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this, alleging that someone of Nordic nobility would not have had sufficient knowledge of French to draft such prose and there is no reason to connect
Throndsen with the Scottish court of Mary or her enemies. Handwriting analysis has also led to dismissal of this speculation. Handwriting analysis may not take into consideration the international background of the family, which regularly moved throughout Europe during her childhood, and being nobility would have spoken fluent French, or that the letters exist mostly as copies.
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to demonstrate her involvement in the murder of her husband, Lord
Darnley. The letters include sonnets and poetry. Some of this material is supposed to have been written by Anna, an idea first suggested by the novelist Robert Gore Browne in his 1937 study of Bothwell. Most British historians contest
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on the order of the Danish commander of
Bergenhus Castle, Erik Rosenkratz, on the basis of Anna's legal complaint against him for his use of her as his wife, and demand for restitution of her sizable dowry. A court case ensued, whereby she gave testimony putting forth that he had "three wives alive"
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Bothwell met his demise through a chance reunion with Anna in Bergen, Norway in 1567. He had left
Scotland, fleeing the authorities seeking him on murder charges related to the death of Darnley. He was detained in the port of Bergen, Norway for lack of proper exit papers. Anna was now living in the
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Anna was engaged to
Bothwell, while he was doing business in Denmark, ca. 1560. The engagement was considered legitimate under Dano-Norwegian law, but was, and is still, treated as dubious or invalid, by English and Scots historians. For this reason, most English books refer to her as a "mistress",
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She never remarried. She was, however, socially active and prominent in local events and social affairs, such as is recorded in various historical diaries from the period. Evidently she was wealthy in her own right, due to some good investments of her inheritance. She is said to have spent her
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concluded in 1872 that they were engaged, but not fully married. A travel document issued to Anna ca. 1563, strongly indicates that Anna stayed in
Scotland for a period in the first half of the 1560s. It has later been rumoured that during her stay Anna gave birth to Bothwell's only known child,
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or jilted lover. Anna's later Bergen lawsuit against
Bothwell (1567), which held him to account for wrongful behaviour as a husband, as well as writings of the Scots Earl of Moray, lend credence to the fact that a kind of legal comitment did transpire. Norwegian historian
233:, a converted former-convent outside of Stavanger. It is understood that she became a nun late in life; if so, this would have been indicative of her family's Catholic background. Her mother seems to had been a relative of the wife of the last Norwegian archbishop,
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William, the only son of
Bothwell. This, however, is very unlikely as it was not brought up in the trial in Bergen in 1567. In 1565, she was twice mentioned as being present in Norway, where her mother and sisters had settled after their father's death ca. 1564.
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had taken notice of him as a political pawn. Elizabeth I was calling for
Bothwell's extradition back to Scotland to stand trial for the murder of Darnley, Elizabeth's cousin. Rather than turn him over to England, Fredrik II transferred Bothwell to
65:; from early 1567. These letters being the principal evidence against Mary. The probability that she was involved in the production of these letters is, however, minimal, as Anna, at least since 1565, was resident in her home country, Norway.
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Bothwell settled with Anna out of court, offering her as restitution one of his ships and promising her an additional annuity which he never was able to pay, as he never regained his freedom. The King of
Denmark-Norway,
81:, the last Catholic archbishop of Norway. The nature of the relation between the two are debated. The most likely hypothesis that has been put forward is that their wives who were both of Skanche familty, were related.
77:, a famous 16th-century Norwegian admiral, nobleman and wartime privateer (pirate). During the final years of independent Norway, 1532–1537, Kristoffer served as admiral of the Norwegian fleet, in the service of
225:, "the scotsman's madam". This was a name attributed to Anna during her lifetime, after her return from Scotland and setteling in the Bergen area in western Norway, where her family had several residences.
237:. However, this is rather unlikely. A more credible legend from Kvinherrad says that she was buried in Kvinnherad Church and that her father Kristoffer Trondsson is also buried there.
96:. Kristoffer took his Norwegian family, including Anna, to Copenhagen at this time. As a young woman, Anna assisted her father in consular affairs in the Danish-Norwegian capital.
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vincinity of Bergen, most probably at the Ænes-farm in Kvinherrad, where she had family connections. Bothwell's administrative detainment turned to imprisonment in
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197:. These letters were found in the belongings of a servant of Bothwell, after his flight from Scotland. These letters were used by Mary's half-brother
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45:, a Danish-Norwegian admiral of Norwegian origin. In English and Scots history, Anna Throndsen is best known for her engagement to
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148:. Shortly thereafter, Bothwell proceeded to marry Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, after having allegedly murdered her husband,
61:. Anna Throndsen is also known for her possible but much debated and disputed involvement in drafting some of the famous
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in Bergen, where James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, was imprisoned, during his court case with Anna, his former wife
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as a Naval commander. He served as an admiral in the Danish-Norwegian fleet, then as Danish Royal Consul in
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in Kvinherrad, Norway. Else owned a small property in Shetland, mentioned in a 1597 document written in
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Lord Bothwell: A study of the life, character and times of James Hepburn, 4th earl of Bothwell
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The Queen's Man: James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell and Duke of Orkney, 1536-1578
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Anna Throndsen has been connected with a set of correspondence called the
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før 1837, p. 84 f. Yngvar Nielsen, Norges Historie, vol. IV.
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Several historical novels have been written about her as
88:, in 1542-43, Kristoffer was appointed to serve King
272:T. Manson, 'Shetland in the Sixteenth Century', in
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73:Anna seems to have been the oldest daughter of
127:Engagement to James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell
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333:Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart
221:Anna Throndsen is known in modern Norway as
189:Possible involvement with the Casket Letters
217:where Anna spent the last days of her life.
406:Skottefruen: en gammel kaerlighedshistorie
306:Mary Queen of Scots and the Casket Letters
99:One of Annas six sisters, Else, married a
373:Armstrong-Davison, Meredith Henry (1965)
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140:In 1566, Bothwell married another woman,
86:Norway's political subsumption by Denmark
350:The Great Historic Families of Scotland
274:Renaissance and Reformation in Scotland
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144:., but soon set his eyes on the Queen,
379:, University Press of Washington,D.C.
115:. Axel's descendants established the
111:. They lived in Norway and had a son
49:(which later earned her the nickname
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47:James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell
319:De norske Communers Retsforfatning
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449:Norwegian expatriates in Scotland
290:History of the Norwegian People.
185:where he died after many years.
444:17th-century Norwegian nobility
439:16th-century Norwegian nobility
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454:16th-century Norwegian women
57:)), a man who later married
424:16th-century Scottish women
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288:Gjerset, Knut Ph.D (1915)
276:(Edinburgh, 1983), p. 208.
150:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
16:Dano-Norwegian noblewoman
304:MacRobert, A. E. (2002)
263:, University of Michigan
105:Andrew Mowat of Hugoland
38:noblewoman, daughter of
259:Evans, Humphrey (2006)
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26:, known in English as
24:Anna Kristoffersdatter
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160:The Rosenkrantz Tower
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134:Ludvig Ludvigsen Daae
361:Gore, Robert (1937)
75:Kristoffer Throndsen
59:Mary, Queen of Scots
43:Kristoffer Trondsson
30:and posthumously as
403:Ewald, Carl (1903)
292:MacMillan & Co.
235:Olav Engelbrektsson
172:including herself.
79:Olav Engelbrektsson
55:"The Scottish Lady"
388:Moen, Erna (1989)
376:The Casket Letters
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22:(c. 1539–1607) or
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146:Mary Stuart
51:Skottefruen
20:Anna Tronds
418:Categories
248:References
178:Fredrik II
113:Axel Mowat
94:Copenhagen
69:Background
109:Eshaness
101:Shetland
34:, was a
40:admiral
347:(1889)
121:Norn
103:man
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