Pauli Murray - Knowledge

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the battle, but they have also continued to stand when their men were destroyed by it." The black women decided to "...continue ... ..." for their freedom and liberty even when "...their men ..." began to experience exhaustion from a long struggle for civil rights. These women were unafraid to stand up for what they believed in and refused to back down from the long and tedious "battle". Murray continued her praise for black women when she stated that "...one cannot help asking: would the Negro struggle have come this far without the indomitable determination of its women?" The "Negro struggle" was able to progress partly because of "...the indomitable determination of its women."

774:, in 1938, but was rejected because of her race. All schools and other public facilities in the state were segregated by state law, as was the case across the South. The case was broadly publicized in both white and black newspapers. Murray wrote to officials ranging from the university president to President Roosevelt, releasing their responses to the media in an attempt to embarrass them into action. The NAACP initially was interested in the case, but later declined to represent her in court, perhaps fearing that her long residence in New York state weakened her case. NAACP leader 1441:, where Murray worked as an associate attorney from 1956 to 1960. Murray's relationship with Barlow lasted nearly two decades. Barlow has been described by Murray's biographer as Pauli's "life partner", although the pair never lived in the same house and only occasionally lived in the same city. Due to Murray destroying Barlow's letters, a lot of the story is unknowable. However, while Barlow does not make an appearance in Murray's memoir, when Barlow was dying of a brain tumor, in 1973, she described Pauli as her "closest friend". 1450:

interpretation through the use of masculine pronouns to reflect Murray's masculine perception of self. Simmons-Thorne is not the first academic to draw attention to the issue of Murray's pronouns, however. Historian Simon D. Elin Fisher has also challenged the historical and textual practices of assigning Murray female pronouns through his pronominal use of "s/he" in some of his writings. Simmons-Thorne, however, makes exclusive use of "he-him-his" pronouns in reference to Murray. She conceives of the practice as one of many "

1237: 859: 1318: 1233:. That was the first time a woman celebrated the Eucharist at an Episcopal church in North Carolina. In 1978, she preached in her home town of Durham, North Carolina, on Mother's Day at St. Philip's Episcopal Church, where her mother and grandparents had attended in the 19th century. She announced her mission of reconciliation. For the next seven years, Murray worked in a parish in Washington, DC, focusing particularly on ministry to the sick. 1412:. When asked about her understanding of Murray's gender in a 2017 interview with the African American Intellectual History Society, Rosenberg states: " the term transgender did not exist and there was no social movement to support or help make sense of the trans experience. Murray's papers helped me to understand how her struggle with gender identity shaped her life as a civil rights pioneer, legal scholar, and feminist." In an interview with 6302: 1392:

instinct" that caused her to behave as a man would when attracted to women. She wanted a "monogamous married life", but one in which she was the man. The majority of her relationships were with women whom she described as "extremely feminine and heterosexual". In her younger years, Murray often was devastated by the end of these relationships, to the extent that she was hospitalized for psychiatric treatment twice, in 1937 and in 1940.

582: 831:, asking him to guarantee that the trial was fair; she later persuaded the president to privately request Darden to commute the death sentence. Through this correspondence, Murray and Eleanor Roosevelt began a friendship that would last until the latter's death two decades later. Despite the efforts of the WDL and the Roosevelts, however, the governor did not commute Waller's sentence. Waller was executed on July 2, 1942. 6362: 997:, an examination and critique of state segregation laws throughout the nation. She drew on psychological and sociological evidence as well as legal, an innovative discussion technique for which she had previously been criticized by Howard professors. Murray argued for civil rights lawyers to challenge state segregation laws as unconstitutional directly, rather than trying to prove the inequality of so-called " 732:, however. The director had found a Marxist book from a Hunter College course among Murray's belongings, and questioned Murray's attitude during the First Lady's visit. The camp director also disapproved of Murray's cross-racial relationship with Peg Holmes, a white counselor. Murray and Holmes left the camp in February 1935, and began traveling the country by walking, hitchhiking, and hopping freight trains. 6374: 6350: 6314: 597:, to live with her mother's family. There, she was raised by her maternal aunts, Sarah (Sallie) Fitzgerald and Pauline Fitzgerald Dame (both teachers), as well as her maternal grandparents, Robert and Cornelia (Smith) Fitzgerald. She attended St. Titus Episcopal Church with her mother's family, as had her mother before Murray was born. When she was 12, her father was committed to the 50: 6338: 823:, a black Virginia sharecropper sentenced to death for killing his white landlord, Oscar Davis, during an argument. The WDL argued that Davis had cheated Waller in a settlement and as their argument grew more heated, Waller had shot Davis in legitimate fear of his life. Murray toured the country raising funds for Waller's appeal. She wrote to First Lady 6326: 989:

and sexism. Murray's speech, "Jim Crow and Jane Crow", delivered in Washington, DC, in 1964, sheds light on the long struggle of African-American women for racial equality and their later fight for equality among the sexes. As she put it, "Not only have they stood ... with Negro men in every phase of

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opposed representing her because Murray had already released her correspondence, which he considered "not diplomatic". Concerns about her sexuality also may have played a role in the decision; Murray often wore pants rather than the customary skirts of women and was open about her relationships with

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I have been increasingly perturbed over the blatant disparity between the major role which Negro women have played and are playing in the crucial grassroots levels of our struggle and the minor role of leadership they have been assigned in the national policy-making decisions. It is indefensible to

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Pauli. At the time of her arrest for the bus segregation protest in 1940, she gave her name as "Oliver" to the arresting officers. Murray pursued hormone treatments in the 1940s to correct what she saw as a personal imbalance and even requested abdominal surgery to determine if she had "submerged"

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Their honeymoon weekend, spent in a "cheap West Side Hotel", was a disaster, an experience that she later attributed to their youth and poverty. The truth was more complicated. As Pauli explained in notes to herself a few years later, she had felt repelled by the act of sexual intercourse. Part of

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through much of her life. Her marriage as a teenager ended almost immediately with the realization that "when men try to make love to me, something in me fights". Although acknowledging the term "homosexual" in describing others, Murray preferred to describe herself as having an "inverted sex

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In an essay titled "Pauli Murray and the Pronominal Problem", transgender scholar-activist Naomi Simmons-Thorne lends support behind the emerging view of Murray as an early transgender figure in U.S. history. In her essay, she calls upon historians and scholars to complement this growing

503:, in recognition of her pioneering work on gender discrimination. This case articulated the "failure of the courts to recognize sex discrimination for what it is and its common features with other types of arbitrary discrimination." Murray held faculty or administrative positions at the 1503:

is "a personal memoir, it is history, it is biography, and it is also a story that, at its best, is dramatic enough to satisfy the demands of fiction. It is written in anger, but without hatred; in affection, but without pathos and tears; and in humor that never becomes extravagant."

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agreed on the matter: "Murray preferred androgynous dress, had a short hairstyle and may have identified as a transgender male today, but she lacked the language to do so at the time." While she lived openly in lesbian relationships for a time, her career, her Communist politics, and

905:. Murray wrote in response, "I would gladly change my sex to meet your requirements, but since the way to such change has not been revealed to me, I have no recourse but to appeal to you to change your minds. Are you to tell me that one is as difficult as the other?" 1475:(1956), traces her family's complicated racial origins, particularly focusing on her maternal grandparents, Robert and Cornelia Fitzgerald. Cornelia was the daughter of a slave who had been raped by her white owner and his brother. Born into slavery, the 656:, where she was one of the few students of color. Murray was encouraged in her writing by one of her English instructors, from whom she earned an "A" for an essay about her maternal grandfather. This became the basis of Murray's later memoir, 570:. The varied features and complexions of her family were described as a "United Nations in miniature". Murray's parents, schoolteacher William H. Murray and nurse Agnes (Fitzgerald) Murray, both identified as Black. In 1914, Agnes died of a 727:

to provide employment to young adults while improving national infrastructure. During her three months at the camp, Murray's health recovered. She also met Eleanor Roosevelt. Later they had correspondence that affected both of them. Murray

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Murray wore her hair short and preferred pants to skirts; due to her slight build, there was a time in her life when she was often able to pass as a teenage boy. In her twenties, she shortened her name from Pauline to the more

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operating historically." Her view is a radical departure from biographers and scholars like Rosenberg, and conventional practices more broadly, which generally refer to Murray through the use of "she-her-hers" pronouns.

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magazine did the same in 1947. In 1949, Murray was the unsuccessful Liberal Party candidate for a seat in the New York City Council from Brooklyn. Murray was the first Black woman hired as an associate attorney at the

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woman to be ordained as an Episcopal priest. In addition to her legal and advocacy work, Murray published two well-reviewed autobiographies and a volume of poetry. Initially published in 1970, the poetry collection,

1190:, both firsts for Brandeis University. Murray later wrote that her time at Brandeis was "the most exciting, tormenting, satisfying, embattled, frustrated, and at times triumphant period of my secular career". 804:, the two women refused to return to the rear even after the police were called. They were arrested and jailed. Murray and McBean initially were defended by the NAACP, but when the pair were convicted only of 608:

in their white neighborhood. Murray's presence discomfited Maude's neighbors, however, as Murray was more visibly of partial African descent. She graduated with her second high school diploma and honors from

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It has been said that Murray had just two significant romantic relationships in her life, both with white women. The first, in 1934, was brief. The second was with Irene "Renee" Barlow, an office manager at

1523:. The volume contains what critic Christina G. Bucher calls a number of "conflicted love poems", as well as those exploring economic and racial injustice. The poem "Ruth" is included in the 1992 anthology 1126: 1026:. She prepared a memo entitled "A Proposal to Reexamine the Applicability of the Fourteenth Amendment to State Laws and Practices Which Discriminate on the Basis of Sex Per Se", which argued that the 916:. Her master's degree thesis was entitled "The Right to Equal Opportunity in Employment", which argued that "the right to work is an inalienable right". It was published in Berkeley Law's flagship 889:

Murray was elected chief justice of the Howard Court of Peers, the highest student position at Howard, and in 1944 she graduated first in her class. Traditionally, Howard's top graduate received a

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did not fit within the prevailing norms. She had a brief, annulled marriage to a man, and several deep relationships with women. In her younger years, she occasionally had passed as a teenage boy.

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In 1963, she became one of the first to criticize the sexism of the civil rights movement, in her speech "The Negro Woman in the Quest for Equality". In a letter to civil rights leader

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Murray lived in Durham until age 16, when she moved to New York City to finish high school and prepare for college. There she lived with the family of her cousin Maude. The family was

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In early 1940, Murray was walking the streets in Rhode Island, distraught after "the disappearance of a woman friend". She was taken into custody by police. She was transferred to

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by a favorite teacher, Murray was turned away from applying because the university did not admit women, and she did not have the funds to attend its women's coordinate college,

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in New York City for psychiatric treatment. In March, Murray left the hospital with Adelene McBean, her roommate and girlfriend, and took a bus to Durham to visit her aunts.

601:, where he received no meaningful treatment. Pauli had wanted to rescue him, but in 1923 (when she was 13), he was bludgeoned to death by a white guard with a baseball bat. 1230: 816:

labor rights organization that also was beginning to take civil rights cases, paid her fine. A few months later the WDL hired Murray for its administrative committee.

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has received little critical attention, and as of 2007, was out of print. It was republished in 2018, following publication of a new biography about Murray in 2017.

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Murray's trial on charges stemming from the bus incident and her experience with the Waller case inspired a career in civil rights law. In 1941, she began attending

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Murray and Wynn only spent a few months together before both leaving town. They did not see one another again before Murray contacted him to have their marriage

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Drury, Maureen M. (2012). "Love, Ambition, and 'Invisible Footnotes' in the Life and Writings of Pauli Murray". In McGlotten, Shaka; Davis, Dána-Ain (eds.).

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said this recognition honors "people whose lives have exemplified what it means to follow in the footsteps of Jesus and make a difference in the world."

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was not fulfilling its duty in upholding the gendered portion of its mission, leaving only half the black population protected. Later in 1966, she and

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challenging several Washington, DC, restaurants with discriminatory seating policies. These activities preceded the more widespread sit-ins during the

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her had wanted to be a "normal" woman, but another part resisted. "Why is it when men try to make love to me, something in me fights?" she wondered.

418:, where she was the only woman in her class. Murray graduated first in the class of 1944, but she was denied the chance to do post-graduate work at 6434: 3192: 1108: 794: 6564: 6464: 6459: 6404: 736: 4489: 2690: 4440: 4409: 4375: 4332: 4301: 4270: 4230: 4191: 4164: 4106: 4083: 4041: 4018: 3956: 3928: 3850: 3820: 3790: 3767: 3737: 3636: 1625: 1597: 1583: 1277: 559: 6524: 6504: 6414: 1210:

in 1976 with her thesis, "Black Theology and Feminist Theology: A Comparative Review", spending the final year and a half of her course at

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Murray married William Roy Wynn, known as Billy Wynn, in secret on November 30, 1930, but soon came to regret the decision. The historian

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In addition to her legal work, Murray wrote two volumes of autobiography and a collection of poetry. Her first autobiographical book,

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designated the childhood home of Murray (on Carroll Street in Durham, North Carolina's West End neighborhood) as a National Treasure.

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The Firebrand and the First Lady: Portrait of a Friendship: Pauli Murray, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the Struggle for Social Justice

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in 1945, Murray was hired as the state's first black deputy attorney general in January of the following year. That year, the

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on West 33rd Street, taking, in Rosenberg's words, "night classes with Lovestone and others ... including Marxist Philosophy,

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Also in 2018, Murray was made a permanent part of the Episcopal Church's calendar of saints (she is commemorated on July 1).

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also negatively affected African-American women. She was determined to work with other activists to put a halt to both

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focused on Murray's own life, particularly her struggles with both gender and racial discrimination. It received the

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and appointed as Louis Stulberg Chair in Law and Politics. In addition to teaching law, Murray introduced classes on

1103:(NOW), which she hoped could act as an NAACP for women's rights. In March of that year, Murray wrote to Commissioner 3127: 2179:"Interview with Pauli Murray, February 13, 1976. Interview G-0044. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007)" 6494: 6292: 5674: 5374: 4726: 3782: 3297: 3187: 1330: 1041:

no women were invited to make one of the major speeches or to be part of its delegation of leaders who went to the

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to women for the first time, she added Murray and Kenyon as coauthors in recognition of her debt to their work.

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did not accept women at that time. Murray was thus rejected, despite a letter of support from sitting President

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law firm in New York City, working there from 1956 to 1960. Murray was the firm's second Black associate after

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when her daughter was three. After Murray's father began to have emotional problems, some think as a result of

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An exhibit on the religious life of Pauli Murray in front of the Murray family home in Durham, North Carolina

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call a national march on Washington and send out a call which contains the name of not a single woman leader.

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in 1976 and, after three years of study, in 1977 she became the first African-American woman ordained as an

1140: 940: 414:, led her to pursue her career goal of working as a civil rights lawyer. She enrolled in the law school at 6220: 6017: 6007: 6002: 5946: 5920: 5353: 5322: 5281: 5186: 5181: 5088: 5042: 4741: 3691: 3132: 3099: 1516: 1455: 970: 797:

laws mandated they sit, and into the white section. Inspired by a conversation they had been having about

676: 594: 435: 384: 6112: 6063: 6033: 5538: 5348: 5327: 5073: 3064:"News Coverage – Read about the July Celebration of Rev. Dr. Pauli Murray at St. Titus' Episcopal Church" 2267: 704:. Poor health forced her to resign, and her doctor recommended that Murray seek a healthier environment. 5915: 5807: 5679: 5669: 5620: 5615: 5564: 5497: 5222: 5217: 5109: 5057: 5037: 5021: 5001: 4509: 3830: 1281: 966: 918: 902: 883: 720: 697: 466: 369: 326: 318: 314: 6199: 5848: 4595: 1167:

degree from the school. Her dissertation was titled, "Roots of the Racial Crisis: Prologue to Policy".

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Hartmann, Susan (2002). "Pauli Murray and the Juncture of Women's Liberation and Black Liberation".

2948: 1121: 522:. She became an ordained priest in 1977, among the first generation of women priests and the first 6318: 6215: 6038: 5610: 5584: 5487: 5466: 5389: 5343: 5291: 5232: 5129: 5124: 4913: 4813: 4746: 4731: 4119:(1999). "Religion and 'America's Problem Child': Notes on Pauli Murray's Theological Development". 4010: 3920: 3835: 3747: 2980: 2239: 2229: 1903: 1525: 1451: 1285: 1254: 1175: 1156: 1130: 1038: 954: 858: 852: 641: 571: 512: 504: 482: 322: 304: 300: 5874: 5833: 4620: 3870:"Pauli Murray's Peter Panic: Perspectives from the Margins of Gender and Race in Jim Crow America" 3729: 1225:

and was among the first generation of Episcopal women priests. That year she celebrated her first

793:, the two women moved out of broken seats in the black (and back) section of the bus, where state 6107: 5869: 5761: 5482: 5394: 5286: 5191: 4908: 4808: 4476: 4415: 4338: 4307: 4285: 4148: 4136: 3993: 3673: 3302: 3163: 2788: 1930: 1489: 1484: 1352: 1207: 1034: 998: 898: 894: 805: 801: 672: 621: 431: 419: 404: 252: 3217:"National Women's History Month: What Is It, When Did It Begin, Who Is Being Honored This Year?" 1770: 1483:

man from Pennsylvania, also of mixed racial ancestry; he moved to the South to teach during the

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announced that it had selected Murray as the namesake of one of two new residential colleges (

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as it applied to women, and drew comparisons between discriminatory laws against women and

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Bucher, Christina G. (2007). "Pauli Murray (1910–1985)". In Williams Page, Yolanda (ed.).

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ruled that women have an equal right to serve on juries. When future Associate Justice

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law school. Murray was the only woman in her law school class, and she became aware of

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rather than violating segregation laws, the organization ceased to represent them. The

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Pauli Murray: The Autobiography of a Black Activist, Feminist, Lawyer, Priest and Poet

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Kujawa-Holbrook, Sheryl A., ed. (2002). "Anna Pauline 'Pauli' Murray (1911–1985)".

4098: 4059: 4051: 3393:"How 'Respectablity Politics' Muted the Legacy of Black LGBT Activist Pauli Murray" 1262: 1135: 909: 820: 756: 555: 499: 105: 36: 4534:"The Many Lives of Pauli Murray (The Civil-Rights Luminary You've Never Heard Of)" 4472: 4321:

Writing through Jane Crow: Race and Gender Politics in African American Literature

3700: 2784:"How 'Sex' Got into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy" 2178: 1835:"The Many Lives of Pauli Murray (The Civil-Rights Luminary You've Never Heard Of)" 855:, remarked that he did not know why women went to law school. She was infuriated. 4567: 3942: 3520:"Pauli Murray and the Pronominal Problem: A De-Essentialist Trans Historiography" 2233: 6361: 6122: 5925: 5600: 5114: 4401: 4367: 3916:

No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II

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Writing about Murray's understanding of her sex, Rosalind Rosenberg, author of

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degree in English in 1933. In 1940, Murray sat in the whites-only section of a

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at Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA

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Crosby, Emilye (May 12, 2021). "Pauli Murray: A Personal and Political Life".

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Gender Talk: The Struggle For Women's Equality in African American Communities

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States' Laws on Race and Color (Studies in the Legal History of the South),

4490:"Meet the Forgotten Woman Who Forever Changed the Lives of LGBTQ+ Workers" 4352:

Freedom Is a Dream: A Documentary History of Women in The Episcopal Church

2691:"Meet the Forgotten Woman Who Forever Changed the Lives of LGBTQ+ Workers" 2063: 1605: 4610:, National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, DC 4429:

Pauli Murray: The Life of a Pioneering Feminist and Civil Rights Activist

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Pauli Murray and Caroline Ware: Forty Years of Letters in Black and White

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Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints – Additional Commemorations

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In 1964, Murray wrote an influential legal memorandum in support of the

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Poston, Ted (October 26, 1949). "Miss Murray Delays Study at Harvard".

1139:, the 1971 Supreme Court case that extended the Fourteenth Amendment's 426:. She called such prejudice against women "Jane Crow", alluding to the 4621:

Pauli Murray: Pioneering Advocate for Civil Rights and Gender Equality

2874:"New Residential College at Yale to Be Named after Former Ford Fellow" 4583: 2695: 1454:" trans historiographical methods capable of "interrupt the logic of 1222: 1070:), "Jane Crow and the Law: Sex Discrimination and Title VII", in the 986: 879: 844: 798: 423: 3869: 957:

at Paul, Weiss, when Ginsburg was briefly a summer associate there.

3489:"The Ahead-of-Her-Time Black LGBT Activist You Need to Know About" 1202:, Murray, then more than sixty years old, left Brandeis to attend 1152: 908:

Excluded from Harvard, Murray undertook post-graduate work at the

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The Pioneering Pauli Murray: Lawyer, Activist, Scholar and Priest

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Ahmed, Siraj (2006). "Murray, Pauli". In Palmer, Colin A. (ed.).

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girl was raised by her owner's sister and educated. Robert was a

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Increasingly inspired by her connections with other women in the

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on Waller's behalf. Roosevelt in turn wrote to Virginia Governor

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In 1973, Murray left academia for activities associated with the

442:, and in 1965 she became the first African American to receive a 3944:

Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought

3718:

The Dream Is Freedom: Pauli Murray and American Democratic Faith

3439:"The Life of Pauli Murray: An Interview with Rosalind Rosenberg" 1066:. In 1965, Murray published her landmark article (coauthored by 486: 453:

As a lawyer, Murray argued for civil rights and women's rights.

6089: 5641: 5253: 4875: 4672: 4634: 4571: 1693:

states that the woman friend in question was likely Peg Holmes.

1127:

United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama

4072:

Representing the Race: The Creation of the Civil Rights Lawyer

1174:

from 1967 to 1968. She left Benedict to become a professor at

1163:; in 1965, she became the first African American to receive a 679:, Marxian Economics, and Problems of Communist Organization." 403:

bus with a friend, and they were arrested for violating state

4259:

Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women

3837:

Jesus, Jobs, and Justice: African American Women and Religion

1240:

An exhibit on Pauli Murray in front of the Murray family home

1030:

forbade sex discrimination as well as racial discrimination.

711:" conservation camp. Established at the urging of First Lady 407:

laws. This incident, and her subsequent involvement with the

1578:

Athens: University of Georgia Press, Reprint edition, 2016.

1015:

ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional.

1310:) to be completed in 2017; the other was to be named after 667:

Murray further continued her education in New York City at

3646:

Antler, Joyce (2002). "Pauli Murray: The Brandeis Years".

3386: 3384: 3325:"2024 American Women Quarters™ Program Honorees Announced" 2137: 2135: 455:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

4510:"Defying Convention: The Life and Legacy of Pauli Murray" 3188:"Pauli Murray's Landmark House to Become More Accessible" 3052:. New York: Church Publishing. September 2013. p. 5. 1280:, the anniversary of her death, along with fellow writer 965:

Murray was an outspoken activist at the forefront of the

847:

at the school, which she labeled "Jane Crow"—alluding to

4427:

Stevens-Holsey, Rosita; Catasús Jennings, Terry (2022).

4219:

The Case of Odell Waller and Virginia Justice, 1940–1942

3623:

The Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action

3417: 3415: 2922:

Armentrout, Don S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (January 2000).

2235:

Song in a Weary Throat: Memoir of an American Pilgrimage

2086: 2084: 1084:. The memo was shared with every member of Congress and 4030:

Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University

2924:"An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church – Murray, Pauli" 1800:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

763:, suffragette and Harvard Law School Forum guest, and 715:, these federally-funded camps paralleled the all-male 3347: 3345: 3128:"Durham's Pauli Murray Home Named 'National Treasure'" 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 866:

In 1942, while still in law school, Murray joined the

6290: 4564:, Excellent links to Murray resources. Printable PDF. 4562:

National Organization for Women: Finding Pauli Murray

2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 1951: 1949: 1358:

In January 2021, a biographical documentary entitled

3602:

Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History

2064:"The Rev. Dr. Pauli Murray and the Episcopal Church" 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 770:

Murray applied to a PhD program in sociology at the

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Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia

3095:"Durham's Pauli Murray to Be Named Episcopal Saint" 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1769:Cain, Brooke; Quillin, Martha (February 19, 2021). 1745:"Pauli Murray, Eleanor Roosevelt's Beloved Radical" 357:(November 20, 1910 – July 1, 1985) was an American 310: 296: 286: 281: 259: 206: 201: 177: 172: 162: 157: 147: 133: 125: 120: 112: 91: 61: 56: 34: 4584:Pauli Murray Center for History and Social Justice 3834: 3751: 3620: 3015:"Papers of Pauli Murray, 1827–1985: A Finding Aid" 2600: 2266:. Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. Archived from 2203: 1979: 1844: 819:With the WDL, Murray became active in the case of 3604:. Vol. 4. Thomson Gale. pp. 1510–1511. 1155:from 1960 to 1961, serving on the faculty of the 4354:. New York: Church Publishing. pp. 272–279. 3445:. African American Intellectual History Society. 2766: 1001:" facilities, as was argued in some challenges. 3196:. Durham, North Carolina: The McClatchy Company 1229:by invitation and preached her first sermon at 1047: 626: 599:Crownsville State Hospital for the Negro Insane 4007:A to Z of American Women Leaders and Activists 3779:Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers 2754: 1652:Song in a Weary Throat: An American Pilgrimage 1542:Song in a Weary Throat: An American Pilgrimage 1062:) to add "sex" as a protected category in the 1024:Presidential Commission on the Status of Women 961:Activism against racial and sex discrimination 475:Presidential Commission on the Status of Women 6515:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Pennsylvania 4646: 1507:Murray published a collection of her poetry, 1355:were also added permanently to the calendar. 1125:, a case in which a three-judge court of the 686:. Murray took a job selling subscriptions to 8: 4095:Proud Shoes: The Story of an American Family 2628: 2588: 2058: 2056: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1638:Proud Shoes: The Story Of An American Family 1620:, Connecticut: Silvermine Publishers, 1970. 1253:in the house she owned with lifelong friend 589:where Murray lived in Durham, North Carolina 6450:20th-century African-American women writers 6430:Activists for African-American civil rights 4364:Pauli Murray: Selected Sermons and Writings 3513: 3511: 3432: 3430: 3186:Vaughan, Dawn Baumgartner (June 13, 2017). 1796:"Jane Crow & the Story of Pauli Murray" 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1037:, she criticized the fact that in the 1963 578:, relatives took custody of his children. 6097: 6086: 5649: 5638: 5261: 5250: 4883: 4872: 4680: 4669: 4653: 4639: 4631: 2300: 2153: 2114: 2039: 2027: 1995: 1270:General Convention of the Episcopal Church 1133:, then with the ACLU, wrote her brief for 981:, which demonstrated Murray's belief that 48: 31: 3730:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744817.001.0001 3103:. Raleigh, North Carolina. Archived from 3001: 2859: 2684: 2682: 2640: 2616: 2361:University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 2215: 2157: 2141: 2126: 2015: 1640:, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956. 1078:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 772:University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 438:. She earned a master's degree in law at 4568:Oral History Interview with Pauli Murray 4028:Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001). 2974:Boodman, Sandra G. (February 14, 1977). 2818: 2806: 1590:The Constitution and Government of Ghana 1316: 1297:National Trust for Historic Preservation 1235: 1159:. She returned to the US and studied at 743:1938–1945: Early activism and law school 707:Murray took a position at Camp Tera, a " 593:Three-year-old Pauli Murray was sent to 27:American writer and activist (1910–1985) 6297: 4121:Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 2564: 2552: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2496: 2484: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2003: 1967: 1926:"Dr. Pauli Murray, Episcopalian Priest" 1706: 1683: 1666:, University of Tennessee Press, 1989. 1493:, gave the book very positive reviews. 1109:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 700:, a civil rights organization based in 682:Jobs were difficult to find during the 477:. In 1966, she was a co-founder of the 6595:National Organization for Women people 6535:Howard University School of Law alumni 3781:. Vol. 2. Westport, Connecticut: 3582: 3548: 3536: 3518:Simmons-Thorne, Naomi (May 30, 2019). 3421: 2909: 2897: 2716: 2656: 2508: 2343: 2090: 2047: 1544:, was published posthumously in 1987. 1249:On July 1, 1985, Pauli Murray died of 938:named her its "Woman of the Year" and 6635:20th-century African-American lawyers 6530:Academic staff of Ghana School of Law 6420:20th-century African-American writers 4604:at the Poetry Foundation, Chicago, IL 3578: 3487:Gebreyes, Rahel (February 10, 2015). 3391:Gebreyes, Rahel (February 10, 2015). 2855: 2652: 2185:from the original on January 10, 2012 1876: 1592:, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1964. 1513:"Dark Testament", originally appeared 1045:, among other grievances. She wrote: 368:priest. Murray's work influenced the 7: 4614:The Reverend Pauli Murray, 1910–1985 4572:Oral Histories of the American South 4186:(published 2007). pp. 134–137. 3437:Collins, Alyssa (October 16, 2017). 3375: 3363: 3351: 2604: 2576: 2472: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2312: 2288: 2102: 2043: 1999: 1983: 1955: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1720: 1654:, New York: Harper & Row, 1987. 1272:voted to honor Murray as one of its 1099:In 1966, she was a cofounder of the 469:. Murray was appointed by President 6615:Writers from Durham, North Carolina 6425:20th-century American women writers 6410:20th-century American women lawyers 4182:. Vol. 38. Detroit, Michigan: 4153:Jane Crow: The Life of Pauli Murray 2068:Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina 1406:Jane Crow: The Life of Pauli Murray 1170:Murray served as vice president of 737:Young Women's Christian Association 719:(CCC) camps formed under President 211:City University of New York, Hunter 5094:Euphemia Mary Goldsborough Willson 4616:, Archives of the Episcopal Church 4532:Schulz, Kathryn (April 17, 2017). 4394:University of North Carolina Press 4200:from the original on April 2, 2015 4005:Hightower-Langston, Donna (2002). 3296:Kennedy, Lisa (February 2, 2021). 3215:Lord, Debbie (February 24, 2018). 2949:"Pauli Murray's Spiritual Journey" 2181:. Documenting the American South. 1588:Murray, Pauli, and Rubin, Leslie. 1336:In 2018, Murray was chosen by the 1333:by the US Department of Interior. 914:University of California, Berkeley 485:named Murray as a coauthor of the 440:University of California, Berkeley 372:and expanded legal protection for 229:University of California, Berkeley 25: 6485:American women's rights activists 4592:at Yale University, New Haven, CT 4178:. In Henderson, Ashyia N. (ed.). 6630:Equal Rights Amendment activists 6610:UC Berkeley School of Law alumni 6600:Proponents of Christian feminism 6585:LGBTQ people from North Carolina 6372: 6360: 6348: 6336: 6324: 6312: 6300: 3155:Remnick, Noah (April 27, 2016). 2872:Simon, Amanda (April 28, 2016). 1338:National Women's History Project 893:Fellowship for graduate work at 730:clashed with the camp's director 152:Episcopal Church (United States) 138:Episcopal Church (United States) 4602:Pauli Murray poetry (after bio) 4508:Lau, Barbara (April 17, 2017). 3245:Frances, Mary (July 13, 2018). 3093:Johnston, Flo (July 13, 2012). 2976:"The Poet as Lawyer and Priest" 1515:in the winter 1944–45 issue of 1101:National Organization for Women 936:National Council of Negro Women 862:Howard University School of Law 479:National Organization for Women 6435:African-American Episcopalians 3868:Fisher, Simon D. Elin (2016). 3711:– via HighBeam Research. 3268:Dry, Jude (February 2, 2021). 3070:. July 1, 2013. Archived from 1618:Dark Testament and Other Poems 1574:Murray, Pauli (Editor) (1952) 1509:Dark Testament and Other Poems 1092:, who brought it to President 995:States' Laws on Race and Color 872:segregation in the US military 463:States' Laws on Race and Color 1: 6565:African-American LGBTQ people 6465:American civil rights lawyers 6460:American Christian socialists 6405:20th-century American lawyers 4662:Maryland Women's Hall of Fame 4473:10.1080/17541328.2021.1923160 4323:. Charlottesville, Virginia: 4282:Black Genders and Sexualities 4223:University of Tennessee Press 3875:Transgender Studies Quarterly 2730:"Brown v. Board of Education" 1379:Sexuality and gender identity 1212:Virginia Theological Seminary 1058:'s successful effort (led by 874:, which continued during the 4981:Margaret Collins Schweinhaut 4768:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper 4325:University of Virginia Press 4319:Hardison, Ayesha K. (2014). 4263:University of Illinois Press 4217:Sherman, Richard B. (1992). 4180:Contemporary Black Biography 4074:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 4056:Black Women in White America 3126:Wise, Jim (March 26, 2015). 2767:Cole & Guy-Sheftall 2009 1550:Robert F. Kennedy Book Award 1371:Murray was an honoree on an 1204:General Theological Seminary 1073:George Washington Law Review 969:, alongside such leaders as 735:Murray later worked for the 652:, a free women's college of 116:Renee Barlow (deceased 1973) 6525:Female Christian socialists 6505:Brandeis University faculty 6415:20th-century American poets 4420:10.5149/9780807876732_scott 4402:10.5149/9780807876732_scott 3687:"Murray, Pauli (1910–1985)" 3685:Atwell, Mary Welek (2002). 3619:Anderson, Terry H. (2004). 3524:The Activist History Review 1775:Raleigh News & Observer 1511:, in 1970. The title poem, 1496:The New York Herald Tribune 1366:2021 Sundance Film Festival 1340:as one of its honorees for 1165:Doctor of Juridical Science 1008:Brown v. Board of Education 878:. She also participated in 868:Congress of Racial Equality 717:Civilian Conservation Corps 654:City University of New York 444:Doctor of Juridical Science 18:Anna Pauline (Pauli) Murray 6651: 6580:LGBTQ people from Maryland 6470:American Episcopal priests 6440:African-American feminists 5675:Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps 5375:Virginia Walcott Beauchamp 4727:Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson 4058:(2nd ed.). New York: 3969:Journal of Women's History 3783:Greenwood Publishing Group 3649:Journal of Women's History 1934:. July 4, 1985. p. 12 1458:" and "the constraints of 1408:, categorized Murray as a 1383:Murray struggled with her 1331:National Historic Landmark 1214:. She was ordained to the 993:In 1950, Murray published 932:California Bar Examination 473:to serve on the 1961–1963 461:called Murray's 1950 book 387:. At age 16, she moved to 6475:American feminist writers 6096: 6085: 5967:Katharine Blodgett Gebbie 5665:Anne Catherine Hoof Green 5648: 5637: 5260: 5249: 5151:Sol del Ande Mendez Eaton 4882: 4871: 4679: 4668: 4176:"Murray, Pauli 1910–1985" 4097:. Boston, Massachusetts: 3716:Azaransky, Sarah (2011). 3136:. Raleigh, North Carolina 2953:Emmanuel Episcopal Church 1290:Diocese of North Carolina 613:in 1927, and enrolled at 611:Richmond Hill High School 340: 336: 197: 193: 189: 143: 47: 6560:American LGBTQ academics 6545:MacDowell Colony fellows 6445:African-American lawyers 6059:Evelyn Williams Townsend 5911:Oretha Bridgwaters-Simms 5503:Rebecca Alban Hoffberger 4773:Juanita Jackson Mitchell 4627:, Vol. 5, February 2023. 4221:. Knoxville, Tennessee: 4174:Sanchez, Brenna (2003). 4076:Harvard University Press 3888:10.1215/23289252-3334259 3249:. Episcopal News Service 2629:Keller & Keller 2001 1558:Lillian Smith Book Award 1487:. Newspapers, including 1327:Pauli Murray Family Home 1184:African-American studies 1076:. The article discussed 1064:Civil Rights Act of 1964 1022:appointed Murray to the 886:of the 1950s and 1960s. 531:, was reissued in 2018. 272:Rosemary Radford Ruether 6555:Lawyers from Pittsburgh 6164:Celeste Revillon Winans 5931:Lizette Woodworth Reese 5560:Ramona McCarthy Hawkins 5452:Shoshana Shoubin Cardin 5272:Constance Uriolo Battle 5048:Harriet Elizabeth Brown 5012:Elizabeth King Ellicott 4366:. Maryknoll, New York: 4294:10.1057/9781137077950_5 4157:Oxford University Press 4093:Murray, Pauli (1999) . 4034:Oxford University Press 3722:Oxford University Press 3629:Oxford University Press 3223:. Seattle, Washington: 3133:The News & Observer 3100:The News & Observer 2601:Hightower-Langston 2002 2204:Hightower-Langston 2002 1980:Hightower-Langston 2002 1899:"Judge Ginsburg's Gift" 1428:shut down her options. 1426:respectability politics 1361:My Name Is Pauli Murray 1206:, where she received a 1141:Equal Protection Clause 810:Workers' Defense League 648:. Instead she attended 412:Workers' Defense League 395:, and graduated with a 6625:Yale Law School alumni 6620:Writers from Baltimore 6575:American LGBTQ lawyers 6550:Lawyers from Baltimore 6455:African-American poets 6008:Emily Saunders Plummer 6003:Sandra Williams Ortega 5947:Marsha Coleman-Adebayo 5921:Elaine Danforth Harmon 5906:Sophia Arabatzis Balis 5354:Mary Young Pickersgill 5323:Eunice Kennedy Shriver 5282:Sonia Pressman Fuentes 5228:Elizabeth Fran Johnson 5187:Mary Katharine Goddard 5089:Nettie Barcroft Taylor 5043:Mary Elizabeth Banning 4742:Jeanette Rosner Wolman 4574:at UNC-Chapel Hill, NC 3982:10.1353/jowh.2002.0044 3831:Collier-Thomas, Bettye 3801:Cole, Johnnetta Betsch 3662:10.1353/jowh.2002.0034 1536:A follow-up volume to 1456:biological determinism 1373:American Women quarter 1344:in the United States. 1325:In December 2016, the 1322: 1278:commemorated on July 1 1241: 1056:National Women's Party 1052: 1018:In 1961, US President 977:. She coined the term 971:Martin Luther King Jr. 863: 767: 677:Historical Materialism 631: 595:Durham, North Carolina 590: 558:, White slave owners, 457:(NAACP) Chief Counsel 436:Southern United States 385:Durham, North Carolina 6605:Transgender academics 6570:LGBTQ Anglican clergy 6540:Hunter College alumni 6520:Women Anglican clergy 6343:Civil rights movement 5670:Irene Morgan Kirkaldy 5621:Anne St. Clair Wright 5498:Marilyn Hughes Gaston 5223:Edith Houghton Hooker 5110:Madeleine L. Ellicott 5058:Mary Adelaide Nutting 5038:Rosalie Silber Abrams 5022:Martha Ellicott Tyson 4619:Varlack, T. (2023). " 3939:Guy-Sheftall, Beverly 3911:Goodwin, Doris Kearns 3805:Guy-Sheftall, Beverly 3703:on September 24, 2015 3459:(February 18, 2015). 1743:(February 29, 2016). 1519:and Paula Snelling's 1342:Women's History Month 1320: 1282:Harriet Beecher Stowe 1239: 967:civil rights movement 919:California Law Review 903:Franklin D. Roosevelt 884:civil rights movement 861: 750: 721:Franklin D. Roosevelt 698:National Urban League 584: 467:civil rights movement 465:, the "bible" of the 370:civil rights movement 327:Eleanor Holmes Norton 319:Marian Wright Edelman 315:Patricia Hill Collins 6590:American LGBTQ poets 6480:American women poets 6221:Charlotte M. Cooksey 6054:Rosa Gumataotao Rios 6018:Hattie N. Washington 5783:Helen Delich Bentley 5431:Margaret Byrd Rawson 5213:Florence Riefle Bahr 5182:Constance Ross Beims 5084:Amanda Taylor Norris 4986:Carmen Delgado Votaw 4935:Mary Elizabeth Lange 4804:Sadie Kneller Miller 4590:Pauli Murray College 4580:by Orange County, NC 4261:. Urbana, Illinois: 3921:Simon & Schuster 3785:. pp. 441–443. 3748:Bell-Scott, Patricia 3068:Pauli Murray Project 2240:Boni & Liveright 2232:(May 8, 2018). "9". 2230:Bell-Scott, Patricia 1329:was designated as a 1308:Pauli Murray College 1274:Holy Women, Holy Men 1119:successfully argued 1105:Richard Alton Graham 1028:Fourteenth Amendment 791:Petersburg, Virginia 6500:Anglican socialists 6216:Janeen L. Birckhead 6113:Evelyn O. A. Darden 6064:Phyllis B. Trickett 6039:Augusta T. Chissell 6034:Marielsa A. Bernard 5585:Emily Wilson Walker 5539:Karen H. Rothenberg 5488:Liebe Sokol Diamond 5467:Edyth H. Schoenrich 5390:Ruth L. Kirschstein 5349:Florence P. Kendall 5344:Mabel Houze Hubbard 5328:Sandra W. Tomlinson 5233:Bernice Smith White 5130:Barbara A. Robinson 5125:Brigid G. Leventhal 5074:Jill Moss Greenberg 4914:Mary Lemist Titcomb 4814:Martha Carey Thomas 4747:Hiltgunt Zassenhaus 4732:Elizabeth Ann Seton 4596:Pauli Murray Papers 4255:Cooper, Brittney C. 4149:Rosenberg, Rosalind 3566:Daughters of Africa 3551:, pp. 441–442. 3494:The Huffington Post 3398:The Huffington Post 3366:, pp. 214–215. 2981:The Washington Post 2809:, pp. 101–102. 2755:Collier-Thomas 2010 2719:, pp. 592–599. 2463:, pp. 221–222. 2420:, pp. 214–216. 2408:, pp. 218–219. 2384:, pp. 217–219. 2315:, pp. 213–214. 2270:on November 7, 2012 2264:"She-She-She Camps" 2177:McNeil, Genna Rae. 1986:, pp. 208–209. 1904:The Washington Post 1526:Daughters of Africa 1255:Maida Springer Kemp 1231:Chapel of the Cross 1176:Brandeis University 1157:Ghana School of Law 1131:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 1039:March on Washington 955:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 926:Professional career 853:William Robert Ming 835:Howard and Berkeley 664:degree in English. 642:Columbia University 640:Inspired to attend 637:on March 26, 1949. 572:cerebral hemorrhage 550:Murray was born in 513:Brandeis University 505:Ghana School of Law 483:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 323:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 305:Brandeis University 301:Ghana School of Law 247:General Theological 202:Academic background 66:Anna Pauline Murray 6510:California lawyers 6108:Victorine Q. Adams 5916:Mary C. Goodwillie 5870:E. Gail de Planque 5808:Beatrice P. Tignor 5762:Diana Gribbon Motz 5685:Lillie D. Shockney 5680:Bernice R. Sandler 5616:Allyson R. Solomon 5565:Ellen Moses Heller 5483:Susan Pardee Baker 5395:Etta Haynie Maddox 5287:Josephine Jacobsen 5218:Lillian C. Compton 5192:Elaine Ryan Hedges 5002:Rosalyn Blake Bell 4909:Adele Hagner Stamp 4809:Mary Eliza Risteau 4578:Pauli Murray Award 4288:. pp. 69–84. 4286:Palgrave Macmillan 3443:Black Perspectives 3329:United States Mint 3164:The New York Times 2955:. January 22, 2021 2900:, pp. 78, 80. 2789:Law and Inequality 2619:, pp. 4, 118. 1931:The New York Times 1897:(August 1, 1993). 1833:(April 17, 2017). 1490:The New York Times 1485:Reconstruction Era 1467:Memoirs and poetry 1353:Florence Li Tim-Oi 1323: 1242: 1208:Master of Divinity 1035:A. Philip Randolph 999:separate but equal 930:After passing the 895:Harvard University 864: 806:disorderly conduct 802:civil disobedience 768: 759:; seated, l to r, 673:New Workers School 622:Rosalind Rosenberg 591: 432:racial segregation 420:Harvard University 6495:Anglican scholars 6288: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6252:Adrienne A. Jones 6226:Ana Sol Gutierrez 6200:Odessa M. Shannon 6190:Gloria Richardson 6081: 6080: 6077: 6076: 5880:Katherine O'Brien 5849:Ann Cipriano Rees 5829:Agnes Kane Callum 5824:Dorothy F. Bailey 5706:Barbara Holdridge 5633: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5457:Bessie Olive Cole 5436:Vivian V. Simpson 5385:Kathryn J. DuFour 5245: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5197:Mary Carter Smith 5156:Catherine R. Gira 4971:Anna Ella Carroll 4867: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4442:978-1-49-981251-0 4411:978-0-8078-3055-0 4386:Scott, Anne Firor 4377:978-0-87049-596-0 4334:978-0-8139-3592-8 4327:. pp. i–vi. 4303:978-1-137-07795-0 4272:978-0-252-09954-0 4232:978-0-87049-733-9 4193:978-1-4144-3566-4 4166:978-0-19-065645-4 4108:978-0-8070-7209-7 4085:978-0-674-04687-0 4043:978-0-19-514457-4 4020:978-1-4381-0792-9 3958:978-1-56584-256-4 3930:978-0-684-80448-4 3852:978-1-4000-4420-7 3822:978-0-307-52768-4 3792:978-0-313-34124-3 3769:978-0-679-44652-1 3739:978-0-19-974481-7 3638:978-0-19-518245-3 3074:on March 17, 2015 2736:. August 15, 2016 2734:National Archives 2689:Rosenbaum, Leah. 2589:Guy-Sheftall 1995 2218:, pp. 54–55. 2129:, pp. 37–38. 1626:978-0-87321-016-4 1598:978-0-421-04180-6 1584:978-0-8203-5063-9 1554:Christopher Award 1401:male sex organs. 1364:premiered at the 1349:Thurgood Marshall 1312:Benjamin Franklin 1251:pancreatic cancer 1094:Lyndon B. Johnson 1086:Lady Bird Johnson 1003:Thurgood Marshall 841:Howard University 825:Eleanor Roosevelt 784:Bellevue Hospital 713:Eleanor Roosevelt 606:passing for white 568:free Black people 459:Thurgood Marshall 416:Howard University 344: 343: 331:Eleanor Roosevelt 268:J. Deotis Roberts 220:Howard University 76:November 20, 1910 16:(Redirected from 6642: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6365: 6364: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6341: 6340: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6317: 6316: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6296: 6231:Gloria G. Lawlah 6195:Beatrice Rodgers 6154:Ruby Reese Moone 6149:Margaret Hawkins 6118:Claire Parkinson 6098: 6087: 6069:Pauline Woo Tsui 6013:Rita L. Robinson 5998:Sandra I. Barnes 5865:Beverly B. Byron 5839:Susan K. Goering 5803:Linda A. Shevitz 5721:Lucy Diggs Slowe 5701:Carol W. Greider 5660:Claire M. Fraser 5650: 5639: 5524:Annette M.Deener 5416:Edmonson sisters 5359:Lorraine Sheehan 5262: 5251: 4940:Claire McCardell 4884: 4873: 4855:Estelle R. Ramey 4799:Barbara Mikulski 4783:Helen B. Taussig 4701:Rita C. Davidson 4681: 4670: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4632: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4484: 4446: 4433:Little Bee Books 4423: 4381: 4360:Pinn, Anthony B. 4355: 4346: 4315: 4276: 4236: 4213: 4210:Encyclopedia.com 4207: 4205: 4170: 4144: 4117:Pinn, Anthony B. 4112: 4089: 4068:Mack, Kenneth W. 4063: 4047: 4024: 4001: 3962: 3934: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3864: 3840: 3826: 3813:Ballantine Books 3796: 3773: 3757: 3743: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3699:. Archived from 3681: 3642: 3626: 3615: 3586: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3457:Cooper, Brittney 3453: 3447: 3446: 3434: 3425: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3388: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3160: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3107:on July 15, 2012 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3025:on April 3, 2018 3021:. Archived from 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2928:Episcopal Church 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2869: 2863: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2832:"White v. Crook" 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2666: 2660: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2174: 2161: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2060: 2051: 2042:, pp. 8–9; 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 1993: 1987: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1895:Kerber, Linda K. 1891: 1880: 1874: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1848: 1843:. Archived from 1827: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1802:. March 24, 2021 1792: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1741:Mack, Kenneth W. 1737: 1724: 1718: 1694: 1688: 1245:Death and legacy 1200:Episcopal Church 1180:American studies 1172:Benedict College 1151:Murray lived in 1013:US Supreme Court 953:. She first met 891:Julius Rosenwald 876:Second World War 755:, Pauli Murray, 694:academic journal 684:Great Depression 662:Bachelor of Arts 560:Native Americans 524:African-American 520:Episcopal Church 509:Benedict College 397:Bachelor of Arts 291:American studies 276:Letty M. Russell 173:Personal details 98: 75: 73: 57:Personal details 52: 32: 21: 6650: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6490:Anglican saints 6385: 6384: 6383: 6373: 6371: 6359: 6349: 6347: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6291: 6289: 6276: 6240: 6204: 6168: 6159:Nancy K. Welker 6132: 6128:Leslie R. Wolfe 6092: 6073: 6044:Dominique Dawes 6022: 5986: 5935: 5894: 5853: 5844:Henrietta Lacks 5812: 5798:Ellen Sauerbrey 5771: 5767:Gwendolyn Rooks 5747:Margaret Dunkle 5730: 5726:June A. Willenz 5689: 5644: 5625: 5589: 5548: 5544:Audrey E. Scott 5512: 5471: 5440: 5426:Esther McCready 5404: 5363: 5332: 5318:Charmaine Krohe 5308:Kathleen Feeley 5296: 5277:Lois Green Carr 5256: 5237: 5201: 5170: 5134: 5120:Mary Digges Lee 5098: 5062: 5026: 5007:Lucille Clifton 4990: 4966:Annie Armstrong 4954: 4930:Rita R. Colwell 4918: 4899:Enolia McMillan 4878: 4859: 4823: 4787: 4778:Mary Shaw Shorb 4751: 4737:Henrietta Szold 4715: 4706:Gladys Spellman 4675: 4664: 4659: 4558: 4553: 4544: 4542: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4426: 4412: 4384: 4378: 4358: 4349: 4335: 4318: 4304: 4279: 4273: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4242:Further reading 4239: 4233: 4216: 4203: 4201: 4194: 4173: 4167: 4147: 4115: 4109: 4092: 4086: 4066: 4050: 4044: 4027: 4021: 4004: 3965: 3959: 3937: 3931: 3909: 3900: 3898: 3882:(1–2): 95–103. 3867: 3853: 3843:Alfred A. Knopf 3829: 3823: 3799: 3793: 3776: 3770: 3760:Alfred A. Knopf 3746: 3740: 3715: 3706: 3704: 3684: 3645: 3639: 3618: 3612: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3577: 3573: 3562:Busby, Margaret 3560: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3517: 3516: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3420: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3390: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3225:Cox Media Group 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3019:Harvard Library 3013: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2878:Ford Foundation 2871: 2870: 2866: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2688: 2687: 2680: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603:, p. 160; 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551:, p. 354; 2547: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2363:. July 28, 2020 2355: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2301:Bell-Scott 2016 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2228:Murray, Pauli; 2227: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2176: 2175: 2164: 2156:, p. 192; 2154:Bell-Scott 2016 2152: 2148: 2140: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2115:Bell-Scott 2016 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2062: 2061: 2054: 2046:, p. 209; 2040:Bell-Scott 2016 2038: 2034: 2028:Bell-Scott 2016 2026: 2022: 2014: 2010: 2002:, p. 208; 1996:Bell-Scott 2016 1994: 1990: 1982:, p. 160; 1978: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1893: 1892: 1883: 1875: 1862: 1852: 1850: 1849:on May 12, 2017 1831:Schulz, Kathryn 1829: 1828: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1739: 1738: 1727: 1719: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1691:Kenneth W. Mack 1689: 1685: 1680: 1634: 1632:Autobiographies 1614: 1571: 1566: 1564:Works by Murray 1469: 1452:de-essentialist 1447: 1434: 1421:Brittney Cooper 1410:transgender man 1389:gender identity 1381: 1304:Yale University 1302:In April 2016, 1247: 1196: 1188:women's studies 1161:Yale Law School 1149: 1020:John F. Kennedy 963: 928: 837: 753:Albert M. Sacks 745: 646:Barnard College 617:for two years. 548: 540:gender identity 471:John F. Kennedy 448:Yale Law School 422:because of her 374:gender equality 329: 325: 321: 317: 303: 274: 270: 266: 248: 245: 238:Yale University 236: 227: 218: 167: 100: 96: 87: 77: 71: 69: 68: 67: 43: 40: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6648: 6646: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6369: 6357: 6345: 6333: 6321: 6309: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6262:Brooke Lierman 6259: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6185:Mary L. Cleave 6182: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6144:Elizabeth Bobo 6140: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5977:Helen Maroulis 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5952:Carolyn Colvin 5949: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5890:Sue Fryer Ward 5887: 5885:Linda L. Singh 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5793:Charlene Dukes 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5580:Toby Orenstein 5577: 5572: 5570:Billie Holiday 5567: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5529:Sally T. Grant 5526: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5462:Susan R. Panny 5459: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5421:Nancy Grasmick 5418: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5146:Diane L. Adams 5142: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5053:Connie Morella 5050: 5045: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4894:Lucille Maurer 4890: 4888: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4711:Harriet Tubman 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4691:Margaret Brent 4687: 4685: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4565: 4557: 4556:External links 4554: 4552: 4551: 4539:The New Yorker 4529: 4505: 4485: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4441: 4424: 4410: 4388:, ed. (2006). 4382: 4376: 4362:, ed. (2006). 4356: 4347: 4333: 4316: 4302: 4277: 4271: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4231: 4214: 4192: 4171: 4165: 4145: 4113: 4107: 4090: 4084: 4064: 4048: 4042: 4025: 4019: 4002: 3963: 3957: 3935: 3929: 3907: 3865: 3851: 3827: 3821: 3797: 3791: 3774: 3768: 3744: 3738: 3713: 3682: 3643: 3637: 3616: 3610: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3585:, p. 442. 3571: 3568:. p. 227. 3564:, ed. (1992). 3553: 3541: 3529: 3507: 3479: 3448: 3426: 3424:, p. 442. 3411: 3380: 3378:, p. 212. 3368: 3356: 3354:, p. 211. 3341: 3316: 3288: 3260: 3237: 3207: 3193:The Harold-Sun 3178: 3147: 3118: 3085: 3055: 3036: 3006: 3004:, p. 371. 3002:Rosenberg 2017 2994: 2966: 2940: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2864: 2860:Azaransky 2011 2848: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2782:(March 1991). 2771: 2759: 2757:, p. 493. 2747: 2721: 2709: 2678: 2661: 2645: 2641:Azaransky 2011 2633: 2621: 2617:Rosenberg 2017 2609: 2607:, p. 229. 2593: 2591:, p. 185. 2581: 2579:, p. 226. 2569: 2567:, p. 164. 2557: 2541: 2539:, p. 352. 2529: 2517: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2475:, p. 225. 2465: 2453: 2451:, p. 217. 2441: 2439:, p. 216. 2422: 2410: 2398: 2396:, p. 218. 2386: 2374: 2348: 2317: 2305: 2293: 2291:, p. 213. 2281: 2255: 2248: 2220: 2216:Rosenberg 2017 2208: 2206:, p. 160. 2196: 2162: 2158:Rosenberg 2017 2146: 2142:Rosenberg 2017 2131: 2127:Rosenberg 2017 2119: 2107: 2105:, p. 209. 2095: 2093:, p. 441. 2080: 2052: 2032: 2020: 2016:Rosenberg 2017 2008: 2006:, p. 134. 1988: 1972: 1970:, p. 134. 1960: 1958:, p. 214. 1945: 1917: 1881: 1860: 1840:The New Yorker 1813: 1787: 1761: 1725: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1662:. Reissued as 1649: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1586: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1531:Dark Testament 1468: 1465: 1446: 1443: 1433: 1430: 1380: 1377: 1246: 1243: 1195: 1192: 1148: 1145: 1122:White v. Crook 1113:Dorothy Kenyon 1096:'s attention. 962: 959: 927: 924: 836: 833: 829:Colgate Darden 751:back, l to r, 744: 741: 650:Hunter College 615:Hunter College 547: 544: 529:Dark Testament 430:that enforced 393:Hunter College 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 312: 308: 307: 298: 294: 293: 288: 284: 283: 279: 278: 261: 257: 256: 208: 204: 203: 199: 198: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 181:Christianity ( 179: 175: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 99:(aged 74) 93: 89: 88: 78: 65: 63: 59: 58: 54: 53: 45: 44: 41: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6647: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6380: 6370: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6346: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6332: 6322: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6308: 6307:United States 6298: 6294: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6084: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049:Virginia Hall 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5972:Katie Ledecky 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5957:Donna Edwards 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788:Jean B. Cryor 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5757:Alice Manicur 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5742:Maureen Black 5740: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5711:Ligia Peralta 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5636: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5611:Harriet Legum 5609: 5607: 5606:Diane Griffin 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5575:Pauline Menes 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5534:Prasanna Nair 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5508:Grace Snively 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5292:Rosetta Stith 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5248: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5166:Rosa Ponselle 5164: 5162: 5161:Helen L. Koss 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4870: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4850:Lena King Lee 4848: 4846: 4845:Lavinia Engle 4843: 4841: 4840:Eugenie Clark 4838: 4836: 4835:Bertha Adkins 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4819:Verda Welcome 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696:Rachel Carson 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4586:in Durham, NC 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4518: 4511: 4506: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4343:j.ctt6wrn9t.1 4340: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4052:Lerner, Gerda 4049: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4011:Facts on File 4008: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3949:The New Press 3946: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3702: 3698: 3697:Gale Research 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3624: 3617: 3613: 3611:0-02-865820-5 3607: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3483: 3480: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3289: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3261: 3248: 3241: 3238: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3179: 3167:. p. A19 3166: 3165: 3159: 3151: 3148: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3086: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3037: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2967: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2865: 2862:, p. 59. 2861: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2819:Hartmann 2002 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807:Anderson 2004 2803: 2800: 2796:(2): 163–184. 2795: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2769:, p. 89. 2768: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2673: 2672:New York Post 2665: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2643:, p. 36. 2642: 2637: 2634: 2631:, p. 58. 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2555:, p. 42. 2554: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2527:, p. 42. 2526: 2521: 2518: 2515:, p. 40. 2514: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2499:, p. 39. 2498: 2493: 2490: 2487:, p. 38. 2486: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2375: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2303:, p. 18. 2302: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2249:9781631494598 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2160:, p. 38. 2159: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2144:, p. 38. 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2117:, p. 10. 2116: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2050:, p. xv. 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2018:, p. 15. 2017: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1998:, p. 8; 1997: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1847: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1762: 1750: 1749:Boston Review 1746: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1723:, p. 29. 1722: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1692: 1687: 1684: 1677: 1673: 1672:0-87049-596-8 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:0-06-015704-6 1657: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646:0-8070-7209-5 1643: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1540:, her memoir 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1517:Lillian Smith 1514: 1510: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1432:Relationships 1431: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1295:In 2015, the 1293: 1291: 1287: 1286:Michael Curry 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1268:In 2012, the 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1244: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082:Jim Crow laws 1079: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1068:Mary Eastwood 1065: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 988: 984: 983:Jim Crow laws 980: 976: 972: 968: 960: 958: 956: 952: 948: 943: 942: 937: 933: 925: 923: 921: 920: 915: 911: 910:School of Law 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 860: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 834: 832: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 780: 777: 773: 766: 765:Betty Friedan 762: 758: 754: 749: 742: 740: 738: 733: 731: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 702:New York City 699: 695: 691: 690: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 669:Jay Lovestone 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 630: 625: 623: 618: 616: 612: 607: 602: 600: 596: 588: 583: 579: 577: 576:typhoid fever 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 545: 543: 541: 537: 532: 530: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501: 496: 495:Supreme Court 492: 489:brief in the 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 428:Jim Crow laws 425: 421: 417: 413: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:New York City 386: 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 360: 356: 352: 348: 339: 335: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 313: 309: 306: 302: 299: 295: 292: 289: 285: 282:Academic work 280: 277: 273: 269: 265: 262: 258: 254: 250: 243: 239: 234: 230: 225: 221: 216: 212: 209: 205: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 171: 168:1977 (priest) 166:1976 (deacon) 165: 161: 156: 153: 150: 146: 142: 139: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 94: 90: 85: 81: 64: 60: 55: 51: 46: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6319:Christianity 6272:Nancy Pelosi 6267:Aruna Miller 6257:Susan C. Lee 6236:Jackie Ronne 6180:Dorothy Blum 5982:Lilian Welsh 5962:Mary Garrett 5875:Mary S. Feik 5834:Renee E. Fox 5716:Gertrude Poe 5380:Edith Clarke 5079:Mary L. Nock 5017:Jean Spencer 4976:Rose Kushner 4950:Alta Schrock 4945:Bessie Moses 4904:Pauli Murray 4903: 4763:Clara Barton 4624: 4545:February 20, 4543:. Retrieved 4537: 4522:February 20, 4520:. Retrieved 4517:The LGBT Bar 4516: 4499:February 20, 4497:. Retrieved 4493: 4464: 4460: 4431:. New York: 4428: 4389: 4363: 4351: 4320: 4284:. New York: 4281: 4258: 4218: 4208:– via 4202:. Retrieved 4179: 4155:. New York: 4152: 4127:(1): 21–39. 4124: 4120: 4099:Beacon Press 4094: 4071: 4060:Random House 4055: 4032:. New York: 4029: 4009:. New York: 4006: 3976:(2): 74–77. 3973: 3967: 3947:. New York: 3943: 3919:. New York: 3915: 3901:December 26, 3899:. Retrieved 3879: 3873: 3841:. New York: 3836: 3811:. New York: 3808: 3778: 3758:. New York: 3753: 3720:. New York: 3717: 3705:. 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