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subsequent processes of ecological succession. Nothing is known of the people who lived in the area prior to the 3,700 BP eruption of the
Aniakchak volcano. Because there is ample evidence for human habitation in areas nearby, prior to the caldera-forming eruption, it is unlikely that the Aniakchak region was uninhabited. However, the eruption fundamentally altered the landscape, and likely buried the pre-eruption evidence for human activity under many meters of volcanic debris. Lands nearest the caldera were largely uninhabited for millennia: the Pacific Coast was re-colonized by approximately 2000 years ago while the Meshik River drainage was re-colonized approximately 1700 years ago. The cultural affiliations of these colonists have not yet been determined, however it is likely that different people moved into the area at different times.
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Surprise Lake to form it. In addition to
Surprise Lake, the other prominent feature inside the caldera is Vent Mountain, the site of the most recent (1931) eruption within the caldera. The preserve lands flank the monument on either side. Subsistence hunting is allowed in both the monument and preserve, and sport hunting is allowed in the preserve. The region was virtually unexplored until the 1920s, when exploration for oil brought reports of an un-described volcano. A moderate eruption in 1931 forming Vent Mountain resulted in significant publicity, spurring studies to declare the region a national monument. It was not until 1978 that a monument was proclaimed by President
293:. It is not accessible by road, except from Port Heiden, a nearby village, and then only to the outer flanks of the caldera. The only ways to reach the monument are by floatplane to lakes, particularly Surprise Lake, or sheltered coastal waters, or by boat or airplane to coastal towns near preserve lands followed by overland or overwater traverse. Notoriously bad weather makes access to Aniakchak unpredictable. Drop-offs and pick-ups may be significantly delayed. There are no permanent facilities in the monument and the NPS does not require visitor registration. Visitor services are provided by the interagency King Salmon Visitor Center in
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253:. It has erupted at least 40 times over the last 10,000 years. The 601,294-acre (243,335 ha) monument is one of the least-visited places in the National Park System due to its remote location and difficult weather. The area was proclaimed a National Monument on December 1, 1978, and established as a National Monument and Preserve on December 2, 1980. The National Monument encompasses 137,176 acres (55,513 ha) and the preserve 464,118 acres (187,822 ha). Visitation to Aniakchak is the lowest of all areas of the
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365:. Superimposed on the mountain chain are a series of volcanoes, the largest of which is the remnant of Mount Aniakchak, now largely collapsed into its caldera, the floor of which lies about 1,100 feet (340 m) above sea level. The caldera was once partly filled by a crater lake that covered about 50% of the crater. The caldera wall was eventually breached, leading to a catastrophic flood as the lake drained. Its remnant is Surprise Lake, the source of the Aniakchak River.
552:(ANCSA), which established a framework for the disposition of federal lands in Alaska. The process dictated by ANCSA required agencies to "withdraw" lands which they felt they should administer. The Park Service withdrew 740,200 acres (299,500 ha) around Mount Aniakchak in 1973. The same year a 1,500,000-acre (610,000 ha) Aniakchak Caldera National Recreation Area was proposed, extending to both sides of the peninsula and including
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sloped and the land is boggy with lush vegetation. The southeast coastal region is deeply indented, with coastal cliffs, headlands and islands. Three large bays are the remnants of earlier volcanic craters. The two larger bays are
Aniakchak and Amber Bays, and the smaller is Kejulik Bay. All have cinder-covered beaches between the sea and large freshwater lagoons.
528:. A cannery was established that year, quickly exhausting the stocks. Over the next decades the region became largely deserted, frequented only by trappers and fishermen. A flurry of renewed interest in oil leases in the 1950s came to nothing. In the 1960s, sport hunters began to frequent the area, focusing primarily on bear and caribou.
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saw the stories and started preparation of documents to proclaim a national monument under the
Antiquities Act. After the proposed boundary was altered to exclude regions thought by the USGS to be potential oil sources, the proposed monument was circulated among other federal and territorial agencies
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region appears in an 1827 atlas, which notes "Baie Amah-chak" and "Cap Kumlik." In 1831 the cast was mapped by the
Russian Navy and followed up by two more expeditions in the 1840s. The region was mostly avoided through the rest of the 19th century, apart from a few fur trappers who did not prosper.
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collapse event about 3,700 years ago. The original mountain, about 7,000 feet (2,100 m) tall, collapsed into its magma chamber, leaving an approximate 3,300-foot (1,000 m) deep summit crater. (The elevation of the high point on the crater rim, Aniakchak Peak, is approximately 4,380 feet.
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that extended to the coast on the south side of the peninsula. The monument allows subsistence hunting by local residents in most areas and the preserve allows both subsistence and sport hunting. Sport hunting and trapping are therefore only permitted in
Aniakchak National Preserve. The most common
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Russian exploration of Alaska began in the mid-18th century, with fur traders arriving shortly afterwards to take advantage of the sea otters that populated the coast. Traders and native trappers took sea otters along both sides of the
Aleutian peninsula. The first recorded mention of the Aniachak
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The Alaska
Peninsula climate is cool and wet. Regular Pacific Ocean storms produce estimated annual precipitation exceeding 100 inches (250 cm) along the coast, with more precipitation probable in the mountains. The weather is typically cloudy and windy, producing low ceilings and rough waters
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in the crater. They returned in 1931 in time to document (somewhat inaccurately) the aftermath of the May eruption. In 1932 Hubbard and pilot Frank
Dorbrandt flew into the caldera and landed on Surprise Lake. Hubbard's dramatically written but mostly accurate descriptions of the region appeared in
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The development of the salmon fishing industry in Alaska brought a cannery to
Chignik Lagoon in 1882, about 50 miles (80 km) southwest of the future monument. The industry expanded, building fish traps in Aniakchak Bay by 1917. Other traps followed through 1937, some operating until 1949. The
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The river valley zones are subdivided into southeastern and northwestern areas. On the southeast side, the rivers fall steeply through volcanic ash deposits where vegetation has largely recolonized the areas devastated by the volcano's eruption. On the northwest side, the rivers are more gently
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ancestry. Currently, there is no evidence to suggest when Alutiiq-speaking people first arrived in the region. Archaeological data reveal that the entire central Alaska Peninsula was occupied, abandoned, and re-colonized numerous times, perhaps in response to recurrent catastrophic volcanism and
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The Aniakchak River flows 30 miles to Aniakchak Bay on the coast and can be navigated by inflatable raft or kayak. Upper stretches of the river drop as much as 75 feet per mile and narrow to as little as 15 feet. Lower sections widen into meandering oxbows at sections within view of Cape Horn.
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and Aniakchak Crater. The volcano's caldera presents an active volcanic and geothermal landscape and Surprise Lake, the source of the Aniakchak River. Extending outward from the mountains are the glacially altered river valleys. The coastline region extends for 52 miles (84 km) along the
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The core of the national monument lands encompasses the 6-mile (9.7 km) wide Aniakchak Crater. The high point on the caldera rim is Aniakchak Peak. The lake within the caldera, Surprise Lake, is the source of the Aniakchak River. Multiple streams and rivers within the caldera flow into
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Aniakchak has the lowest visitor total of any publicly open national park unit in the United States. The number of people actually entering the area is certainly higher, the result of subsistence hunting policies which do not count subsistence hunters, and a few commercial hunting guides hold
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Reports of oil seeps on the peninsula and on the cape between Aniakchak and Amber Bays in the 1920s brought petroleum exploration and claims, some of which described the "Aniakchak Field." Detailed surveys established that the seeps did not exist, and that much of the region was composed of
257:, according to the NPS, with only 100 documented recreational visits in 2017. Most visitors fly into Surprise Lake inside Aniakchak Crater, but the frequent fog and other adverse weather conditions make landing in the lake difficult. It is also possible to fly into the nearby village of
487:. Intrigued by the Alaska Peninsula's volcanoes, he first visited the Aniakchak region in 1930. Hubbard and four companions arrived at the mouth of the Aniakchak River in June 1930. They used a 15-foot (4.6 m) open motorboat to boat up the river, then explored the caldera, finding
560:. Opposition from native groups and the presence of mining claims on some lands forced a scaled-back plan for Aniakchak Caldera National Monument that, at 580,000 acres (230,000 ha), was close to the present area. At about the same time the Aniakchak River was nominated for the
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in 1997. The site includes the former Columbia River Packers Association cabin at the mouth of the river and surrounding lands, for a total of 10 contributing properties. Archaeological surveys of the area have turned up evidence of native occupation over the last 2000 years.
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brought oil contamination to the Aniakchak coast. The spill took place on March 24, but oil did not reach the coast of the preserve until July 2. Roughly two thirds of the 68 miles (109 km) of coast were oiled, but not heavily. Cleanup continued from 1989 into 1990.
456:, and in 1922 and 1925 USGS parties surveyed the region. These surveys brought the first detailed accounts of what they described as an "extinct volcano," of which fragmentary information had only emerged after 1919. However, in 1931 Half Cone, one of the
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The elevation of the low point of the caldera floor, at the mouth of Surprise Lake and the beginning of the Aniakchak River, is approximately 1,055 feet.) The monument and surrounding preserve include the volcanic feature, the wild
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built a bunkhouse on Aniakchak Bay in the 1920s to house workers who maintained the trap and harvested fish during the summer months. At the same time, fur trappers arrived, this time to gather furs from inland mammals.
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The prehistory of the Aniakchak area is only beginning to come to light as a result of recent archaeological surveys funded by the National Park Service. Present-day native residents consider themselves to be of
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Prominent features within Aniakchak crater include Surprise Lake and the Gates (the cleft in the caldera rim through which the Aniakchak River flows from Surprise lake to the Pacific Ocean) and Vent Mountain.
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for comment. Although there was no particular objection to the monument, there was no strong push for the designation, and the Aniakchak project was shunted aside in favor of a proclamation expanding
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413:. The 1931 volcanic eruption at Vent Mountain within the crater disrupted plant communities around the volcano, which are now recovering and which are the subject of scientific research.
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579:, which would allow sport hunting, in adjacent areas. By late 1978 the bill had become stalled in Congress. With a deadline approaching for the disposition of the lands, President
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The mountain spine of the Aleutian Range consists of uplifted mountains of moderate height, reaching 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). The mountain environment is predominantly alpine
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in California, who had been exploring Alaska's volcanoes and glaciers every summer season since 1927 and writing about them in best-selling books and in publications such as
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544:. The study recommended protection of Aniakchak. Further studies supported the report's recommendations. In the interim, the Aniakchak caldera was designated a
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and captured popular imaginations, publicizing the Aniakchak region for the first time. Hubbard described the area as a "wonderland". A follow-up article by
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on its northeast and southwest sides. Monument lands amount to 137,000 acres (55,000 ha), and preserve lands 465,000 acres (188,000 ha).
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575:(ANILCA), introduced in 1977, addressed the hunting issue by proposing a national monument in the core of the area around the caldera and a
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commercial use permits in the preserve. The National Park Service manages Aniakchak through Katmai National Park and its superintendent.
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Encompassing coastal and mountain habitats, Aniakchak is home to a wide variety of plants and animals. Large terrestrial animals include
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Cultural Remains from a Catastrophic Landscape: an archeological overview and assessment of Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve
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Interest in a National Park Service unit at Aniakchak was renewed in the 1960s. In 1964, newly appointed Park Service director
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was in part a response to concerns that national monument designation would prohibit sport hunting. An early version of the
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Barton, Loukas; Shirar, Scott; Jordan, James W. (April 2018). "Holocene Human Occupation of the Central Alaska Peninsula".
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594:. The monument covered 380,000 acres (150,000 ha), excluding the area between the caldera and the coast. In 1980 the
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1162:. Anchorage, AK: United States Department of Interior, National Park Service, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve.
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The monument and preserve include four major physiographic regions. The monument is centered on the mountains of the
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in the caldera, erupted throughout May of that year, causing ashfalls at distances up to 300 miles (480 km).
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2007:
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1240:"National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Southwest Alaska Inventory & Monitoring Network"
273:. The monument and preserve were established within their final boundaries in 1980 with the passage of the
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Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve is located about 450 miles (720 km) southwest of
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entitled "The Moon Craters of Alaska" discussed Hubbard's expedition to Aniakchak and nearby
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non-oil-bearing igneous rock, ending speculation. The reports did provoke interest from the
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Archaeological survey - Chignik-Meshik Rivers Region, AK: a report on a 2011 CESU agreement
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Archaeological survey - Chignik-Meshik Rivers Region, AK: a report on a 2011 CESU agreement
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Archaeological survey - Chignik-Meshik Rivers Region, AK: a report on a 2010 CESU agreement
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Isolated Paradise: An Administrative History of the Katmai and Aniakchak NPS Units, Alaska
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ancestry, but linguistic studies indicate that they are related to the similarly named
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1055:"Shrouded Monument: Adventurous group slips through clouds to explore volcanic crater"
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In 1932, Aniakchak Bay and the lagoon behind were discovered to have rich beds of
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Henderson, Tim; Santucci, Vincent; Connors, Tim; Tweet, Justin (August 2021).
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Natural-colour satellite image of Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve.
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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
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National Register of Historic Places in Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska
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406:
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Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
1216:
325:
242:
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Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni â Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
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Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni â Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
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1424:
Beyond the Moon Crater Myth: A New History of the Aniakchak Landscape
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southeastern side of the peninsula where it faces the Pacific Ocean.
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units and Alaska local and state agencies. The monument adjoins the
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is centered on the 6-mile (9.7 km) diameter crater of ancient
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coastal habitat, and portions of the coast of the Pacific Ocean.
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63:
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1351:"NRHP nomination for Aniakchak Bay Historic Landscape District"
324:, which was destroyed and the resulting crater formed during a
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45:
Aerial view of the caldera of Mount Aniakchak from the west
1398:. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Museum of the North.
1192:. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Museum of the North.
1177:. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Museum of the North.
598:(ANILCA) was finally passed, establishing the unit as a
1394:
Shirar, S.; Barton, L.; Rasic, J.; Jordan, J. (2012).
1188:
Shirar, S.; Barton, L.; Rasic, J.; Jordan, J. (2012).
3354:
Protected areas of Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska
1275:"Hunting - Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve"
1173:
Shirar, S.; Rasic, J.; Barton, L.; Reid, D. (2011).
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1813:
1795:
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1679:
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at the National Park Service Alaska Regional Office
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3359:National Park Service National Monuments in Alaska
508:in greater detail. National Park Service director
3307:President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home
1301:"Superintendent Named for Katmai National Park"
875:. Land Resource Division, National Park Service
850:List of national monuments of the United States
596:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
573:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
378:that make both aviation and boating hazardous.
275:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
1466:NPS geology fieldnotes on the Aniakchak region
261:and proceed overland to the Aniakchak Crater.
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607:species hunted include moose and brown bear.
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1454:Aniakchak National Monument & Preserve
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1079:
1002:"Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve"
996:
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926:
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922:
920:
590:, by Carter using his authority under the
540:initialed a study of Alaskan lands titled
20:
1158:Richard VanderHoek; Rachel Myron (2004).
800:Aniakchak Bay Historic Landscape District
649:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
641:Aniakchak Bay Historic Landscape District
311:Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge
1460:Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve
1305:Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve
1134:Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve
1108:Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve
1032:Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve
971:Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve
945:Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve
897:
895:
870:"Listing of acreage â December 31, 2011"
705:Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve
228:Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve
170:Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve
24:Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve
2522:National monuments of the United States
2369:National Preserves of the United States
1004:. National Park Service. Archived from
861:
813:
199:
2326:Alaska Department of Natural Resources
1373:"National Register Of Historic Places"
1327:"National Register Information System"
1256:
1245:
632:
562:National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
305:, and other National Park Service and
238:, consisting of the region around the
903:"NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report"
887:National Park Service Acreage Reports
208:
187:
178:
7:
3206:Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains
3056:Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains
1421:Ringsmuth, Katherine Johnson (2007)
1332:National Register of Historic Places
808:National Register of Historic Places
75:
3369:Protected areas established in 1978
3277:Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad
550:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
471:priest and professor of geology at
1968:Petersburg CreekâDuncan Salt Chuck
81:Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska
14:
2693:Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley
1973:Pleasant/Lemesurier/Inian Islands
303:Katmai National Park and Preserve
1438:
831:
816:
687:
680:
666:Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
586:Aniakchak National Monument was
128:601,294 acres (2,433.35 km)
62:
55:
39:
33:V (protected landscape/seascape)
3292:Northeast Canyons and Seamounts
1053:Harris, Ben (October 6, 2002).
131:
3006:Camp Hale â Continental Divide
2643:Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers
1064:(Newspaper). Anchorage, Alaska
779:
766:
588:proclaimed on December 1, 1978
307:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
182:U.S. National Natural Landmark
1:
3379:1978 establishments in Alaska
3297:Pacific Remote Islands Marine
3262:Aleutian Islands World War II
2568:Belmont-Paul Women's Equality
1622:Aleutian Islands World War II
826:within the Aniakchak Caldera.
3364:National preserves in Alaska
3176:Organ MountainsâDesert Peaks
2818:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home
2748:George Washington Birthplace
630:United States historic place
548:in August 1970. In 1971 the
3216:Upper Missouri River Breaks
445:Alaska Packers' Association
3410:
3287:Military Working Dog Teams
3041:Saint Francis Dam Disaster
2898:Springfield 1908 Race Riot
2813:Little Bighorn Battlefield
2206:National Conservation Area
1456:National Park Service site
136:December 1, 1978
3325:
3151:Grand StaircaseâEscalante
2943:Virgin Islands Coral Reef
2803:Katahdin Woods and Waters
2375:
2320:
1681:National Wildlife Refuges
1576:National Historical Parks
765:NRHP reference
760:2,100 acres (850 ha)
675:
671:
664:
655:
646:
639:
635:
546:national natural landmark
401:. Marine mammals include
255:U.S. National Park System
221:
217:
196:
50:
38:
28:
3302:PapahÄnaumokuÄkea Marine
2933:Tule Springs Fossil Beds
2823:Mill Springs Battlefield
2753:George Washington Carver
1412:Norris, Frank B. (1996)
1277:. National Park Service.
804:Aniakchak Bay House Pits
569:national recreation area
519:Katmai National Monument
299:Lake Clark National Park
3166:Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks
3116:Canyons of the Ancients
3101:Berryessa Snow Mountain
2996:Berryessa Snow Mountain
2888:Salinas Pueblo Missions
2573:Birmingham Civil Rights
2548:Alibates Flint Quarries
1427:, National Park Service
1418:, National Park Service
1375:. National Park Service
1353:. National Park Service
1307:. National Park Service
1136:. National Park Service
1110:. National Park Service
1034:. National Park Service
973:. National Park Service
947:. National Park Service
905:. National Park Service
602:surrounded by a larger
512:and his then-assistant
3282:Marianas Trench Marine
3146:Grand CanyonâParashant
2768:Grand CanyonâParashant
2698:Florissant Fossil Beds
2618:Castillo de San Marcos
2068:Wild and Scenic Rivers
2033:Tracy Arm-Fords Terror
1255:Cite journal requires
1028:"Nature & Science"
741:56.75833°N 157.52194°W
658:U.S. Historic district
583:was compelled to act.
473:Santa Clara University
454:U.S. Geological Survey
232:U.S. National Monument
203:U.S. National Monument
151:100 (in 2018)
3374:ANILCA establishments
3186:Prehistoric Trackways
3046:San Gabriel Mountains
2913:Sunset Crater Volcano
2538:African Burial Ground
2530:National Park Service
2053:West Chichagof-Yakobi
2013:South Prince of Wales
1337:National Park Service
538:George B. Hartzog Jr.
502:Saturday Evening Post
484:Saturday Evening Post
160:National Park Service
3191:RĂo Grande del Norte
3021:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2798:John Day Fossil Beds
2778:Hagerman Fossil Beds
2758:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2578:Booker T. Washington
2480:YukonâCharley Rivers
2058:WrangellâSaint Elias
1797:Forest Service units
1671:YukonâCharley Rivers
1062:Anchorage Daily News
967:"Nearby Attractions"
802:, also known as the
746:56.75833; -157.52194
542:Operation Great Land
3131:Craters of the Moon
2658:Craters of the Moon
2435:Little River Canyon
2410:Gates of the Arctic
2400:Craters of the Moon
1878:Gates of the Arctic
1536:Gates of the Arctic
1008:on November 4, 2012
737: /
626:Historic structures
567:The proposal for a
478:National Geographic
295:King Salmon, Alaska
156:Governing body
105: /
3329:Full Detailed List
3111:California Coastal
2475:WrangellâSt. Elias
2385:Bering Land Bridge
2146:North Fork Koyukuk
1805:Mendenhall Glacier
1661:Bering Land Bridge
1653:National Preserves
1604:National Monuments
1584:Klondike Gold Rush
1566:WrangellâSt. Elias
1217:10.1017/rdc.2018.2
510:Horace M. Albright
498:Barrett Willoughby
465:Bernard R. Hubbard
109:56.833°N 158.250°W
3336:
3335:
3312:Rose Atoll Marine
2973:US Forest Service
2903:Statue of Liberty
2853:Organ Pipe Cactus
2613:Casa Grande Ruins
2543:Agate Fossil Beds
2488:
2487:
2460:Tallgrass Prairie
2335:
2334:
2316:
2315:
2222:
2221:
1858:Coronation Island
796:
795:
792:February 14, 1997
604:national preserve
600:national monument
577:national preserve
532:National monument
318:national monument
287:Anchorage, Alaska
249:of south-western
236:National Preserve
225:
224:
3401:
3221:Vermilion Cliffs
3196:San Juan Islands
3126:CascadeâSiskiyou
3031:Mount St. Helens
2981:Admiralty Island
2828:Montezuma Castle
2763:Governors Island
2628:Castle Mountains
2603:Cape Krusenstern
2598:Canyon de Chelly
2583:Buck Island Reef
2515:
2508:
2501:
2492:
2420:Great Sand Dunes
2362:
2355:
2348:
2339:
2233:
1943:Maurille Islands
1873:Forrester Island
1823:Aleutian Islands
1815:Wilderness Areas
1774:National Forests
1694:Alaska Peninsula
1633:Cape Krusenstern
1612:Admiralty Island
1519:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1448:
1443:
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1441:
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1126:
1120:
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1059:
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1024:
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928:
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912:
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866:
835:
820:
781:
768:
752:
751:
749:
748:
747:
742:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
691:
690:
684:
633:
514:Arno B. Cammerer
506:Mount Veniaminof
291:Alaska Peninsula
213:December 1, 1978
143:
141:
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
114:56.833; -158.250
110:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
66:
65:
59:
43:
21:
16:Region of Alaska
3409:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3349:IUCN Category V
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3321:
3239:
3225:
3156:Ironwood Forest
3091:Basin and Range
3068:Land Management
3067:
3060:
2967:
2918:Timpanogos Cave
2838:Natural Bridges
2663:Devils Postpile
2638:CĂŠsar E. ChĂĄvez
2608:Capulin Volcano
2524:
2519:
2489:
2484:
2445:New River Gorge
2371:
2366:
2336:
2331:
2312:
2284:
2218:
2200:
2062:
2018:Stikine-LeConte
1809:
1791:
1768:
1689:Alaska Maritime
1675:
1647:
1598:
1570:
1508:
1502:Protected areas
1499:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1378:
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1339:. July 9, 2010.
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743:
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726:
724:
723:
714:Chignik, Alaska
697:
696:
695:
694:
693:
692:
667:
660:
651:
642:
631:
628:
592:Antiquities Act
534:
419:
375:
351:
331:Aniakchak River
322:Mount Aniakchak
283:
271:Antiquities Act
205:
184:
139:
137:
113:
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3218:
3213:
3211:Sonoran Desert
3208:
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3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3181:Pompeys Pillar
3178:
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3168:
3163:
3158:
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3128:
3123:
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2878:Rainbow Bridge
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2743:Freedom Riders
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2705:
2703:Fort Frederica
2700:
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2623:Castle Clinton
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2470:Valles Caldera
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2245:Afognak Island
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2123:
2118:
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2055:
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2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
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1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
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1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Mollie Beattie
1950:
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1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
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1870:
1868:Endicott River
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1635:
1630:
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1619:
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1606:
1600:
1599:
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1596:
1591:
1588:Chilkoot Trail
1580:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
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1523:National Parks
1516:
1510:
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1497:
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1433:
1432:External links
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1428:
1419:
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1405:
1402:
1401:
1386:
1364:
1342:
1318:
1292:
1290:Norris, Ch. 15
1280:
1266:
1257:|journal=
1230:
1211:(2): 367â382.
1195:
1180:
1165:
1147:
1121:
1095:
1093:Norris, Ch. 13
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984:
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930:Norris, Ch. 14
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494:New York Times
428:Alutiiq people
418:
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355:Aleutian Range
350:
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297:, shared with
282:
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247:Aleutian Range
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3275:
3273:
3272:Hanford Reach
3270:
3268:
3267:Castner Range
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
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3172:
3171:Mojave Trails
3169:
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3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
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3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Carrizo Plain
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Browns Canyon
3104:
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3019:
3017:
3016:Giant Sequoia
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Browns Canyon
2999:
2997:
2994:
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2953:Walnut Canyon
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2873:Poverty Point
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2776:
2774:
2773:Grand Portage
2771:
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2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Fort Matanzas
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
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2691:
2689:
2686:
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2679:
2678:Effigy Mounds
2676:
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2290:State Forests
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2275:Shuyak Island
2273:
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2270:Point Bridget
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2111:Chilikadrotna
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2049:
2048:Warren Island
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2003:South Baranof
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1983:Saint Lazaria
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1978:Russell Fiord
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1446:Alaska portal
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789:Added to NRHP
787:
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430:of Peninsula
429:
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416:
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412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:Alaskan moose
384:
379:
372:
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348:
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342:
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332:
327:
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90:
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82:
79:
58:
49:
42:
37:
32:
31:IUCN category
27:
22:
19:
3327:
3201:Sand to Snow
3051:Sand to Snow
3026:Misty Fjords
3011:Chimney Rock
2948:Waco Mammoth
2893:Scotts Bluff
2883:Russell Cave
2848:Oregon Caves
2783:Hohokam Pima
2738:Fossil Butte
2728:Fort Stanwix
2723:Fort Pulaski
2713:Fort McHenry
2668:Devils Tower
2633:Cedar Breaks
2552:
2455:Oregon Caves
2379:
2324:
2280:Wood-Tikchik
2265:Kachemak Bay
2096:Beaver Creek
2023:Tebenkof Bay
2008:South Etolin
1948:Misty Fjords
1918:Kobuk Valley
1888:Hazy Islands
1638:Misty Fjords
1627:
1556:Kobuk Valley
1551:Kenai Fjords
1423:
1414:
1407:Bibliography
1395:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1345:
1330:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1269:
1248:cite journal
1233:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1168:
1159:
1140:February 27,
1138:. Retrieved
1133:
1124:
1114:February 27,
1112:. Retrieved
1107:
1098:
1066:. Retrieved
1061:
1048:
1038:February 27,
1036:. Retrieved
1031:
1022:
1012:February 27,
1010:. Retrieved
1006:the original
977:February 27,
975:. Retrieved
970:
961:
949:. Retrieved
944:
941:"Directions"
935:
907:. Retrieved
879:December 26,
877:. Retrieved
864:
823:
803:
799:
797:
710:Nearest city
620:
613:Exxon Valdez
612:
610:In 1989 the
609:
585:
581:Jimmy Carter
566:
541:
535:
523:
501:
493:
482:
476:
462:
458:cinder cones
450:
441:
437:
420:
403:harbor seals
380:
376:
367:
360:
352:
343:
339:
315:
284:
267:Jimmy Carter
263:
227:
226:
18:
3081:Avi Kwa Ame
2963:Yucca House
2863:Pipe Spring
2718:Fort Monroe
2593:Camp Nelson
2558:Aztec Ruins
2415:Glacier Bay
2395:Big Thicket
2390:Big Cypress
2237:State Parks
2101:Birch Creek
1923:Kootznoowoo
1903:Karta River
1883:Glacier Bay
1853:Chuck River
1764:Yukon Flats
1759:Yukon Delta
1541:Glacier Bay
1205:Radiocarbon
951:January 16,
744: /
732:157°31â˛19âłW
720:Coordinates
558:Bristol Bay
554:Port Heiden
526:razor clams
391:brown bears
335:Bristol Bay
281:Description
259:Port Heiden
140:1978-Dec-01
112: /
88:Coordinates
3343:Categories
3141:Gold Butte
3096:Bears Ears
2991:Bears Ears
2858:Petroglyph
2833:Muir Woods
2793:Jewel Cave
2733:Fort Union
2683:El Malpais
2648:Chiricahua
2430:Lake Clark
2191:Unalakleet
2086:Andreafsky
1938:Lake Clark
1838:Bering Sea
1828:Andreafsky
1561:Lake Clark
856:References
778:AHRS
729:56°45â˛30âłN
411:sea otters
399:wolverines
397:packs and
269:under the
210:Designated
189:Designated
3317:Tule Lake
3076:Agua Fria
3066:Bureau of
2928:Tule Lake
2908:Stonewall
2868:Pipestone
2808:Lava Beds
2788:Hovenweep
2563:Bandelier
2553:Aniakchak
2380:Aniakchak
2303:Southeast
2186:Tlikakila
2151:Mulchatna
2121:Fortymile
2091:Aniakchak
1628:Aniakchak
1379:March 18,
1225:0033-8222
1104:"Animals"
615:oil spill
489:fumaroles
407:sea lions
289:, on the
240:Aniakchak
3161:Jurassic
3136:Fort Ord
3036:Newberry
2938:Tuzigoot
2688:El Morro
2673:Dinosaur
2653:Colorado
2588:Cabrillo
2465:Timucuan
2181:Tinayguk
2176:Sheenjek
1998:Simeonof
1848:Chamisso
1843:Bogoslof
1833:Becharof
1704:Becharof
1311:March 3,
1130:"Plants"
909:April 2,
844:See also
772:97000016
702:Location
481:and the
148:Visitors
100:158°15â˛W
77:Location
3230:Other (
2958:Wupatki
2255:Chugach
2250:Chilkat
2171:Selawik
2161:Nowitna
2131:Ivishak
2126:Gulkana
2106:Charley
2076:Alagnak
2038:Tuxedni
1988:Selawik
1963:Nunivak
1928:Koyukuk
1898:Izembek
1787:Tongass
1782:Chugach
1744:Selawik
1739:Nowitna
1734:Koyukuk
1714:Izembek
1514:Federal
1357:May 26,
1068:May 11,
784:SUT-016
500:in the
463:Father
417:History
383:caribou
373:Ecology
349:Geology
326:caldera
245:on the
243:volcano
166:Website
138: (
133:Created
97:56°50â˛N
2843:Navajo
2450:Noatak
2440:Mojave
2425:Katmai
2405:Denali
2298:Haines
2260:Denali
2214:Steese
2166:Salmon
2156:Noatak
2081:Alatna
2043:Unimak
2028:Togiak
1993:Semidi
1958:Noatak
1908:Katmai
1893:Innoko
1863:Denali
1754:Togiak
1749:Tetlin
1729:Kodiak
1719:Kanuti
1709:Innoko
1699:Arctic
1666:Noatak
1546:Katmai
1531:Denali
1506:Alaska
1223:
873:(XLSX)
469:Jesuit
467:was a
432:Yup'ik
363:tundra
333:, the
251:Alaska
2923:Tonto
2228:State
2141:Kobuk
2116:Delta
1913:Kenai
1724:Kenai
1624:(FWS)
1594:Sitka
1058:(PDF)
424:Aleut
230:is a
83:, USA
3253:Army
3249:USAF
3245:NOAA
3241:AFRH
2196:Wind
2136:John
1933:Kuiu
1642:USFS
1616:USFS
1381:2012
1359:2017
1313:2013
1261:help
1221:ISSN
1142:2013
1116:2013
1070:2020
1040:2013
1014:2013
979:2013
953:2018
911:2019
881:2012
798:The
757:Area
492:the
409:and
395:wolf
316:The
234:and
192:1970
125:Area
3236:DOE
3232:FWS
1504:of
1213:doi
780:No.
767:No.
556:on
3345::
3251:,
3247:,
3243:,
3234:,
1335:.
1329:.
1303:.
1283:^
1252::
1250:}}
1246:{{
1219:.
1209:60
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1259:(
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1227:.
1215::
1144:.
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1072:.
1042:.
1016:.
981:.
955:.
913:.
889:)
885:(
883:.
142:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
