1227:
2187:
426:
47:
363:
345:
327:
186:
2235:
219:
121:
2178:
243:
231:
134:
2222:
309:
297:
279:
170:
2203:
2127:
2158:
2140:
2117:
261:
157:
2107:
1459:, p. 275: "Ahmatjan Kasimi and other representatives of the Ili, Tarbagatay, and Altay districts who opposed Sabri's succession as provincial governor left Urumqi in August 1947 and returned to Ghulja to form their own political organization known as the 'Three Districts Economic Commission,' which sought to autonomously govern the Three Districts region; this marked the collapse of the Xinjiang Province Coalition Government."
2169:
3963:
373:
289:
271:
1130:
3975:
1355:
In the People's
Republic of China, the five ETR leaders who perished in the 1949 plane crash are remembered as heroes in the struggle against the Nationalist regime. Their remains were returned to China in April 1950 and later reburied in a heroes' memorial cemetery in Yining. The cemetery has a
1059:. In accordance with instructions from Moscow, Saifuddin Azizi kept the news secret from the population of the Three Districts and it was unreported by Beijing for several months until December 1949, when Saifuddin Azizi departed to Moscow to join Mao Zedong's delegation to sign
870:(formerly the East Turkestan National Army) into the PLA. Most of the remaining former ETR leadership accepted the absorption of the autonomous Three Districts into the PRC. They subsequently joined the surrendered KMT officials in taking senior positions in the PRC government.
843:. Under the coalition government which ruled Xinjiang from 1946 to 1949, the KMT controlled most of the province while the leaders of the former ETR retained autonomy in the Three Districts. The People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed on 1 October 1949, and PLA general
873:
The PRC's takeover of
Xinjiang was largely achieved through political means and thus faced little armed resistance. The PLA entered Xinjiang in October 1949 and controlled most of the region by the spring of 1950. Among the major military actors in Xinjiang, only
1226:
1063:
with Stalin and to retrieve bodies of The Three
Districts leaders (their already unrecognisable bodies were delivered from the USSR in April 1950) and when the People's Liberation Army had already secured most of the regions of the former Xinjiang Province.
1095:
in
September in Beijing, which proclaimed the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949), agreed to incorporate the Three Districts into the Xinjiang Province and accept important positions within the administration. However, some Kazakhs led by
1147:
1087:, who personally interrogated the Three Districts leaders, then ordered their execution. This was allegedly done in accordance with a deal between Stalin and Mao Zedong. The remaining important figures of the Three Districts, including
920:). The Second ETR was disbanded in name but the Three Districts retained autonomy. Qasimi became the vice-chairman of the coalition government. In June 1947, the Nationalist Chinese forces clashed with Mongolian and Soviet forces at
1243:
to the
Chinese Communist Party together with the Chairman of Xinjiang Provincial Government Burhan Shahidi, who was among the few cognizant of what had happened to the First delegation of the Three Districts in August in the
1234:
On 25 September, Tao Zhiyue and Burhan
Shahidi, the KMT's military general and political leader in Dihua, respectively, announced the formal surrender of Nationalist forces in Xinjiang to the CCP. The next day, 100,000
3029:
924:
in northeastern
Xinjiang. In that conflict, Kazakh leader Osman Batur of the ETR repudiated the ETR and defected to join Nationalist Chinese forces in fighting against Soviet-backed Mongolian forces.
987:, accompanied by Soviet vice-consul in Ghulja Vasiliy Borisov, where they were told to cooperate with the Chinese Communist Party. Negotiations between Three Districts and Soviet representatives in
125:
2152:
4006:
2968:
2636:
2548:
1392:
1019:
and other people of
Xinjiang to gain freedom and independence that shouldn't be lost. So, the Three Districts delegation was offered to continue negotiations in Moscow directly with
1104:
on 20 October 1949 on Soviet airplanes, provided by Stalin, and quickly established control in northern
Xinjiang, before moving into southern Xinjiang together with units of the
1092:
980:
859:
2769:
1194:
1166:
1027:. On 25 August, the eleven delegates, Ehmetjan Qasim, Abdulkerim Abbas, Ishaq Beg, Luo Zhi, Dalelkhan Sugirbayev and accompanying officers of the Three Districts, boarded
1865:
1275:'s White Russian and Hui troops who served the Republic of China. Batur pledged his allegiance to the KMT and was killed in 1951. Yulbars Khan battled PLA forces at the
2229:
854:
The CCP persuaded the KMT provincial and military leadership to surrender. The Soviet Union induced the leaders of the former ETR to accede to the CCP. In August 1949,
1173:
1960:
1252:
joined in the defection to the PLA. They continued to serve in the PLA as officers in
Xinjiang. Some KMT leaders who refused to submit fled to Taiwan or Turkey.
1180:
3405:
747:
2408:
1162:
2692:
2079:
2197:
2186:
3916:
3540:
2354:
1931:
700:
2921:
3006:
812:
1883:
904:
with Soviet support and was based in three northwest districts of Xinjiang. Tore disappeared in the Soviet Union in 1946, and another ETR leader,
191:
3119:
2627:
1680:
Allen S. Whiting and General Sheng Shih-ts'ai " Sinkiang: Pawn or Pivot? " Michigan State University Press, 1958, East Lansing, Michigan, page 143
545:
3719:
851:
with taking Xinjiang. In the fall of 1949, the CCP reached separate agreements with the political leadership of the KMT and the Three Districts.
2100:
3071:
2257:
2134:
2044:
2023:
1806:
1779:
1187:
465:
1751:
3921:
3158:
1382:
793:
665:
1079:) revealed that the five leaders were killed on Stalin's orders in Moscow on 27 August 1949, after a three-day imprisonment in the former
3066:
2144:
461:
3911:
2733:
1360:
1055:(interim leader of the Three Districts when Ehmetjan Qasim was not in Ili, and a member of Communist Party of Soviet Union) about the
425:
3271:
789:
161:
4001:
1998:
1730:
1288:
1213:
740:
2008:
Starr, Frederick (1985). "Chapter 3. Political History and Strategies of Control, 1884–1978 James A. Millward and Nabijan Tursun".
46:
3418:
2879:
1060:
1036:
1011:
supported Ehmetjan) to agree to incorporate the Three Districts into the future Chinese communist state, supposedly in 1951. The
836:
796:, while the other three were governed by the Three Districts Economic Commission which consisted of the former leadership of the
493:
2885:
3744:
2537:
2072:
1859:
1068:
714:
3938:
3933:
3664:
3441:
3317:
3288:
3242:
2148:
1737:
1473:
1151:
824:
797:
681:
488:
17:
3724:
3634:
1829:
1507:
1490:
639:
1619:
1295:
became its first chairman, when it was reorganised into an autonomous region for the 13 nationalities of Xinjiang (Uyghur,
1015:
was proclaimed two years earlier, on 1 October 1949. Ehmetjan regarded the current situation as a historic opportunity for
3283:
3210:
2999:
2909:
2873:
2751:
2668:
2577:
2374:
1432:
1012:
676:
3943:
3395:
1057:
Tragic death of devoted revolutionaries, including Ehmetjan Qasim, in airplane crash near Lake Baikal en route to Beijing
3709:
3694:
3252:
2757:
2566:
2302:
2217:
908:, head of the pro-Soviet Sinkiang Turkic People's National Liberation Committee, reached a political agreement with the
733:
405:
3729:
3659:
1560:
1108:
of the Three Districts, thus establishing control over all ten districts of Xinjiang Province. On 20 December 1949 the
3734:
3423:
3264:
2945:
2808:
2763:
2620:
2130:
1356:
stele with calligraphy by Mao Zedong, praising the heroes for their contributions to the Chinese people's revolution.
1279:, but when he was deserted, he fled through Tibet, evading the Dalai Lama's forces which harassed him, and escaped to
644:
3948:
3576:
2225:
983:
later that year. The leaders of the Three Districts traveled to the Soviet Union on 22 August by automobiles through
928:
781:
139:
2605:
3624:
3355:
2781:
2065:
584:
541:
3739:
2867:
1387:
820:
710:
3704:
3535:
3237:
3105:
3101:
2992:
2745:
2316:
2312:
2177:
628:
518:
513:
3614:
2324:
2272:
1988:
1248:. On 12 October, the PLA entered Xinjiang. Many other KMT generals in Xinjiang like the Salar Muslim General
3699:
3519:
3325:
3109:
2727:
2562:
2364:
2340:
2221:
2181:
2172:
1668:
1639:
1140:
948:
777:
523:
353:
335:
2662:
882:, a former ETR commander turned KMT supporter, fought against the CCP. They were both defeated by the PLA.
4016:
4011:
3775:
3124:
3097:
2739:
2703:
2613:
2587:
2441:
2437:
2121:
508:
175:
3215:
858:
and his delegation of four other top ETR leaders died in a plane crash en route to Beijing to attend the
3928:
3891:
3684:
2680:
2451:
1113:
2202:
2126:
963:, but most crossed over or surrendered to the CCP. On 17 August 1949, the Chinese Communist Party sent
3979:
3679:
3556:
3131:
2939:
1257:
1008:
921:
863:
549:
1101:
3865:
3830:
3810:
3714:
3689:
3649:
3413:
3247:
3153:
3038:
2915:
2721:
2475:
2404:
2194:
1372:
1363:
views Xinjiang's governance by the People's Republic of China as an "illegal military occupation".
1043:. On 3 September, the Soviet Union informed the Chinese government that the plane had crashed near
991:
continued for three days and were difficult because of the unwillingness of Three Districts leader
939:. Kuomintang administration in Xinjiang was threatened. The Kuomintang Xinjiang provincial leaders
909:
844:
565:
414:
247:
3644:
3639:
3586:
3461:
2927:
2775:
2344:
2282:
1470:
China's Last Nomads: History and Culture of China's Kazaks: History and Culture of China's Kazaks
1261:
1048:
1664:
1635:
1271:
The only organized resistance the PLA encountered was from Osman Batur's Kazak militia and from
1905:
3967:
3901:
3674:
3669:
3654:
3606:
3561:
3446:
3370:
3365:
3349:
3078:
2933:
2686:
2656:
2541:
2530:
2506:
2488:
2394:
2336:
2332:
2320:
2206:
2088:
2040:
2019:
1994:
1802:
1775:
1377:
1344:
1284:
1109:
1105:
1100:
continued their resistance until 1954. Units of the People's Liberation Army first arrived at
1004:
867:
785:
705:
473:
198:
38:
1748:
3385:
3220:
3180:
3143:
3083:
2674:
2520:
2516:
2465:
2328:
2190:
1076:
996:
634:
588:
570:
560:
372:
349:
288:
270:
144:
1884:"Taiwan Exclusive: TTT Speaks To Prime Minister Salih Hudayar Of East Turkistan (Xinjiang)"
1083:'s stables, having been arrested upon arrival in Moscow by the Head of MGB Colonel General
3860:
3815:
3629:
3390:
3380:
3205:
3200:
2855:
2455:
2214:
2210:
2106:
1869:
1755:
1734:
1623:
1292:
1236:
1088:
1084:
1052:
905:
828:
671:
613:
602:
455:
367:
1727:
3906:
3840:
3805:
3770:
3619:
3471:
3259:
3195:
3138:
3093:
2861:
2648:
1328:
1276:
1028:
992:
944:
936:
913:
855:
808:
765:
598:
555:
331:
265:
3995:
3850:
3820:
3795:
3581:
3360:
3335:
3293:
3276:
3227:
3170:
2897:
2820:
2419:
1340:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1253:
1016:
901:
891:
840:
804:
618:
580:
1616:
951:(CCP) side in September 1949. By the end of 1949, some Kuomintang officials fled to
3870:
3855:
3800:
3785:
3780:
3566:
3232:
3175:
3114:
1990:
The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem challenge to Chinese authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949
1324:
1320:
1316:
1272:
875:
832:
478:
301:
3025:
2168:
816:
2034:
2009:
1822:
1796:
1532:
3845:
3835:
3591:
3514:
3345:
3185:
3165:
3061:
2835:
2292:
1336:
1332:
1296:
1265:
1129:
1097:
1044:
952:
897:
879:
848:
594:
575:
313:
235:
1421:
3790:
3596:
3484:
3046:
2829:
2498:
2384:
2110:
2039:. Translated by Fletcher, Carissa. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
1308:
1249:
1240:
1230:
The first sentimental group sent by the central government of PRC to Xinjiang.
976:
964:
940:
483:
440:
283:
223:
1091:(who led the Second delegation of the Three Districts, which participated in
3896:
3825:
3375:
3339:
3330:
1906:"Written evidence submitted by East Turkistan Government in Exile (XIN0078)"
623:
3760:
3571:
3504:
3433:
3190:
3088:
3015:
1772:
The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945-1957
1032:
988:
960:
773:
694:
608:
498:
90:
3886:
3765:
3499:
3479:
3451:
3056:
2901:
1154: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1024:
1000:
984:
932:
450:
3509:
3494:
3489:
3051:
2708:
2162:
2157:
2139:
2116:
2015:
1280:
1040:
1020:
972:
968:
917:
503:
445:
2057:
3456:
3300:
3148:
2984:
2847:
2640:
2240:
1566:
1287:
regime. The province's final status was instituted in 1955 as the
1225:
956:
886:
Accession of the Three Districts (former East Turkestan Republic)
2800:
1961:"US Senate Declares China Committing Genocide on Uyghur Muslims"
1487:
China's Forgotten People: Xinjiang, Terror and the Chinese State
1245:
1080:
916:
to form a coalition provincial government in Dihua (present-day
811:
and pressed toward Xinjiang. At the time, Xinjiang was ruled by
2988:
2609:
2061:
1702:
1163:"Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China"
979:
invited the leaders of the Three Districts to take part in the
1123:
1116:, which underwent reforms before being eventually disbanded.
1072:
2974:
Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
1039:, officially heading to Beijing, but flight was diverted for
866:
conference. In December, the PRC government incorporated the
762:
incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
32:
Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
18:
Annexation of Xinjiang by the People's Republic of China
788:. At the time, Xinjiang was divided into ten districts. The
103:
Xinjiang is incorporated into the People's Republic of China
1489:, Bloomsbury Publishing, 13 June 2019, 288 pages, page 57,
1047:
en route to Beijing, killing all on board. On the same day
1422:"THE UYGHUR INSURGENCY IN XINJIANG: THE SUCCESS POTENTIAL"
1239:
troops in the province switched their allegiance from the
1653:
Chinese Communist Power and Policy in Xinjiang, 1949–1977
2036:
The East Turkestan Independence Movement, 1930s to 1940s
1774:(1 ed.). London: Bloomsbury Press. pp. 32–34.
2969:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
1506:, A&C Black, 14 August 2014, 336 pages, page 56,
1472:, Routledge, 16 September 2016, 278 pages, page 115,
1393:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
967:
to negotiate with the Three Districts' leadership in
839:" in northern Xinjiang from 1944 to 1946, during the
1268:
was arrested by the CCP and died in prison in 1952.
3879:
3753:
3605:
3549:
3528:
3470:
3432:
3404:
3316:
3037:
2961:
2895:
2845:
2818:
2798:
2791:
2702:
2647:
995:(whose strategy was opposed by two other delegates-
947:led the KMT government and army's defection to the
823:(Kuomintang, KMT) and the leadership of the former
1504:The Emperor Far Away: Travels at the Edge of China
1093:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
981:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
860:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
1854:
1852:
1850:
1655:(Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1979), p. 30.
792:controlled seven districts and governed them as
1569:on 11 October 2017 – via www.academia.edu
1431:. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.
31:
803:In the summer of 1949, the PLA drove into the
4007:Wars involving the People's Republic of China
3000:
2621:
2073:
741:
690:Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China
8:
2409:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
190:Three Districts Economic Commission (former
81:(2 months, 1 week and 3 days)
2693:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1112:joined the People's Liberation Army as the
3917:East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
3541:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
3007:
2993:
2985:
2795:
2628:
2614:
2606:
2250:
2080:
2066:
2058:
1415:
1413:
900:, was founded in November 1944 during the
748:
734:
399:
45:
28:
1554:
1552:
1214:Learn how and when to remove this message
3120:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
1665:Accident description for CCCP-L1844
1636:Accident description for CCCP-L1844
1409:
1075:generals and high officers (among them
413:
402:
1728:A brief introduction of Uyghur history
3072:Chief Official of the Western Regions
1795:Starr, S. Frederick (15 March 2004).
1749:The quest for an eighth Turkic nation
201:(former East Turkestan National Army)
7:
3974:
3159:Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin
1912:. East Turkistan Government in Exile
1823:"Sinkiang and Sino-Soviet Relations"
1533:"Sinkiang and Sino-Soviet Relations"
1456:
1429:Defense Technical Information Center
1383:East Turkestan independence movement
1152:adding citations to reliable sources
1051:sent a telegram to Ghulja to inform
666:Xinjiang Province, Republic of China
3067:Protectorate of the Western Regions
2011:Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland
1798:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland
3912:East Turkistan Government in Exile
3720:2014 China–Vietnam border shootout
1882:Buckton, Mark (24 February 2021).
1361:East Turkistan Government in Exile
25:
1289:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
896:The Second ETR, initially led by
701:Production and Construction Corps
3973:
3962:
3961:
3419:Xinjiang Agricultural University
2549:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan
2233:
2220:
2201:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2156:
2138:
2125:
2115:
2105:
1835:from the original on 5 June 2011
1559:Dickens, Mark (1 January 1990),
1438:from the original on 1 June 2022
1128:
1120:Accession of the KMT in Xinjiang
1061:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship
784:(PLA) in the waning days of the
695:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
536:Medieval and early modern period
424:
371:
361:
343:
325:
307:
295:
287:
277:
269:
259:
241:
229:
217:
184:
168:
155:
132:
119:
3745:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
2538:Yangtze River Crossing campaign
1932:"East Turkistan Overview Brief"
1671:. Retrieved on 22 January 2016.
1642:. Retrieved on 22 January 2016.
1468:Linda Benson, Ingvar Svanberg:
1139:needs additional citations for
1069:dissolution of the Soviet Union
770:Peaceful Liberation of Xinjiang
715:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
3665:September 2009 Xinjiang unrest
3289:Second East Turkestan Republic
3243:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1738:Birkbeck, University of London
825:Second East Turkestan Republic
798:Second East Turkestan Republic
1:
3557:Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb
3284:First East Turkestan Republic
3211:Dzungar conquest of Altishahr
2669:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
2578:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
2553:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang
2145:Constitutional ROC Government
78:12 October – 22 December 1949
3710:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
3695:Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554
3253:Holy War of the Seven Khojas
2567:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
2303:Chinese Communist Revolution
1959:CTN News (29 October 2020).
1703:"Accueil | Sciences Po CERI"
1343:people), thus replacing the
815:based in Dihua (present-day
3735:Assassination of Juma Tayir
3424:Xinjiang Medical University
2946:Johnson South Reef Skirmish
2809:Sino-Soviet border conflict
2764:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
2163:Republic of China on Taiwan
2131:National Revolutionary Army
2099:Principal belligerents and
1603:
1591:
1579:
847:was tasked by his superior
682:2nd East Turkestan Republic
677:1st East Turkestan Republic
4033:
3939:China–Kyrgyzstan relations
3934:China–Kazakhstan relations
3301:People's Republic of China
2782:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
2641:People's Republic of China
2375:Fujian People's Government
2241:People's Republic of China
2033:Wang, Ke (15 March 2020).
1860:"三区革命烈士陵园（三区革命历史纪念馆）：伊宁市”
1689:
1519:
1256:fled via India to Taiwan.
1013:People's Republic of China
889:
126:People's Republic of China
3957:
3740:Xinjiang internment camps
3023:
2922:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts
2248:
2095:
1388:Xinjiang internment camps
711:Xinjiang internment camps
382:
207:
111:
55:
44:
36:
4002:20th century in Xinjiang
3944:China–Pakistan relations
3725:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
3705:June 2013 Shanshan riots
3635:1997 Ürümqi bus bombings
3396:Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway
2874:Daulat Beg Oldi incident
2226:People's Liberation Army
1770:Dikötter, Frank (2013).
1626:Accessed 8 November 2010
929:People's Liberation Army
782:People's Liberation Army
519:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
514:Western Turkic Khaganate
140:People's Liberation Army
3700:April 2013 Bachu unrest
3520:Chinese Islamic cuisine
2365:Chinese Soviet Republic
2341:Autumn Harvest Uprising
1669:Aviation Safety Network
1640:Aviation Safety Network
1562:The Soviets In Xinjiang
1114:Xinjiang 5th Army Corps
949:Chinese Communist Party
778:Chinese Communist Party
524:Second Turkic Khaganate
192:East Turkestan Republic
3949:China–Turkey relations
3730:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
3660:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
3265:Reconquest of Xinjiang
3125:Four Garrisons of Anxi
2886:Sino-Indian skirmishes
2588:Project National Glory
2563:Hainan Island campaign
2442:Double Tenth Agreement
2438:Chongqing Negotiations
2355:Encirclement campaigns
1987:Benson, Linda (1990).
1283:via India to join the
1231:
878:, a KMT loyalist, and
835:which controlled the "
819:), which consisted of
813:a coalition government
772:, was the takeover of
509:First Turkic Khaganate
208:Commanders and leaders
176:Republic of China Army
3929:World Uyghur Congress
3922:Independence movement
3892:Migration to Xinjiang
3685:Pishan hostage crisis
2663:Kuomintang insurgency
2452:Jiaochangkou Incident
1229:
1071:in 1991, some former
935:, the capital of the
3680:2011 Kashgar attacks
3625:1992 Ürümqi bombings
3577:Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi
3356:Gurbantünggüt Desert
3132:Beiting Protectorate
2940:Project Blue Sword-B
2880:Sino-Indian Standoff
2868:Sino-Indian skirmish
1868:2 April 2015 at the
1733:14 July 2014 at the
1651:Donald H. McMillen,
1622:7 April 2013 at the
1258:Muhammad Amin Bughra
1148:improve this article
1023:before departure to
927:In August 1949, the
821:Chinese Nationalists
3866:Ghulam Osman Yaghma
3715:2014 Kunming attack
3690:2012 Yecheng attack
3650:2008 Kashgar attack
3550:Visitor attractions
3414:Xinjiang University
3376:Karakoram Mountains
3248:Afaqi Khoja revolts
3154:Kara-Khanid Khanate
2916:Sino-Vietnamese War
2752:Yijiangshan Islands
2704:Cross-Taiwan Strait
2405:Second United Front
2325:Nanjing–Wuhan split
2273:Sun–Joffe Manifesto
2122:National Government
1754:13 May 2011 at the
1373:History of Xinjiang
910:Nationalist Chinese
764:, known in Chinese
609:Ming ruled Kara Del
566:Kara-Khanid Khanate
3645:2008 Uyghur unrest
3640:2007 Xinjiang raid
3615:1989 Ürümqi unrest
3462:Tocharian clothing
2928:Battle of Fakashan
2758:Dachen Archipelago
2714:(after 1 Oct 1949)
2345:Guangzhou Uprising
2283:First United Front
1963:. Chiang Rai Times
1939:Our Commons Canada
1886:. The Taiwan Times
1262:Isa Yusuf Alptekin
1232:
542:Tang Protectorates
3989:
3988:
3902:Chinese Turkestan
3675:2011 Hotan attack
3670:2010 Aksu bombing
3655:Shaoguan incident
3607:Xinjiang conflict
3562:Flaming Mountains
3452:Meshrep gathering
3371:Turpan Depression
3366:Taklamakan Desert
3350:Southern Xinjiang
3306:PRC incorporation
3272:Republic of China
3216:Dzungar–Qing Wars
3079:Kingdom of Khotan
2982:
2981:
2957:
2956:
2934:Battle of Laoshan
2715:
2687:Xinjiang conflict
2657:Chinese Civil War
2603:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2507:Liaoshen campaign
2489:Yu Zisan Incident
2456:Peiping rape case
2425:
2424:
2337:Nanchang uprising
2333:Little Long March
2321:Shanghai massacre
2111:Nationalist Party
2089:Chinese Civil War
2046:978-962-996-769-7
2025:978-0-7656-1317-2
1808:978-0-7656-3192-3
1781:978-1-62040-347-1
1420:Ali Khan, Waqas.
1378:Xinjiang conflict
1351:Legacy of the ETR
1345:Xinjiang Province
1285:Republic of China
1224:
1223:
1216:
1198:
1110:Ili National Army
1003:, while Generals
868:Ili National Army
862:, the CCP's apex
794:Xinjiang Province
790:Republic of China
786:Chinese Civil War
758:
757:
706:Xinjiang conflict
474:Kingdom of Khotan
398:
397:
199:Ili National Army
162:Republic of China
107:
106:
39:Chinese Civil War
16:(Redirected from
4024:
3977:
3976:
3965:
3964:
3386:Kunlun Mountains
3221:Dzungar genocide
3181:Chagatai Khanate
3144:Uyghur Khaganate
3084:Sixteen Kingdoms
3009:
3002:
2995:
2986:
2796:
2713:
2681:Tibetan uprising
2675:Battle of Chamdo
2630:
2623:
2616:
2607:
2521:Pingjin campaign
2517:Huaihai campaign
2466:Marshall Mission
2431:
2430:
2317:Shanghai Commune
2313:Nanking incident
2266:
2265:
2251:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2224:
2205:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2149:ROC Armed Forces
2143:
2142:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2029:
2004:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1879:
1873:
1856:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1767:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1633:
1627:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1565:, archived from
1556:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1485:Nick Holdstock:
1483:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1426:
1417:
1264:fled to Turkey.
1219:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1156:
1132:
1124:
1077:Pavel Sudoplatov
997:Abdulkerim Abbas
750:
743:
736:
635:Dzungar genocide
589:Chagatai Khanate
571:Kingdom of Qocho
561:Uyghur Khaganate
462:Han Protectorate
428:
418:
400:
375:
366:
365:
364:
350:Abdulkerim Abbas
348:
347:
346:
330:
329:
328:
312:
311:
310:
300:
299:
298:
291:
282:
281:
280:
273:
264:
263:
262:
246:
245:
244:
234:
233:
232:
222:
221:
220:
189:
188:
187:
174:
172:
171:
160:
159:
158:
145:First Field Army
138:
136:
135:
124:
123:
122:
79:
76:
74:
69:
67:
57:
56:
49:
29:
21:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4021:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3953:
3875:
3861:Shirzat Bawudun
3816:Saifuddin Azizi
3749:
3630:Ghulja incident
3601:
3545:
3536:Cotton industry
3524:
3466:
3428:
3400:
3391:Pamir Mountains
3381:Altai Mountains
3312:
3206:Dzungar Khanate
3201:Yarkent Khanate
3033:
3019:
3013:
2983:
2978:
2953:
2910:Paracel Islands
2891:
2856:Sino-Indian War
2841:
2814:
2787:
2746:Dongshan Island
2712:
2706:
2698:
2643:
2637:Armed conflicts
2634:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2569:
2565:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2536:
2532:Taiping Steamer
2519:
2505:
2454:
2440:
2426:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2211:New Fourth Army
2182:Soviet Republic
2173:Communist Party
2165:
2155:
2137:
2114:
2091:
2086:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2018:: M.E. Sharpe.
2007:
2001:
1993:. M.E. Sharpe.
1986:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1872:18 October 2008
1870:Wayback Machine
1857:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1801:. M.E. Sharpe.
1794:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1756:Wayback Machine
1747:
1743:
1735:Wayback Machine
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1634:
1630:
1624:Wayback Machine
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1501:
1497:
1484:
1480:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1369:
1353:
1293:Saifuddin Azizi
1220:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1157:
1155:
1145:
1133:
1122:
1089:Saifuddin Azizi
1085:Viktor Abakumov
1053:Saifuddin Azizi
906:Ehmetjan Qasimi
894:
888:
837:Three Districts
829:satellite state
754:
725:
724:
672:Xinjiang clique
661:
653:
652:
645:Qing reconquest
614:Dzungar Khanate
537:
529:
528:
466:Chief Officials
456:Western Regions
436:
416:
409:
378:
368:Saifuddin Azizi
362:
360:
344:
342:
326:
324:
318:
308:
306:
296:
294:
278:
276:
260:
258:
252:
242:
240:
230:
228:
218:
216:
185:
183:
169:
167:
156:
154:
133:
131:
120:
118:
99:
93:
80:
77:
72:
70:
65:
63:
50:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4030:
4028:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3971:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3914:
3909:
3907:East Turkestan
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3841:Zhang Chunxian
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:Ehmetjan Qasim
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3771:Jahangir Khoja
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3620:Barin uprising
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:Doppa Festival
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3343:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3260:General of Ili
3257:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3240:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3196:Turpan Khanate
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3139:Tibetan Empire
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3112:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2919:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2862:Chola incident
2859:
2852:
2850:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2803:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2770:Burmese border
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2716:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2689:(1980–present)
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2653:
2651:
2649:Mainland China
2645:
2644:
2639:involving the
2635:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:Xi'an Incident
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2207:8th Route Army
2198:Liberated Area
2104:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2030:
2024:
2005:
1999:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1951:
1923:
1897:
1874:
1846:
1814:
1807:
1787:
1780:
1762:
1741:
1720:
1694:
1682:
1673:
1657:
1644:
1628:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1548:
1524:
1512:
1495:
1478:
1461:
1449:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1352:
1349:
1277:Battle of Yiwu
1222:
1221:
1136:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1102:Ürümqi airport
1029:Ilyushin Il-12
993:Ehmetjan Qasim
945:Burhan Shahidi
937:Gansu Province
914:Zhang Zhizhong
887:
884:
856:Ehmetjan Qasim
809:Gansu Province
780:(CCP) and its
766:historiography
756:
755:
753:
752:
745:
738:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
721:
720:
719:
718:
703:
692:
687:
686:
685:
679:
674:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
649:
648:
642:
637:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
592:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
556:Tibetan Empire
553:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
470:
469:
453:
448:
443:
437:
435:Ancient period
434:
433:
430:
429:
421:
420:
411:
410:
403:
396:
395:
392:
389:
385:
384:
380:
379:
377:
376:
358:
340:
332:Ehmetjan Qasim
321:
319:
317:
316:
304:
292:
274:
266:Burhan Shahidi
255:
253:
251:
250:
238:
226:
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
203:
202:
180:
179:
178:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
89:
87:
83:
82:
61:
53:
52:
42:
41:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4029:
4018:
4017:Xinjiang Wars
4015:
4013:
4012:1949 in China
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3981:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Uyghur people
3885:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:Salih Hudayar
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:Rebiya Kadeer
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Sabit Damolla
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Id Kah Mosque
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Kumtag Desert
3359:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3336:Junggar Basin
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3294:Ili Rebellion
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3277:Xinjiang Wars
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:Kumul Khanate
3226:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Mongol Empire
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:South Vietnam
2894:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:United States
2817:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2792:International
2790:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2734:Hainan Island
2732:
2729:
2728:Dengbu Island
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2420:Dixie Mission
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2000:0-87332-509-5
1996:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1911:
1910:UK Parliament
1907:
1901:
1898:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1708:
1707:sciencespo.fr
1704:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:"历史资料：新疆和平解放"
1612:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:David Eimer:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1347:(1884–1955).
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:Ma Chengxiang
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1215:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165: –
1164:
1160:
1159:Find sources:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1137:This section
1135:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:National Army
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
975:in Chinese).
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:Ili Rebellion
899:
893:
892:Ili Rebellion
885:
883:
881:
877:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
841:Ili Rebellion
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:Hexi Corridor
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
731:
729:
728:
716:
712:
709:
708:
707:
704:
702:
698:
697:
696:
693:
691:
688:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
669:
668:
667:
664:
663:
660:Modern period
657:
656:
646:
643:
641:
640:Dungan Revolt
638:
636:
632:
631:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
619:Kumul Khanate
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
604:
600:
596:
593:
590:
586:
582:
581:Mongol Empire
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
551:
547:
543:
540:
539:
533:
532:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
494:Western Liang
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
467:
463:
459:
458:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
432:
431:
427:
423:
422:
419:
412:
407:
401:
393:
390:
387:
386:
381:
374:
369:
359:
357:
356:
351:
341:
339:
338:
333:
323:
322:
320:
315:
305:
303:
293:
290:
285:
275:
272:
267:
257:
256:
254:
249:
239:
237:
227:
225:
215:
214:
212:
211:
206:
200:
197:
196:
195:
193:
181:
177:
166:
165:
164:
163:
152:
146:
143:
142:
141:
130:
129:
128:
127:
116:
115:
110:
102:
97:
96:
92:
88:
85:
84:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:PLA in Ürümqi
48:
43:
40:
35:
30:
27:
19:
3978:
3966:
3871:Rahile Dawut
3856:Sattar Sawut
3801:Sheng Shicai
3786:Yang Zengxin
3781:Zuo Zongtang
3587:Karakul Lake
3567:Jiaohe ruins
3305:
3233:Qing dynasty
3176:Yuan dynasty
3115:Tang dynasty
2973:
2924:(1979–1991)
2740:Nanri Island
2552:
2542:
2531:
2500:
2477:
2329:715 Incident
2166:
2054:
2035:
2010:
1989:
1965:. Retrieved
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1909:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1877:
1861:
1837:. Retrieved
1817:
1797:
1790:
1771:
1765:
1759:Taipei Times
1758:
1744:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1685:
1676:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1631:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1567:the original
1561:
1539:. Retrieved
1527:
1515:
1508:Google Books
1503:
1498:
1491:Google Books
1486:
1481:
1474:Google Books
1469:
1464:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1428:
1358:
1354:
1273:Yulbars Khan
1270:
1233:
1210:
1201:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1158:
1146:Please help
1141:verification
1138:
1066:
1056:
926:
895:
876:Yulbars Khan
872:
864:united front
853:
833:Soviet Union
802:
769:
761:
759:
689:
479:Former Liang
354:
336:
302:Yulbars Khan
182:
153:
117:
112:Belligerents
37:Part of the
26:
3846:Ilham Tohti
3836:Wang Lequan
3592:Kizil Caves
3346:Tarim Basin
3186:Moghulistan
3166:Qara Khitai
3062:Han dynasty
2888:(2020-2021)
2870:(1986-1987)
2838:(1965–1973)
2836:Vietnam War
2832:(1950–1953)
2671:(1950–1958)
2665:(1949–1961)
2293:Canton Coup
1709:(in French)
1604:Benson 1990
1592:Benson 1990
1580:Benson 1990
1297:Han Chinese
1266:Masud Sabri
1098:Osman Batur
1045:Lake Baikal
953:Afghanistan
898:Elihan Tore
880:Osman Batur
849:Peng Dehuai
595:Moghulistan
576:Qara Khitai
489:Later Liang
415:History of
314:Osman Batur
236:Peng Dehuai
98:Territorial
3996:Categories
3791:Jin Shuren
3597:Niya ruins
3515:Tunurkawab
3047:Tocharians
2830:Korean War
2823:and allies
2476:Operation
2385:Long March
1858:(Chinese)
1839:9 November
1690:Starr 2004
1615:(Chinese)
1520:Starr 2004
1399:References
1250:Han Youwen
1241:Kuomintang
1237:Kuomintang
1174:newspapers
1067:After the
1037:Kazakhstan
977:Mao Zedong
965:Deng Liqun
941:Tao Zhiyue
890:See also:
484:Former Qin
441:Tocharians
284:Tao Zhiyue
224:Mao Zedong
73:1949-12-22
66:1949-10-12
3897:Altishahr
3826:Nur Bekri
3811:Wang Zhen
3776:Yaqub Beg
3406:Education
3340:Dzungaria
3331:Tian Shan
3318:Geography
3238:Qing rule
2784:(1995–96)
2772:(1960–61)
2722:Kuningtou
2659:(1927–50)
2584:1961–1972
2574:1950–1958
2513:1948–1949
2478:Beleaguer
2472:1945–1949
2462:1945–1947
2401:1937–1946
2381:1934–1936
2371:1933–1934
2361:1931–1934
2351:1930–1934
2299:1927–1949
2258:Post-1945
2101:campaigns
1713:6 January
1457:Wang 2020
1404:Citations
1291:of which
1204:June 2019
1031:plane in
1009:Dalelkhan
1005:Ishaq Beg
931:captured
922:Beitashan
845:Wang Zhen
827:(ETR), a
629:Qing rule
624:Yettishar
248:Wang Zhen
3968:Category
3761:Amursana
3572:Gaochang
3505:Pamirdin
3191:Kara Del
3094:Göktürks
3089:Gaochang
3016:Xinjiang
2962:See also
2776:Dong-Yin
2545:Incident
2543:Amethyst
2534:Incident
2503:incident
2254:Pre-1945
2191:Red Army
1967:20 March
1944:20 March
1916:20 March
1890:20 March
1866:Archived
1830:Archived
1752:Archived
1731:Archived
1620:Archived
1594::84, 101
1541:14 March
1433:Archived
1367:See also
1033:Alma-Ata
989:Alma-Ata
961:Pakistan
774:Xinjiang
499:Gaochang
417:Xinjiang
406:a series
404:Part of
383:Strength
91:Xinjiang
86:Location
3980:Commons
3880:Related
3766:Mingrui
3529:Economy
3500:Youtazi
3480:Dapanji
3472:Cuisine
3434:Culture
3106:Eastern
3102:Western
3057:Xiongnu
3039:History
3030:capital
2902:Vietnam
2501:Kiangya
1980:Sources
1667:at the
1638:at the
1606::123-27
1582::63, 70
1442:4 April
1329:Russian
1188:scholar
1049:Molotov
1025:Beijing
1017:Uyghurs
1001:Luo Zhi
933:Lanzhou
912:leader
831:of the
776:by the
768:as the
603:Yarkent
550:Beiting
451:Xiongnu
391:100,000
100:changes
3831:Li Zhi
3754:People
3490:Sangza
3326:Cities
3110:Second
3052:Yuezhi
3026:Ürümqi
3018:topics
2948:(1988)
2942:(1986)
2936:(1984)
2930:(1981)
2918:(1979)
2912:(1974)
2882:(2017)
2876:(2013)
2864:(1967)
2858:(1962)
2811:(1969)
2778:(1965)
2766:(1958)
2760:(1955)
2754:(1955)
2748:(1953)
2742:(1952)
2736:(1950)
2730:(1949)
2724:(1949)
2709:Taiwan
2695:(1989)
2683:(1959)
2677:(1950)
2238:
2043:
2022:
2016:Armonk
1997:
1805:
1778:
1341:Manchu
1313:Mongol
1305:Kyrgyz
1301:Kazakh
1281:Taiwan
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1041:Moscow
1021:Stalin
985:Horgos
973:Yining
969:Ghulja
918:Urumqi
817:Ürümqi
599:Turpan
504:Rouran
446:Yuezhi
408:on the
394:40,000
388:80,000
370:
352:
334:
286:
268:
173:
137:
3510:Xurpa
3495:Samsa
3457:Muqam
3447:Music
3149:Qocho
3098:First
2848:India
1935:(PDF)
1833:(PDF)
1826:(PDF)
1536:(PDF)
1436:(PDF)
1425:(PDF)
1325:Tatar
1321:Uzbek
1317:Tajik
1195:JSTOR
1181:books
1007:and
957:India
3108:and
2801:USSR
2707:(vs
2559:1950
2527:1949
2495:1948
2485:1947
2448:1946
2434:1945
2416:1944
2391:1936
2309:1927
2289:1926
2279:1924
2269:1923
2215:etc.
2041:ISBN
2020:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1969:2021
1946:2021
1918:2021
1892:2021
1841:2010
1803:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1715:2024
1692:: 86
1543:2017
1522:: 86
1444:2022
1359:The
1337:Daur
1333:Xibe
1260:and
1246:USSR
1167:news
1081:Tsar
999:and
959:and
943:and
760:The
585:Yuan
546:West
60:Date
3485:Nan
2896:vs
2846:vs
2819:vs
2799:vs
2499:SS
1862:人民网
1309:Hui
1150:by
1073:KGB
807:of
3998::
3104:,
3100:,
3096::
2711:)
2228:)
2213:,
2209:,
2193:)
2175:/
2151:)
2133:)
2113:/
2014:.
1937:.
1908:.
1849:^
1828:.
1705:.
1551:^
1427:.
1412:^
1339:,
1335:,
1331:,
1327:,
1323:,
1319:,
1315:,
1311:,
1307:,
1303:,
1299:,
1035:,
955:,
800:.
713:/
601:;
587:;
548:;
464:;
194:)
3352:)
3348:(
3342:)
3338:(
3032:)
3028:(
3008:e
3001:t
2994:v
2900:/
2629:e
2622:t
2615:v
2411:)
2407:(
2230:→
2218:→
2200:(
2195:→
2184:(
2153:→
2147:(
2135:→
2124:(
2081:e
2074:t
2067:v
2049:.
2028:.
2003:.
1971:.
1948:.
1920:.
1894:.
1843:.
1811:.
1784:.
1717:.
1545:.
1510:.
1493:.
1476:.
1446:.
1217:)
1211:(
1206:)
1202:(
1192:·
1185:·
1178:·
1171:·
1144:.
971:(
749:e
742:t
735:v
717:)
699:(
684:)
670:(
647:)
633:(
605:)
597:(
591:)
583:(
552:)
544:(
468:)
460:(
355:#
337:#
75:)
71:(
68:)
64:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
