008: 5005: 5002: 4991:Bibliography 4975: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4874:, p. 7. 4867: 4862:, p. 2. 4855: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4778:, p. 4. 4761:Thommen 2012 4756: 4744: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4689:Jameson 2015 4684: 4672: 4660: 4653:Thommen 2012 4648: 4636: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4569:Thommen 2012 4564: 4557:Epplett 2001 4552: 4525: 4513: 4506:Kershaw 2012 4501: 4489: 4477: 4465: 4460:, p. 3. 4453: 4441: 4434:Kritsky 2010 4429: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4369: 4357: 4345: 4333: 4321: 4294: 4289:, p. 6. 4287:Laessøe 1953 4282: 4270: 4265:, p. 2. 4263:Sassine 2021 4243: 4231: 4219: 4212:Wallace 2018 4207: 4195: 4183: 4176:Gauding 2009 4171: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4123: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4075: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4027: 4015: 4003: 3991: 3979: 3972:Thommen 2012 3955:Forster 1941 3950: 3943:Sherman 2008 3938: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3883:Erdkamp 2013 3878: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3801:, p. 7. 3794: 3782: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3595:Netzley 2009 3590: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3477:, p. 8. 3470: 3465:, p. 9. 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3381: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3188:Spanier 2015 3183: 3176:Spanier 2015 3171: 3164:Spanier 2015 3159: 3152:Spanier 2015 3147: 3135: 3128:Siebert 2011 3123: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3075: 3063: 3056:Bartley 2003 3051: 3039: 3027: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2954:Michell 1963 2949: 2942:Kazhdan 2005 2937: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2884:, p. 1. 2877: 2865: 2853: 2848:, p. 6. 2846:Hopkins 2007 2841: 2829: 2822:Michell 1963 2817: 2805: 2793: 2788:, p. 3. 2781: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2552: 2528: 2491:human nature 2460:, practiced 2451: 2409:Ornithomancy 2390: 2330:hippopotamus 2313: 2286:Barbary lion 2263: 2250: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2192: 2191: 2126: 2099: 2051: 2006: 1918:grasshoppers 1906:architecture 1888: 1881:depicting a 1851: 1843: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1810: 1794: 1784: 1771: 1717:Theophrastus 1676: 1594: 1541: 1510: 1461:elephantarch 1460: 1442:would fight 1430: 1427:War elephant 1369:the goddess 1344: 1288:reproduction 1269: 1255: 1232:Indian Mynas 1227: 1222: 1208: 1188:Stone Curlew 1179: 1171: 1164: 1131: 1127: 1112:sack of Rome 1097: 1088:Marine birds 1061:farm animals 1056: 1042: 976: 963: 962: 907: 867: 863: 859: 847: 842: 770:Barn Swallow 743: 706: 696: 652:Cape Peloris 647: 639: 631: 627: 624: 614: 559: 555: 550: 521: 487: 466: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 434: 406: 399: 390: 357: 338: 322:spearfishing 297: 267: 222:Bluefin Tuna 139: 93:Philosophers 18: 7413:Alan Sutton 7405:White, T.H. 7360:Switzerland 5870:Greek Myths 5413:. Penguin. 5171:Oxfordshire 5145:. Penguin. 4800:Newman 1987 4410:Laufer 2010 4362:Parker 2009 4350:Lapico 2015 4299:Marley 2010 4236:Aelian 1958 4188:Kaster 2005 4152:Simkin 1997 4116:Thomas 2004 4092:Graves 1955 4044:Thomas 2004 4020:Nossov 2008 3931:Rogers 2006 3919:Engels 2001 3907:Arnott 2007 3895:Hovell 2013 3811:Arnott 2007 3799:Arnott 2007 3775:Arnott 2007 3763:Arnott 2007 3751:Arnott 2007 3739:Arnott 2007 3727:Arnott 2007 3703:Arnott 2007 3691:Arnott 2007 3679:Lembke 2012 3667:Arnott 2007 3655:Arnott 2007 3643:Arnott 2007 3619:Arnott 2007 3607:Duncan 2003 3583:Arnott 2007 3571:Arnott 2007 3559:Arnott 2007 3547:Arnott 2007 3535:Arnott 2007 3523:Arnott 2007 3511:Arnott 2007 3499:Arnott 2007 3487:Arnott 2007 3475:Arnott 2007 3463:Arnott 2007 3451:Arnott 2007 3439:Arnott 2007 3427:Arnott 2007 3415:Arnott 2007 3386:Arnott 2007 3323:Arnott 2007 3296:Curtis 1984 3080:Bonner 2022 3044:Lovano 2019 3005:Lovano 2019 2990:Wilson 2013 2978:Sfetcu 2014 2858:Albala 2015 2834:Gilbey 2011 2726:Hynson 2008 2642:Sutton 2017 2630:Lovano 2019 2579:masculinity 2507:City of God 2113:goat cheese 1983:pain relief 1890:Butterflies 1848:Dioscorides 1828:boletariums 1733:love potion 1721:salamanders 1705:hibernation 1650:wrote that 1640:Cambyses II 1604:Nemean lion 1591:Albani lion 1481:Pyrrhic War 1440:Macedonians 1367:syncretized 1256:Hēliodromos 1209:Lex Ciconia 1149:shearwaters 1053:cock fights 794:Black Kites 707:Hēliou Zōön 644:smooth clam 640:khemea leia 607:Dioscorides 496:Tiber River 417:aquaculture 386:Peloponnese 194:salted fish 190:sea urchins 127:Marine life 107:Marine life 83:symbolized 7776:Categories 7763:0876615337 7670:Witchcraft 7411:. Stroud: 7191:. Pencil. 7122:2022-09-14 6377:2022-09-16 5495:2022-09-12 5456:2018-05-21 4701:Hadot 2002 4665:Ogden 2010 4275:Money 2022 4224:White 1992 4104:Gates 2003 3374:Dalby 2013 3359:Coren 2018 3335:Bober 2000 3308:Laist 2017 3284:Dalby 2013 3104:Reiss 2011 2918:Lytle 2006 2906:Lytle 2006 2750:Adolf 2019 2593:References 2536:Bucephalus 2385:See also: 2350:wild asses 2274:Atlas bear 2255:fish ponds 2194:Venationes 2177:Venationes 2121:perennials 2029:In culture 2007:cochlearia 1955:terracotta 1942:beekeepers 1757:fly agaric 1729:Theocritus 1589:See also: 1477:Punic Wars 1465:Polypercon 1308:sanitation 1236:Ring Ouzel 1092:See also: 1078:Cockfights 1045:Junglefowl 1033:underworld 1021:Ascalaphos 1017:Little Owl 972:Scops Owls 918:had a pet 727:partridges 675:See also: 664:Xenocrates 632:glykymaris 621:venus clam 576:Roman poet 384:, and the 358:Halieutica 316:carried a 237:Copenhagen 178:red mullet 125:See also: 118:depicting 7407:(1992) . 7222:(1911). 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Knowledge (XXG)

Animals in ancient Greece and Rome

Index