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Drawing on evidence from over two centuries, she demonstrated that business failures do not have major consequences for the economy if their effects are prevented from spreading through the financial system. Individual institutions should also be allowed to fail, not supported with taxpayers' money.
358:. In 1981 her role as the staff director of the U.S. Gold Commission brought her public recognition. Even after a broken hip and stroke in 2009, Schwartz remained an astute and thorough researcher. She was named a distinguished fellow of the American Economic Association (1993) and a fellow of the
545:. In an interview with Barrons in 2008, Schwartz said interventions such as injecting liquidity into markets and reacting to the credit crisis with ad hoc programs were not the answer. She has also done work outside of the United States. Some years ago, the Department of Banking and Finance at
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Gayer had died before the book's first appearance, but two other authors wrote a new introduction, which reviewed literature on the subject that had published since the original publication date. They admitted that there had developed what they called an "amicable divergence of view" about the
549:, London, England, started a research project on the monetary history of the United Kingdom. For many years, she was an adviser to that project. She commented on papers, suggested lines of approach, came and spoke to students and at academic conferences where the work was discussed.
365:
Though she held teaching positions for only a short part of her career, she developed younger scholars by her willingness to work with them and to share her approach (a scrupulous examination of the past) to understand history better and to draw lessons for the present.
492:"Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again."
584:, New York, aged 96. Her husband Isaac predeceased her in 1999; they had been married for over 60 years. She was survived by four children (Jonathan, Joel, Naomi Pasachoff and Paula Berggren) as well as seven grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.
505:. Economists, bankers, and policymakers have long been concerned with the stability of the financial system. In a series of studies in the 1970s and 1980s, Schwartz emphasized that price level stability is essential for
572:'s support for bailouts and persistently-low interest rates. She also addressed a critique of Friedman by Krugman. In addition, she wrote 9 books in her career, and published over 100 academic articles or comments.
392:
interpretation of some of the facts that were set out in the book. In particular, Schwartz indicated that she had, in the light of recent theoretical and empirical research, revised her view of the importance of
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484:" and was republished as a separate book in 1965. Some editions include an appendix in which the authors got an endorsement from an unlikely source at an event in their honor when
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In 1936, she married Isaac
Schwartz, a financial officer and fellow Columbia University graduate, with whom she raised four children. Her first published paper was in the
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She continued commenting on economic affairs until the financial crisis of the first decade of the 21st century, and criticized the government's response to it, such as
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354:. She worked in the New York City office of that organization for the rest of her life. When she joined the National Bureau, it was engaged in the study of
285:
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The growth and fluctuation of the
British economy, 1790-1850 : an historical, statistical, and theoretical study of Britain's economic development
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The book was published in 1963, along with the equally famous article, "Money and
Business Cycles", which as with her first paper was published in the
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Growth and
Fluctuations in the British Economy, 1790–1850: An Historical, Statistical, and Theoretical Study of Britain's Economic Development
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Growth and
Fluctuations in the British Economy, 1790–1850: An Historical, Statistical, and Theoretical Study of Britain's Economic Development
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Years before her first book was reprinted, another economist had joined what might be called the
Schwartz team of co-authors. Prompted by
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1245:"The Impact of Milton Friedman on Modern Monetary Economics: Setting the Record Straight on Paul Krugman's 'Who was Milton Friedman?'"
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for a decade after it was completed. It is still highly regarded among economic scholars of the period. It was reprinted in 1975.
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Monetary Trends in the United States and the United
Kingdom: Their Relation to Income, Prices, and Interest Rates, 1867–1975
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From 2002 to 2003, she served as president of the
International Atlantic Economic Society. She was elected a Fellow of the
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350:(1936) and the Columbia University Social Science Research Council (1936–41); in 1941, she joined the staff of the
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2005:
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describes the book as the "most influential account" of the Great
Depression. She was also president of the
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In 1981, she gained public recognition for her role as staff director of the U.S. Gold
Commission.
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Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz; National Bureau of Economic Research (2008).
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Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz; National Bureau of Economic Research (2008).
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Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz; National Bureau of Economic Research (2008).
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There have been other areas of her work including the international transmission of
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in 1935, at 19. She started her career as a professional economist one year later.
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Schwartz was born Anna Jacobson on November 11, 1915, in New York City to Pauline (
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in 2007. After 2007, she concentrated her efforts on researching U.S. official
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FederalReserve.gov: Conference to Honor Milton Friedman, University of Chicago
772:
Money, History, and International Finance: Essays in Honor of Anna J. Schwartz
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330:(1940), in which she, along with Arthur Gayer and Isaiah Finkelstein, wrote
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Monetary Statistics of the United States: Estimates, Sources, Methods
305:
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768:(1989). "Collaboration in Economics". In Bordo, Michael D. (ed.).
335:
272:, which was published in 1963. This book placed the blame for the
384:. It appeared in two volumes in 1953, having been delayed by the
776:. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp.
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1827:
1465:
1302:"Anna Schwartz, Economist Who Worked With Friedman, Dies at 96"
216:
952:
Gayer, Arthur D.; Schwartz, Anna J.; Rostow, W. W. (1975).
3974:
Distinguished fellows of the American Economic Association
1012:"NBER Working Papers and Publications by Anna J. Schwartz"
210:
1411:
The Great Depression and the Friedman-Schwartz Hypothesis
1398:
Schwartz's CV at the National Bureau of Economic Research
317:
at 18 and gained her master's degree in economics from
255:
has said that Schwartz is "one of the world's greatest
1225:
Op-ed in opposition to January 2010 reappointment of
890:
National Women's Hall of Fame, Anna Jacobson Schwartz
533:, measuring the output of banks, and the behavior of
237:; November 11, 1915 – June 21, 2012) was an American
231:
222:
213:
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3944:
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
219:
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2014:
1988:
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446:, and it laid a large portion of the blame for the
171:
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94:
75:
49:
30:
1184:"Anna Schwartz: Bernanke Is Fighting the Last War"
830:Shiller, Robert J. (2017). "Narrative Economics".
769:
688:(with Arthur Gayer and Walt Whitman Rostow), 1953
435:A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960
269:A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960
660:Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960
420:who would subsequently be Chairman of the U.S.
428:teamed up to examine the role of money in the
371:Growth and Fluctuations in the British Economy
309:Shainmark) and Hillel Jacobson. She graduated
1839:
1477:
1353:A biographical dictionary of women economists
1107:"Anna Jacobson Schwartz | American economist"
928:"Anna Jacobson Schwartz | American economist"
8:
871:. Western Economic Association International
1280:"Registered Author: Anna Jacobson Schwartz"
1085:. Princeton University Press. p. 247.
1044:. Princeton University Press. p. 247.
809:. Princeton University Press. p. 247.
629:City University of New York Graduate Center
563:intervention in the foreign exchange market
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2054:
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1470:
1462:
1243:Nelson, Edward; Schwartz, Anna J. (2008).
580:She died on June 21, 2012, in her home in
286:Western Economic Association International
262:Schwartz collaborated with Nobel laureate
38:
27:
1300:Hershey, Jr., Robert D. (June 21, 2012).
1208:Anna Jacobson Schwartz (July 25, 2009).
463:Monetary Statistics of the United States
1405:A Monetary History of the United States
1163:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1158:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter S"
722:
376:In collaboration with Arthur Gayer and
956:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books.
565:using Federal Reserve data from 1962.
19:For the Australian gallery owner, see
1347:Dimand, Robert W.; Dimand, Mary Ann;
1079:"B. Bernanke's speech to M. Friedman"
1038:"B. Bernanke's speech to M. Friedman"
899:
897:
803:"B. Bernanke's speech to M. Friedman"
559:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
438:, which hypothesized that changes in
360:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7:
3979:National Bureau of Economic Research
1182:Brian M. Carney (October 18, 2008).
352:National Bureau of Economic Research
342:National Bureau of Economic Research
243:National Bureau of Economic Research
130:National Bureau of Economic Research
21:Morry Schwartz § Personal life
459:Review of Economics and Statistics
327:Review of Economics and Statistics
245:in New York City and a writer for
14:
2006:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
1421:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
1064:Ben Bernanke (November 8, 2002),
3929:Economists from New York (state)
1355:. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
1132:"List of Presidents of the IAES"
1083:The Great Contraction, 1929–1933
1042:The Great Contraction, 1929–1933
807:The Great Contraction, 1929–1933
206:
3076:Harriet Williams Russell Strong
1453:Works by or about Anna Schwartz
1393:Major works of Anna J. Schwartz
730:Paul Krugman (March 29, 2007).
699:Money in Historical Perspective
647:City University Business School
332:British Share Prices, 1811–1850
291:Schwartz was inducted into the
89:, New York City, New York, U.S.
2755:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
587:Her son-in-law was astronomer
442:have had large effects on the
432:. Their first publication was
380:, she produced the monumental
348:U.S. Department of Agriculture
346:After briefly working for the
16:American economist (1915–2012)
1:
1856:National Women's Hall of Fame
1266:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2008.01.001
1253:Journal of Monetary Economics
675:(with Milton Friedman), 1970
662:(with Milton Friedman), 1963
293:National Women's Hall of Fame
3102:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
1147:. Accessed January 31, 2010.
737:The New York Review of Books
529:, the role of government in
461:. They also wrote the books
4004:New York University faculty
3999:21st-century American women
3994:20th-century American women
3285:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
2689:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
1493:Chicago school of economics
705:and Milton Friedman), 1987
501:She changed her opinion on
142:Chicago school of economics
4020:
3989:21st-century American Jews
3954:American economics writers
3924:20th-century American Jews
2841:Katharine Dexter McCormick
2139:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
1416:"What Is the Money Supply"
732:"Who Was Milton Friedman?"
396:and her interpretation of
18:
3959:Chicago School economists
3934:American women economists
3731:
3720:
3403:
3392:
2908:
2897:
2699:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
2233:
2222:
2064:
2053:
1873:
1862:
701:(with an introduction by
641:Loyola University Chicago
195:
184:
106:
37:
3984:Brooklyn College faculty
2930:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
2740:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
2513:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
908:. Jewish Women's Archive
906:"Anna Jacobson Schwartz"
832:American Economic Review
299:Early life and education
3420:Dorothy Harrison Eustis
3310:Catherine Filene Shouse
3163:Patricia Roberts Harris
2801:Mary Steichen Calderone
2669:Lillian Moller Gilbreth
2538:Frances Wisebart Jacobs
2342:Martha Wright Griffiths
1418:, by Anna J. Schwartz.
1386:April 30, 2009, at the
1188:The Wall Street Journal
1111:Encyclopedia Britannica
932:Encyclopedia Britannica
338:from Columbia in 1964.
190:IDEAS / RePEc
3964:Writers from Manhattan
3949:Barnard College alumni
3366:Rebecca Talbot Perkins
2861:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
2725:Frances Xavier Cabrini
2639:Elizabeth Hanford Dole
2417:Ellen Swallow Richards
2387:Constance Baker Motley
2037:Elizabeth Bayley Seton
1970:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
609:, Massachusetts (1989)
494:
452:Federal Reserve System
422:Federal Reserve System
404:Research with Friedman
278:Federal Reserve System
202:Anna Jacobson Schwartz
100:(1936–1999; his death)
3880:Anna Wessels Williams
3567:Carlotta Walls LaNier
3300:Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
3158:Martha Matilda Harper
3122:Mary Engle Pennington
2960:Frances Oldham Kelsey
2745:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
2498:Jane Cunningham Croly
2427:Katherine Siva Saubel
2322:Marian Wright Edelman
2245:Margaret Bourke-White
2170:Harriet Beecher Stowe
1231:Federal Reserve Board
844:10.1257/aer.107.4.967
754:. Policonomics. 2012.
601:University of Florida
490:
488:made this statement:
482:The Great Contraction
3577:Mary Harriman Rumsey
3415:St. Katharine Drexel
3259:Mary Burnett Talbert
3254:Blanche Stuart Scott
3239:Mother Marianne Cope
3219:Ruth Fulton Benedict
3178:Mildred Robbins Leet
2876:Angelina Grimké Weld
2750:Maria Goeppert Mayer
2720:Charlotte Anne Bunch
2297:Antoinette Blackwell
2276:Gertrude Belle Elion
2206:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
1975:Helen Brooke Taussig
1965:Margaret Chase Smith
1793:Julian Lincoln Simon
1771:Business and finance
1762:Frank H. Easterbrook
1681:Public choice school
1618:New social economics
1590:New economic history
1512:Henry Calvert Simons
1377:Monetarism Defiant,
1333:, September 5, 2013.
1210:"Man Without a Plan"
503:financial regulation
497:Financial regulation
476:-related chapter of
3794:Rebecca S. Halstead
3768:Mary Church Terrell
3455:Barbara A. Mikulski
3183:Patsy Takemoto Mink
3168:Stephanie L. Kwolek
3107:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
3081:Emily Howell Warner
3026:Dorothy H. Andersen
3000:Annie Dodge Wauneka
2995:Mary Edwards Walker
2920:Faye Glenn Abdellah
2851:Edith Nourse Rogers
2831:Shirley Ann Jackson
2806:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
2684:Sandra Day O'Connor
2664:Matilda Joslyn Gage
2260:Florence B. Seibert
2097:Carrie Chapman Catt
2027:Juliette Gordon Low
1910:Elizabeth Blackwell
1905:Mary McLeod Bethune
1709:William A. Niskanen
517:Other areas of work
450:at the door of the
414:Columbia University
378:Walt Whitman Rostow
319:Columbia University
276:at the door of the
156:Columbia University
3753:Barbara Rose Johns
3704:Flossie Wong-Staal
3679:Nicole Malachowski
3608:Lorraine Hansberry
3552:Marcia Greenberger
3506:Mary Joseph Rogers
3445:Coretta Scott King
3430:Abby Kelley Foster
3346:Susan Kelly-Dreiss
3234:Rita Rossi Colwell
3010:Frances E. Willard
2846:Rozanne L. Ridgway
2796:Lydia Moss Bradley
2781:Madeleine Albright
2674:Nannerl O. Keohane
2644:Anne Dallas Dudley
2573:Betty Bone Schiess
2543:Susette La Flesche
2528:Zora Neale Hurston
2523:Helen LaKelly Hunt
2447:Madam C. J. Walker
2362:Mary Putnam Jacobi
2312:Jacqueline Cochran
2292:Ethel Percy Andrus
2160:Barbara McClintock
1608:Robert M. Townsend
1306:The New York Times
1214:The New York Times
619:Rutgers University
543:monetary standards
478:A Monetary History
248:The New York Times
241:who worked at the
120:Monetary economics
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3855:Kimberlé Crenshaw
3850:Elouise P. Cobell
3814:Katherine Johnson
3784:Octavia E. Butler
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3623:Clare Boothe Luce
3435:Helen Murray Free
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3249:Patricia A. Locke
3214:Florence E. Allen
3198:Sheila E. Widnall
3143:Linda G. Alvarado
3127:Mercy Otis Warren
3086:Victoria Woodhull
3071:Barbara Holdridge
3066:Beatrice A. Hicks
3041:Lydia Maria Child
2955:Leontine T. Kelly
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2715:Louisa May Alcott
2629:Mary Breckinridge
2508:Geraldine Ferraro
2493:Annie Jump Cannon
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
1955:Eleanor Roosevelt
1854:Inductees to the
1821:
1820:
1813:Lars Peter Hansen
1724:Law and economics
1689:James M. Buchanan
1349:Forget, Evelyn L.
1325:Claire McDonald,
1092:978-0-691-13794-0
1051:978-0-691-13794-0
992:. August 29, 2012
866:"Past Presidents"
816:978-0-691-13794-0
752:"Milton Friedman"
607:Stonehill College
334:. She earned her
282:Robert J. Shiller
199:
198:
175:Analysis of money
64:November 11, 1915
4011:
3733:
3722:
3689:Louise Slaughter
3613:Victoria Jackson
3572:Philippa Marrack
3557:Barbara Iglewski
3465:Kathrine Switzer
3460:Donna E. Shalala
3405:
3394:
3351:Allie B. Latimer
3331:Louise Bourgeois
3305:Judith L. Pipher
3112:Katharine Graham
3056:Marian de Forest
2975:Anna Howard Shaw
2925:Emma Smith DeVoe
2910:
2899:
2811:Joan Ganz Cooney
2735:Oveta Culp Hobby
2730:Mary A. Hallaren
2593:Sarah Winnemucca
2462:Gloria Yerkovich
2457:Rosalyn S. Yalow
2412:Jeannette Rankin
2392:Georgia O'Keeffe
2347:Fannie Lou Hamer
2307:Shirley Chisholm
2255:Billie Jean King
2235:
2224:
2186:Gwendolyn Brooks
2066:
2055:
1895:Susan B. Anthony
1875:
1864:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1825:
1699:Randall Holcombe
1661:Sudhir Venkatesh
1570:Allan H. Meltzer
1565:Harry G. Johnson
1560:Phillip D. Cagan
1522:Theodore Schultz
1486:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1457:Internet Archive
1449:
1366:
1334:
1331:The Key Reporter
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:on June 21, 2009
1134:. Archived from
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
982:
976:
975:
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
904:Lipsey, Robert.
901:
892:
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
870:
862:
856:
855:
827:
821:
820:
798:
792:
791:
775:
766:Friedman, Milton
762:
756:
755:
748:
742:
741:
727:
703:Michael D. Bordo
635:Williams College
625:Emory University
595:Honorary degrees
507:financial system
448:Great Depression
386:Second World War
274:Great Depression
234:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
82:
70:, New York, U.S.
63:
61:
44:Schwartz in 2007
42:
28:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3889:
3885:Serena Williams
3828:
3772:
3758:Henrietta Lacks
3748:Barbara Hillary
3743:Aretha Franklin
3727:
3708:
3694:Sonia Sotomayor
3647:
3586:
3537:Tenley Albright
3525:
3511:Bernice Sandler
3469:
3450:Lilly Ledbetter
3425:Loretta C. Ford
3399:
3380:
3319:
3315:Henrietta Szold
3275:Eleanor K. Baum
3263:
3229:Hillary Clinton
3202:
3153:Gertrude Ederle
3148:Donna de Varona
3131:
3090:
3036:Rosalynn Carter
3014:
2990:Wilma L. Vaught
2945:Crystal Eastman
2940:Sylvia A. Earle
2904:
2885:
2881:Chien-Shiung Wu
2856:Felice Schwartz
2826:Julia Ward Howe
2769:
2760:Maria Tallchief
2703:
2659:Margaret Fuller
2654:Ella Fitzgerald
2649:Mary Baker Eddy
2602:
2558:Antonia Novello
2533:Anne Hutchinson
2466:
2407:Esther Peterson
2382:Wilma Mankiller
2302:Emily Blackwell
2280:
2264:
2229:
2210:
2174:
2148:
2127:
2106:
2102:Frances Perkins
2085:
2081:Sojourner Truth
2076:Margaret Sanger
2060:
2041:
2010:
1984:
1930:Emily Dickinson
1890:Marian Anderson
1869:
1858:
1852:
1822:
1817:
1808:Campbell Harvey
1778:Harry Markowitz
1766:
1752:Richard Epstein
1718:
1675:
1651:Kevin M. Murphy
1612:
1584:
1545:Milton Friedman
1531:
1495:
1490:
1442:"Anna Schwartz"
1440:
1388:Wayback Machine
1373:
1363:
1362:978-1-852789640
1346:
1343:
1341:Further reading
1338:
1337:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
990:Telegraph.co.uk
986:"Anna Schwartz"
984:
983:
979:
964:
951:
950:
946:
936:
934:
926:
925:
921:
911:
909:
903:
902:
895:
888:
884:
874:
872:
868:
864:
863:
859:
838:(4): 967–1004.
829:
828:
824:
817:
800:
799:
795:
788:
764:
763:
759:
750:
749:
745:
729:
728:
724:
719:
656:
649:, London (2006)
597:
578:
555:
547:City University
531:monetary policy
527:business cycles
519:
499:
440:monetary policy
426:Milton Friedman
418:National Bureau
410:Arthur F. Burns
406:
394:monetary policy
374:
356:business cycles
344:
315:Barnard College
301:
264:Milton Friedman
232:
209:
205:
176:
166:Milton Friedman
154:
152:Barnard College
148:Alma mater
137:
111:Academic career
101:
99:
90:
84:
80:
71:
65:
59:
57:
56:
55:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4017:
4015:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3865:Judith Plaskow
3862:
3860:Peggy McIntosh
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3824:Michelle Obama
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3699:Laurie Spiegel
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3618:Sherry Lansing
3615:
3610:
3605:
3603:Temple Grandin
3600:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:Jean Kilbourne
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3486:Ina May Gaskin
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Billie Holiday
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3173:Dorothea Lange
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Bessie Coleman
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2634:Eileen Collins
2631:
2626:
2624:Amelia Bloomer
2621:
2616:
2614:Virginia Apgar
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2583:Nettie Stevens
2580:
2578:Muriel Siebert
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Linda Richards
2560:
2555:
2553:Maria Mitchell
2550:
2548:Louise McManus
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:Catherine East
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:Faye Wattleton
2449:
2444:
2439:
2437:Helen Stephens
2434:
2432:Gloria Steinem
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:Dolores Huerta
2354:
2352:Dorothy Height
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2250:Barbara Jordan
2247:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2118:Belva Lockwood
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1980:Harriet Tubman
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1960:Florence Sabin
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:Alice Hamilton
1937:
1935:Amelia Earhart
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Kenneth French
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Richard Posner
1744:
1742:William Landes
1739:
1737:Aaron Director
1734:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1694:Gordon Tullock
1691:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:Douglass North
1594:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1527:George Stigler
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1438:
1429:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1372:
1371:External links
1369:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1318:
1292:
1271:
1260:(4): 835–856.
1235:
1200:
1174:
1149:
1123:
1098:
1091:
1069:
1057:
1050:
1028:
1003:
977:
963:978-0064923446
962:
944:
919:
893:
882:
857:
822:
815:
793:
786:
757:
743:
721:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
696:
683:
670:
655:
652:
651:
650:
644:
638:
632:
622:
616:
610:
604:
596:
593:
577:
574:
554:
551:
535:interest rates
518:
515:
498:
495:
430:business cycle
405:
402:
373:
368:
343:
340:
311:Phi Beta Kappa
300:
297:
197:
196:
193:
192:
182:
181:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
149:
145:
144:
139:
136:School or
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
98:Isaac Schwartz
96:
92:
91:
85:
83:(aged 96)
77:
73:
72:
66:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4016:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:Patricia Bath
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:Emily Howland
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Toni Morrison
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3719:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Gloria Allred
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:Aimee Mullins
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3598:Matilda Cuomo
3596:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3582:Eleanor Smeal
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Martha Graham
3545:
3543:
3542:Nancy Brinker
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Anna Schwartz
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3391:
3377:
3376:Kate Stoneman
3374:
3372:
3371:Susan Solomon
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Winona LaDuke
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
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2001:Margaret Mead
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589:Jay Pasachoff
585:
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172:Contributions
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97:
93:
88:
79:June 21, 2012
78:
74:
69:
68:New York City
54:Anna Jacobson
52:
48:
41:
36:
32:Anna Schwartz
29:
26:
22:
3870:Loretta Ross
3845:Ruby Bridges
3789:Judy Chicago
3684:Rose O'Neill
3664:Angela Davis
3643:Alice Waters
3638:Janet Rowley
3633:Carol Mutter
3521:Emma Willard
3515:
3501:Nancy Pelosi
3496:Kate Millett
3361:Ruth Patrick
3356:Emma Lazarus
3341:Karen DeCrow
3336:Mildred Cohn
3031:Lucille Ball
3005:Eudora Welty
2980:Sophia Smith
2965:Kate Mullany
2821:Sarah Grimké
2786:Maya Angelou
2619:Ann Bancroft
2598:Fanny Wright
2518:Grace Hopper
2442:Lillian Wald
2397:Annie Oakley
2377:Mary Mahoney
2201:Mary Risteau
2191:Willa Cather
2144:Bessie Smith
2022:Dorothea Dix
1950:Helen Keller
1925:Mary Cassatt
1900:Clara Barton
1732:Ronald Coase
1714:Bryan Caplan
1671:Roland Fryer
1656:John A. List
1626:Jacob Mincer
1603:Robert Fogel
1580:Scott Sumner
1555:Karl Brunner
1549:
1507:Frank Knight
1419:
1404:
1378:
1352:
1330:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1305:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1274:
1257:
1251:
1238:
1227:Ben Bernanke
1217:. Retrieved
1213:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:the original
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1082:
1072:
1060:
1041:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1016:www.nber.org
1015:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
989:
980:
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931:
922:
910:. Retrieved
885:
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860:
835:
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825:
806:
796:
771:
760:
746:
735:
725:
698:
685:
672:
659:
613:Iona College
586:
579:
570:Ben Bernanke
567:
556:
520:
511:
500:
491:
486:Ben Bernanke
480:was titled "
477:
471:
466:
462:
458:
456:
433:
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390:
381:
375:
370:
364:
345:
331:
325:
323:
304:
302:
290:
268:
261:
253:Paul Krugman
246:
204:(pronounced
201:
200:
177:Analysis of
81:(2012-06-21)
25:
3939:Monetarists
3919:2012 deaths
3914:1915 births
3875:Sandy Stone
3819:Indra Nooyi
3491:Julie Krone
3290:Swanee Hunt
3280:Julia Child
3244:Maya Y. Lin
3117:Bertha Holt
3051:Dorothy Day
2985:Ida Tarbell
2950:Jeanne Holm
2679:Maggie Kuhn
2478:Bella Abzug
2367:Mae Jemison
2337:Ella Grasso
2327:Alice Evans
2317:Ruth Colvin
1945:Helen Hayes
1885:Jane Addams
1798:Eugene Fama
1757:Robert Bork
1631:Gary Becker
1517:Jacob Viner
1432:Appearances
1381:Spring 2009
509:stability.
465:(1970) and
400:movements.
259:scholars."
186:Information
126:Institution
3908:Categories
3674:Jane Fonda
3669:Sarah Deer
3481:Betty Ford
2970:Janet Reno
2816:Gerty Cori
2791:Nellie Bly
2483:Ella Baker
2402:Rosa Parks
2196:Sally Ride
2165:Lucy Stone
2032:Alice Paul
1537:Monetarism
1142:2010-01-31
912:August 28,
717:References
553:Later work
474:Depression
424:, she and
412:, then at
162:Influences
102:4 children
60:1915-11-11
3804:Joy Harjo
3726:2020–2029
3398:2010–2019
3188:Sacagawea
2935:Mary Dyer
2903:2000–2009
2372:Mary Lyon
2228:1990–1999
2059:1980–1989
1868:1970–1979
1403:Essay on
852:0002-8282
582:Manhattan
539:deflation
523:inflation
295:in 2013.
288:in 1988.
239:economist
138:tradition
95:Spouse(s)
87:Manhattan
3799:Mia Hamm
1500:Founders
1384:Archived
1351:(2012).
1219:June 10,
1193:June 10,
1167:July 25,
875:June 21,
627:(2000);
469:(1982).
416:and the
362:(2007).
257:monetary
1455:at the
1426:Econlib
1311:July 4,
1285:July 5,
1116:July 6,
1021:July 5,
996:July 5,
972:2066523
937:July 5,
525:and of
444:economy
233:SHWORTS
179:banking
1436:C-SPAN
1359:
1233:chair.
1089:
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960:
850:
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780:-249.
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643:, 2003
637:(2002)
631:(2000)
621:(1998)
615:(1992)
603:(1987)
1446:JSTOR
1248:(PDF)
1161:(PDF)
869:(PDF)
654:Books
541:, on
537:, on
336:Ph.D.
313:from
116:Field
3833:2024
3777:2022
3736:2020
3652:2019
3591:2017
3530:2015
3474:2013
3408:2011
3324:2009
3268:2007
3207:2005
3136:2003
3095:2002
3019:2001
2913:2000
2774:1998
2708:1996
2607:1995
2471:1994
2285:1993
2269:1991
2238:1990
2179:1988
2153:1986
2132:1984
2111:1983
2090:1982
2069:1981
2015:1979
1989:1976
1878:1973
1428:2008
1357:ISBN
1313:2017
1287:2017
1221:2013
1195:2013
1169:2014
1118:2017
1087:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1023:2017
998:2017
968:OCLC
958:ISBN
939:2017
914:2013
877:2012
848:ISSN
811:ISBN
782:ISBN
707:ISBN
690:ISBN
677:ISBN
664:ISBN
472:The
76:Died
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1434:on
1424:on
1262:doi
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